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Journal articles on the topic 'Machine calibration'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 June 2021

Last updated: 17 February 2022

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1

Haitjema. "Calibration of Displacement Laser Interferometer Systems for Industrial Metrology." Sensors 19, no. 19 (September 22, 2019): 4100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19194100.

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Displacement laser interferometer systems are widely used for the calibration of machine tools and CMMs (Coordinate Measuring Machines). Additionally, they are often the workhorse in dimensional calibration laboratories, where they act as the basic metrological traceability link for many calibrations. This paper gives a review of the calibration of such systems, where several approaches, such as the calibrations of separate components or the system as a whole, are reviewed. The calibrations discussed are: the laser frequency, the counting system, software evaluation of the environmental conditions, environmental and material temperature sensor calibration and the calibration of optics that is part of the system. For these calibrations considerations are given about the ways these can be carried out and about establishing the re-calibration intervals.

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Zhuang, Hanqi, Lixin Liu, and Oren Masory. "Autonomous Calibration of Hexapod Machine Tools1." Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 122, no. 1 (November 1, 1997): 140–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.538893.

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Hexapod machines are emerging as a new type of CNC machine tools. Among other things, stringent calibration is an important means to improve their accuracy. Traditionally, to perform system calibration, one needs to measure a number of machine poses using an external measuring device. However, this process is often labor-intensive and invasive, and difficult for on-line calibration. In this paper, a systematic way of self-calibrating a hexapod machine tool is introduced. By adding a small number of redundant internal sensors, errors of the hexapod machine tool can be measured. This approach has the potential of automatically producing high accuracy measurement data over the entire workspace of the system with an extremely fast measurement rate. Once the measurement data is available, a recursive filter is applied to estimate machine parameter errors from the predicted geometric errors, and to update the model residing in the machine controller. Thus, it is possible to dynamically calibrate and compensate for various types of machine errors including those induced by thermal and loading variations, without interrupting the normal operation of the machine tool. To verify the concept, preliminary experimental studies were conducted on a Stewart platform built at Florida Atlantic University. [S1087-1357(00)70901-4]

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3

Hampel, David, Kateřina Jůzová, and Martina Matulíková. "Credit rating calibration." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 60, no. 2 (2012): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201260020079.

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In this paper we deal with determination of chosen characteristics of vending business in the Czech Republic. Vending seems to be dynamically developing sector of economics. A strong competition is present in this market. This can be a reason that new ideas of improvement appear continuously. Primary data are used to characterize vending business from the perspective of consumer as well as vending operator. The data are used as input to statistical tests; results are summarized and presented in economic terms. At first, survey (about 600 respondents) is analyzed in empirical way. It is informative in such sense, that vending machines are used by majority of users, more often in school or workplace. The main reasons of using vending machines are speed of shopping and no other shopping possibility. Further part is devoted to comparison of prices under different situations. For example, there are differences among various vending machine locations. Vending machine prices are not necessarily higher than prices in shops or cafeterias. Finally, operator profitability is explored based on company internal data. Among others, hot drinks vending machines are more profitable than vending machines selling bottled beverages of packaged food in general.

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Kajima, Mariko, Tsukasa Watanabe, Makoto Abe, and Toshiyuki Takatsuji. "Calibrator for 2D Grid Plate Using Imaging Coordinate Measuring Machine with Laser Interferometers." International Journal of Automation Technology 9, no. 5 (September 5, 2015): 541–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2015.p0541.

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A calibrator for 2D grid plates have been developed. The calibrator was based on a commercial imaging coordinate measuring machine (imaging CMM). A laser interferometer for the calibration of the x-coordinate and two laser interferometers for the calibration of the y-coordinate were attached to the imaging CMM. By applying multistep measurement method for the calibration procedure, the geometrical error in the calibrator was reduced. The calibration of a precision 2D grid plate was demonstrated, and the expanded uncertainty was estimated to be 0.2 μm (k =2).

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李, 冬. "Machine Vision Pixel Calibration." Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Research 03, no. 02 (2014): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/airr.2014.32005.

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KUMAR, HARISH. "A CONTEMPORARY APPROACH FOR EVALUATION OF THE BEST MEASUREMENT CAPABILITY OF A FORCE CALIBRATION MACHINE." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 24 (January 2013): 1360013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194513600136.

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The present paper discusses the procedure for evaluation of best measurement capability of a force calibration machine. The best measurement capability of force calibration machine is evaluated by a comparison through the precision force transfer standards to the force standard machines. The force transfer standards are calibrated by the force standard machine and then by the force calibration machine by adopting the similar procedure. The results are reported and discussed in the paper and suitable discussion has been made for force calibration machine of 200 kN capacity. Different force transfer standards of nominal capacity 20 kN, 50 kN and 200 kN are used. It is found that there are significant variations in the .uncertainty of force realization by the force calibration machine according to the proposed method in comparison to the earlier method adopted.

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TAKAMASU, Kiyoshi, Ryoshu FURUTANI, Ken SHIMOJIMA, and Osamu SATO. "Artifact Calibration of Coordinate Measuring Machine-Kinematic Calibration-." Journal of the Japan Society for Precision Engineering 69, no. 6 (2003): 851–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2493/jjspe.69.851.

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Huang, Feng Shan, and Li Chen. "CCD Camera Calibration Technology Based on the Translation of Coordinate Measuring Machine." Applied Mechanics and Materials 568-570 (June 2014): 320–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.568-570.320.

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A new CCD camera calibration method based on the translation of Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM) is proposed. The CMM brings the CCD camera to produce the relative translation with respect to the center of the white ceramic standard sphere along the X, Y, Z axis, and the coordinates of the different positions of the calibration characteristic point in the probe coordinate system can be generated. Meanwhile, the camera captures the image of the white ceramic standard sphere at every position, and the coordinates of the calibration characteristic point in the computer frame coordinate system can be registered. The calibration mathematic model was established, and the calibration steps were given and the calibration system was set up. The comparing calibration result shows that precision of this method is equivalent to that of the special calibration method, and the difference between the calibrating data of these two methods is within ±1μm.

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9

Igarashi, Hiroshi. "Subliminal Calibration for Machine Operation." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 16, no. 1 (January 20, 2012): 108–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2012.p0108.

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This paper proposes a skill assist technique without having the operator to be aware of it. Heretofore, many operation assists in a human-machine system has added artificial force in human operation input such as reactive force from obstacles. Such an approach is suitable in a particular task as simulated by the designer, because it can improve safety and efficiency, but is simultaneously hindering human learning ability. The proposed method will correct the machine dynamics of the operation subject subliminally, meaning that the operator will not be aware that it is being altered. Henceforth, it will be possible to enhance operability, without having to prevent the human learning ability. As a result of a verification experiment on 20 test subjects, it has been clarified that it is possible to enhance the operation performance without the operators knowing of the assist.

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Xiong, Zhong Xing, Feng Li, and Bin Li. "A Calibration Device and Method to Calibrate the Beam’s Direction of the Point Laser Probe." Applied Mechanics and Materials 799-800 (October 2015): 980–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.799-800.980.

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When using the laser displacement sensor to measure distance, there is a deflection angle which exites between the direction of the laser beam and the direction of axis, this deflection angle has an impact on the final measurement result. This paper presented a calibration method of the laser beam’s direction, designed calibration device and ceramic calibration plate. In the process of calibrating, laser displacement sensor moves along Z-axis and Y-axis of machine, CCD camera takes the image of the spot projected by laser beam on the calibration plate, then calculate the laser beam’s direction based on the movement distance of laser displacement sensor and the spot’s position on calibration plate. Depend on the Mikron five-axis CNC machine tools, this paper describes the whole calibration process in details, the feasibility and accuracy of the method has been verified by experiment. Experimental results show that when the machine tool’s accuracy is within 0.002mm, the calibration error of laser beam’s direction can be controlled within the range of 0.05°.

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Tian, Feng, Xiao Yin, and Bo Li. "Calibration of cyclic force with inertial force correction to a fatigue testing machine." ACTA IMEKO 9, no. 5 (December 31, 2020): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.21014/acta_imeko.v9i5.953.

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The accuracy between a dynamic force and a static force applied on a specimen by a fatigue machine is usually not the same. By establishing physical vibration models of fatigue machines, it is concluded that the error of a cyclic force is mainly caused by the inertial force of the vibration mass between the machine sensor and the specimen. After the inertial force is exactly corrected, the force displayed on the machine would be consistent with the real force on the specimen. A standard dynamic force calibration sensor (DFCS) with an inertial force correction method has been used to do calibration of fatigue testing machines in this paper. Compared with the replica test-piece method, the two calibration results are close to each other.

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Jiang, Zhihua, Wenjian Zhang, and Lizhen Cui. "Research of three dimensional laser scanning coordinate measuring machine." MATEC Web of Conferences 232 (2018): 02015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823202015.

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Three dimensional laser scanning coordinate measuring machine is suitable for the measurement of 3D printing products, and its measuring range depends on the three coordinate measuring machine. It is the main 3D printing product measuring instrument [1]. In this paper, the principle of laser scanning three coordinate measuring machine is analyzed. The accuracy and reliability of the calibration system for 3D printing products are verified. According to the newly revised JJF 1064 Calibration specification for coordinate measuring machines [3], it is calibrated.

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Zhao, Dan, Yunbo Bi, and Yinglin Ke. "A united kinematic calibration method for a dual-machine system." Assembly Automation 38, no. 2 (April 3, 2018): 226–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aa-02-2017-029.

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Purpose This paper aims to propose a united kinematic calibration method for a dual-machine system in automatic drilling and riveting. The method takes both absolute and relative pose accuracy into account, which will largely influence the machining accuracy of the dual-machine system and assembly quality. Design/methodology/approach A comprehensive kinematic model of the dual-machine system is established by the superposition of sub-models with pose constraints, which involves base frame parameters, kinematic parameters and tool frame parameters. Based on the kinematic model and the actual pose error data measured by a laser tracker, the parameters of coordinated machines are identified by the Levenberg–Marquardt method as a multi-objective nonlinear optimization problem. The identified parameters of the coordinated machines will be used in the control system. Findings A new calibration method for the dual-machine system is developed, including a comprehensive kinematic model and an efficient parameter identification method. The experiment results show that with the proposed method, the pose accuracy of the dual-machine system was remarkably improved, especially the relative position and orientation errors. Practical implications This method has been used in an aircraft assembly project. The calibrated dual-machine system shows a good performance on system coordination and machining accuracy. Originality/value This paper proposes a new method with high accuracy and efficiency for the dual-machine system calibration. The research can be extended to multi-machine and multi-robot fields to improve the system precision.

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Shih, C. L., and C. W. Ruo. "Auto-calibration of an SMT machine by machine vision." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 26, no. 3 (September 8, 2004): 243–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-003-1765-0.

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Mareš, Martin, Otakar Horejš, and Jan Hornych. "Thermal Error Minimization of a Turning-Milling Center with Respect to its Multi-Functionality." International Journal of Automation Technology 14, no. 3 (May 5, 2020): 475–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2020.p0475.

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Achieving high workpiece accuracy is a long-term goal of machine tool designers. Many causes can explain workpiece inaccuracy, with thermal errors being the most dominant. Indirect compensation (using predictive models) is a promising thermal error reduction strategy that does not increase machine tool costs. A modeling approach using transfer functions (i.e., a dynamic method with a physical basis) has the potential to deal with this issue. The method does not require any intervention into the machine tool structure, uses a minimum of additional gauges, and its modeling and calculation speed are suitable for real-time applications that result in as much as 80% thermal error reduction. Compensation models for machine tool thermal errors using transfer functions have been successfully applied to various kinds of single-purpose machines (milling, turning, floor-type, etc.) and have been implemented directly into their control systems. The aim of this research is to describe modern trends in machine tool usage and focuses on the applicability of the modeling approach to describe the multi-functionality of a turning-milling center. A turning-milling center is capable of adequately handling turning, milling, and boring operations. Calibrating a reliable compensation model is a real challenge. Options for reducing modeling and calibration time, an approach to include machine tool multi-functionality in the model structure, model transferability between different machines of the same type, and model verification out of the calibration range are discussed in greater detail.

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Peták, Tomáš, and Eva Kureková. "New Methodology for Calibration of CNC Machines." International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 18 (October 2015): 144–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.18.144.

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Modern production technology comprises automatic devices with numerically controlled driving axes in a large extent. Those devices – so called CNCs - are financially available not only to large factories but to small and medium enterprises as well. When selecting the CNC machine to be purchased, ratio between the financial aspects and the machine performance is evaluated very thoroughly. This brings a constant pressure on CNC machines producers who seek for modern approaches enhancing performance of their products. The following paper introduces some theoretical aspects dealing with the positioning accuracy of numerically controlled axes.

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SATO, Osamu, Gheorghe OLEA, Masahiko HIRAKI, and Kiyoshi TAKAMASU. "Calibration of Parallel Coordinate Measuring Machine." Journal of the Japan Society for Precision Engineering, Contributed Papers 70, no. 2 (2004): 214–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2493/jspe.70.214.

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18

Vit, Jiri, and Martin Novak. "A Roundness Machine Measuring Probe Calibration." Manufacturing Technology 18, no. 6 (December 1, 2018): 1053–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21062/ujep/223.2018/a/1213-2489/mt/18/6/1053.

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Poslethwaite, S. R., D. G. Ford, and D. Morton. "Dynamic calibration of CNC machine tools." Computer Standards & Interfaces 21, no. 2 (June 1999): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5489(99)92265-1.

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Postlethwaite, S. R., D. G. Ford, and D. Morton. "Dynamic calibration of CNC machine tools." International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture 37, no. 3 (March 1997): 287–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0890-6955(96)00038-7.

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Li, Xinghua, Guoxiong Zhang, Shugui Liu, Zurong Qiu, Haitao Zhang, Zhikun Su, and Honglei Ran. "A study on machine calibration techniques." CIRP Annals 62, no. 1 (2013): 499–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cirp.2013.03.014.

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Zhang, Yichao, Lakitha O. H. Wijeratne, Shawhin Talebi, and David J. Lary. "Machine Learning for Light Sensor Calibration." Sensors 21, no. 18 (September 18, 2021): 6259. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21186259.

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Sunlight incident on the Earth’s atmosphere is essential for life, and it is the driving force of a host of photo-chemical and environmental processes, such as the radiative heating of the atmosphere. We report the description and application of a physical methodology relative to how an ensemble of very low-cost sensors (with a total cost of <$20, less than 0.5% of the cost of the reference sensor) can be used to provide wavelength resolved irradiance spectra with a resolution of 1 nm between 360–780 nm by calibrating against a reference sensor using machine learning. These low-cost sensor ensembles are calibrated using machine learning and can effectively reproduce the observations made by an NIST calibrated reference instrument (Konica Minolta CL-500A with a cost of around USD 6000). The correlation coefficient between the reference sensor and the calibrated low-cost sensor ensemble has been optimized to have R2> 0.99. Both the circuits used and the code have been made publicly available. By accurately calibrating the low-cost sensors, we are able to distribute a large number of low-cost sensors in a neighborhood scale area. It provides unprecedented spatial and temporal insights into the micro-scale variability of the wavelength resolved irradiance, which is relevant for air quality, environmental and agronomy applications.

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Dunkley Jones, Tom, Yvette L. Eley, William Thomson, Sarah E. Greene, Ilya Mandel, Kirsty Edgar, and James A. Bendle. "OPTiMAL: a new machine learning approach for GDGT-based palaeothermometry." Climate of the Past 16, no. 6 (December 23, 2020): 2599–617. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2599-2020.

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Abstract. In the modern oceans, the relative abundances of glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether (GDGT) compounds produced by marine archaeal communities show a significant dependence on the local sea surface temperature at the site of deposition. When preserved in ancient marine sediments, the measured abundances of these fossil lipid biomarkers thus have the potential to provide a geological record of long-term variability in planetary surface temperatures. Several empirical calibrations have been made between observed GDGT relative abundances in late Holocene core-top sediments and modern upper ocean temperatures. These calibrations form the basis of the widely used TEX86 palaeothermometer. There are, however, two outstanding problems with this approach: first the appropriate assignment of uncertainty to estimates of ancient sea surface temperatures based on the relationship of the ancient GDGT assemblage to the modern calibration dataset, and second, the problem of making temperature estimates beyond the range of the modern empirical calibrations (> 30 ∘C). Here we apply modern machine learning tools, including Gaussian process emulators and forward modelling, to develop a new mathematical approach we call OPTiMAL (Optimised Palaeothermometry from Tetraethers via MAchine Learning) to improve temperature estimation and the representation of uncertainty based on the relationship between ancient GDGT assemblage data and the structure of the modern calibration dataset. We reduce the root mean square uncertainty on temperature predictions (validated using the modern dataset) from ∼ ±6 ∘C using TEX86-based estimators to ±3.6 ∘C using Gaussian process estimators for temperatures below 30 ∘C. We also provide a new quantitative measure of the distance between an ancient GDGT assemblage and the nearest neighbour within the modern calibration dataset, as a test for significant non-analogue behaviour.

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WU, CHUNG-LIN, and CHING-FEN TUAN. "FORCE CALIBRATION OF NANO UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE USING MILLIGRAM WEIGHTS." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 24 (January 2013): 1360031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194513600318.

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This paper presents an approach for calibrating the force transducer on the nano universal testing machine using milligram weights. Previous research on force calibration of such a system focused on the range from 10 mN to 200 mN, ignoring forces below 10 mN. The main purpose of this study is to analyze and calculate the uncertainty of force measurements within the range from 0.2 mN to 10 mN. The ABA calibration method in accordance with OIML R111-1 is adopted to determine the uncertainty in force measurement. The results indicate that the maximum relative uncertainty of force measurement is 7.0 × 10−3 with a 95% confidence level. The investigation can be used as the basis for evaluating measurement uncertainty of the system in small force range.

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Li, Peng, Ying Hu, and Zi Ma. "Calibration Method for On-Machine Composite Inspection of Machining Center." Advanced Materials Research 562-564 (August 2012): 1836–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.562-564.1836.

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For overcoming the problems of traditional on-machine inspection only depended on the touch probe, an on-machine composite inspection plan of machining center is put forward, and its composition and work principle are introduced. Based on the non-contact and contact inspection principle, the composite measuring head is designed, by which the inspection for the workpiece with high efficiency can be achieved. Aim at inspecting the workpiece machined accurately, different inspection models must be built, and the calibration method for composite inspection is presented. Finally, experiment verification is realized for the calibration method.

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NAGAI, Yuu, Soichi IBARAKI, and Shizuo NISHIKAWA. "C003 Error calibration of 5-axis machine tools by on-machine measurement system using a laser displacement sensor." Proceedings of International Conference on Leading Edge Manufacturing in 21st century : LEM21 2013.7 (2013): 313–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmelem.2013.7.313.

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Hou, Bo, Congpeng Zhang, and Shoubo Yang. "Computer Vision Tool-Setting System of Numerical Control Machine Tool." Sensors 20, no. 18 (September 16, 2020): 5302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20185302.

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An automatic tool-setting and workpiece online detecting system was proposed to study the key technologies of next-generation intelligent vision computerized numerical control (CNC) machines. A computer vision automatic tool-setting system for a CNC machine was set up on the basis of the vision tool-setting principle. A rapid vision calibration method based on the position feedback from the CNC machine was proposed on the basis of the theory of traditional vision system calibration. The coordinate mapping relationship of the image and the CNC machine, the tool-setting mark point on the workpiece, and the tool tip were calibrated. The vision system performance testing and system calibration experiments were performed. Experimental results indicated that the time consumption was 128 ms in image processing. The precision of tool setting and measuring was less than 1 μm. The workpiece positioning and processing online detection function of the system can completely meet the requirements of visual CNC machine application, and the system has wide application prospects.

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Eguren, Imanol, Gaizka Almandoz, Aritz Egea, Leire Elorza, and Ander Urdangarin. "Development of a Thermal Analysis Tool for Linear Machines." Applied Sciences 11, no. 13 (June 23, 2021): 5818. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11135818.

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The thermal design is one of the most important stages in the design process of electrical machines. Thanks to software packages, like Motor-CAD, rotating machine designers can predict the thermal operation of the machines with high precision. However, a Motor-CAD equivalent for linear machines does not exist. Thus, linear machine designers must develop specific thermal analysis tools when designing the machines. In this article, a generic thermal analysis tool for different kinds of linear machines is presented. The model has been designed in MATLAB Simulink. Hence, it should be easy to implement for most engineers. The article describes the configuration of the different elements of the tool. The calibration parameters and procedure, and typical values of the calibration variables, are also given in the document. Finally, in order to demonstrate the generic nature of the tool, the model is experimentally validated via DC thermal tests to a linear induction machine and a linear switched-flux permanent magnet machine. The results show that, despite being simple and easy to implement, the model can predict the thermal operation of different machines with high precision.

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Igarashi, Hiroshi. "Human Adaptive Calibration for Machine Operation Without Awareness." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 20, no. 4 (August 20, 2008): 595–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2008.p0595.

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Optimum human-machine operation is defined as when a operated machine with “human calculated dynamics model” coincides with its “machine dynamics.” Based on this definition, we propose calibration that brings the machine dynamics closer to the human-calculated machine model. Operators tend to learn dynamics without awareness during machine operation, so changes in machine dynamics appear to pose problems that both make operators uncomfortable and hinder their learning. We propose calibration for changes in machine dynamics without operator awareness, by quantifying perception based on cognitive scientific knowledge. We applied this calibration to a task involving the maneuvering of a mobile vehicle.

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Asthana, Shubham Rohan. "Enhanced Camera Calibration for Machine Vision using OpenCV." IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI) 3, no. 3 (September 1, 2014): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijai.v3.i3.pp136-144.

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In several machine vision applications, a fundamental step is to precisely determine the relation between the image of the object and its physical dimension by performing a calibration process. The aim is to devise an enhanced mechanism for camera calibration in order to improve the already existing methods in OpenCV. A good calibration is important when we need to reconstruct a world model or interact with the world as in case of robot, hand-eye coordination. In order to meet the rising demands for higher accuracy various calibration techniques have been developed but they are unable in obtaining precise results. In this paper we propose an enhanced camera calibration procedure using a special grid pattern of concentric circles with special markers. The overall objective is to minimize the re-projection for good camera calibration.

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Ren, Yue Ying, Rui Wang, Shi Sheng Zhong, and Jian Min Wen. "Kinematic Calibration of Hybrid Machine Tool for Marine Propellers Processing." Applied Mechanics and Materials 602-605 (August 2014): 653–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.602-605.653.

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To increase the precision and the processing efficiency of large-scale marine propeller, the method of twin-tool symmetrical processing is proposed based on hybrid mechanism. With the introduction of mechanism compositions of the machine tool, the calibration method of the structural parameters is researched. The serial and parallel mechanisms of the hybrid mechanism are calibrated separately for the coupled motion. Their structural error models are established and identification methods of structural parameters are analyzed. And nonlinear equations are solved by using the Levenberg-Marquardt optimization algorithm to obtain the structural parameters. Finally, in ADAMS, hybrid machine tool model with structural parameter errors is established. And the pose errors of the tool are acquired in kinematics simulation. After that, the structural parameters errors of the machine tool are compensated by calibrating. Then, the error models and the parameter identification methods are proved to be accurate. Meanwhile, the correctness and effectiveness of the calibration method is proved.

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Saenkhum, Nattapon, and Tassanai Sanponpute. "The improvement of an elastic hinge-type torque standard machine in NIMT." ACTA IMEKO 8, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21014/acta_imeko.v8i3.668.

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<p class="Abstract" align="left">The National Institute of Metrology of Thailand’s (NIMT) strain-controlled elastic hinge-type torque standard machine was designed to cover a measuring range of 1 N·m to 1 kN·m. The elastic hinge was used both at the fulcrum and the hanger of the lever arms. The designed elastic hinge’s thickness, 0.50 mm, caused a higher stiffness than a sheet metal plate of other types of torque machines. The bending moment of all elastic hinges affected the sum of the torque signal on the lever arm that was used to observe the balancing of the lever. The residual torque sensitivity, which was no better than 0.20 mN·m, significantly affected the uncertainty of the low-range torque realisation.</p><p class="Abstract">The calibration and measurement capabilities of the machine were 0.010 % (<em>k</em> = 2) in the measurement range of 10 N·m to 1 kN·m and 0.030 % (<em>k</em> = 2) in the measurement range of 1 N·m to 10 N·m. In the transducer calibration, the influence of the random bending moment of the elastic hinge affected the repeatability, reproducibility, and linearity of the low torque measurements. The cause of the bending moment of the elastic hinges was a result of the deviation of the centre of gravity (CG) of the weight on the pan from the reference line. To improve CMCs, separate signal calibrations were selected for this experiment i.e. the left hinge, the right hinge, and the fulcrum. The torque in each signal calibration was combined by software and was used to correct the calibration value of the torque.</p>

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Bringmann, B., and W. Knapp. "Machine tool calibration: Geometric test uncertainty depends on machine tool performance." Precision Engineering 33, no. 4 (October 2009): 524–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precisioneng.2009.02.002.

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Feng, Liang Shan, Ying Ping Huang, Zhu Kai Xu, and Yong Zhang. "Image Calibration for Machine Vision Inspection System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 556-562 (May 2014): 2841–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.556-562.2841.

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Machine vision system has been widely used for a variety of applications in industrial testing and measurements. However, image distortion caused by optical system and system re-positioning will bring errors to the machine vision detection system. This paper addresses on three types of image distortions including optical distortion and perspective deformation, image translation and rotation, and image scale change. To rectify optical distortion and perspective deformation, a black and white grid pattern is used as a standard template for finding the multiple matching points between distorted image points and ideal image points, and then a polynomial mathematical model simulating the geometric distortion is established. The distortion coefficients are calculated from the least square method. Image translation and rotation are compensated by using a floating fixture origin as the reference point. Image scale change is remedied by using a standard scale factor to shrink or enlarge an actual image to its standard size. The experimental results have demonstrated the effectiveness of the approach proposed.

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Zhang, G., R. Ouyang, B. Lu, R. Hocken, R. Veale, and A. Donmez. "A Displacement Method for Machine Geometry Calibration." CIRP Annals 37, no. 1 (1988): 515–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0007-8506(07)61690-4.

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Vo, Minh. "Advanced geometric camera calibration for machine vision." Optical Engineering 50, no. 11 (November 1, 2011): 110503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3647521.

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Hemming, Björn, and Heikki Lehto. "Calibration of dial indicators using machine vision." Measurement Science and Technology 13, no. 1 (November 23, 2001): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/13/1/306.

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Arcas, Guillermo, Mariano Ruiz, and Raul Pagan. "Machine vision improves sound level meter calibration." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 110, no. 5 (November 2001): 2674. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4777140.

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Montavon, Benjamin, Philipp Dahlem, Martin Peterek, and Robert H. Schmitt. "A Digital Perspective on Machine Tool Calibration." International Journal of Automation Technology 14, no. 3 (May 5, 2020): 360–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2020.p0360.

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Machine tool calibration and subsequent controller-based compensation are industrially established and research-intensive techniques used to monitor and increase the volumetric performance in high-precision manufacturing. Moreover, a variety of interim performance checks and integrated sensor approaches have been developed to predict volumetric performance degradation and avoid an economically undesirable downtime. However, the fragmentation of data acquisition and management limits the potential for additional insights with respect to the value creation based on existing methods in the field of machine tool calibration. The authors reviewed the former from the perspective of data sources according to the frequency of their contribution to the digital twin of a machine tool, adopting a digital view regarding machine tool calibration within the Internet of Production concept. The latter proposes a semantic separation of cyber physical production systems into four layers: data sources, data access and provisioning, storage and analytics, and user respective agent feedback. To achieve a common representation across different layers, devices, and industrial Internet protocols, a model-based abstraction layer is required, which must be compatible with existing standards within the field, e.g., the ISO 230 series. Utilizing different Internet of Production architectures and platforms, a multitude of parallel analytic applications and an evaluation of complex models are enabled owing to the availability of ample computing resources, among which the machine tool’s numerical controller takes the role of an edge-device injecting the feedback into the production process. A proof-of-concept of a digital approach to machine tool calibration data storage and processing was established based on the software prototype VoluSoft, which implements an ISO 230-1:2012 based abstraction layer in JavaScript Object Notation format, and an evaluation of the kinematic models to estimate the volumetric performance at the functional point. Apart from generating compensation tables, the results are used to project the expected deviation at the tool tip to the computer-aided design-model of a work piece, correlate the error motions using the temperature data acquired by integrated sensors, and estimate the contribution of the volumetric performance limitation to the uncertainty budget of on-machine measurements.

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Argun, Aykut, Tobias Thalheim, Stefano Bo, Frank Cichos, and Giovanni Volpe. "Enhanced force-field calibration via machine learning." Applied Physics Reviews 7, no. 4 (December 2020): 041404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0019105.

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Xiang, Ren, Lu JinYu, and Tao Zecheng. "Design of fully automatic calibration machine for reference block based on machine vision." ACTA IMEKO 9, no. 5 (December 31, 2020): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.21014/acta_imeko.v9i5.976.

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In order to solve the problems of the existing standard Brinell hardness machine such as low automation, the time-consuming indentation measurement and the human influence in indentation measurement, a calibration machine for reference block was designed. It shows that this machine can reduce the influence of the temperature difference between the hardness block and the measurement platform; it eliminates the time for the indentation measuring system to find the indentation and juxtapose it with the centre of the field of view and implements fully Brinell hardness automatic calibration.

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de Morais, César Augusto Galvão, Marilia da Silva Bertolini, and Benedito di Giacomo. "Modeling and Calibration of the Orthogonality Deviation between the "X" and "Y" Axes of Coordinate Measuring Machines." Applied Mechanics and Materials 875 (January 2018): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.875.84.

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The increase of the quality in a productive process allows reduction of costs besides adding value to the product. When manufacturing a product within the tolerances specified in the design it is possible to obtain a correct operation of this product, ensuring the minimum time of use and with a lower risk of early failure. In this sense, machines and equipments involved in the manufacturing and inspection processes must also maintain an acceptable quality of operation by knowing the errors present in the machine structure through the calibration, such as errors due to lack of orthogonality between the axes, caused by inaccurate assemblies. The calibration errors in these machines allow elaborate error compensation plans and thus improve the rate of flawless products in production. The objective of this paper was to identify the influence of errors due to a lack of orthogonality in a bridge type coordinate measuring machine (CMM) through calibration and mathematical modeling of errors. Error calibration is performed with a linear displacement transducer, a granite square and a set support brackets for the granite square. By means of the calibration data and the mathematical modeling of the orthogonality deviation an influence of the measured deviation on the "X" and "Y" directions of the CMM is obtained. The error due to the lack of orthogonality between the "X" and "Y" axes of the CMM was approximately 8.9558 negative arcoseg; in this way, it is evidenced that the angle formed between these axes is 89.9975°. Through this study it can be concluded that orthogonality deviation in the main plane of the machine produces negative components for the axes "X" and "Y", with higher influence on the points collected as it away from machine scales, making greater the error intensity on the results of measurements made at positions farthest from the "X" and "Y" scales.

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Kiuchi, M., A. Nishino, and K. Ogushi. "Calibration procedures for torque measuring devices by using a reference type torque calibration machine at NMIJ." ACTA IMEKO 9, no. 5 (December 31, 2020): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.21014/acta_imeko.v9i5.964.

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NMIJ / AIST has been disseminating the national torque standard to Japanese industry by using deadweight type torque standard machines (DWTSMs). In general, DWTSMs can generate more precise torque than other types of TSMs. On the other hand, the calibration takes much longer time than others. One possible solution is to use a reference type torque calibration machine (RTCM). RTCMs have been developed in some national metrology institutes (NMIs). We have started the development of the first RTCM in the range of 100 mN · m to 10 N · m. In this study, we developed the automatic calibration system of the RTCM and investigated the calibration procedures for a low nominal capacity torque measuring device (TMD). It was found that the calibration could be realised by the RTCM, compared with the reliable DWTSM of rated capacity of 10 N · m at NMIJ.

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Zhang, Yanjun, Jianxin zhao, and Heyong Han. "A 3D Machine Vision-Enabled Intelligent Robot Architecture." Mobile Information Systems 2021 (March 4, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6617286.

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In this paper, the principle of camera imaging is studied, and the transformation model of camera calibration is analyzed. Based on Zhang Zhengyou’s camera calibration method, an automatic calibration method for monocular and binocular cameras is developed on a multichannel vision platform. The automatic calibration of camera parameters using human-machine interface of the host computer is realized. Based on the principle of binocular vision, a feasible three-dimensional positioning method for binocular target points is proposed and evaluated to provide binocular three-dimensional positioning of target in simple environment. Based on the designed multichannel vision platform, image acquisition, preprocessing, image display, monocular and binocular automatic calibration, and binocular three-dimensional positioning experiments are conducted. Moreover, the positioning error is analyzed, and the effectiveness of the binocular vision module is verified to justify the robustness of our approach.

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Dementjev, Alexander, Burkhard Hensel, Klaus Kabitzsch, Bernd Kauschinger, and Steffen Schroeder. "Virtual Sensor for Calibration of Thermal Models of Machine Tools." Advances in Artificial Neural Systems 2014 (November 27, 2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/347062.

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Machine tools are important parts of high-complex industrial manufacturing. Thus, the end product quality strictly depends on the accuracy of these machines, but they are prone to deformation caused by their own heat. The deformation needs to be compensated in order to assure accurate production. So an adequate model of the high-dimensional thermal deformation process must be created and parameters of this model must be evaluated. Unfortunately, such parameters are often unknown and cannot be calculated a priori. Parameter identification during real experiments is not an option for these models because of its high engineering and machine time effort. The installation of additional sensors to measure these parameters directly is uneconomical. Instead, an effective calibration of thermal models can be reached by combining real and virtual measurements on a machine tool during its real operation, without additional sensors installation. In this paper, a new approach for thermal model calibration is presented. The expected results are very promising and can be recommended as an effective solution for this class of problems.

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Nagao, Keisuke, Nobuaki Fujiki, Hiroto Tanaka, Akio Hayashi, Hidetaka Yamaoka, and Yoshitaka Morimoto. "Machining Performance of Robot-Type Machine Tool Consisted of Parallel and Serial Links Based on Calibration of Kinematics Parameters." International Journal of Automation Technology 15, no. 5 (September 5, 2021): 611–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2021.p0611.

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This study aims to calibrate the posture of a robot-type machine tool comprising parallel and serial links using a kinematics error model and verify the machining performance based on the measurement results of a machined workpiece calibrated with kinematics parameters. A robot-type machine tool (XMINI, Exechon Enterprises LLC) is used in this study. Typically, the performance required of a robot-type machine tool is not only dimensional accuracy but also the contour accuracy of the machined workpiece. Therefore, in this study, we first construct a forward kinematics model of a robot-type machine tool and identify the kinematics parameters used in it via spatial positioning experiments using a coordinate measuring machine. Based on the parameter identification results, we calibrate this robot-type machine tool and evaluate its machining performance in terms of the dimensional accuracy and contour accuracy of the machined workpiece.

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Caja, Jesús, Emilio Gómez, Piera Maresca, and Miguel Berzal. "Uncertainty Estimation for the Optical System of Optical Measuring Machines." Key Engineering Materials 615 (June 2014): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.615.95.

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This paper presents the problem of optical measuring machine calibration, emphasizing the calibration of the "optical system", omitting the calibration of the "machine system". The calibration of an optical measuring machine is the first step before using the instrument for any application. For this purpose, a mathematical model has been developed to transform the coordinates of a point in space (3D) into coordinates of a point in an image (2D). Using this camera model, a calibration procedure has been developed using a grid distortion pattern. Finally, a procedure for calculating the uncertainty of the camera and geometric distortion parameters based on the Monte Carlo method has been developed.

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MARSZALEC, ELZBIETA, and MATTI PIETIKÄINEN. "SOME ASPECTS OF RGB VISION AND ITS APPLICATIONS IN INDUSTRY." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 10, no. 01 (February 1996): 55–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001496000062.

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RGB machine vision overlaps both colorimetry instrumentation and gray scale machine vision, and offers advantages over both. Proper calibration of the color camera which makes measurements independent of changes in illumination is essential for the reliability of color machine vision. A practical approach to on-line color camera calibration under unstable illumination conditions is presented and the performance of the procedure is evaluated. New potential applications of RGB machine vision are discussed from the perspective of physics-based vision and the calibration procedure developed here.

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Nagao, Keisuke, Nobuaki Fujiki, Yoshitaka Morimoto, and Akio Hayashi. "Calibration Method of Parallel Mechanism Type Machine Tools." International Journal of Automation Technology 14, no. 3 (May 5, 2020): 429–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2020.p0429.

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This paper proposes a calibration method for a parallel mechanism type machine tool (XMINI, Exechon Enterprises L.L.C.). In this method, the kinematic parameters are calculated using forward kinematics and the least squares method from the results obtained by a coordinate measuring machine. By using an articulated arm coordinate measuring machine (AACMM), we can measure a wide space, and the measuring machine position do not have to be determined strictly. This paper provides a solution for the forward kinematics problem to identify the kinematic parameters. The results from the kinematic parameter calculation are evaluated using the experimental results from an actual machine.

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Lin, Sheng, Ling Xuan Zhang, Ji Ming Shao, and Chong Feng Zhang. "Calibration Error Analysis for Six-Axis Force Sensor Used in Docking System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 716-717 (December 2014): 998–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.716-717.998.

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The calibration error of a calibration machine will affect the precision of the six-axis force sensor directly. Aiming at the calibration machine with three force sources, calibration errors of the six-axis force sensor for docking system are analyzed to improve measurement precision. The loading position error and angle error of loading axis are researched on alternatively. The error in the calibration direction and the additional error in other directions are studied on. Analysis results will provide important reference for calibration of the six-axis force sensor.

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