Journal articles: 'Macro-events'

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NOLTY, R. "SEMI-CONTAINED NEUTRINO EVENTS IN MACRO." International Journal of Modern Physics A 16, supp01b (September 2001): 730–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x01007923.

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Updated results are presented of low-energy [Formula: see text] neutrino interactions observed by the MACRO detector. Two analyses (of different topologies) are presented; individually, and especially in their ratio, they are inconsistent with no oscillations and consistent with maximal mixing at Δm2 of a few times 10-3.

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Li, Fuyin Thomas. "Evolutionary order of macro-events in Mandarin." Review of Cognitive Linguistics 17, no. 1 (August 20, 2019): 155–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rcl.00030.li.

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Abstract This article aims to explore the evolutionary order of the five types of macro-event in Mandarin. As a methodology, a closed corpus is set up for five historical stages. The following is concluded: (1) The “V+C” constructions representing a macro-event started to appear from Stage III and continued to be used until the present stage; (2) The “V+C” constructions can only represent four out of five types of Talmy’s macro-event, and action correlating is not systematically represented; (3) The four types of macro-event appeared at a relatively similar time period, and their proportion is: Motion > State change > Temporal > Realization; (4) Verbs with PATH meaning in the V2 slot are more prone to grammaticalization than in the V1 in the serial verb construction “V1+V2”. This research is significant in bridging the areas of event structure, grammaticalization and typology, and might have implications for other languages as well.

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Yang, Bin, Ting Yan, Heyang Cui, Enwei Xu, Yanchun Ma, Caixia Cheng, Ling Zhang, et al. "The macro-evolutionary events in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma." Oncotarget 8, no. 68 (November 15, 2017): 112770–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.22625.

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Lau, Chloe K. H., Simon Milne, and Geoff Dickson. "Stakeholders’ evolving roles in events: a macro-analytic approach." International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration 21, no. 4 (June 8, 2018): 362–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15256480.2018.1478358.

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Chen, Yiting. "Macro-events in Verb–verb Compounds from the Perspective of Baseline and Elaboration: Iconicity in Typology and Grammaticalization." Cognitive Semantics 6, no. 1 (March 19, 2020): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23526416-00601001.

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In Talmy’s typology of event integration, macro-events are classified into five types (motion, temporal contouring, state change, action correlating, and realization) by the framing event. Examining compound verbs representing macro-events cross-linguistically, this paper argues that macro-events can be classified into two types from the viewpoint of “elaboration” (Langacker 2016): augmentation (motion, state change, and realization) and adaptation (temporal contouring and action correlating). Based on iconicity, compound verbs can be said to be the best candidates for encoding conceptually integrated complex events considering their high lexical integrity. This paper shows that the two types of macro-events in compound verbs are distinct in the order of the framing event and the co-event, the representation of the framing event, and their lexical integrity. These results suggest that the differences in baseline/elaboration organization iconically emerge as explicit differences in linguistic forms, indicating the validity of the “iconicity of structured mapping in compounds”.

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Brandt, Michael W., and Lin Gao. "Macro fundamentals or geopolitical events? A textual analysis of news events for crude oil." Journal of Empirical Finance 51 (March 2019): 64–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jempfin.2019.01.007.

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Alcaraz V., Gabriela. "Macro Events and Micro Responses: Experiences from Bolivia and Guatemala." IDS Bulletin 46, no. 6 (November 2015): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1759-5436.12185.

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Gong, Fuyuan, Yuya Takahashi, and Koichi Maekawa. "Multi-scale computational modeling for concrete damage by mixed pore pressures – case of coupled alkali–silica reaction and cyclic freeze/thaw." Engineering Computations 35, no. 6 (August 6, 2018): 2367–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ec-11-2017-0431.

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Purpose This paper aims to propose a multi-scale simulation approach for the concrete macro-mechanical damage caused by mixed micro-pore pressures, such as the coupled alkali–silica reaction (ASR) and freeze-thaw cycles (FTC). Design/methodology/approach The micro-physical events are computationally modeled by considering the coupling effect between ASR gel and condensed water in the mixed pressure and motion. The pressures and transport of pore substances are also linked with the concrete matrix deformation at macro-scale through a poro-mechanical approach, and affect each other, reciprocally. Once the crack happens in the nonlinear analysis, both the micro-events (water and gel motion) and the macro mechanics will be mutually interacted. Finally, different sequences of combined ASR and FTC are simulated. Findings The multi-chemo mechanistic computation can reproduce complex events in pore structures, and further the macro-damages. The results show that ASR can reduce the FTC expansion for non-air-entrained concrete, but may increase the frost damage for air-entrained concrete. The simulation is examined to bring about the observed phenomena. Originality/value This paper numerically clarifies the strong linkage between macro-mechanical deformation and micro-chemo-physical events for concrete composites under coupled ASR and FTC.

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Li, Fuyin Thomas. "Extending the Talmyan typology: A case study of the macro-event as event integration and grammaticalization in Mandarin." Cognitive Linguistics 29, no. 3 (August 28, 2018): 585–621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cog-2016-0050.

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AbstractThe two-way typology proposed by Leonard Talmy has been extremely influential in the past few decades, and has led to a large number of publications. But while the majority of the literature is devoted to the identification of the verb-framed or satellite-framed status of individual languages, relatively little (if any) research focuses on the foundation of this theory. This article addresses the nature of the macro-event, a fundamental concept for the Talmyan two-way typology, proposing a diachronic aspect of the macro-event, an aspect that seems to be under-appreciated or even neglected. It argues that a macro-event results from the integration of two simpler events through grammaticalization in Mandarin. This hypothesis is supported by the behavior of directional complements in Mandarin Chinese in that these directional complements in combination with the main verbs can express all the five types of the macro-events that Talmy has analyzed to establish his typology, and that these macro-events themselves represent an integration of two simpler events and exhibit various degrees of grammaticalization. This study brings together two seemingly unrelated areas of research, that is, the area of event structure and that of grammaticalization, thus providing a new perspective on the Talmyan typological paradigm. The result, though supported by the data in Mandarin Chinese, might have universal value and implications for other languages as well.

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Green, Jane, and Will Jennings. "Valence as Macro-Competence: An Analysis of Mood in Party Competence Evaluations in Great Britain." British Journal of Political Science 42, no. 2 (October 24, 2011): 311–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123411000330.

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There is a discernable mood in macro-level public evaluations of party issue competence. This paper argues that voters use heuristics to transfer issue competence ratings of parties between issues, therefore issue competence ratings move in common. Events, economic shocks and the costs of governing reinforce these shared dynamics. These expectations are analysed using issue competence data in Britain 1950–2008, and using Stimson's dyad ratios algorithm to estimate ‘macro-competence’. Effects on macro-competence are found for events and economic shocks, time in government, leader ratings, economic evaluations and partisanship, but macro-competence also accounts for unique variance in a model of party choice. The article presents an aggregate-level time-series measure to capture the long-term dynamics of ‘valence’.

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Hunt, Shelby D. "On the Founding of the Journal of Macromarketing." Journal of Macromarketing 31, no. 2 (September 11, 2010): 199–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0276146710383283.

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This article chronicles the events leading to the founding of the Journal of Macromarketing, including (1) the first Macro-Marketing Seminar, which was organized by Charles C. ‘‘Chuck’’ Slater and held the University of Colorado at Boulder in 1976, (2) the subsequent Macro-Marketing Seminars of 1977 to 1979, (3) the formation of the Macro-Marketing Editorial Advisory Board in 1978, and (4) a meeting of the Advisory Board on August 9, 1979, at the Broker Inn in Boulder, Colorado. The article represents the author’s personal account. Accordingly, it relies on personal recollections of the events and some documents that were retained in an old manila folder.

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Panfil, Ryszard. "A paradigm for identifying macro-events in sports - a critical analysis." Quality in Sport 2, no. 2 (June 30, 2016): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/qs.2016.007.

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Safarzyńska, Karolina, Roy Brouwer, and Marjan Hofkes. "Evolutionary modelling of the macro-economic impacts of catastrophic flood events." Ecological Economics 88 (April 2013): 108–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2013.01.016.

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Dormandy, J. A., B. Charbonnel, and D. J. A. Eckland. "Secondary Prevention of Macro Vascular Events in Patients With Type II Diabetes in the PROactive Study (PROspective Pioglitazone Clinical Trial and Macro Vascular Events): A Randomised Controlled Trial." Journal of Vascular Surgery 43, no. 3 (March 2006): 639–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2006.02.010.

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Hallmann, Kirstin, Paul Downward, and Geoff Dickson. "Factors influencing time allocation of sport event volunteers." International Journal of Event and Festival Management 9, no. 3 (October 8, 2018): 316–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijefm-01-2018-0004.

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Purpose Given the increasing demands placed on a sport event workforce in servicing the needs of spectators, to attract and recruit volunteers to the industry, it is important for sport event managers to know what is driving how much time volunteers allocate to an event. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the individual and macro-level factors influencing the allocation of time to volunteer at sport events. Design/methodology/approach Survey data were collected from volunteers at 25 sport events (n=2,303). Multi-level modelling was used to identify common effects controlling for event differences. Findings Male gender significantly influences time allocated to an event at the individual level. At the macro-level, the number of local inhabitants has a significant negative effect whereas the status of an international event and duration contribute positively to time allocation. Research limitations/implications The results provide clear evidence that macro-level variables can stimulate interest in event volunteering opportunities. Originality/value This paper uses a multi-level approach to assess the influence of micro- and macro-level variables on time allocation by sport event volunteers. Using this approach, event heterogeneity can be controlled.

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Dilmi, Mohamed Djallel, Cécile Mallet, Laurent Barthes, and Aymeric Chazottes. "Data-driven clustering of rain events: microphysics information derived from macro-scale observations." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 10, no. 4 (April 25, 2017): 1557–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-1557-2017.

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Abstract. Rain time series records are generally studied using rainfall rate or accumulation parameters, which are estimated for a fixed duration (typically 1 min, 1 h or 1 day). In this study we use the concept of rain events. The aim of the first part of this paper is to establish a parsimonious characterization of rain events, using a minimal set of variables selected among those normally used for the characterization of these events. A methodology is proposed, based on the combined use of a genetic algorithm (GA) and self-organizing maps (SOMs). It can be advantageous to use an SOM, since it allows a high-dimensional data space to be mapped onto a two-dimensional space while preserving, in an unsupervised manner, most of the information contained in the initial space topology. The 2-D maps obtained in this way allow the relationships between variables to be determined and redundant variables to be removed, thus leading to a minimal subset of variables. We verify that such 2-D maps make it possible to determine the characteristics of all events, on the basis of only five features (the event duration, the peak rain rate, the rain event depth, the standard deviation of the rain rate event and the absolute rain rate variation of the order of 0.5). From this minimal subset of variables, hierarchical cluster analyses were carried out. We show that clustering into two classes allows the conventional convective and stratiform classes to be determined, whereas classification into five classes allows this convective–stratiform classification to be further refined. Finally, our study made it possible to reveal the presence of some specific relationships between these five classes and the microphysics of their associated rain events.

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Paes, Angela Tavares, and Antonio Carlos Pedroso de Lima. "A SAS macro for estimating transition probabilities in semiparametric models for recurrent events." Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine 75, no. 1 (July 2004): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpb.2003.08.007.

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Boomer, Ian, and Frances Attwood. "Ostracods as freshwater pollution indicators: a case study from the Ouseburn, a polluted urban catchment (Tyneside, NE England)." Journal of Micropalaeontology 26, no. 2 (October 1, 2007): 117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/jm.26.2.117.

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Abstract. The relationship between ostracod occurrence and water quality is investigated in the Ouseburn (Newcastle upon Tyne, NE England) in both a spatial and temporal context. For the first time, ostracod assemblages are used alongside traditional biological water quality indices. Physico-chemical parameters of the water are used in conjunction with standard macro-invertebrate-based biological indices (BMWP, ASPT) to assess general water quality. This is also the first detailed study of ostracod occurrence within a small urban catchment. Ostracod, macro-invertebrate and environmental samples were taken during the summer of 2001, with a small number of late autumn replicates taken to characterize the impact of known pollution events. The pollutants encountered in this study are primarily organic in nature and include sewage, agricultural sources (such as slurry) and de-icer runoff from the local airport. The head-water and tributaries are generally characterized by good water quality despite a number of pollution events recorded during the study. Ostracod diversity and abundance, although often low, support the evidence from the traditional methods of water quality assessment, both of which decrease downstream. An inverse relationship observed between ostracod abundance and macro-invertebrate indices suggests that relatively clean-water macro-invertebrate assemblages out-compete the ostracods or may be preying upon them.

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Kayser, R., S. Refsdal, R. Stabell, and B. Grieger. "Astrophysical Applications of Gravitational Micro-Lensing." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 124 (1987): 767–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900159893.

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Gravitational micro-lensing due to stars in the deflecting galaxy influences the brightness and the spectra of the macro-images. Thus differences in the spectra of different macro-images are not automatically an argument against gravitational lensing. Furthermore changes in the spectra due to micro-lensing may give informations on the quasar structure. From high amplification events the brightness profile of the source may be obtained. The time scale of the high amplification event is proportional to the source radius and inverse proportional to the transversal velocity. Due to the large brightness gradient by a high amplification event, a “parallax-effect” occurs, from which the transversal velocity may be obtained, and thereby the source radius (R=Δ t · VT). We roughly estimate 0.3 high amplication events per year for all gravitationally lensed quasars. Frequent monitoring should be carried out in order to predict high amplification events as early as possible.

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Guarda, Paolo, Abdelaziz Rouabah, and John Theal. "A mixture vector autoregressive framework to capture extreme events in macro-prudential stress tests." Journal of Risk Model Validation 7, no. 4 (December 2013): 21–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21314/jrmv.2013.113.

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Wortham,, Stanton, and Catherine Rhodes,. "The production of relevant scales: Social identification of migrants during rapid demographic change in one American town." Applied Linguistics Review 3, no. 1 (April 17, 2012): 75–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/applirev-2012-0004.

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AbstractThis essay explores the question of relevant scale: which of the many potentially relevant processes – from interactional through local through global, from nearly instantaneous through those emergent over months, years or centuries – in fact contributes to social identification in any given case, and how do these heterogeneous processes interrelate? Contemporary answers to this question have moved beyond the détente of the “micro-macro dialectic,” in which purportedly homogeneous “macro” processes constrain events and actions, while being simultaneously constituted by “micro” events and actions. We review contemporary work on these issues, with particular reference to the use of language in social identification, and we argue that an adequate account must go beyond “micro” and “macro.” We illustrate our argument with data from a seven-year ethnographic project in an American town that has received thousands of Mexican immigrants over the past decade, focusing on two types of narratives that residents tell about immigrants: stories about “payday muggings” in which immigrants are victimized, and stories about the town's historical trajectory and immigrants' role in it. These narratives emerge and move across different scales, and they are an important resource for residents as they socially identify themselves and others.

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Fraher, Amy L. "Psychodynamics of imagination failures: Reflections on the 20th anniversary of 9/11." Management Learning 52, no. 4 (June 3, 2021): 485–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13505076211009786.

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This article aims to advance the psychodynamic understanding of imagination failures by studying lessons learned in the US government’s public inquiry into September 11th, 2001 (9/11). Analyzing the findings of The 9/11 Report, I theorize that two forms of macro-level hubris—America’s “hubris of empire-building” and Al Qaeda’s “hubris-nemesis complex”—amalgamated in a uniquely generative manner leading to events on 9/11. Previous studies of public inquiries often demonstrate that inquiry reports are monological story-telling performances used to create sense-making narratives that function hegemonically to impose a simplified version of reality to assign blame and depoliticize events in order to facilitate closure after shocking events. In contrast, findings here suggest that by constructing a critical narrative, The 9/11 Report may serve as a new type of public inquiry report that invites learning about the complex factors that underpin crisis. The article concludes by identifying fruitful areas of future research and ways to theorize further about the collective psychodynamics of macro-level hubris and the psychodynamic factors that hinder learning and contribute to imagination failures.

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Logoń, Dominik, and Krzysztof Schabowicz. "The Recognition of the Micro-Events in Cement Composites and the Identification of the Destruction Process Using Acoustic Emission and Sound Spectrum." Materials 13, no. 13 (July 4, 2020): 2988. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13132988.

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This paper presents the recognition of micro-events and their concentration in quasi-brittle cement composites and the identification of the destruction process based on acoustic emission and sound spectrum. The tests were conducted on a quasi-brittle composite of a cement paste reinforced with a high volume of dispersed polypropylene fibers. The possibility of identifying the destruction process based on acoustic emission and sound spectrum was confirmed. This paper focused on the identification of micro-events using the 3D spectrum. It was shown that the identification of the concentration of micro-events precedes the occurrence of critical crack fcr, ending the Hooke’s law range. The ability to recognize this phenomenon with the use of the 3D spectrum makes it possible to predict the structure destruction process and subsequently to assess the structure destruction (micro and macro-cracks) and the reinforcement destruction (pull-off, breaking). It was confirmed that the three-dimensional spectrum provided additional information, enabling a better recognition of micro and macro-changes in the structure of the samples based on the analysis of sound intensity, amplitudes, and frequencies.

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Desai, Shantanu. "Combined significance of spatial coincidence of high energy neutrinos from PSR B1509-58 by Super-Kamiokande and MACRO." Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 2022, no. 08 (August 1, 2022): 001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2022/08/001.

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Abstract In their searches for astrophysical point sources of high energy neutrinos, both the Super-Kamiokande and MACRO neutrino detectors saw the largest angular excess from the same source, viz. PSR B1509-58. We estimate the probability for the observed number of events by both Super-Kamiokande and MACRO to be a chance coincidence due to atmospheric neutrino background. We find that this probability is about 0.4%, corresponding to 2.6σ significance. We also propose some additional tests to ascertain if this excess corresponds to an astrophysical signal or is only a background event.

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Zhao, De Shen, Tao Xu, Chun An Tang, Hou Quan Zhang, and Zheng Zhao Liang. "Avalanche Behaviour in Microfracturing Process of 3-D Brittle Disordered Material." Key Engineering Materials 297-300 (November 2005): 2567–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.297-300.2567.

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Using a newly-developed Material Failure Process Analysis code (MFPA3D), the micro-fracturing process and the avalanche behavior characterization of brittle disordered materials such as rock or concrete is numerically studied under uniaxial compression and tension. It is found that, due to the heterogeneity of the disordered material, there is an avalanche behavior in the microcrack coalescence process. Meanwhile, a hierarchy of avalanche events also numerically observed though a study of numerically obtained acoustic emissions or seismic events. Numerical simulations indicate that macro-crack nucleation starts well before the peak stress is reached and the crack propagation and coalescence can be traced, which can be taken as a precursory to predict the macro-fracture of the brittle disordered materials. In addition, the numerically obtained results also reveal the presence of residual strength in the post-peak region and the resemblance in the stress-strain curves between uniaxial compression and tension.

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Mitra, Avijit, Bhanu Pratap Singh Rawat, David D. McManus, and Hong Yu. "Relation Classification for Bleeding Events From Electronic Health Records Using Deep Learning Systems: An Empirical Study." JMIR Medical Informatics 9, no. 7 (July 2, 2021): e27527. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/27527.

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Background Accurate detection of bleeding events from electronic health records (EHRs) is crucial for identifying and characterizing different common and serious medical problems. To extract such information from EHRs, it is essential to identify the relations between bleeding events and related clinical entities (eg, bleeding anatomic sites and lab tests). With the advent of natural language processing (NLP) and deep learning (DL)-based techniques, many studies have focused on their applicability for various clinical applications. However, no prior work has utilized DL to extract relations between bleeding events and relevant entities. Objective In this study, we aimed to evaluate multiple DL systems on a novel EHR data set for bleeding event–related relation classification. Methods We first expert annotated a new data set of 1046 deidentified EHR notes for bleeding events and their attributes. On this data set, we evaluated three state-of-the-art DL architectures for the bleeding event relation classification task, namely, convolutional neural network (CNN), attention-guided graph convolutional network (AGGCN), and Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT). We used three BERT-based models, namely, BERT pretrained on biomedical data (BioBERT), BioBERT pretrained on clinical text (Bio+Clinical BERT), and BioBERT pretrained on EHR notes (EhrBERT). Results Our experiments showed that the BERT-based models significantly outperformed the CNN and AGGCN models. Specifically, BioBERT achieved a macro F1 score of 0.842, outperforming both the AGGCN (macro F1 score, 0.828) and CNN models (macro F1 score, 0.763) by 1.4% (P<.001) and 7.9% (P<.001), respectively. Conclusions In this comprehensive study, we explored and compared different DL systems to classify relations between bleeding events and other medical concepts. On our corpus, BERT-based models outperformed other DL models for identifying the relations of bleeding-related entities. In addition to pretrained contextualized word representation, BERT-based models benefited from the use of target entity representation over traditional sequence representation

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Chen, Chien-fei, Thomas Dietz, Nina H. Fefferman, Jamie Greig, Kristen Cetin, Caitlin Robinson, Laura Arpan, et al. "Extreme events, energy security and equality through micro- and macro-levels: Concepts, challenges and methods." Energy Research & Social Science 85 (March 2022): 102401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2021.102401.

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Kim, Jeong-hyeon, and Sang-jin Lee. "A study on macro detection using information of touch events in Android mobile game environment." Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security and Cryptology 25, no. 5 (October 31, 2015): 1123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.13089/jkiisc.2015.25.5.1123.

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Juarros, Pedro, Emilio Fernandez Corugedo, Hee Soo Kim, and Carlos Chaverri. "On the Macro Impact of Extreme Climate Events in Central America: A Higher Frequency Investigation." IMF Working Papers 2022, no. 237 (December 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9798400226021.001.

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González-Clemente, José-Miguel, Albert Cano, Lara Albert, Olga Giménez-Palop, Ana Romero, Eugenio Berlanga, Joan Vendrell, and Gemma Llauradó. "Arterial Stiffness in Type 1 Diabetes: The Case for the Arterial Wall Itself as a Target Organ." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 16 (August 16, 2021): 3616. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10163616.

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Arterial stiffness (AS) integrates the cumulative burden of known and unknown cardiovascular risk factors on the elastic wall of large arteries along the lifespan of an individual. As a marker of vascular aging, AS is an independent predictor of cardiovascular events and improves cardiovascular risk prediction when added to the Framingham Risk Score. In addition, AS may affect the microvasculature and promote the development of microvascular complications. Its impact on both the macro- and microvasculature has led to the concept that the arterial wall itself should be considered as a target organ. Here, we review the biological and clinical consequences of AS on the macro- and microvasculature and the measurement of AS in routine clinical practice. We also discuss the pathophysiological mechanisms underpinning AS development using diabetes and, in particular, type 1 diabetes, as a disease model with a high risk of cardiovascular events and microvascular complications that are accelerated by AS.

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Puduppully, Ratish, and Mirella Lapata. "Data-to-text Generation with Macro Planning." Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 9 (2021): 510–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00381.

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Abstract Recent approaches to data-to-text generation have adopted the very successful encoder-decoder architecture or variants thereof. These models generate text that is fluent (but often imprecise) and perform quite poorly at selecting appropriate content and ordering it coherently. To overcome some of these issues, we propose a neural model with a macro planning stage followed by a generation stage reminiscent of traditional methods which embrace separate modules for planning and surface realization. Macro plans represent high level organization of important content such as entities, events, and their interactions; they are learned from data and given as input to the generator. Extensive experiments on two data-to-text benchmarks (RotoWire and MLB) show that our approach outperforms competitive baselines in terms of automatic and human evaluation.

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López, Bernat, and Helle Kettner-Høeberg. "From Macro to Mega." Communication & Sport 5, no. 1 (July 24, 2016): 69–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167479515598956.

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The Vuelta a España is one of the three cycling Grand Tours, a long-established (first staged in 1935) and global sports mega event. Nonetheless, in the mid-noughties, it went through a financial and identity crisis, which culminated with the French company, Amaury Sport Organisation (ASO), the organizer of the Tour de France, taking over the Spanish race in 2008. This research, an in-depth case study based on semistructured interviews and analysis of all the relevant corporate documentation and online activity, aims at shedding light on how the new ASO management has refloated the race through a reinforcement of its globalization and mediatization, on the lines of the managerial policies already in place for the Tour de France since the early 80s. This article also proposes a small theoretical refinement of the “mega sporting event” concept, moving from a binary, yes–not typology, to a four-level scale including micro (local), meso (provincial/subnational), macro (national or regional), and mega (global) sporting events. In this sense, this article concludes that the communication strategies set up by the new ASO management have pushed the Vuelta beyond the macro and towards the mega level.

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Hopp, Frederic R., Jacob T. Fisher, and René Weber. "Dynamic Transactions Between News Frames and Sociopolitical Events: An Integrative, Hidden Markov Model Approach." Journal of Communication 70, no. 3 (June 1, 2020): 335–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqaa015.

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Abstract A central goal of news research is to understand the interplay between news coverage and sociopolitical events. Although a great deal of work has elucidated how events drive news coverage, and how in turn news coverage influences societal outcomes, integrative systems-level models of the reciprocal interchanges between these two processes are sparse. Herein, we present a macro-scale investigation of the dynamic transactions between news frames and events using Hidden Markov Models (HMMs), focusing on morally charged news frames and sociopolitical events. Using 3,501,141 news records discussing 504,759 unique events, we demonstrate that sequences of frames and events can be characterized in terms of “hidden states” containing distinct moral frame and event relationships, and that these “hidden states” can forecast future news frames and events. This work serves to construct a path toward the integrated study of the news-event cycle across multiple research domains.

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GEIPEL, MARKUS MICHAEL. "MODULARITY, DEPENDENCE AND CHANGE." Advances in Complex Systems 15, no. 06 (August 2012): 1250083. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021952591250083x.

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Technological artifacts such as software often comprise a large number of modules; more than twenty thousand in the case of the Java software Eclipse. While on the micro-level this system is modular, how should the building blocks be arranged on the macro-level? In the literature this question has mainly been addressed with the same arguments already used to advocate modularity on the micro-level: Dependencies should be minimized as they impede optimization and flexibility of the system. In contrast to this I argue that along with a change from the micro view to the macro view also the argumentation has to change. In this paper, I analyze the theoretical ramifications of dependency between modules on the macro-level. In particular, I argue that macro-level dependencies are first weak dependencies, and second, foster flexibility and change efficiency. This argumentation is supported by an empirical analysis of 35 software architectures. Data show that dependency relations seldom cause change propagation. Furthermore, high dependency in the architecture negatively correlates with the occurrence of large change events. Thus, higher interdependency is associated with higher evolvability and more efficient change.

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Healy, Geraldine. "Visible and invisible borders in time and space." Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal 38, no. 6 (August 19, 2019): 676–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/edi-03-2019-0106.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore how biography influences professional and academic development. It aims to show how in different ways our experiences reflect the structures of society and that histories repeat themselves with different protagonists and different preys. It uses the author’s own biography to argue that in the author’s case, early influences of Irish migration shaped some of the decisions she made and her commitment to researching inequalities. The paper also asks how relevant are early life influences on the careers of equality and diversity academics? Design/methodology/approach This paper uses a biographical method that draws on a personal history of migration and relates these to historical moments to show the interconnection between the self and wider macro events. Findings The findings of the paper show the relevance and interconnection of biography with the macro and political context. The paper explores how an academic's personal biography[1] and the multi-layered relationship between the self and the wider macro historical context have influenced her research development. It does this by using her personal stories of being part of an Irish community and shows how everyday interactions may lead to a sense of being an outsider, of being other. History is used to show the multiple borders that Irish and other migrants experience, from biographic and diasporic borders, to violence and conflict and finally to work borders including the link with the author's research work. The paper argues that while the targets of discrimination may change over time, contemporary events can intensify the devaluation and othering of particular migrant groups. Originality/value Each biography has a unique element but the paper shows how individual biographies are connected and interrelated with the macro level of analysis.

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Da Silva, Djane Fonseca, Pedro Fernandes de Souza Neto, Silvania Donato da Silva, Maria José da Silva Lima, Iara Bezerra da Silva Cavalcante, Sherlly Teles de Oliveira, Helen da Silva Mendonça, et al. "Identificação das causas climáticas dos eventos extremos e dos impactos dos ENOS Canônico e Modoki nas macrorregiões de Alagoas." Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física 14, no. 4 (2021): 1880–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v14.4.p1880-1897.

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Anomalies of sea surface temperature that occur in some regions of the Equatorial Pacific Ocean are being studied because their cause different impacts and originate in different ways, are the ENOS, Modoki and Canonical. The objective of this work is to identify the climatic causes of the extreme events that occurred in the macro-regions of Alagoas, and at the same time, to compare the effects of ENOS Canonical and Modoki and their classes on the macro-regions of Alagoas. The daily precipitation data for 21 municipalities in the State of Alagoas were obtained through the National Water Agency from 1963 to 2014. EN Modoki and low promoted an increase in rainfall in the Eastern region. EN Fortes, on the other hand, caused a decrease in rainfall in the Sertão. Canonical LN events caused a significant increase in rainfall in the three macro-regions, but the effect was better in LN Forte. During the phases of the Atlantic Dipole, the negative phase generated positive SPI across the state, and in the positive phase, there was a decrease in SPI in the East, and a negative SPI record in Sertão and Agreste. The climatic causes of the extreme events were the combination of semiannual, interannual scales, scale between 1-2 years of ENOS, scale of ENOS extended and scale of 11 years (Dipole and sunspots), potentiating the local total rainfall, and for cases of drought , your absence. It was found, through cluster analysis, similarity between the SPIs of La Niña low and La Niña Canonical, and between El Niño Canonical is linked to El Niño Forte. Mathematically, the categories of El Niño and La Niña strong and weak showed better correlations with ENOS Modoki and Canonical, suggesting a pattern for Alagoas.

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Teliti, Marsida, Giulia Cogni, Lucia Sacchi, Arianna Dagliati, Simone Marini, Valentina Tibollo, Pasquale De Cata, Riccardo Bellazzi, and Luca Chiovato. "Risk factors for the development of micro-vascular complications of type 2 diabetes in a single-centre cohort of patients." Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research 15, no. 5 (June 18, 2018): 424–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1479164118780808.

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Aims: In type 2 diabetes, we aimed at clarifying the role of glycated haemoglobin variability and other risk factors in the development of the main micro-vascular complications: peripheral neuropathy, nephropathy and retinopathy. Methods: In a single-centre cohort of 900 patients, glycated haemoglobin variability was evaluated as intra-individual standard deviation, adjusted standard deviation and coefficient of variation of serially measured glycated haemoglobin in the 2-year period before a randomly selected index visit. We devised four models considering different aspects of glycated haemoglobin evolution. Multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis was performed including the following covariates at the index visit: age, disease duration, body mass index, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, sex, smoking habit, hypertension, dyslipidemia, treatment with anti-diabetic drugs, occurrence of macro-vascular events and the presence of another micro-vascular complication. Results: Males with high mean glycated haemoglobin, long duration of diabetes, presence of macro-vascular events and retinopathy emerged at higher risk for peripheral neuropathy. Development of nephropathy was independently associated with higher glycated haemoglobin variability, older age, male sex, current smoking status, presence of retinopathy, of peripheral neuropathy and of hypertension. Higher mean glycated haemoglobin, younger age, longer duration of diabetes, reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate and the presence of peripheral neuropathy were significantly associated with increased incidence of retinopathy. Conclusion: Glycated haemoglobin variability was associated with increased incidence of nephropathy, while mean glycated haemoglobin emerged as independent risk factor for the development of retinopathy and peripheral neuropathy. The presence of macro-vascular events was positively correlated with peripheral neuropathy. Finally, the occurrence of another micro-vascular complication was found to be a stronger risk factor for developing another micro-vascular complication than the mean or variability of glycated haemoglobin.

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Szpocinski, Andzej. "The importance of the past and relationships in social networks." VESTNIK INSTITUTA SOTZIOLOGII 30, no. 3 (2019): 44–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/vis.2019.30.3.587.

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Through the lens of the collective memory theory, this article examines issues of community integration, within the context of fostering a sense of affinity and connection in a network society. The author ponders the proportion of significance of the past on a macro- and micro-level. The main goal of the researcher is to display the role of a network in developing individual and collective identity, while focusing on the following problems: if the past plays such a vital role in processes of integration on a macro-level, does it play as crucial a role on the micro-level; does addressing the past develop or sustain itself within a network; can “network proclivity” in collective memory be considered an effective mechanism for developing attitudes. In other words, the significance (or lack thereof) of past experience (collective memory) is brought into question. This article presents certain mechanisms for integrating society by means of using reminders from the past. Also, based on analyzing polls which were conducted throughout the last twenty years, it is revealed how specific events in Poland’s recent history have played out in collective memory. The author presents interpretations, hypotheses, as well as arguments and counterarguments with regard to the connection between the network nature of social life and the development of various forms of connection to the past. The results of the study indicate that participation in a network has an insignificant effect on one’s interpretation of events from the recent past. Also highlighted is the fact that individuals who directly participated in certain events are the most trustworthy source of knowledge of the past. This confirms the hypothesis that modern networks do have an effect on choosing traditions, and therefore on their transformation on a macro-level.

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Bohnemeyer, Jürgen, and Robert D. Van Valin. "The macro-event property and the layered structure of the clause." Studies in Language 41, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 142–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.41.1.05van.

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We ask whether there is a “macro-event phrase,” a uniform level of syntax at which complex scenarios may be described as single events under the Macro-Event Property (MEP). The MEP is a form-meaning mapping property that constrains the compatibility of event descriptions with time-positional modifiers. An examination of English infinitival complements, Ewe serial verb constructions, and Japanese converb constructions suggests that the putative crosslinguistic “macro-event phrase” is the verbal core of the Layered Structure of the Clause theory of Role and Reference Grammar. Across languages, simple cores necessarily have the MEP, whereas complex cores have it if and only if they are integrated by ‘cosubordinate’ nexus, defined as a symmetric union of two cores that together behave like a single core. We furthermore argue that this connection between core cosubordinations and the MEP may help explain why cosubordinate cores seem to always share an argument through control.

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Gong, Neil. "Seeing like a state athletic commission: Multi-case ethnography and the making of ‘underground’ combat sports." Ethnography 21, no. 2 (August 8, 2018): 176–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1466138118792934.

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How can ethnographers access and assess macro-sociological influences on everyday life? This article extends Burawoy’s multi-case solution, which illuminates structural forces through case comparison, by using then critiquing it. I compare non-sanctioned fight events in two US states and ask why one organizes combat with self-regulation while the other utilizes a rationalized rule set, initially theorizing state regulation as the driver of contrasting niche markets. Yet to solve the first puzzle I must address another: why do organizers talk about avoiding governmental intervention when neither fears investigation? Drawing on ethnomethodology, I show how ‘the state’ becomes a resource for organizational boundary work. My contribution to micro-macro analysis is to reconcile the two frames: actual structural pressures disclosed by multi-case logic and the false discourse of ‘the state’ observed in interaction. Eschewing polemics over ‘relational’ versus ‘comparative’ approaches, I demonstrate the necessity of pluralism to see ‘the macro’ in ethnography.

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Bloom, Nicholas. "Fluctuations in Uncertainty." Journal of Economic Perspectives 28, no. 2 (May 1, 2014): 153–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.28.2.153.

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Uncertainty is an amorphous concept. It reflects uncertainty in the minds of consumers, managers, and policymakers about possible futures. It is also a broad concept, including uncertainty over the path of macro phenomena like GDP growth, micro phenomena like the growth rate of firms, and noneconomic events like war and climate change. In this essay, I address four questions about uncertainty. First, what are some facts and patterns about economic uncertainty? Both macro and micro uncertainty appear to rise sharply in recessions and fall in booms. Uncertainty also varies heavily across countries—developing countries appear to have about one-third more macro uncertainty than developed countries. Second, why does uncertainty vary during business cycles? Third, do fluctuations in uncertainty affect behavior? Fourth, has higher uncertainty worsened the Great Recession and slowed the recovery? Much of this discussion is based on research on uncertainty from the last five years, reflecting the recent growth of the literature.

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Raggiotto, Francesco. "Risk is my business. Determinants of revisit intentions among participants in extreme sporting events." MERCATI & COMPETITIVITÀ, no. 2 (June 2019): 105–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/mc2-2019oa8134.

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Multi-billion-dollar revenues and thousands of people involved, qualify extreme sports as a growing marketing phenomenon. This study addresses the determinants of consumer-athletes intention to revisit extreme sport events. We propose a model investigating the role sensation-seeking tendency, event satisfaction, and event image fit in determining revisit intention of active participants, basing on sensationseeking theory. The model is empirically tested with the SPSS PROCESS macro on 240 active participants in extreme sport events. The findings suggest that sensationseeking leads to revisit intention only through satisfaction, especially when event image fit is strong.

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Helgesson, Stefan, and Christina Kullberg. "Translingual Events." Journal of World Literature 3, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 136–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24056480-00302002.

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Abstract This article outlines a theory of world literary reading that takes language and the making of boundaries between languages as its point of departure. A consequence of our discussion is that world literature can be explored as uneven translingual events that make linguistic tensions manifest either at the micro level of the individual text or at the macro level of publication and circulation—or both. Two case studies exemplify this. The first concerns an episode in the institutionalization of Shakespeare as a global canonical figure in 1916, with a specific focus on the South African writer Sol Plaatje’s Setswana contribution to A Book of Homage to Shakespeare. The second case discusses how Edwidge Danticat’s novel The Farming of Bones (1998) evokes the bodily and affective charge of boundary-making by troubling the border between Haitian and Dominican speech.

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Baeza-Duffy, Patricia, and Rakel Österberg. "Chilean Migrants in the Swedish Context from the 1970s until Recently: The Discursive Construction of Their Own Linguistic Trajectories." Languages 6, no. 2 (May 24, 2021): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages6020095.

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This study aims to compare the discursive construction of Chilean migrants who arrived in Sweden from the 1970s until recently regarding their own linguistic trajectories at the micro level of social activity, the meso level of sociocultural institutions and communities and the macro level of ideological structures. The analysis of the latter level is based on Critical Discourse Studies, in particular, the strategies of de/legitimisation and the macro strategies of perpetuation or transformation The research questions concern (a) the semiotic resources used in multilingual contexts of action and interaction (at a micro level), (b) expressions of belonging and language identity (at a meso level) (c) and the de/legitimisation of events, processes and social actors in the construction of different ideologies (at a macro level). The method is qualitative and interpretative and is based on critical discourse analysis. The findings showed that the de/legitimisation of policies is associated with access to and acquisition of L2 (Swedish) and maintenance of L1 (Spanish). Well-prepared teachers, the communicative setting of the multicultural language classroom and the linguistic mediators were legitimised, while the process of adaptation and volunteers without sufficient preparation were delegitimised. Societal changes were identified as macro strategies that resulted in the transformation or perpetuation of what was being legitimised or delegitimised.

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Vannevel, Rudy, Dimitri Brosens, Ward De Cooman, Wim Gabriels, Frank Lavens, Joost Mertens, and Bart Vervaeke. "The inland water macro-invertebrate occurrences in Flanders, Belgium." ZooKeys 759 (May 22, 2018): 117–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.759.24810.

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The Flanders Environment Agency (VMM) has been performing biological water quality assessments on inland waters in Flanders (Belgium) since 1989 and sediment quality assessments since 2000. The water quality monitoring network is a combined physico-chemical and biological network, the biological component focusing on macro-invertebrates. The sediment monitoring programme produces biological data to assess the sediment quality. Both monitoring programmes aim to provide index values, applying a similar conceptual methodology based on the presence of macro-invertebrates. The biological data obtained from both monitoring networks are consolidated in the VMM macro-invertebrates database and include identifications at family and genus level of the freshwater phyla Coelenterata, Platyhelminthes, Annelida, Mollusca, and Arthropoda. This paper discusses the content of this database, and the dataset published thereof: 282,309 records of 210 observed taxa from 4,140 monitoring sites located on 657 different water bodies, collected during 22,663 events. This paper provides some background information on the methodology, temporal and spatial coverage, and taxonomy, and describes the content of the dataset. The data are distributed as open data under the Creative Commons CC-BY license.

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Pruchno, Rachel, Allison R. Heid, and Maureen Wilson-Genderson. "The Great Recession, Life Events, and Mental Health of Older Adults." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 84, no. 3 (October 4, 2016): 294–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0091415016671722.

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Historical events and personal experiences have the potential to alter the way people age. Using a life-course model, we examined how the Economic Recession of 2008 and experienced life events affected the mental health of 3,393 older adults in New Jersey. Data collected between 2006 and 2012 revealed a significant increase in mean depressive symptoms. Multinomial logistic regression analyses indicated that people with incident depression were more likely to have lost a job, become a caregiver, experienced a major illness, or have a family member with a major illness than people with no depression. Compared with the incident depression group, those with remitted depression were less likely to report having lost a job or experienced a major illness. Modeling the effects of individual life events and the economic recession on depression enriches understanding about the association between macro socioeconomic events, life events, and the mental health of older adults.

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Franco, Marco paulo Vianna. "An Appraisal of Environmental Microhistory: Epistemological and Historiographical Insights." Fronteiras: Journal of Social, Technological and Environmental Science 7, no. 3 (December 24, 2018): 262–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21664/2238-8869.2018v7i3.p262-274.

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The late flourishing of environmental history has been accompanied by attempts to combine it with a microhistorical approach, improving our understanding of specific events of the past as well as pointing to relevant historical insights at the macro level, which might inform policy-driven contemporary debates on environmental issues. Therefore, this article attempts to shed light on the epistemology and historiography of microhistory, stressing its basis on the indiciary paradigm as avowed by the Italian microhistorian Carlo Ginzburg, its emphasis on context, relations and connections, and its potential for unveiling new information at the macro level. It is asserted that these features make the microhistorical approach an adequate methodological tool to environmental history, anticipating a fruitful future for environmental microhistory.

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Geukes, Katharina, Maarten van Zalk, and Mitja D. Back. "Understanding personality development." International Journal of Behavioral Development 42, no. 1 (February 21, 2017): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025416677847.

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While personality is relatively stable over time, it is also subject to change across the entire lifespan. On a macro-analytical level, empirical research has identified patterns of normative and differential development that are affected by biological and environmental factors, specific life events, and social role investments. On a micro-analytical level, however, little is known about the underlying processes driving personality development. We provide an integrative state process model of personality development that incorporates and builds on previous process approaches to personality. It integrates this micro-analytical state perspective into the well-established macro-analytical understanding of personality trait development. Specifically, we distinguish three domains of individual differences in (the level of and contingencies between) state processes: (1) Goals and Strategies, (2) Actions and Experiences, and (3) Evaluations and Reflections. These process domains build a continuous sequence, with each domain guiding state processes in the next. Each process domain itself and their dependencies within the succession may be subject to change, thereby reflecting normative (in the case of shared development in state processes) and/or differential trait development (in the case of unique development in state processes). Well-established effects of environmental and biological structures, social roles, age, and life events on personality trait development can be explained by systematic links of these macro-level determinants to the outlined micro-level state processes. This integrative, process-based approach is thought to provide a conceptual basis for empirical research aiming at a comprehensive and fine-grained process understanding of personality development across the lifespan.

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Helms, M., O. Evdakov, J. Ihringer, and F. Nestmann. "Modelling spring flood in the area of the Upper Volga basin." Advances in Geosciences 9 (September 26, 2006): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-9-115-2006.

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Abstract. Integrated river-basin management for the Volga river requires understanding and modelling of the flow process in its macro-scale tributary catchments. At the example of the Kostroma catchment (16 000 km2), a method combining existing hydrologic simulation tools was developed that allows operational modelling even when data are scarce. Emphasis was placed on simulation of three processes: snow cover development using a snow-compaction model, runoff generation using a conceptual approach with parameters for seasonal antecedent moisture conditions, and runoff concentration using a regionalised unit hydrograph approach. Based on this method, specific regional characteristics of the precipitation-runoff process were identified, in particular a distinct threshold behaviour of runoff generation in catchments with clay-rich soils. With a plausible overall parameterisation of involved tools, spring flood events could successfully be simulated. Present paper mainly focuses on the simulation of a 16-year sample of snowmelt events in a meso-scale catchment. An example of regionalised simulation in the scope of the modelling system "Flussgebietsmodell" shows the capabilities of developed method for application in macro-scale tributary catchments of the Upper Volga basin.

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Scallion, Laura M., and Jorden A. Cummings. "Comparison of Team and Participant Ratings of Event Dependence: Inferential Style, Cognitive Style, and Stress Generation." Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 37, no. 9 (November 2018): 697–724. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2018.37.9.697.

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Introduction: Previous research has linked negative cognitive styles with stress generation. However, measures of cognitive styles have replied on ratings for hypothetical events, not experienced events. We examined the relationship between stress generation and attributional style for experienced events (i.e., inferential style) at both macro and daily levels. Methods: We measured stress generation in college students using the traditional objective team ratings (i.e., observer) as well as via participants’ own ratings (i.e., actor), which we argue captures more information and is consistent with calls for participant-centered research. Results: Cognitive style and inferential style positively correlated, indicating consistency between these two forms of assessment. Actor and observer identified events were significantly correlated for both dependent and independent events, suggesting that participants and teams are consistent in these categorizations. Results from both studies showed that inferential style was associated with actor but not observer identified dependent events. Discussion: Our findings provide some of the first evidence for the role of inferential style in actor identified stress generation and indicate that it is useful to examine both participant and observer ratings of stressful life events.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Macro-events'

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