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Journal articles on the topic 'Macroalgae biomass'
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1
Farobie, Obie, Novi Syaftika, Edy Hartulistiyoso, Apip Amrullah, Asep Bayu, Navid R. Moheimani, Yukihiko Matsumura, and Surachai Karnjanakom. "The Potential of Sustainable Biogas Production from Macroalgae in Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1038, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 012020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1038/1/012020.
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Abstract Indonesia is the second world’s major macroalgae producer after China, contributing to 28% of the global macroalgae production. Indonesia increased its macroalgae farming output from less than 4 million tons in 2010 to over 9.9 million tons in 2019. It is expected to continue rising to 13 million tons by 2024. The contribution of macroalgal products is quite significant, 60.7% of the total national aquaculture production. To achieve sustainable energy development goals in many developing countries, including Indonesia, biomass to energy technology such as the production of biogas form macroalgae has been considered one of the best options. Therefore, we aim to investigate the potential application of biomass to energy technology via the production of biogas from macroalgae as an alternative source of local power generation. Indonesia’s energy mix and several issues regarding macroalgae production are comprehensively reviewed. Additionally, we also discussed the process of macroalgal biogas production.
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Dziergowska, Katarzyna, Maja Wełna, Anna Szymczycha-Madeja, Jacek Chęcmanowski, and Izabela Michalak. "Valorization of Cladophora glomerata Biomass and Obtained Bioproducts into Biostimulants of Plant Growth and as Sorbents (Biosorbents) of Metal Ions." Molecules 26, no. 22 (November 16, 2021): 6917. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26226917.
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The aim of this study was to propose a complete approach for macroalgae biomass valorization into products useful for sustainable agriculture and environmental protection. In the first stage, the effects of macroalgal extracts and ZnO NPs (zinc oxide nanoparticles) on the germination and growth of radish were examined. Macroalgal extract was produced from freshwater macroalga, i.e., Cladophora glomerata by ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE). The extract was used to biosynthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles. In germination tests, extracts and solutions of ZnO NPs were applied on paper substrate before sowing. In the second stage, sorption properties of macroalga, post-extraction residue, and ZnO NPs to absorb Cr(III) ions were examined. In the germination tests, the highest values of hypocotyl length (the edible part of radish), i.e., 3.3 and 2.6 cm were obtained for 60 and 80% extract (among the tested concentrations 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100%) and 10 and 50 mg/L NPs, respectively. The highest sorption capacity of Cr(III) ions (344.8 mg/g) was obtained by both macroalga and post-extraction residue at a pH of 5 and initial Cr(III) ions concentration of 200 mg/L. This study proves that macroalgae and products based on them can be applied in both sustainable agriculture and wastewater treatment.
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Meinita, Maria Dyah Nur, Amron Amron, Agus Trianto, Dicky Harwanto, Wahyu Caesarendra, Gwi-Taek Jeong, and Jae-Suk Choi. "Levulinic Acid Production from Macroalgae: Production and Promising Potential in Industry." Sustainability 13, no. 24 (December 16, 2021): 13919. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132413919.
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The development of macroalgal biorefinery products as an alternative source of renewable fuels is an opportunity to solve the dependence on fossil fuels. Macroalgae is a potential biomass that can be developed as a raw material for producing platform chemicals such as levulinic acid (LA). In the industrial sector, LA is among the top 12 biomass-derived feedstocks designated by the U.S. Department of Energy as a high-value chemical. Several studies have been conducted on the production of LA from terrestrial-based biomass, however, there is still limited information on its production from macroalgae. The advantages of macroalgae over terrestrial and other biomasses include high carbohydrate and biomass production, less cultivation cost, and low lignin content. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the potential and challenge of producing LA from macroalgae in the industrial sector and determine its advantages and disadvantages compared with terrestrial biomass in LA production. In this study, various literature sources were examined using the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) method to identify, screen, and analyze the data of the published paper. Despite its advantages, there are some challenges in making the production of levulinic acid from macroalgae feasible for development at the industrial scale. Some challenges such as sustainability of macroalgae, the efficiency of pretreatment, and hydrolysis technology are often encountered during the production of levulinic acid from macroalgae on an industrial scale.
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Handayani, Tri, Firman Zulpikar, and Agus Kusnadi. "The roles of macroalgae in climate change mitigation: opportunities and challenges for marine-based carbon donor." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1119, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1119/1/012014.
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Abstract Anthropogenic activities will lead to an exponential increase in CO2 emissions in the future. Increased CO2 emissions have an impact on global climate patterns, ocean acidification, and ecosystem function. Marine vegetation has the potential to absorb CO2 through photosynthesis and store carbon in its biomass and sediments. This is known as blue carbon. Research on blue carbon in the world, including Indonesia, is more focused on seagrass and mangroves because including macroalgae carbon in the blue carbon strategy is still controversial. Currently, there are many considerations for including macroalgal carbon in the blue carbon strategy. Macroalgae have a shorter life cycle than seagrass and mangroves. In addition, macroalgae generally grow on hard substrates, resulting in lower levels of carbon storage than seagrass and mangroves. However, macroalgae can serve as carbon donors and contribute to the effort to mitigate climate change. In this review, we present the potential and challenges of macroalgae as carbon donors. Macroalgae will be significant as carbon donors if they have the following three criteria: high production of biomass; effective biomass moved to recipient habitat; and carbon donors that can be buried in recipient habitat. The fate of macroalgae carbon in recipient habitats still needs to be studied.
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Raven, John. "Blue carbon: past, present and future, with emphasis on macroalgae." Biology Letters 14, no. 10 (October 2018): 20180336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0336.
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Blue carbon did not originally include macroalgal ecosystems; however evidence is mounting that macroalgal ecosystems function in marine carbon sequestration. The great majority of present day marine macroalgal net primary productivity (NPP) involves haptophytic algae on eroding shores. For these organisms the long-term storage of particulate organic carbon involves export from the site of production of biomass that has evaded parasites and grazers, and that some of the exported biomass is sedimented and stored rather than being mineralized en route by detritivores (microbes and fauna). Export from eroding shores, and subsequent storage, of haptophytic marine macroalgal particulate organic carbon could have started by 1.6 Ga. Storage on depositing shores close to the site of NPP by rhizophytic macroalgae and then by rhizophytic coastal seagrasses, tidal marshes and mangroves began not less than 209 Ma ago. Future increases in surface ocean temperatures may bring tropical marine macroalgae to their upper temperature limit, while temperate marine macroalgae will migrate poleward, in both cases assuming that temperature increases faster than genetic adaptation to higher temperature. Increased CO 2 in the surface ocean will generally favour uncalcified over calcified marine macroalgae. This results in decreased CO 2 release from decreased calcification, as well as decreased ballasting by CaCO 3 of exported particulate organic carbon resulting in decreasing sedimentation. While much more work is needed, the available information suggests that macroalgae play a significant role in marine organic carbon storage.
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He, Quan, Linqing Liu, Yujie Qin, Qiang Lin, Guangyan Ni, Binbin Chen, Zengling Ma, Dinghui Zou, and Gang Li. "Taxonomic and Morpho-Functional Photosynthetic Patterns of 18 Intertidal Macroalgal Species in the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area, China." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 7 (July 13, 2023): 1409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse11071409.
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Macroalgae provide food for microbial, meio- and macro-faunal communities in coastal ecosystems, thus mediating nutrient dynamics and functions in these ecosystems. Because of this vital role, it is important to clarify physiological information about macroalgae as it reflects their growth potential in the field. In this study, we examined the biomass, pigment content, and photosynthetic O2 evolution rate versus irradiance curves of 18 macroalgal species from the intertidal zone of the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area, China, and investigated their photosynthetic patterns in relation to phyla characteristics, morphology, and growth locations. The results showed that green algae had the highest maximum photosynthetic O2 evolution rate (Pmax), light utilization efficiency (α), and dark respiration (Rd) among the three macroalgal phyla; the sheet-like macroalgal species had the highest Pmax, α, and Rd among the four morphological categories. The macroalgal species in the upper intertidal zone showed higher Pmax and α and lower saturation irradiance (EK) and compensation irradiance (EC) than those species in the lower intertidal location. The PCA results showed that the biomass of sheet-like macroalgal species was positively correlated with factor PC1 (50.34%), and that of finely branched species was negatively correlated with factor PC2 (25.17%). In addition, our results indicate that the light absorption and utilization capabilities of macroalgae could determine whether they could dominate the intertidal zone and that their photosynthetic characteristics could be used as a potential indicator of their biomass distribution in the Greater Bay Area.
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Correia, Kelly M., Scott B. Alford, Benjamin A. Belgrad, Kelly M. Darnell, M. Zachary Darnell, Bradley T. Furman, Margaret O. Hall, et al. "Drift macroalgal distribution in northern Gulf of Mexico seagrass meadows." PeerJ 10 (August 23, 2022): e13855. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13855.
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Drift macroalgae, often found in clumps or mats adjacent to or within seagrass beds, can increase the value of seagrass beds as habitat for nekton via added food resources and structural complexity. But, as algal biomass increases, it can also decrease light availability, inhibit faunal movements, smother benthic communities, and contribute to hypoxia, all of which can reduce nekton abundance. We quantified the abundance and distribution of drift macroalgae within seagrass meadows dominated by turtle grass Thalassia testudinum across the northern Gulf of Mexico and compared seagrass characteristics to macroalgal biomass and distribution. Drift macroalgae were most abundant in areas with higher seagrass shoot densities and intermediate canopy heights. We did not find significant relationships between algal biomass and point measures of salinity, temperature, or depth. The macroalgal genera Laurencia and Gracilaria were present across the study region, Agardhiella and Digenia were collected in the western Gulf of Mexico, and Acanthophora was collected in the eastern Gulf of Mexico. Our survey revealed drift algae to be abundant and widespread throughout seagrass meadows in the northern Gulf of Mexico, which likely influences the habitat value of seagrass ecosystems.
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Müller, Malika, Constanze F. K. Staab, Laura D. Puk, Eike M. Schoenig, Sebastian C. A. Ferse, and Christian Wild. "The Rabbitfish Siganus virgatus as Key Macroalgae Browser in Coral Reefs of the Gulf of Thailand." Diversity 13, no. 3 (March 13, 2021): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13030123.
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Coral reef resilience is greatly influenced by herbivory. There is a need to identify key fish species fulfilling this critical function in biogeographically distinct regions. This experimental in situ study investigated fish herbivory in coral reefs of the lower Gulf of Thailand characterized by a considerably low herbivorous fish biomass and diversity, but high live coral and low macroalgal cover. This provided an intriguing situation for macroalgal browsing research. Visual census techniques assessed the abundance of local herbivorous fish species, and filmed single-choice assays using the macroalga Turbinaria evaluated mass-standardized bites (ms-bites) and biomass removal. Multiple-choice assays offering four locally abundant macroalgae identified specific biomass removal and ms-bites to uncover selection and avoidance patterns of observed fish species. The rabbitfish Siganusvirgatus constituted only 39% of herbivore biomass but accounted for 90% of ms-bites. In multiple-choice assays, fishes took most (61%) bites on Sargassum, followed by Padina (28%) and Turbinaria (11%), while Lobophora was avoided. S. virgatus exhibited the most generalized browsing pattern of all species observed. Coinciding with recent studies, our findings suggest that S. virgatus plays a key functional role in reefs characterized by low diversity of herbivores and low functional redundancy.
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Miao, Xiaoxiang, Jie Xiao, Qinzeng Xu, Shiliang Fan, Zongling Wang, Xiao Wang, and Xuelei Zhang. "Distribution and species diversity of the floating green macroalgae and micro-propagules in the Subei Shoal, southwestern Yellow Sea." PeerJ 8 (December 17, 2020): e10538. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10538.
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Massive floating green macroalgae have formed harmful green tides in the Yellow Sea since 2007. To study the early development and the associated environmental factors for the green tide, a field survey was carried out in the Subei Shoal, southwestern Yellow Sea. Multiple species were identified in both floating green macroalgae and micro-propagules , while their abundances showed distinct spatial variations. The floating macroalgal biomass was widespread in the northern Subei Shoal and most abundant at 34°N. Ulva prolifera dominated (91.2% in average) the floating macroalgae, and the majority (88.5%) of U. prolifera was the ‘floating type’. In comparison, the micro-propagules were most abundant around the aquaculture rafts, and decreased significantly with the distance to the rafts. The dominant species of micro-propagules was U. linza (48.5%), followed by U. prolifera (35.1%). Their distinct distribution patterns and species diversity suggested little direct contribution of micro-propagules for the floating macroalgae. The spatial variation of the floating macroalgae was probably a combined result from the biomass source and environmental factors, while the abundance of micro-propagules was closely associated with the rafts. A positive correlation between the floating macroalgae and DO was observed and suggested active photosynthesis of the initial biomass in Subei Shoal. This study revealed specific distributional pattern and relationships among the floating macroalgae, micro-propagules and the environmental factors in the source region, which helps understanding the early blooming dynamics of the green tides in Yellow Sea.
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Jung, Seung Wook, and Chang Geun Choi. "Estimation of Marine Macroalgal Biomass Using a Coverage Analysis." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 11 (November 7, 2022): 1676. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10111676.
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This study was conducted to assess the feasibility of biomass estimation by non-destructive sampling, determine whether the results derived from various types of marine macroalgae are reliable, and a newly proposed method. A quantitative survey was conducted on marine macroalgae communities distributed in the subtidal zone in 67 coastal regions in Korea. Regression analyses were conducted on 11,642 fresh weight datasets covering of 135 species of marine macroalgae. The linear function was FW = 17.721C (adj r2 = 0.745, p < 0.001) and the power function was FW = 4.48C1.251 (adj r2 = 0.891, p < 0.001). Our analysis accounted for the fact that there were three vertically distributed layers of a marine macroalgal assemblages with various shapes (i.e., the Ecklonia complex, the Sargassum and Undaria complex, and the understory complex). For the Ecklonia complex, the linear function was FW = 27.360C (adj r2 = 0.886, p < 0.001) and the power function was FW = 9.626C1.223 (adj r2 = 0.909, p < 0.001). For the Sargassum and Undaria complex, the linear function was FW = 18.389C (adj r2 = 0.916, p < 0.001) and the power function was FW = 6.567C1.255 (adj r2 = 0.942, p < 0.001). For the understory complex, the linear function was FW = 10.419C (adj r2 = 0.737, p < 0.001) and the power function was FW = 4.377C1.182 (adj r2 = 0.871, p < 0.001). Our findings demonstrated that the proposed method can accurately estimate the primary productivity of a wide range of coastal ecosystems based on remote sensing and non-destructive surveys of small-scale marine macroalgal communities.
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Webster, Tim, Candace MacDonald, Kevin McGuigan, Nathan Crowell, Jean-Sebastien Lauzon-Guay, and Kate Collins. "Calculating macroalgal height and biomass using bathymetric LiDAR and a comparison with surface area derived from satellite data in Nova Scotia, Canada." Botanica Marina 63, no. 1 (February 25, 2020): 43–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bot-2018-0080.
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AbstractThe ability to map and monitor the macroalgal coastal resource is important to both the industry and the regulator. This study evaluates topo-bathymetric lidar (light detection and ranging) as a tool for estimating the surface area, height and biomass of Ascophyllum nodosum, an anchored and vertically suspended (floating) macroalga, and compares the surface area derived from lidar and WorldView-2 satellite imagery. Pixel-based Maximum Likelihood classification of low tide satellite data produced 2-dimensional maps of intertidal macroalgae with overall accuracy greater than 80%. Low tide and high tide topo-bathymetric lidar surveys were completed in southwestern Nova Scotia, Canada. Comparison of lidar-derived seabed elevations with ground-truth data collected using a survey grade global navigation satellite system (GNSS) indicated the low tide survey data have a positive bias of 15 cm, likely resulting from the seaweed being draped over the surface. The high tide survey data did not exhibit this bias, although the suspended canopy floating on the water surface reduced the seabed lidar point density. Validation of lidar-derived seaweed heights indicated a mean difference of 30 cm with a root mean square error of 62 cm. The modelled surface area of seaweed was 28% greater in the lidar model than the satellite model. The average lidar-derived biomass estimate was within one standard deviation of the mean biomass measured in the field. The lidar method tends to overestimate the biomass compared to field measurements that were spatially biased to the mid-intertidal level. This study demonstrates an innovative and cost-effective approach that uses a single high tide bathymetric lidar survey to map the height and biomass of dense macroalgae.
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Panchal, Sunil K., Naga K. R. Ghattamaneni, Marie Magnusson, Andrew Cole, David Roberts, Nicolas Neveux, Lindsay Brown, and Nicholas A. Paul. "Freshwater Macroalgae, Oedogonium, Grown in Wastewater Reduce Diet-Induced Metabolic Syndrome in Rats." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 22 (November 9, 2022): 13811. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232213811.
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Macroalgae produce compounds with industrial, pharmaceutical and nutritional applications. In this study, biomass from the freshwater macroalgal genus Oedogonium was grown in either treated municipal wastewater (M) or ash dam water from a coal-fired power station (D). The biomass was investigated for its metabolic responses in high-carbohydrate, high-fat diet-fed rats, a model of human metabolic syndrome. The Oedogonium biomass cultured in M contained higher amounts of K, Mg, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), insoluble fibre and b-carotene, while biomass grown in D contained higher amounts of Al, Fe, V, Zn, Mn and As. Biomass from M further increased body weight and inflammation in the heart and colon in high-carbohydrate, high-fat diet-fed rats. In contrast, biomass from D prevented changes in metabolic, cardiovascular and liver parameters without changing tissue histology. We suggest that increased intake of metals and metalloids through macroalgal biomass from D may decrease abdominal fat deposition while polysaccharides, PUFA and carotenoids from M may improve blood glucose responses in an obesogenic diet. Thus, macroalgal biomass grown in different wastewater sources could be acceptable for feed or food applications. This biomass could even provide potential health benefits in diet-induced metabolic syndrome.
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Arfah, Hairati, and Simon I. Patty. "Biodiversity and Biomass of Macroalgae in Kotania Bay Waters, West Seram." JURNAL ILMIAH PLATAX 2, no. 2 (November 10, 2014): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.35800/jip.2.2.2014.7150.
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Research on biodiversity and biomass of macroalgae in Kotania Bay waters, West Seram, Mollucas was conducted on July and August 2010. There were 20 species of macroalgae collected, in which 8 species were green algae (Chlorophyceae), 6 species of brown algae (Phaeophyceae), and 6 species of red algae (Rhodophyceae). The highest biomass of algae were collected in Loupesi, as much as 127,01 g/m2, followed by Burung Island (119.42 g/m2), Wael (63.43 g/m2), and the lowest were found in Buntal Island (20.64 g/m2). The macroalgae found in sampling area were dominated by Halimeda, Padina and Sargassum. The highest biomass were found on Sargassum duplicatum (570.00 g/m2), Halimeda opuntia (271.33 g/m2), Gracillaria crassa (198.13 g/m2), and Sargassum crispivallum (178.00 g/m2). Keywords: Macroalgae, biodiversity, biomass, Kotania Bay, West Seram. ABSTRAK Penelitian tentang keanekaragaman dan biomassa makro algae di perairan Teluk Kotania, Seram Barat, Maluku telah dilakukan pada bulan Juli dan Agustus 2010. Algae yang dikumpulkan sebanyak 20 jenis, terdiri dari 8 jenis algae hijau (Chlorophyceae), 6 jenis algae coklat (Phaeophyceae) dan 6 jenis algae merah (Rhodophyceae). Biomassa algae tertinggi ditemukan di Loupesi yaitu 127,01 g/m2 dikuti Pulau Burung 119,42 g/m2, Wael 63,43 g/m2 dan terendah di Pulau Buntal 20,64 g/m2. Algae yang dominan adalah Halimeda, Padina dan Sargasum. Biomassa tertinggi diperoleh pada jenis Sargassum duplicatum (570,00 g/m2), Halimeda opuntia (271,33 g/m2), Gracilaria crassa (198,13 g/m2), dan Sargassum crispivallum (178,00 g/m2). Kata kunci: Makro algae, keanekaragaman, biomassa, Teluk Kotania, Seram Barat.
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Kawaroe, Mujizat, Adriani Sunuddin, Dina Augustine, and Dea Fauzia Lestari. "The Effect of CO2 Injection on Macroalgae Gelidium latifolium Biomass Growth Rate and Carbohydrate Content." ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences 21, no. 2 (June 3, 2016): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ik.ijms.21.2.85-92.
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There are many species of macroalga grow in marine ecosystem and potentially as raw material for bioethanol resource. Bioethanol is a conversion result of carbohydrate, one of macroalgae biomass content. The exploration of macroalgae require information about growth rate ability to determine availability in the nature. This research analyze growth rate and carbohydrate content of marine macroalga Gelidium latifolium on cultivation using varied injection of carbon dioxide and aeration. The treatments were control (K), 2000 cc CO2 injection and aeration (P1), 3000 cc CO2 injection and aeration (P2), 2000 cc CO2 injection without aeration (P3), and 3000 cc CO2 injection without aeration (P4). Samples weight were 3 gram in early cultivation on laboratorium scale for 42 days observation. The results showed that the daily growth rate Gelidium latifolium during the study ranged from 0.02-1.06%. The highest daily growth rate was 1.06±0.14% (P2). Carbohydrate yield was 18.23% in early cultivation then 19.40% (K and P2), 20.40% (P1), 16.87% (K3), and 16.40% (P4) after cultivation. The high of carbohydrates value may not guarantee the sustainable Gelidium latifolium biomass utilization as raw material for bioethanol production because of the low growth rate, thus it is necessary to modified and encourage cultivation method effectively. Keywords: CO2 injection, growth rate, carbohydrate, macroalgae, Gelidium latifolium
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Michalak, Izabela. "Seaweed resources of Poland." Botanica Marina 63, no. 1 (February 25, 2020): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bot-2019-0058.
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AbstractPoland, a Central European country with a Baltic Sea coastline of 634 km, has no tradition of nearshore cultivation of seaweeds or utilization of this biomass. The Baltic is known for its eutrophication. Numerous attempts are being made to combat this phenomenon as well as to find applications for the beach-cast and free-floating macroalgae, which are a nuisance in many areas. Seaweed harvesting can mitigate eutrophication by the reduction of nutrients – especially nitrogen and phosphorus – in water. Collected biomass can be utilised in agriculture as biofertilisers and used as a valuable raw material for the manufacture of high-value macroalgal products, such as biostimulants of plant growth, feed additives, components of cosmetics, food additives or biogas as a form of renewable energy. The Baltic abounds in green macroalgae (Ulva sp. and Cladophora sp.) with brown (Ectocarpus sp., Pilayella sp., Fucus vesiculosus) and red algae (Vertebrata sp., Ceramium sp., Furcellaria sp.) occurring in much smaller quantities. These seaweeds are also of great interest as bioindicators of environmental pollution. The seaweeds in the southern Baltic Sea still represent an unexploited biomass and can be a huge source of innovation. New approaches towards macroalgal utilisation are in demand.
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Garcia-Vaquero, Marco, John V. O’Doherty, Brijesh K. Tiwari, Torres Sweeney, and Gaurav Rajauria. "Enhancing the Extraction of Polysaccharides and Antioxidants from Macroalgae Using Sequential Hydrothermal-Assisted Extraction Followed by Ultrasound and Thermal Technologies." Marine Drugs 17, no. 8 (August 5, 2019): 457. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md17080457.
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Fucose sulphated polysaccharides (FSPs) and glucans have recently attracted the attention of the scientific community due to their wide range of biological activities. Both polysaccharides should ideally be selectively extracted using innovative technologies with high extraction efficiency. This study aims to: (1) Optimise the extraction variables used in hydrothermal-assisted extraction (HAE) to obtain high yields of FSPs, total glucans, and antioxidants from Laminaria hyperborea; (2) to apply these optimised protocols to other brown macroalgae; and (3) to explore the application of ultrasound and thermal technologies to increase the recovery of polysaccharides from the residual biomass. Box-Behnken design (three-factor, four-levels) was employed to optimise the HAE variables, and principal component analysis was used to evaluate the recovery of polysaccharides from the residual biomass. The optimal HAE conditions were 120 °C, 80.9 min, and 12.02 mL/g macroalgae from L. hyperborea. The best sequential application of ultrasound and thermal treatment achieved an additional 2971.7 ± 61.9 mg fucose/100 g dried macroalgal residue (dmr) from Ascophyllum nodosum and 908.0 ± 51.4 mg total glucans/100 g dmr from L. hyperborea macroalgal residues.
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Bauman, Andrew G., Jovena C. L. Seah, Fraser A. Januchowski-Hartley, Andrew S. Hoey, Jenny Fong, and Peter A. Todd. "Fear effects associated with predator presence and habitat structure interact to alter herbivory on coral reefs." Biology Letters 15, no. 10 (October 2019): 20190409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2019.0409.
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Non-consumptive fear effects are an important determinant of foraging decisions by consumers across a range of ecosystems. However, how fear effects associated with the presence of predators interact with those associated with habitat structure remain unclear. Here, we used predator fish models ( Plectropomus leopardus ) and experimental patches of the macroalga Sargassum ilicifolium of varying densities to investigate how predator- and habitat-associated fear effects influence herbivory on coral reefs. We found the removal of macroalgal biomass (i.e. herbivory) was shaped by the interaction between predator- and habitat-associated fear effects. Rates of macroalgal removal declined with increasing macroalgal density, likely due to increased visual occlusion by denser macroalgae patches and reduced ability of herbivorous fishes to detect the predators. The presence of the predator model reduced herbivory within low macroalgal density plots, but not within medium- and high-density macroalgal plots. Our results suggest that fear effects due to predator presence were greatest at low macroalgal density, yet these effects were lost at higher densities possibly due to greater predation risk associated with habitat structure and/or the inability of herbivorous fishes to detect the predator model.
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Whiting, Jonathan M., Taiping Wang, Zhaoqing Yang, Michael H. Huesemann, Phillip J. Wolfram, Thomas F. Mumford, and Dylan Righi. "Simulating the Trajectory and Biomass Growth of Free-Floating Macroalgal Cultivation Platforms along the U.S. West Coast." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 11 (November 18, 2020): 938. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8110938.
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Trajectory tracking and macroalgal growth models were coupled to support a novel macroalgae-harvesting concept known as the Nautical Off-shore Macroalgal Autonomous Device (NOMAD). The NOMAD consists of 5 km long carbon-fiber longlines that are seeded and free float southward along the U.S. West Coast for approximately 3 months before harvesting off the California coast, taking advantage of favorable environmental conditions. The trajectory and macroalgal growth models were applied to answer planning questions pertinent to the techno-economic analysis such as identifying the preferred release location, approximate pathway, timing until harvest, and estimated growth. Trajectories were determined with the General NOAA Operational Modeling Environment (GNOME) model, using 11 years of current and wind data, determining probabilities by running nearly 40,000 Monte Carlo simulations varying the start time and location. An accompanying macroalgal growth model was used to estimate the growth of macroalgae based on the trajectory tracks and environmental forcing products, including light, temperature and nutrients. Model results show that NOMAD lines transit south in the months of April to September due to seasonal currents, taking approximately 3 months to reach Southern California. During transit, NOMAD lines are dispersed but typically avoid beaching or passing through marine sanctuaries. NOMAD lines can yield up to 30 kg wet weight per meter of cultivation line.
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Maneein, Supattra, John J. Milledge, Birthe V. Nielsen, and Patricia J. Harvey. "A Review of Seaweed Pre-Treatment Methods for Enhanced Biofuel Production by Anaerobic Digestion or Fermentation." Fermentation 4, no. 4 (November 29, 2018): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation4040100.
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Macroalgae represent a potential biomass source for the production of bioethanol or biogas. Their use, however, is limited by several factors including, but not restricted to, their continuous supply for processing, and low biofuel yields. This review examines recent pre-treatment processes that have been used to improve the yields of either biogas or bioethanol from macroalgae. Factors that can influence hydrolysis efficiency and, consequently, biofuel yields, are highly affected by macroalgal composition, including content of salts, heavy metals, and polyphenols, structural make-up, as well as polysaccharide composition and relative content of carbohydrates. Other factors that can influence biofuel yield include the method of storage and preservation.
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Tian, Wei, Juan Wang, Fengli Zhang, Xudong Liu, Jian Yang, Junna Yuan, Xiaofei Mi, and Yun Shao. "The Detection of Green Tide Biomass by Remote Sensing Images and In Situ Measurement in the Yellow Sea of China." Remote Sensing 15, no. 14 (July 20, 2023): 3625. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15143625.
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The world’s largest macroalgae bloom (also known as green tide) has been reported since the 29th Olympic Games in 2008, which is verified as the fast reproduction of floating green macroalgae (Ulva prolifera). It is helpful to assess the biomass of macroalgae for the government of marine environment protection. In this study, the synchronization cruise experiment was firstly introduced, which aimed to investigate the biomass evaluation of Ulva prolifera in the Yellow Sea of China. The Floating Algae Index by Polarimetric SAR image (FAIPS) was then proposed. Finally, the floating algae biomass evaluation model was demonstrated and verified, which showed an exponential relationship between FAIPS and wet biomass per area (kg/m2) of macroalgae. The model proposed in this paper can be used in the biomass assessment of floating algae in the presence of polarimetric SAR images, regardless of daylight and cloud coverage over the sea surface.
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Tong, Kevin Tian Xiang, Inn Shi Tan, Henry Chee Yew Foo, Stephanie Yen San Chan, Tony Hadibarata, and Man Kee Lam. "Emerging technologies for conversion of sustainable macroalgal carrageenan biomass into L-lactic acid: A state-of-the-art review." MATEC Web of Conferences 377 (2023): 01019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202337701019.
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The environmental awareness and concerns (plastic pollution) worldwide have driven the development of sustainable and environmentally friendly biopolymer derived from renewable materials. Biopolymers, especially L-lactic acid (L-LA) have played a crucial role in manufacturing polylactic acid, a biodegradable thermoplastic. Recently, L-LA production from non-edible macroalgal biomass has gained immense attraction due to it offers the simplest saccharification process for the biorefinery route. However, the commercialization of macroalgal-based L-LA is still limited due to high production costs. This paper has comprehensively reviewed the potential and development of third-generation feedstock for L-LA production, including significant technological barriers to be overcome for potential commercialization purposes. Then, an insight into the state-of-the-art hydrolysis and fermentation technologies using macroalgae as feedstock are also deliberated in detail. Furthermore, this review provides a conceivable picture of macroalgae-based L-LA biorefinery and future research directions that can be served as an important guideline for scientists, policymakers, and industrial players.
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Gubelit, Yulia I. "Opportunistic Macroalgae as a Component in Assessment of Eutrophication." Diversity 14, no. 12 (December 14, 2022): 1112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14121112.
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For the last few decades, coastal eutrophication with the associated mass development of opportunistic macroalgae has increased on a global scale. Since the end of the 2000’s, the number of studies of macroalgal blooms also increased many times. Mass occurrences of such species as Cladophora spp., Ulva spp., and Spirogyra spp. caused a necessity to improve existing methods of ecological assessment and develop new ones. There are many indices based on macroalgae and developed for marine and estuarine ecosystems. However, for correct evaluation, they demand a presence of a number of species, including perennial species from the order Fucales. This requirement cannot be satisfied in fresh or brackish waters, including some estuaries, because often, the freshwater communities are dominated by only one or two opportunistic species. The present paper defines the most relevant topics in studies of macroalgal blooms and reviews indices and metrics which can be recommended for the ecological assessment in diverse habitats influenced or dominated by opportunistic macroalgae species. For ecological assessment of opportunistic communities, according to their seasonal peculiarities, the author recommends, besides biomass, involving evaluation of algal mats (thickness, coverage) and signs of hypoxia.
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Pan-utai, Wanida, Thidarat Pantoa, Sittiruk Roytrakul, Jantana Praiboon, Prapat Kosawatpat, Montakan Tamtin, and Bussaba Thongdang. "Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction and Antioxidant Potential of Valuable Protein from Ulva rigida Macroalgae." Life 13, no. 1 (December 28, 2022): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life13010086.
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Ulva green macroalgae or sea lettuce are rich sources of protein with nutritional benefits that promote health as a future plant-based functional ingredient in the food industry. Alkaline pretreatment improved ultrasonic-assisted protein extraction from Ulva rigida biomass. Parameters affecting ultrasonic-assisted extraction of protein were type of solvent, biomass-solvent ratio, biomass preparation and extraction cycle. In vitro digestibility was evaluated from oven- and freeze-dried biomass. Results showed highest concentration and extraction yield of protein from U. rigida using alkaline rather than acid and distilled water. A high biomass–solvent ratio at 1:10 or 0.1 g mL−1 increased protein extraction. Higher alkaline concentration increased protein extraction. Highest protein extractability was 8.5% dry matter from freeze-dried U. rigida biomass, with highest protein extraction and antioxidant activity from extraction of U. rigida macroalgae at high alkaline concentrations. U. rigida macroalgae oven-dried biomass presented suitable human digestibility. Efficient pretreatment of U. rigida maximized protein hydrolysate and bioactive peptide production for wide-ranging applications.
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Zhou, Fucang, Jianzhong Ge, Dongyan Liu, Pingxing Ding, Changsheng Chen, and Xiaodao Wei. "The Lagrangian-based Floating Macroalgal Growth and Drift Model (FMGDM v1.0): application to the Yellow Sea green tide." Geoscientific Model Development 14, no. 10 (October 11, 2021): 6049–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6049-2021.
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Abstract. Massive floating macroalgal blooms in the ocean result in many ecological consequences. Tracking their drifting pattern and predicting their biomass are essential for effective marine management. In this study, a physical–ecological model, the Floating Macroalgal Growth and Drift Model (FMGDM), was developed. Based on the tracking, replication, and extinction of Lagrangian particles, FMGDM is capable of determining the dynamic growth and drift pattern of floating macroalgae, with the position, velocity, quantity, and represented biomass of particles being updated synchronously between the tracking and the ecological modules. The particle tracking is driven by ocean flows and sea surface wind, and the ecological process is controlled by the temperature, irradiation, and nutrients. The flow and turbulence fields were provided by the unstructured grid Finite-Volume Community Ocean Model (FVCOM), and biological parameters were specified based on a culture experiment of Ulva prolifera, a phytoplankton species causing the largest worldwide bloom of green tide in the Yellow Sea, China. The FMGDM was applied to simulate the green tide around the Yellow Sea in 2014 and 2015. The model results, e.g., the distribution, and biomass of the green tide, were validated using the remote-sensing observation data. Given the prescribed spatial initialization from remote-sensing observations, the model was robust enough to reproduce the spatial and temporal developments of the green tide bloom and its extinction from early spring to late summer, with an accurate prediction for 7–8 d. With the support of the hydrodynamic model and biological macroalgae data, FMGDM can serve as a model tool to forecast floating macroalgal blooms in other regions.
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Ibarlucía, Daniela Giselle, Estela Mercedes Santalla, and Verónica Elizabeth Córdoba. "Evaluation of biomethane potential and kinetics modelling of green macroalgae from the South Atlantic Sea: Codium sp. (Codiaceae) and Ulva sp. (Ulvaceae)." Environmental Chemistry 18, no. 7 (2021): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en21088.
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Environmental contextThe east coast of the Argentine Sea is frequently impacted by seasonal macroalgal blooms, resulting from anthropogenic activities such as the discharge of untreated wastewater. The use of these macroalgae for energy purposes through the anaerobic digestion process provides an opportunity to convert a biomass, currently considered as a waste, into a renewable energy source. Bioenergy potential and the process kinetics of two macroalgae were studied and the results suggest this is a potentially useful novel energy source.AbstractSeveral uses for macroalgae have been reported in the literature, including in agriculture, pharmaceuticals, and human and animal feed. While many authors have recognised the potential use of algae biomass for bioenergy, specific research on their energy potential is less abundant. The wide east coast of the Argentine Sea is frequently impacted by seasonal macroalgal blooms that nowadays are managed as a residue of land disposal. The feasibility of bioenergy production from two species of macroalgae from the South Atlantic Sea was evaluated through the analysis of the biomethane potential determined according to a standard protocol. Fresh, washed and chopped samples of Codium sp. (Codiaceae) and Ulva sp. (Ulvaceae) were studied in anaerobic batch digestion under the mesophilic regime and with an inoculum : substrate ratio of 3 : 1. The results showed 35 % higher methane production of Codium sp. (205.2 mL CH4/g volatile solids), which revealed that the composition of Ulva sp., rich in sulfated anionic polysaccharide (Ulvan), reduces the activity of methanogenic bacteria. The kinetics of methane production was studied through the first-order kinetic, the modified Gompertz and the Cone models, which all showed an adequate adjustment of the experimental data (R2 > 96 %) but the Cone model yielded the best performance (R2 > 98.6 %). The potential methane production L0 and the hydrolysis rate constant k were respectively 30 % and 124 % higher for Codium sp. than Ulva sp., which demonstrated a higher biodegradability of this algae. Despite the differences observed, the results obtained revealed an interesting bioenergy potential of the studied species of seaweed from the Argentine Sea.
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Henry-Silva, Gustavo Gonzaga, Joseanna Alves, Dallas Flickinger, Renata Gomes-Rebouças, and Ambrosio Bessa-Junior. "Polyculture of Pacific White Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) and Red Seaweed Gracilaria birdiae (Greville) under Different Densities." Fishes 8, no. 1 (January 15, 2023): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fishes8010054.
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The present study evaluated a polyculture system with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) and the macroalga Gracilaria birdiae and its potential to remove nutrients. The experimental design consisted of a shrimp monoculture of 100 animals/m2 (T0) and three multitrophic cultures with L. vannamei (100 animals/m2) and with G. birdiae at densities of 500 (T500), 1000 (T1000), and 2000 (T2000) g/m2. Nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations decreased at the beginning of the experiment in the treatments with macroalgae, but this reduction was not maintained throughout the cultivation period. The stable values of G. birdiae biomass were perhaps related to the high turbidity of the water. There was an increase in shrimp biomass during cultivation, which reached the final individual averages of 7.5 g (T0), 7.6 g (T500), 5.9 g (T1000), and 7.5 g (T2000), with no significant differences between treatments. Nevertheless, the absence of macroalgae growth provides no added profit for the producer. Thus, there is no economic advantage in using G. birdiae in an integrated multitrophic system with L. vannamei at a high density and conditions of high water turbidity.
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Wu, Jiajun, David P. Keller, and Andreas Oschlies. "Carbon dioxide removal via macroalgae open-ocean mariculture and sinking: an Earth system modeling study." Earth System Dynamics 14, no. 1 (February 22, 2023): 185–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-14-185-2023.
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Abstract. In this study, we investigate the maximum physical and biogeochemical potential of macroalgae open-ocean mariculture and sinking (MOS) as an ocean-based carbon dioxide removal (CDR) method. Embedding a macroalgae model into an Earth system model, we simulate macroalgae mariculture in the open-ocean surface layer followed by fast sinking of the carbon-rich macroalgal biomass to the deep seafloor (depth>3000 m), which assumes no remineralization of the harvested biomass during the quick sinking. We also test the combination of MOS with artificial upwelling (AU), which fertilizes the macroalgae by pumping nutrient-rich deeper water to the surface. The simulations are done under RCP 4.5, a moderate-emissions pathway. When deployed globally between years 2020 and 2100, the carbon captured and exported by MOS is 270 PgC, which is further boosted by AU of 447 PgC. Because of feedbacks in the Earth system, the oceanic carbon inventory only increases by 171.8 PgC (283.9 PgC with AU) in the idealized simulations. More than half of this carbon remains in the ocean after cessation at year 2100 until year 3000. The major side effect of MOS on pelagic ecosystems is the reduction of phytoplankton net primary production (PNPP) due to the competition for nutrients with macroalgae and due to canopy shading. MOS shrinks the mid-layer oxygen-minimum zones (OMZs) by reducing the organic matter export to, and remineralization in, subsurface and intermediate waters, while it creates new OMZs on the seafloor by oxygen consumption from remineralization of sunken biomass. MOS also impacts the global carbon cycle by reducing the atmospheric and terrestrial carbon reservoirs when enhancing the ocean carbon reservoir. MOS also enriches dissolved inorganic carbon in the deep ocean. Effects are mostly reversible after cessation of MOS, though recovery is not complete by year 3000. In a sensitivity experiment without remineralization of sunken MOS biomass, the whole of the MOS-captured carbon is permanently stored in the ocean, but the lack of remineralized nutrients causes a long-term nutrient decline in the surface layers and thus reduces PNPP. Our results suggest that MOS has, theoretically, considerable CDR potential as an ocean-based CDR method. However, our simulations also suggest that such large-scale deployment of MOS would have substantial side effects on marine ecosystems and biogeochemistry, up to a reorganization of food webs over large parts of the ocean.
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González, Jorge E., Beatriz Yannicelli, Fabián Rodríguez-Zaragoza, and Marco Ortiz. "Biogenic habitats as drivers of invertebrate benthic community variability in Tongoy Bay (SE Pacific coast): implications of macroalga harvesting." Scientia Marina 87, no. 1 (March 30, 2023): e057. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/scimar.05350.057.
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Habitat biogenic complexity is thought to exert a significant positive influence on benthic communities. We examined the link between the seasonal variability of macroinvertebrate community structure (species and trophic richness, diversity and biomass) and habitats with different macroalgal assemblages. We identified macroinvertebrates and algae from 336 samples spread over four types of habitat: sand, mud, sand-gravel and seagrass meadows. Considering the whole macroalgal and macroinvertebrate assemblage, we confirmed that macroinvertebrate community variability within and among habitats can be mainly (but not only) explained by a few macroalgal structuring species. The variability of macroinvertebrate communities between habitats and seasons depended on the changes in the relative contribution of the explanatory biostructuring species in the overall algal community. Biomass, trophic behaviour and species richness remained stable in habitats with conspicuous macroalgal communities in contrast with habitats devoid of macroalgae. However, invertebrate species richness and biomass remained stable only in habitats whose dominant species did not change between seasons and not in those where dominant structuring species shifted. The seasonal change in a key structuring macroalgal species (Condracanthus chamissoi), probably as a result of harvesting, led to a major reduction in invertebrate community biomass and richness both in the particular habitat and in those nearby at species level. These consequences are especially important for invertebrates linked by trophic relationships and targeted by fisheries.
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Patyshakuliyeva, Aleksandrina, Daniel L. Falkoski, Ad Wiebenga, Klaas Timmermans, and Ronald P. de Vries. "Macroalgae Derived Fungi Have High Abilities to Degrade Algal Polymers." Microorganisms 8, no. 1 (December 26, 2019): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8010052.
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Marine fungi associated with macroalgae are an ecologically important group that have a strong potential for industrial applications. In this study, twenty-two marine fungi isolated from the brown seaweed Fucus sp. were examined for their abilities to produce algal and plant biomass degrading enzymes. Growth of these isolates on brown and green algal biomass revealed a good growth, but no preference for any specific algae. Based on the analysis of enzymatic activities, macroalgae derived fungi were able to produce algae specific and (hemi-)cellulose degrading enzymes both on algal and plant biomass. However, the production of algae specific activities was lower than the production of cellulases and xylanases. These data revealed the presence of different enzymatic approaches for the degradation of algal biomass by macroalgae derived fungi. In addition, the results of the present study indicate our poor understanding of the enzymes involved in algal biomass degradation and the mechanisms of algal carbon source utilization by marine derived fungi.
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Iken, K., E. R. Barrera-Oro, M. L. Quartino, R. J. Casaux, and T. Brey. "Grazing by the Antarctic fish Notothenia coriiceps: evidence for selective feeding on macroalgae." Antarctic Science 9, no. 4 (December 1997): 386–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102097000497.
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In Potter Cove, King George Island, Antarctica, macroalgae provide a significant food resource for herbivores. The demersal fish Notothenia coriiceps feeds on macroalgae. Eighteen algal species were identified in stomach contents: two chlorophytes, ten rhodophytes and six phaeophytes. Among these the rhodophyte Palmaria decipiens, the phaeophyte Desmarestia menziesii and the chlorophyte Monostroma hariotii comprised the greatest proportions of algal biomass. A food selection study showed four algae to be preferred (P. decipiens, M. hariotii, D. menziesii, Iridaea cordata) and two species to be avoided (Desmarestia anceps and Himantothallus grandifolius) by N. coriiceps. The present investigation indicates that this fish feeds not only intentionally, but also selectively, on macroalgae. Preference for particular algal species is not related to associated epifaunal biomass or to associated amphipod biomass.
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Buapet, Pimchanok, and Sutinee Sinutok. "Calcification in Three Common Calcified Algae from Phuket, Thailand: Potential Relevance on Seawater Carbonate Chemistry and Link to Photosynthetic Process." Plants 10, no. 11 (November 21, 2021): 2537. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10112537.
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Calcifying macroalgae contribute significantly to the structure and function of tropical marine ecosystems. Their calcification and photosynthetic processes are not well understood despite their critical role in marine carbon cycles and high vulnerability to environmental changes. This study aims to provide a better understanding of the macroalgal calcification process, focusing on its relevance concerning seawater carbonate chemistry and its relationship to photosynthesis in three dominant calcified macroalgae in Thailand, Padina boryana, Halimeda macroloba and Halimeda opuntia. Morphological and microstructural attributes of the three macroalgae were analyzed and subsequently linked to their calcification rates and responses to inhibition of photosynthesis. In the first experiment, seawater pH, total alkalinity and total dissolved inorganic carbon were measured after incubation of the macroalgae in the light and after equilibration of the seawater with air. Estimations of carbon uptake into photosynthesis and calcification and carbon release into air were obtained thereafter. Our results provide evidence that calcification of the three calcified macroalgae is a potential source of CO2, where calcification by H. opuntia and H. macroloba leads to a greater release of CO2 per biomass weight than P. boryana. Nevertheless, this capacity is expected to vary on a diurnal basis, as the second experiment indicates that calcification is highly coupled to photosynthetic activity. Lower pH as a result of inhibited photosynthesis under darkness imposes more negative effects on H. opuntia and H. macroloba than on P. boryana, implying that they are more sensitive to acidification. These effects were worsened when photosynthesis was inhibited by 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea, highlighting the significance of photosynthetic electron transport-dependent processes. Our findings suggest that estimations of the amount of carbon stored in the vegetated marine ecosystems should account for macroalgal calcification as a potential carbon source while considering diurnal variations in photosynthesis and seawater pH in a natural setting.
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Handayani, Tri. "Potensi Makroalga di Paparan Terumbu Karang Perairan Teluk Lampung." Oseanologi dan Limnologi di Indonesia 2, no. 1 (May 5, 2017): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/oldi.2017.v2i1.15.
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<strong>The Potency of Macroalgae in the Reef Flat of Lampung Bay.</strong> Lampung Bay is a strategic area that develops quite rapidly. This condition will put pressure on the coastal ecosystem as the estuary of all activities from surrounding areas. Macroalgae, which is one component of the coastal ecosystem, is also under pressure. Therefore, we need to know the species richness, potency, and macroalgae life characteristics in Lampung Bay waters. The study was conducted in March 2009, in eight locations, namely Piabung, Klagian, Pancur, Limbungan, Puhawang Barat, Puhawang Timur, Puhawang Kecil, and Kalangan. The macroalgae samples were collected by the quadratic transect method. The parameters observed were species, biomass, substrate, and macroalgae life form. A total of 27 macroalgae species were identified consisting of three divisions and 17 genera. Division Chlorophyta, Ochrophyta, and Rhodophyta each consisted of nine species. Nineteen species were macroalgae that have important economic values. The highest number of macroalgae species was found in Pancur, while the lowest was in Kalangan. The genera that dominated the study sites were Halimeda and Caulerpa. The highest average biomass was found in Pancur with 675.5 g/m2, whereas in Kalangan there was no macroalgae observed. The base substrate was dominated by sand. The condition of the base substrate affects the number of species and the nature of macroalgae life. In general, macroalgae resources in the waters of Lampung Bay are not potential to be developed, but Sargassum in Pancur has the potential to be developed as seeds.
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Hutapea, E. D., I. E. Susetya, A. Fadhilah, E. Yusni, I. Wahyuwatri, E. A. Manik, J. E. Aritonang, H. B. Setyorini, and M. Suriani. "Biomass and carbon storage of Sargassum sp. in Poncan Gadang Island, North Sumatera Province." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 977, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 012122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/977/1/012122.
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Abstract One of the efforts made to reduce the increase in CO2 is to use coastal vegetation such as macroalgae. This research was conducted in Poncan Gadang island, North Sumatera. The purpose of this research is to know the density and biomass of macroalgae Sargassum sp. and to estimate carbon storage in the macroalgae Sargassum sp. in the waters of Poncan Gadang island. The results showed that the biomass and carbon stores in Sargassum sp. are quite large and varied from 2.82 kg C m-2, 4.80 kg C m-2, and 4.63 kg C m-2 in every sampling point with an average of 4.08 kg C m-2. This means Sargassum sp. has the potential in mitigating climate change through carbon sequestration. Differences in the value of carbon stored in the biomass of Sargassum sp. are affected by biomass density and different carbon content at each sampling point due to environmental conditions.
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Maharani, Ni Putu Sintha, Ni Luh Watiniasih, and Ayu Putu Wiweka Krisna Dewi. "STRUKTUR KOMUNITAS MAKROALGA DI PANTAI GEGER DAN PANTAI MENGENING KABUPATEN BADUNG." SIMBIOSIS 9, no. 1 (March 22, 2021): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jsimbiosis.2021.v09.i01.p06.
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Macroalgae is a type of flora known as seaweed and is classified into low-level plants, where roots, stems, and leaves are relatively difficult to distinguish. This study aims to determine the differences of habitat characteristics, number of species, biomass, and macroalgae community structure in Geger Beach and Mengening Beach. This quadrant transect method was used to collect the data. The results show that Geger Beach has sandy substrate, while Mengening Beach has substrate consisting of coral rock. The water quality in both locations are still suitable for macroalgae growth. The results of the study found 8 types of macroalgae in Geger Beach and 10 types of macroalgae in Mengening Beach. The highest macroalgae biomass at Geger Beach was found in Gracilaria hayi with the weight ranging from 72.08-73.18 g/m2, while at Mengening Beach was found in the Valonia aegagropila, ranging from 181.31-190.40 g/m2. The diversity index of macroalgae in Geger Beach was between 1.93-1.99, while at Mengening Beach was between 1.79-2.07, therefore categorized as medium. The dominance index of macroalgae at Geger Beach was between 0.15-0.17, while at Mengening Beach was between 0.17-0.25, therefore the dominance index at both site was categorized low. The evenness index at Geger Beach was between 0.93-0.96, while at Mengening Beach was between 0.78-0.90, which categorized as stable conditions.
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Kinley, Robert D., Rocky de Nys, Matthew J. Vucko, Lorenna Machado, and Nigel W. Tomkins. "The red macroalgae Asparagopsis taxiformis is a potent natural antimethanogenic that reduces methane production during in vitro fermentation with rumen fluid." Animal Production Science 56, no. 3 (2016): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an15576.
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Livestock feed modification is a viable method for reducing methane emissions from ruminant livestock. Ruminant enteric methane is responsible approximately to 10% of greenhouse gas emissions in Australia. Some species of macroalgae have antimethanogenic activity on in vitro fermentation. This study used in vitro fermentation with rumen inoculum to characterise increasing inclusion rates of the red macroalga Asparagopsis taxiformis on enteric methane production and digestive efficiency throughout 72-h fermentations. At dose levels ≤1% of substrate organic matter there was minimal effect on gas and methane production. However, inclusion ≥2% reduced gas and eliminated methane production in the fermentations indicating a minimum inhibitory dose level. There was no negative impact on substrate digestibility for macroalgae inclusion ≤5%, however, a significant reduction was observed with 10% inclusion. Total volatile fatty acids were not significantly affected with 2% inclusion and the acetate levels were reduced in favour of increased propionate and, to a lesser extent, butyrate which increased linearly with increasing dose levels. A barrier to commercialisation of Asparagopsis is the mass production of this specific macroalgal biomass at a scale to provide supplementation to livestock. Another area requiring characterisation is the most appropriate method for processing (dehydration) and feeding to livestock in systems with variable feed quality and content. The in vitro assessment method used here clearly demonstrated that Asparagopsis can inhibit methanogenesis at very low inclusion levels whereas the effect in vivo has yet to be confirmed.
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Sasaki, Yusuke, and Yasuo Yoshikuni. "Metabolic engineering for valorization of macroalgae biomass." Metabolic Engineering 71 (May 2022): 42–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ymben.2022.01.005.
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Maceiras, Rocio, Ángeles Cancela, Ángel Sánchez, Leticia Pérez, and Victor Alfonsin. "Biofuel and biomass from marine macroalgae waste." Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects 38, no. 9 (May 2, 2016): 1169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2013.862584.
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Uzoejinwa, Benjamin Bernard, Xiuhua He, Shuang Wang, Abd El-Fatah Abomohra, Yamin Hu, Zhixia He, and Qian Wang. "Co-pyrolysis of macroalgae and lignocellulosic biomass." Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 136, no. 5 (October 27, 2018): 2001–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10973-018-7834-2.
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Giangrande, Adriana, Cataldo Pierri, Daniele Arduini, Jacopo Borghese, Margherita Licciano, Roberta Trani, Giuseppe Corriero, et al. "An Innovative IMTA System: Polychaetes, Sponges and Macroalgae Co-Cultured in a Southern Italian In-Shore Mariculture Plant (Ionian Sea)." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 10 (September 23, 2020): 733. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8100733.
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In this paper, we report data from the first year of rearing of a set of filter feeder bioremediator organisms: macrobenthic invertebrates (sabellid polychaetes and sponges), coupled with macroalgae, realized in a mariculture fish farm. This innovative integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) system was realized at a preindustrial level in the Gulf of Taranto (southern Italy, northern Ionian Sea), within the framework of the EU Remedia Life project. Long lines containing different collector typologies were placed around the fish breeding cages. Vertical collectors were utilized for both polychaetes and sponges, whilst macroalgae were cultivated in horizontal collectors. Data on the growth and mortality of the target species after the first year of rearing and cultivation are given together with their biomass estimation. Polychaete biomass was obtained from natural settlement on ropes previously hung in the system, while sponges and macroalgae were derived from explants and/or inocules inserted in the collectors. The description of the successional pattern occurring on collectors used for settling until reaching a “stable” point is also described, with indications of additional filter feeder macroinvertebrates other than polychaetes and sponges that are easily obtainable and useful in the system as bioremediators as well. The results demonstrate an easy, natural obtaining of large biomass of sabellid polychaetes settling especially from about a 4 to 10 m depth. Sponges and macroalgae need to be periodically cleaned from the fouling covering. The macroalgae cycle was different from that of invertebrates and requires the cultivation of two different species with about a 6-month cycle for each one. The present study represents one of the first attempts at IMTA in the Mediterranean area where invertebrates and macroalgae are co-cultured in an inshore fish farm. Possible utilization of the produced biomass is also suggested.
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Lababpour, Abdolmajid. "Development of a Mathematical Model for Simulation of Macroalgae Farming in the Coastal Areas." Sultan Qaboos University Journal for Science [SQUJS] 23, no. 1 (May 6, 2018): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/squjs.vol23iss1pp32-42.
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A mathematical model consisting of a system of three coupled partial differential equations (PDEs) was proposed to estimate the concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorous and macroalgae biomass in coastal open waters. However, some simplifying assumptions were used in the model to cope with the complexity of real conditions. For the macroalgae biomass, the system works as a batch mode, while input and output were accounted for nitrogen and phosphorous. The MATLAB pdepe feature, applying the finite element method was used in model solving and the simulation of model equations. The program was split into four functions that included the solver and post-processing of the results, a function containing the PDEs, a function setting the initial conditions, and one setting the boundary conditions. For model validation, the experimental measurement of nitrogen, phosphorous and macroalgae biomass concentrations of Bandar Abbas coastal open waters were analyzed by standard methods at three depths of 1, 5 and 10 m. The predictive values of the developed model demonstrated its applicability for the management of coastal macroalgae cultivation systems by assessing the impact of nitrogen and phosphorous strategies on the farming system.
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Nikolaou, Athanasios, Konstantinos Tsirintanis, Gil Rilov, and Stelios Katsanevakis. "Invasive Fish and Sea Urchins Drive the Status of Canopy Forming Macroalgae in the Eastern Mediterranean." Biology 12, no. 6 (May 24, 2023): 763. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology12060763.
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Canopy-forming macroalgae, such as Cystoseira sensu lato, increase the three-dimensional complexity and spatial heterogeneity of rocky reefs, enhancing biodiversity and productivity in coastal areas. Extensive loss of canopy algae has been recorded in recent decades throughout the Mediterranean Sea due to various anthropogenic pressures. In this study, we assessed the biomass of fish assemblages, sea urchin density, and the vertical distribution of macroalgal communities in the Aegean and Levantine Seas. The herbivore fish biomass was significantly higher in the South Aegean and Levantine compared to the North Aegean. Very low sea urchin densities suggest local collapses in the South Aegean and the Levantine. In most sites in the South Aegean and the Levantine, the ecological status of macroalgal communities was low or very low at depths deeper than 2 m, with limited or no canopy algae. In many sites, canopy algae were restricted to a very narrow, shallow zone, where grazing pressure may be limited due to harsh hydrodynamic conditions. Using Generalized Linear Mixed Models, we demonstrated that the presence of canopy algae is negatively correlated with the biomass of the invasive Siganus spp. and sea urchins. The loss of Cystoseira s.l. forests is alarming, and urgent conservation actions are needed.
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Carvalho, Andrezza, Léa Carolina de Oliveira Costa, Mariana Holanda, Mayra Gonçalves, Jorge Santos, César S. B. Costa, Gamze Turan, and Luís H. Poersch. "Growth of the Macroalgae Ulva lactuca Cultivated at Different Depths in a Biofloc Integrated System with Shrimp and Fish." Phycology 3, no. 2 (May 10, 2023): 280–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/phycology3020018.
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The constant production of solids in intensive shrimp and tilapia culture can affect the performance of macroalgae when cultivated in an integrated system, and little is known about culture structures that enhance the performance of macroalgae in biofloc systems. The objective of this work was to evaluate different depths of culture structure for the macroalgae Ulva lactuca in an integrated system with Litopenaeus vannamei and Oreochromis niloticus in a biofloc system. The experiment lasted 70 days, with six systems composed of: a 16 m3 shrimp tank, a 3 m3 tilapia tank, and a 3 m3 macroalgae tank, with water recirculation between tanks. Two treatments were carried out, shallow float, with a structural depth of 10 cm, and bottom float, where the depth was kept at 30 cm from the surface. The shallow float resulted in a growth rate of up to 0.95 ± 0.54% day−1, with biomass loss only at the end of the culture due to the high density of macroalgae, decreasing temperature, and increasing solids concentration. The bottom float had biomass loss throughout the culture cycle. The integrated culture of shrimp, fish, and macroalgae is feasible with the use of shallow floats within 10 cm from the surface.
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Gao, Guang, James Grant Burgess, Min Wu, Shujun Wang, and Kunshan Gao. "Using macroalgae as biofuel: current opportunities and challenges." Botanica Marina 63, no. 4 (August 27, 2020): 355–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bot-2019-0065.
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AbstractThe rising global demand for energy and the decreasing stocks of fossil fuels, combined with environmental problems associated with greenhouse gas emissions, are driving research and development for alternative and renewable sources of energy. Algae have been gaining increasing attention as a potential source of bio-renewable energy because they grow rapidly, and farming them does not, generally, compete for agricultural land use. Previous studies of algal biofuels have focused on microalgae because of their fast growth rate and high lipid content. Here we analyze the multiple merits of biofuel production using macroalgae, with particular reference to their chemical composition, biomass and biofuel productivity, and cost-effectiveness. Compared to microalgae, macroalgae have lower growth rates and energy productivity but higher cost-effectiveness. A biomass productivity of over 73.5 t dry mass ha−1 year−1 with a methane yield of 285 m3 t−1 dry mass would make electricity production from macroalgae profitable, and this might be achieved using fast-growing macroalgae, such as Ulva. Taking into account the remediation of eutrophication and CO2, exploring macroalgae for a renewable bioenergy is of importance and feasible.
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Ingle, Kapilkumar Nivrutti, Hadar Traugott, and Alexander Golberg. "Challenges for marine macroalgal biomass production in Indian coastal waters." Botanica Marina 63, no. 4 (August 27, 2020): 327–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bot-2018-0099.
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AbstractDue to its large, exclusive economic zone, India has considerable potential for implementing large-scale cultivation of macroalgae. However, such cultivation requires the availability of, and access to, sites where technical, legal, governmental, and environmental factors are favorable. This review discusses the challenges that have held back the development of seaweed cultivation in India. The review is based on a literature survey and informal discussions with industry-related personnel. It cites the strong need for clear and definitive policies related to access to and use of coastal waters to enable the Indian seaweed industry to reach its full potential. The main challenges that the expansion of macroalgal cultivation in India face are related to legal and regulatory aspects that can be resolved by focusing the policy issues on providing planning tools toward success. In addition, there is a strong need for an adequate bioeconomy that clearly defines the need for marine macroalgal biomass for food, chemicals, and biofuels. Furthermore, the Indian government needs to allocate sufficient funds for accelerating seaweed R&D in areas of seaweed cultivation, harvesting, processing technologies, and their implementation in the local industry.
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Nutautaitė, Monika, Asta Racevičiūtė-Stupelienė, Saulius Bliznikas, Ilona Jonuškienė, Jūratė Karosienė, Judita Koreivienė, and Vilma Vilienė. "Evaluation of Phenolic Compounds and Pigments in Freshwater Cladophora glomerata Biomass from Various Lithuanian Rivers as a Potential Future Raw Material for Biotechnology." Water 14, no. 7 (April 1, 2022): 1138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14071138.
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Freshwater macroalgae produces a wide range of bioactive compounds, and interest in utilizing its biomass is growing rapidly. Meanwhile, exploiting renewable sources for biomass collection could lead to more sustainable biotechnological chains. The aim of this study was to investigate Cladophora glomerata biomass from Lithuanian rivers as a potential raw material for biotechnology. For this reason, phenolic compound profiles, antioxidant activity and pigment concentrations were determined in macroalgal biomass samples collected from the following four Lithuanian rivers: Dubysa (B1), Šventoji (B2), Nevėžis (B3) and Jūra (B4). The highest total phenolic compound content was determined in B3 (1.32 mg GAE/g). Three phenolic acids were identified, namely gallic (12.94–35.13 µg/g), p-hydroxybenzoic (23.97–29.05 µg/g) and p-coumaric (1.79–6.46 µg/g). The results indicate significant C. glomerata antioxidant activity; the highest reducing power reached 0.737 AU (B3), the total antioxidant content was 1.47 mg Trolox/g (B3), DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging was 11.09% (B3) and 97.86% (B1) and FRAP activity 20.86 µmol/L (B3). The content of pigments ranged from 0.56-0.74, 0.39–0.57, 0.17–0.23 to 0.11–0.17 mg/g in chlorophyll a, b, carotenoids, and lutein, respectively. To conclude, C. glomerata macroalgal biomass may have the potential to act as a functional raw material, as several groups of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activities were observed.
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Koreivienė, Judita, Jūratė Karosienė, Jūratė Kasperovičienė, Ričardas Paškauskas, Bogusława Łęska, Radosław Pankiewicz, Loreta Juškaitė, et al. "EU Project of LIFE Programme ‘Algae Service for LIFE’ Develops Ecologicaly Sustainable Bioproducts from Freshwater Cyanobacteria and Macroalgae Biomas." Botanica 25, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 176–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/botlit-2019-0019.
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Abstract‘Algae Service for LIFE’, the project supported by the European Union, seeks to promote best practices in ecological service and the circular economy by implementing innovative complex system of three interlinked elements: i) prototypes for harvesting of cyanobacteria and macroalgae biomass; ii) distant methods for surveying of the blooms and defining hot-spots of algal agglomerations; and iii) restitution of harvesting costs by redesigning of waste algal biomass into valuable products. The current paper describes application of algal biomass part of the project by providing actions in redesigning of harvested waste biomass of cyanobacteria and macroalgae into potential valuable products for sustainable management and recycling of environmental resources. It also highlights the socio-economic aspects of the project and added value of the project for the European Union.
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Gambi, Maria Cristina, Maurizio Lorenti, Giovanni F. Russo, and Maria Beatrice Scipione. "Benthic associations of the shallow hard bottoms off Terra Nova Bay, Ross Sea: zonation, biomass and population structure." Antarctic Science 6, no. 4 (December 1994): 449–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102094000696.
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Quantitative and semi-quantitative samples of phyto- and zoobenthic organisms were collected by SCUBA diving at five stations along a depth transect from 0.5–16 m on the shallow hard bottoms off Terra Nova Bay, Ross Sea, Antarctica. The benthic associations were dominated by two macroalgal species (Iridaea cordata and Phyllophora antarctica) and by few animal taxa (mainly polychaetes, molluscs and peracarid crustaceans). Distribution at the community and species levels revealed a well-defined zonation pattern as a function of depth, governed mainly by sea ice scouring and melting. Zonation of vagile fauna was also affected by the effects of covering and architecture of the two dominant macroalgae. Species richness and diversity were higher in the Phyllophora-associated community, where habitat complexity and sheltering were higher. The highest faunal abundance (over 82 000 ind.m−2) and biomass (macroalgae and fauna wet weight 2392 g m−2) were recorded at 2 m depth in association with the Iridaea covering, where the harsher environmental conditions select a few taxa. The biomass values, even if underestimates of the whole community standing crop, are among the highest recorded in shallow austral biotopes. An autoecological and demographic analysis of the most abundant animal species revealed for some species (e.g. Laevilitorina antarctica and Paramoera walkeri) a quite complex population structure with up to three size classes, including juveniles. In some species, the cohort of juveniles showed a well-defined depth preference probably related to sheltering by the macroalgae. As a whole, the species analyzed showed various and contrasting reproductive strategies, despite the fact that the environmental conditions along the transect were relatively similar and quite selective.
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Hernández, José Carlos, Sabrina Clemente, and Alberto Brito. "Sex-ratio and occurrence of hermaphroditism in populations of Diadema antillarum (Echinoidea: Diadematidae) at two contrasting habitats in Tenerife (Canary Islands)." Vieraea Folia scientiarum biologicarum canariensium 35, Vieraea 35 (2007): 155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31939/vieraea.2007.35.15.
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Gonad histological examination of the Canary Islands populations of the echinoid Diadema antillarum was conducted in two types of habitats («barrens», i.e. habitats characterised by high visible crustose coralline algal cover typical of urchin-barren grounds, and by absence of macroalgae; and «fringe», i.e. habitats characterised by high macroalgal biomass and few D.antillarum). Sex ratio did not differ significantly from 1:1 at either habitat. One hermaphrodite echinoid was found at the barren habitat out of the total of 572 echinoids examined. Diadema antillarum did not show labile gonochorist and sex determining mechanisms influenced by habitat.
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Hongthong, Sukanya, Hannah S. Leese, Michael J. Allen, and Christopher J. Chuck. "Assessing the Conversion of Various Nylon Polymers in the Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Macroalgae." Environments 8, no. 4 (April 15, 2021): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments8040034.
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Marine macroalgae offers a promising third generation feedstock for the production of fuels and chemicals, avoiding competition with conventional agriculture and potentially helping to improve eutrophication in seas and oceans. However, an increasing amount of plastic is distributed into the oceans, and as such contaminating macroalgal beds. One of the major plastic contaminants is nylon 6 derived from discarded fishing gear, though an increasing amount of alternative nylon polymers, derived from fabrics, are also observed. This study aimed to assess the effect of these nylon contaminants on the hydrothermal liquefaction of Fucus serratus. The hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of macroalgae was undertaken at 350 °C for 10 min, with a range of nylon polymers (nylon 6, nylon 6/6, nylon 12 and nylon 6/12), in the blend of 5, 20 and 50 wt.% nylon to biomass; 17 wt.% biocrude was achieved from a 50% blend of nylon 6 with F. serratus. In addition, nylon 6 completely broke down in the system producing the monomer caprolactam. The suitability of converting fishing gear was further demonstrated by conversion of actual fishing line (nylon 6) with the macroalgae, producing an array of products. The alternative nylon polymer blends were less reactive, with only 54% of the nylon 6/6 breaking down under the HTL conditions, forming cyclopentanone which distributed into the biocrude phase. Nylon 6/12 and nylon 12 were even less reactive, and only traces of the monomer cyclododecanone were observed in the biocrude phase. This study demonstrates that while nylon 6 derived from fishing gear can be effectively integrated into a macroalgal biorefinery, alternative nylon polymers from other sectors are too stable to be converted under these conditions and present a real challenge to a macroalgal biorefinery.
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Carpenter, Chris. "Study Examines Ability of Macroalga To Produce Green Hydrogen." Journal of Petroleum Technology 75, no. 07 (July 1, 2023): 101–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0723-0101-jpt.
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_ This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 210809, “Pyrolysis of Macroalga Macrocystis pyrifera for Production of Green Carbon-Negative Hydrogen,” by Carolina A. Gallego, Shashank S. Nagaraja, and Mani Sarathy, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology. The paper has not been peer reviewed. _ The macroalga Macrocystis pyrifera is a giant brown seaweed characterized by its fast growth rate and photosynthetic metabolism that generates carbon sources from atmospheric CO2. This alga is a potential biomass to be applied in bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), which enables carbon-negative biofuels to avoid greenhouse emissions from biomass processing and use. The study described in the complete paper is related to the thermal conversion of this alga and serves as an opening to the study of the thermal conversion of biomass commonly found in desertic or semidesertic climates. BECCS and M. pyrifera The relevance of BECCS and carbon-negative fuels is in the ability of plants and algae to capture atmospheric CO2 and simultaneously be a source of carbon. Second-generation biofuels—fuels derived from nonedible terrestrial crops or waste such as miscanthus, wheat straw, or paper waste—are a promising alternative. The disadvantages of their generation, however, include the high cost of related technologies and the risk of compromising food security in some areas because of the amount of land devoted to energy crops. Algae are classified as microalgae or macroalgae (also called seaweed). The harvesting methods of macroalgae are less energy-intensive and expensive than the methods used for microalgae. M. pyrifera, a brown macroalgae, presented several advantages because of its large size (12–22 m long), fast growth rate (7–30 cm/day), its high gas yield, and its potential sustainable cultivation. Its cultivation, however, currently takes place only in Pacific Rim countries. Thus, this alga must be imported in dry form to the Middle East. With thermal conversion methods a suboptimal choice for dry M. pyrifera, a conventional method for the thermal conversion of the algae and production of hydrogen as pyrolysis was applied. Pyrolysis is a thermochemical process for decomposition of biomass in absence of oxygen to produce oil, char, and gases; it is detailed in the complete paper. The carbon-capture process involves technologies that separate the CO2 from the products of reaction. In this way, greenhouse emissions can be reduced through the storage of captured CO2. When high quantities of CO2 compose the products of thermal conversion, the most-efficient applicable technology is physical absorption by Selexol or Rectisol.