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Alimi, Dervish. "MISSION CONTACT POINTS BETWEEN ANTIQUE AND SLAVICISM." International Journal of Applied Language Studies and Culture 2, no. 1 (March 31, 2019): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.34301/alsc.v2i1.12.
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The questions are: Where are the ‘footprints’ of the ancient Macedonian Macedonians’ toponyms and vocabulary, remaining in the linguistic-semantic fund that would witness the continuity of historical development and transformation, respectively, the “antico-Slavic mixing” that has been widely claimed by some Macedonian historian? “What are the remaining words of the ancient Macedonian heritage, even of the language of the old Greeks old neighbors who would testify to their every day contacts?”, when we see that today’s vocabulary fund of the Macedonian language is strictly Slavic, except for Turkish and Bulgarian-Serbian borrowings and the modern inflows of internationalisms and technicalities? Where are the old ancient Macedonian words which the Macedonian Slavic language today inherited, however few were they ?! The ancient language dictionary of the ancient Macedonian tribe should have definitely left a mark on today’s Macedonian language vocabulary, as they have left the mark of the old Anglo-Saxon in today’s English language or the language of Old Gallons in the French language today. This is the fact of the missing points of contacts between these two cultures, among others....
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Vangeli, Anastas. "Nation-building ancient Macedonian style: the origins and the effects of the so-called antiquization in Macedonia." Nationalities Papers 39, no. 1 (January 2011): 13–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2010.532775.
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The background of the contemporary Macedonian “antiquization” can be found in the nineteenth century and the myth of ancient descent among Orthodox Slavic speakers in Macedonia, adopted partially due to Greek cultural inputs. The idea of Ancient Macedonian nationhood has also been included in the national mythology during the Yugoslav era. An additional factor for its preservation has been the influence of the Macedonian Diaspora. After independence, attempts to use myth of ancient descent had to be abandoned due to political pressure by Greece. Contemporary antiquization on the other hand, has been revived as an efficient tool for political mobilization. It is manifested as a belated invention and mass-production of tradition, carried out through the creation of new ceremonies, interventions in the public space and dissemination of mythological and metaphysical narratives on the origin of the nation. There have also been attempts to scientifically rationalize claims to ancient nationhood. On the political level, the process of antiquization reinforced the political primacy of its promoters, the ruling Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization – Democratic Party for Macedonian National Unity (VMRO-DPMNE), but had a negative impact on the interethnic relations and the international position of the country.
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Molina Marín, Antonio Ignacio, and Deborah Molina Verdejo. "Elizabeth D. Carney." Karanos. Bulletin of Ancient Macedonian Studies 3 (December 1, 2020): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5565/rev/karanos.60.
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Elizabeth Donnelly Carney is one of the most renowned scholars on Ancient Macedonia. Carney’s research has contributed to open the studies about Ancient Macedonia to the scope of Gender Studies. Her influence in many modern interpretations concerning the complex relations of power and court network in Argead Macedonia also includes topics like mutiny, social performances (like royal banquets) and court groups (like the Royal Pages). Her scope is wide, and she usually focuses on concrete topics from multiple perspectives. Books like Women and Monarchy in Ancient Macedonia, or the recent Eurydice and the Birth of Macedonian Power (2019) (completing the works devoted to three generations of Macedonian Royal women with her Olympias (2006) and Arsinoë of Egypt and Macedon: A Royal Life (2013)) are now must-to works for world-wide researchers concerning Ancient Greece and Macedon. Among her many skills, the Editorial Board of Karanos wants to remark her kind proximity and her usual predisposition to comment and help, with her experience, to improve discussions, projects and papers with admirable knowledge.
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Sujecka, Jolanta. "The Continuity and Discontinuity. The Question of Territorialism and Double Identity from the Perspective of 20th Century Macedonia." Colloquia Humanistica, no. 1 (July 22, 2015): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/ch.2012.003.
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The Contuinity and Discontinuity. The Question of Territorialism and Double Identity from the Perspective of 20th Century MacedoniaThe sense of territorial identity gains force whenever political means of solving the Macedonian Question, a repugnant legacy of the Eastern issue, become scarce. This attitude is reflected in the articles published by the representatives of the Macedonian diaspora in journals of its different centres. Due to space constraints I decided to present only (and at least) the views of Krste Misirkov, a very complex figure indeed, who in contemporary Macedonia belongs to the undisputable national pantheon. His opinions on the Macedonian Question were far from explicit and his statements delivered at different stages of his life do not fit into a cohesive whole as the national purists would want it. However, it is difficult to imagine a better mirror for “Macedonian matters” in the 20th century and a more comprehensive picture of the twisted paths that the Macedonian Slavs took to reach the concept of ‘Macedonian’ understood as an ethnos, not only in its territorial aspect.A bond with the territory has never disappeared from Macedonian self-perception. Only the constant presence of territorial identity explains the assimilation of the ancient heritage, which is in fact heritage of a territory, into the Macedonian national canon. It is further confirmed by the most recent Macedonian history textbooks for high school students where the ancient tradition is treated as a part of their own heritage. While the bond with the territory is still an integral part of the Macedonian elite’s consciousness, the question of double identity remains less obvious. In Misirkov’s time double identity, expressed through various ethnic configurations, on the one hand shaped Macedonian self-identity and on the other proved the distinctiveness of a ‘Macedonian’ at that time (i.e. in the first half of the 20th century) from a ‘Serb’ in Serbia proper and a ‘Bulgarian’ in Bulgaria proper, thus creating favourable conditions for the emergence of separatist understanding of Macedonianness, allowing even non-Slavs to be Macedonians. Macedonianness began to be founded on Slavicness relatively late and this dependence was propagated quite naturally mainly by Slavophile circles (the circle of Nace Dimov) and by the communists in the 1920’s and 1930’s. However, in the first half of the 20th century there still existed alternatives, such as, for instance, the above-described project of Krste Misirkov. The most evident connection between the term ‘Macedonian’ and Slavicness crystallised in Tito’s post-war Macedonia, de facto undermining the notion of double identity in the sense in which it had functioned in the first half of the 20th century.Ciągłość i jej brak. Kwestia terytorializmu i podwójnej tożsamości z perspektywy macedońskiejPoczucie tożsamości terytorialnej odzywa się ze szczególną siłą w sytuacjach, kiedy wyczerpują się polityczne możliwości rozwiązania problemu macedońskiego, jako niedobrego spadku po kwestii wschodniej. Potwierdzają to wypowiedzi przedstawicieli macedońskiej diaspory publikowane na łamach czasopism, wychodzących w różnych miejscach jej skupisk. Zdecydowałam się na przedstawienie jedynie (i aż) poglądów Krste Misirkova, należącego w dzisiejszej Macedonii do niekwestionowanego panteonu narodowego, w istocie postaci wielce skomplikowanej. Jego poglądy w kwestii macedońskiej były dalekie od jednoznaczności, a wypowiedzi wygłaszane na różnych etapach życia nie układają się w całość, jakiej chcieliby narodowi puryści, natomiast trudno sobie wyobrazić lepsze zwierciadło „spraw macedońskich” w XX wieku i pełniejszy obraz krętych dróg, jakimi macedońscy Słowianie dochodzili do pojęcia „Macedończyk” rozumianego jako éthnie, a nie tylko terytorialnie.Więź z terytorium nigdy nie zniknęła z macedońskiego myślenia o sobie samych. Jedynie stałą obecnością tożsamości terytorialnej można wytłumaczyć asymilację dziedzictwa antycznego, czyli faktycznie dziedzictwa terytorium, do macedońskiego kanonu narodowego. Potwierdzają to najnowsze macedońskie podręczniki do nauki historii dla szkół średnich, w których tradycja antyczna jest traktowana jako część tradycji własnej. O ile jednak więź z terytorium jest nadal integralną częścią świadomości macedońskich elit, to zupełnie inaczej wygląda kwestia podwójnej tożsamości. W czasach Misirkova podwójna tożsamość, wyrażająca się poprzez różne etniczne konfiguracje, z jednej strony kształtowała macedońską tożsamość własną, z drugiej zaś to dzięki niej pojęcie „Macedończyk” w tym czasie (tzn. w pierwszej połowie wieku XX) potwierdzało swoją odrębność od Serba z Serbii właściwej i od Bułgara z Bułgarii właściwej i tym samym sprzyjało kształtowaniu się separatystycznego rozumienia macedońskości. Ten sposób widzenia umożliwiał bycie Macedończykiem także nie-Słowianom. Oparcie pojęcia macedońskości o słowiańskość nastąpiło stosunkowo późno i było propagowane w sposób naturalny głównie przez środowiska słowianofilskie (petersburski krąg Nace Dimova), ale w latach dwudziestych i trzydziestych XX w. także przez środowiska komunistyczne. Jednak w pierwszej połowie XX wieku miało wciąż alternatywne propozycje, jak chociażby omówiony przeze mnie projekt K. Misirkova. Najwyrazistsze powiązanie pojęcia „Macedończyk” ze słowiańskością nastąpiło w powojennej Macedonii czasów Josipa Broz Tity i w istocie podważyło pojęcie podwójnej tożsamości, w tym sensie w jakim funkcjonowała ona w okresie wcześniejszym, tzn. w pierwszej połowie wieku XX.
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Agudo, Mario, and Ignacio Molina. "William Greenwalt." Karanos. Bulletin of Ancient Macedonian Studies 1 (November 8, 2018): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5565/rev/karanos.9.
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Interview with William Greenwalt (Santa Clara University)In this first issue, Karanos’ Editorial Board wants to pay a well-merited tribute to one of the main promoters of the Ancient Macedonian Studies: William (Bill) Steven Greenwalt (University of Santa Clara). His name is most that well known in our fieldwork, but maybe he has not enjoyed the deserved authority as far as he does not finalize his research achievements with a typical monography or a History of Macedon. Nevertheless, Greenwalt is one of the researchers who had contributed mostly in the return of the interest on Ancient Macedonia beyond the figure of Alexander the Great, concretly attending to the Argead dynasty. Thanks to his work and efforts, questions like the royal charisma of the Argeads or his polygamy are now discussed in full and accepted in the academic sphere. Likewise, he is also a researcher who has popularized in the academia the name of Karanos, legendary monarch who gives name to our journal. It was, then, almost mandatory to begin with him our section of interviews to the Main Voices in Ancient Macedonian Studies.Disciple of Harry Del and E. Gruen, Greenwalt has developed a research line focused in religious topics, with a strong influence from the anthropological perspective. Some of his theories can be put in question and discussed by researchers who does not agree with him, but as far as we think that almost anything in the Ancient (Macedonian) World can be subject to question, we are sure that Greenwalt’s contribution to the knowledge of Ancient Macedonia and the force and weight of his ideas along the last decades is beyond any doubt, and helped to the brilliant progress and renovation of our fieldwork.
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Saatsoglou-Paliadeli, Chryssoula. "Aspects of ancient Macedonian costume." Journal of Hellenic Studies 113 (November 1993): 122–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/632401.
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A judicious combination of literary sources and archaeological research has often offered rewarding historical insights. In Macedonian studies such attempts have tended to be less fruitful, due to the scanty nature of the material and literary evidence. Now that archaeological investigation has expanded so widely in Northern Greece, it may be time to reassess aspects of Macedonian culture which have in the past been tackled with more enthusiasm than actual evidence, not surprisingly in view of the age-long interest in the people who shaped the Hellenistic world.
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Kirchanov, Maksim V. "Ancient Macedonian heritage in the Greek-Macedonian “war of memories”." Vestnik of the Mari State University. Chapter “History. Law” 9, no. 1 (2023): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.30914/2411-3522-2023-9-1-35-43.
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Moloney, E. P. "Neither Agamemnon nor Thersites, Achilles nor Margites: The Heraclid Kings of Ancient Macedon." Antichthon 49 (November 2015): 50–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ann.2015.2.
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AbstractIn modern scholarship a distinctly ‘Homeric’ presentation of the ancient Macedonian kings and their court still endures, in spite of recent notes on the use of ‘artifice’ in key ancient accounts. Although the adventures and achievements of Alexander the Great are certainly imbued with epic colour, to extend those literary tropes and topoi to the rule of earlier kings (and to wider Macedonian society) is often to misunderstand and misrepresent the ancient evidence.This paper offers a fresh review of the presentation of the early-Macedonian monarchy in the ancient sources, and considers the depiction of the Argead dynasty in both hostile and more-sympathetic accounts. It highlights the importance of another mythological model for these ancient kings: one that was supremely heroic, but not Homeric. The Argead appropriation of Heracles, Pindar’s ‘hero god’ (ἥρως θεός:Nem.3.22), was a key part of the self-representation of successive kings. Undoubtedly the crucial paradigm for Macedonian rulers, Heracles provided them with an identity and authority that appealed to diverse audiences, and it is time to consider the subtlety of the Argead presentation of their dynasty as Heraclid.
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Antela, Borja. "Terrible Olympias. Another Study in Method." Karanos. Bulletin of Ancient Macedonian Studies 3 (December 1, 2020): 103–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5565/rev/karanos.52.
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Olympias of Epirus is one of the main characters in the history of the emergency of Macedonia as an international power with Philip II and Alexander. Nevertheless, despite the many books, papers and studies that had been improving our knowledge about Argead Macedonia in times of the great Macedonian conquerors, the historians of the XIXth and XXth centuries treated Olympias in the same terms of the ancient sources. This uncritical perspective denotes a clear tendency and aims to reproduce gender stereotypes that comes to our own days.
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Sazdovski, Aleksandar. "Nation-building under the societal security dilemma: The case of Macedonia." Journal of Regional Security 10, no. 1 (2015): 53–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.11643/issn.2217-995x151sps54.
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In 2009, the Government of the Republic of Macedonia announced the Skopje 2014 Project, a project that envisioned an urban reconstruction of the city through a series of monuments of historical and religious figures, as well as various public buildings resembling neo-classical, or neo-baroque style. The Project was the culmination of a wider nation-building project initiated several years earlier that became known as 'antiquisation' that sought to reconstruct and redefine Macedonian national identity, in which the uppermost importance was given to the figure of Alexander the Great. The nation-building project stressed a linear continuity of Macedonian national identity from antiquity to the present thereby emphasizing the nation's unceasing existence and affirmation throughout the centuries. But what were the underlying causes that shaped the nation-building project? How have historical, political and other factors influenced the nation-building project in Macedonia? And why was ancient Macedonia chosen as the narrative around which the nation-building project could take place? These are the questions that the present article will attempt to answer. The aim of this article is to examine the complex interplay between security policy and nation-building, in the Macedonian context. More specifically, it will argue that the current nation-building project in Macedonia has been developed as a response to internal and external perceived identity threats. Namely, ever since declaring independence the Republic of Macedonia has been facing a double societal security dilemma - an external, stemming from the country's immediate neighbors who constantly dispute the existence of a distinct Macedonian national identity, and an internal reflected in the constant challenges of the character of the State, by the country's ethnic Albanian community. In response, the nation-building project sought to address these concerns.
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Παναγιώτου-Τριανταφυλλοπούλου, Άννα. "Εγχάρακτη στλεγγίδα από την Αιανή." Fortunatae. Revista Canaria de Filología, Cultura y Humanidades Clásicas, no. 32 (2020): 519–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.25145/j.fortunat.2020.32.34.
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The incised inscription on a fifth century BC strigil from Aiani, in Elimeia, Macedonia, is revisited. The first editor read Ἄπαϙος, the owner’s name, so far unattested and of unknown etymology and formation. A new reading is suggested here, Ἄπαρος (nominative), known also as a Thessalian personal name of the Archaic period. The etymology, the formation and the semantics of this personal name offer new evidence for the lexicon of ancient Macedonian
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Reames, Jeanne. "Becoming Macedonian: Name Mapping and Ethnic Identity. The Case of Hephaistion." Karanos. Bulletin of Ancient Macedonian Studies 3 (December 1, 2020): 11–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5565/rev/karanos.50.
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An epigraphical survey (with digital mapping component) of Greece and Magna Graecia reveals a pattern as to where Hephais-based names appear, up through the second century BCE. Spelled with an /eta/, these names are almost exclusively Attic-Ionian, while Haphēs-based names, spelled with an alpha, are Doric-Aeolian, and much fewer in number. There is virtually no overlap, except at the Panhellenic site of Delphi, and in a few colonies around the Black Sea.Furthermore, cult for the god Hephaistos –long recognized as a non-Greek borrowing– was popular primarily in Attic-Ionian and “Pelasgian” regions, precisely the same areas where we find Hephais-root names. The only area where Haphēs-based names appear in any quantity, Boeotia, also had an important cult related to the god. Otherwise, Hephaistos was not a terribly important deity in Doric-Aeolian populations.This epigraphic (and religious) record calls into question the assumed Macedonian ethnicity of the king’s best friend and alter-ego, Hephaistion. According to Tataki, Macedonian naming patterns followed distinctively non-Attic patterns, and cult for the god Hephaistos is absent in Macedonia (outside Samothrace). A recently published 4th century curse tablet from Pydna could, however, provide a clue as to why a Macedonian Companion had such a uniquely Attic-Ionian name.If Hephaistion’s ancestry was not, in fact, ethnically Macedonian, this may offer us an interesting insight into fluidity of Macedonian identity under the monarchy, and thereby, to ancient conceptualizations of ethnicity more broadly.
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Antela, Borja, Marc Mendoza, and Antonio Ignacio Molina Marín. "Joseph Roisman." Karanos. Bulletin of Ancient Macedonian Studies 2 (November 8, 2019): 99–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.5565/rev/karanos.35.
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Mitevski, Vitomir. "The Influence of Ancient Greek Culture on Macedonian Literature of the 19th Century." Colloquia Humanistica, no. 1 (July 22, 2015): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/ch.2012.002.
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The Influence of Ancient Greek Culture on Macedonian Literature of the 19th CenturyIn Macedonia under the Ottoman rule during the nineteenth century, the Macedonian people-the nation is subject to political pressure and the cultural influence of Turkey and other countries. Under the influence of propaganda leading by Athens and education politics in the area of contemporary Republic of Macedonia, some Macedonian militant intellectuals embraced, at the same time, were influenced by romanticism and the Old-Greek culture, which strongly affect their literary works. In this context, two authors are viewed as the most significant-Jordan Hadji Murad Konstantinov Džinot and Grigor Prlichev. Džinot is the author of dramatized dialogue inspired by the classic Greek mythology, at the school, where he is a teacher. On the pages of the press he announces the publication of its ancient-themed dramas, however, for unknown reasons, none of them does not appear in print. Prlichev well knew the Old-Greek and is an admirer of the works of Homer. Influenced by the poetry of Homer writes in an epic poem in the archaized Greek. Wpływ starogreckiej kultury na literaturę macedońską w XIX wiekuW ramach imperium osmańskiego, którego częścią jest Macedonia w ciągu XIX wieku, macedoński lud-naród podlega politycznej presji i wpływom kulturowym ze strony Turcji i innych państw. Pod wpływem propagandy, którą prowadzą Ateny i która wyraża się m.in. w zakładaniu swoich szkół w Macedonii, niektórzy macedońscy intelektualiści, ogarnięci w tym samym czasie wpływami romantyzmu poznają kulturę starogrecką, co silnie wpłynie na ich twórczość literacką. W tym kontekście wybijają się dwie najbardziej znaczące postaci – Jordan Hadži Konstantinov-Džinot i Grigor Prličev. Džinot jest autorem dramatyzowanych dialogów inspirowanych klasyczną, starogrecką mitologią, wystawianych w szkole, w której sam jest nauczycielem. Na łamach prasy zapowiada publikację swoich dramatów o tematyce antycznej, jednak z niewiadomych przyczyn żaden z nich nie pojawia się w druku. Prličev dobrze zna starogrecki i jest znawcą twórczości Homera. Pod wpływem poezji Homera pisze w archaizowanym języku greckim poemat epicki zatytułowany ‛Ο 'Aρματωλός (w macedońskim przekładzie Сердарот albo Мартолозот), który przynosi mu zwycięstwo w konkursie poetyckim w Atenach w 1860 roku. Jego drugie dzieło epickie zatytułowane Σκενδέρμπεης jest napisane także w duchu poezji Homera, głównie jeśli chodzi o styl (epitety i porównania) i kompozycję (opracowanie typowych dla eposu motywów tematycznych). Obydwaj są także tłumaczami, Džinot zapowiada w prasie przekład Antygony Sofoklesa, o losach przekładu nic nam nie wiadomo, a Prličev dokonuje poetyckiego przekładu Iliady Homera na wymyślony przez siebie język, który jest w istocie mieszanką języków słowiańskich, a sam autor nazywa go "ogólnosłowiańskim". Влијанието на старогрчката култура врз македонската литература во XIX–иот векВо рамките на Турската Империја од која Македонија е дел во текот на 19-иот, македонскиот народ е изложен на политичка пресија и културното влијание и на Турција и на некои соседни држави. Под влијание на пропагандата на владата во Атина која отвора свои школи во Македонија, а во исто време и зафатени од бранот на романтизам, некои македонски интелектуалци се запознаваат со старогрчката култура што ќе остави силен печат врз нивното литературно творештво. Во тој поглед се издвојуваат две најзначајни имиња – Јордан Хаџи Константинов Џинот и Григор Прличев.Џинот се јавува со драмски дијалози инспирирани од класичната старогрчка митологија кои се изведуваат на приредбите во школите во кои тој е учител, а во печатот најавува објавување на свои драми со античка тематика кои, од непознати причини, не се појавиле.Прличев е добро образован во старогрчкиот јазик и особено добар познавач на Хомер. Под влијание на хомерската поезија, тој пишува на еден архаизиран грчки јазик епска поема под наслов ‛Ο ’Aρματωλός (во македонски превод Серадот или Мартолозот) и со неа победува на поетскиот конкурс во Атина 1860 година.Второто негово епско дело под наслов Σκενδέρμπεης исто така е напишано во духот на хомерската поезија и тоа се гледа главно во областа на стилот (епитети и споредби) и во композицијата (обработка на типични епски теми). На преведувачки план, Џинот најавува во печатот превод на трагедијата Антигона од Софокле, дело чија судбина исто така не ни е позната, а Прличев пишува препев на Хомеровата Илијада на еден посебен јазик кој претставува смеса од словенските јазици, а самиот автор го нарекува „општословенски“.
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Chivarzina, Alexandra. "Funeral and Memorial Tradition in Neighbour Slavic and Aroumanian Villages of Macedonia." Slavic World in the Third Millennium 18, no. 3-4 (2023): 35–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2412-6446.2023.18.3-4.02.
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The Romanian population of the Balkans is distributed unevenly throughout the peninsula. In particular, in Macedonia, the Aromanians mainly live dispersedly within the Slavic settlements, however some city areas and even separate settlements might be considered Aromanian enclaves. In June 2022, a ten-day ethnolinguistic expedition took place in the city of Kruševo and in the villages nearby Bitola (North Macedonia). The purpose of this field survey was to study the Aromanians living close to the Macedonian population in this area. Despite the preservation of the historical memory and their own distinct identity from those around them, the native speakers of the Aromanian very infrequently use their own idiom. In everyday communication and even in the family, the Aromanians give preference to the commonly used Macedonian language. Constant intensive contacts of the Slavic and non-Slavic populations contributed to the linguistic and cultural interference in the traditions under discussion. This article aims to acquaint the reader with the folk tradition on the example of the commemorative practices common in the Balkan region under consideration. The funeral and memorial rite was chosen as the main topic, since it is in its structure that one can find the most archaic elements of traditional folk culture, reflecting ancient mythological ideas. There are also contemporary dialect texts in the Macedonian language, recorded from often bilingual native speakers. Detailed ethnolinguistic descriptions of the funeral and memorial rites give an idea of the archaic elements of the traditional folk culture, borrowed and developed in contacts. The fragments of the Eastern Romanian tradition are reflected in the rituals borrowed and adopted by the Slavs, and vice versa ― the terminological vocabulary was borrowed into Aromanian idiom.
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Kaimaris, Dimitris, George Karadedos, Charalampos Georgiadis, and Petros Patias. "Locating and Mapping the Traces of the Covered Ancient Theater of Amphipolis (Eastern Macedonia, Greece)." Heritage 1, no. 2 (November 1, 2018): 306–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage1020020.
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Ancient Amphipolis (Eastern Macedonia, Greece) is one of the most important archaeological sites of Greece. Despite the restricted excavation studies, important monuments have been discovered, such as the city walls and the Macedonian burial site at the Kasta hill, etc. Currently, the location of the ancient theater is unknown and only assumptions can be made regarding its location. In the current study, we aim to detect the accurate location of the ancient theater using archaeological prospection tools, data collected from the excavated sites, and testimonies of people of the modern city. For the first step of the approach, the approximate location of the ancient theater was determined using information derived by archived geospatial data (multi-temporal aerial photographs, satellite image, and Digital Terrain Model (DTM) of the area) as well as information regarding the neighboring excavated sites. For the in-depth study of the area of interest, a drone was used for the acquisition of high-resolution geospatial data. The generated orthorectified image (3 cm spatial resolution), DTM, and Digital Surface Model (DSM) allowed the determination of the potential location of the buried orchestra’s center using geometric rules for the design of ancient theaters. Furthermore, using the produced DSM and DTM, terrain cross-sections were generated.
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Jelisavac-Trošić, Sanja, and Mitko Arnaudov. "Geopolitical (non) opportunities vs. "late" response of the foreign political service of North Macedonia in the process of European integration." Srpska politička misao 86, no. 4 (2024): 95–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/spm86-50170.
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In the case study of the foreign policy of North Macedonia, we can clearly see how global events, viewed from the perspective of geopolitical circumstances, do not always and as a rule have a direct impact on national internal and regional events in the Western Balkans, nor on the foreign policy actions of the Western Balkan six. In the paper, four determinants were singled out, on the basis of which explanations were provided, in a scientific and research context, why the foreign policy mechanism of North Macedonia "failed" in the process of achieving defined foreign policy goals, above all the basic goal - the country's accession to the European Union. At the same time, the lack of effectiveness of foreign policy action was not in a cause-and-effect relationship with wider European and international geopolitical circumstances. The internal armed conflict in North Macedonia, which threatened to develop into a civil war between the dominant ethnic communities of Macedonians and Albanians, is the first indicator, i.e. the determinant of the explanation why the foreign policy mechanism of North Macedonia "failed" in the process of this country joining the European Union. Another significant moment that was missed in the European integration process of Skopje, covers the period from 2006 to 2017 with two stages: the period leading up to the NATO Summit in Bucharest in 2008 and the period after this summit, up to the change of power of former Prime Minister Nikola Gruevski, which has led to a multiple crisis within that country. The postponement of North Macedonia's accession to NATO in 2008, due to Greece's express refusal, with a focus on connecting the Macedonian nation with the heritage of the ancient Macedonians, with the simultaneous suspension of democratic capacities and principles that represent significant determinants in the process of joining the European Union, leads to missing out and moving away from the path accelerated European integration of North Macedonia. As a third determinant, pervasive corruption was singled out, which affected all levels of government, so that the internal circumstances in North Macedonia actually "worked to the advantage" of the European Union, which at that time as a whole, and also individual member states of the Union, were also moving further away from the policy of enlargement as a mechanism in the process of European integration of both North Macedonia and the remaining countries of the Western Balkans. The aforementioned challenges, which North Macedonia has been facing for almost thirty years, are not in a cause-and-effect relationship with external, whether regional, European or international, geopolitical circumstances and trends. We are talking about challenges that, regardless of the geopolitical dimension of the enlargement of the European Union from the point of view of Brussels and the member states of the European Union, significantly affect the dynamics of North Macedonia's accession to the European Union, that is, the effectiveness of the process of realizing this strategic foreign policy goal. However, it is important to mention the foreign policy action of North Macedonia from the point of view of international law and the provisions of the UN Charter, which represents a strong fourth determinant in the context of the realization of North Macedonia's foreign policy goals. Here, it was possible to see how the international positioning of North Macedonia is conditioned to the detriment of the provisions and norms of international law. In this way, the principles of equality, sovereignty and political independence were placed in a subordinate position in relation to the factual political powers in interstate relations, directly harming the principle of self-determination, in the context of the identity attributes of North Macedonia and the Macedonian people.In the period when geopolitical circumstances were favourable to North Macedonia, the opportunity for this country to become a member of the European Union was missed, thus achieving a strategic foreign policy goal, which in the context of the EU did not cause any consequences when it comes to the EU itself. However, the consequences for North Macedonia itself remained and only in the following period did the circumstances worsen and lead this country to a longer and more difficult path to accession. The future policy should be based on strong tactical tools, which are sufficiently flexible in relation to regional and international trends. First of all, North Macedonia needs a strong internal institutional infrastructure, which simultaneously ensures political, social and economic stability and predictability. In this way, it would be possible to realize the established goals of the foreign policy of North Macedonia.
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Rizakis, Athanase D. "Zeus Hypsistos en Macédoine : la dynamique sociale d’un culte « nouveau » dans le contexte socio-culturel de l’Empire." Tekmeria 16 (April 18, 2022): 123–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/tekmeria.30218.
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The cult of Zeus Hypsistos seems to have emerged first in Macedonia and then to have spread to the other eastern provinces of the Roman Empire. Indeed, it is in western and central Macedonia, the heart of the ancient kingdom, that we find a large number of sanctuaries devoted to Zeus Hypsistos, together with offerings and votive dedications of various types, some of which date back to the second century BCE. This cult is quite distinct from that of Theos Hypsistos, which –with the exception of the cosmopolitan city of Thessalonike– is effectively absent from Macedonia. It is to be noted that in Macedonia Zeus Hypsistos retained the traditional iconographic elements of Zeus Olympios and was represented either anthropomorphically, in a sacrificial pose, or through his symbols (eagle, bull). Nevertheless, the two cults were not identical. Zeus Hypsistos was not a substitute for the patron god of the Macedonian royal house, which had been suppressed by Rome, nor did he represent a metamorphosis of the ancient divinity, associated with novel religious practices. It is clear that the new cult maintained the Zeus tradition but combined this with new elements and features, which gradually lent a different profile and character to the cult of Zeus Hypsistos, adapted to the religious and cultural context of the Roman Empire.
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Hammond, N. G. L. "The King and the Land in the Macedonian Kingdom." Classical Quarterly 38, no. 2 (December 1988): 382–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009838800037022.
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Two recently published inscriptions afford new insights into this subject. They were published separately and independently within a year or two of one another. Much is now to be gained by considering them together. The first inscription, found at Philippi in 1936, published by C. Vatin in Proc. 8th Epigr. Conf. (Athens, 1984), 259–70, and published with a fuller commentary by L. Missitzis in The Ancient World 12 (1985), 3–14, records the decision by Alexander the Great on the use of lands given by his father, Philip II, and in some cases confirmed by himself. The second inscription, found at the site of ancient Kalindoia (Toumpes Kalamotou) in 1982, was published with exemplary speed and an excellent commentary by I. P. Vokotopoulou in Ancient Macedonia 4 (Thessaloniki, 1986), 87–114. It records the names of the priests of Asclepius on a stele dedicated to Apollo; and in the preamble it mentions the name of Alexander, being Alexander the Great. Philippi and Kalindoia were both within the limits of the kingdom of Philip and Alexander (Str. 7 fr. 35).
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Marciak, Michał, Bartłomiej Szypuła, Marcin Sobiech, and Tomasz Pirowski. "THE BATTLE OF GAUGAMELA AND THE QUESTION OF VISIBILITY ON THE BATTLEFIELD." Iraq 83 (October 7, 2021): 87–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/irq.2021.11.
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The aim of this paper is to contribute to the long-standing topographical enigma of the identification of Gaugamela. In this study, a GIS method known as viewshed analysis is employed to solve a certain historical problem.1 According to ancient sources, on the eve of the battle the approaching Macedonian army and the Persian troops that were waiting on the battlefield could not see each other because of intervening hills at a distance of c. 12 km. However, the two armies gained a full view of their respective positions once the Macedonians reached the hills c. six km away from the Persian positions. Our analysis shows that the identification of the battlefield near Tell Gomel, in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, is consistent with the visibility requirements of the ancient sources, while the previous identifications of the battlefield in the vicinity of Karamleis and Qaraqosh (Stein 1942; Sushko 1936; Zouboulakis 2015, 2016) feature poor results in terms of expected visibility.
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Du Plessis, Jean. "‘Synaspismos’ and its possibility in the Macedonian Styled Phalanx." Akropolis: Journal of Hellenic Studies 3 (December 8, 2019): 167–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.35296/jhs.v3i0.41.
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Ancient authors such as Aelian, Asclepiodotus, and Polybius all mention the Macedonian phalanx adopting a formation called the synaspismosin which the files of soldiers are so close together that their shields would overlap. Modern authors such as Walbank, Englishand Matthew argues that such a formation was impossible to assume in a battle scenario and that the ancient writers were mistaken, in its use in combat. Their argument is based on the fact that the manner of bearing the shield (peltē) and pike (sarissa) does not allow for such a tight formation. Through the use of experimental archaeology, this article however argues that the synaspismosformation was indeed a possibility, and that we are mistaken in modern view of how the phalangitewielded the sarissapike.
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Kovacheva, Lidija. "The Funeral Customs in the Folk Traditions of Greece and the Territory of the Republic of Macedonia." South East European University Review 9, no. 1 (September 1, 2013): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/seeur-2013-0004.
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Abstract This paper explores the parallel interpretation of the funerals, the folk beliefs and the symbolic understandings of funeral customs in the Greek and the folk tradition in the territory of the Republic of Macedonia. Most of the Greek funeral customs, as well as those in the Macedonian folk tradition, can be connected with those that were practiced in other people and in other times. Although impression is gained that the ancient funeral customs have been forgotten, they have lived their development thus as they could, with the aim to satisfy the living and to give expression of human grief, pain, enthusiasm and even hope. In the Greek and Macedonian folk traditions, old beliefs and rites are present today as well in these areas. In some places they have been altered as a result of the contemporary views, and in some rural areas are almost identical as in the time when they first appeared. The aim is to show the similarities and differences within the scope of the funeral and magical - ritual actions between these two folk traditions that begin immediately after the death of a loved one and continue until the funeral. This paper will also offer a comparative analysis of the funeral customs between the Greek and the Macedonian folk tradition by observing the rudiments of the funeral customs that were practiced in the past. In certain cases they have been altered as a result of modern views, and in some rural areas they have remained unchanged
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Le Bohec, Sylvie. "Philippe II et les dieux." Karanos. Bulletin of Ancient Macedonian Studies 3 (December 1, 2020): 161–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5565/rev/karanos.59.
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Macedonian kings kept close bonds with the divine sphere. They considered themselves as Heraklids (and, in consequence, they traced back their lineage to Zeus himself) and the kingship kept noteworthy religious functions. Philip II made wide use of this religious side and it became a key element of his public image and propaganda, both inside and outside the kingdom of Macedonia. It was especially important the relation Philip established with Panhellenic shrines, like Delphi and Olympia, in close connection with his aspiration for hegemony all over Greece. Philip also regarded his coinage as useful political tools and the religious motives engraved are very telling about the king's claims and objectives. Originally published in Ancient Macedonia / Archaia Makedonia VI (Papers Read at the Sixth International Symposium held in Thessaloniki by the Institute of Balkan Studies (Greece): Le Bohec 2002a. Published in Karanos by kind permission of the author and the Institute for Balkan Studies.
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Savostina, Elena A. "CONCERNING THE PECTORAL FROM THE BURIAL MOUND TOLSTAYA MOGILA. BASED ON THE STUDY OF SCYTHIAN RELICS OF GREEK WORK." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. "Literary Theory. Linguistics. Cultural Studies" Series, no. 6 (2021): 14–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2686-7249-2021-6-14-27.
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The uniqueness and complexity of the composition on the pectoral examined here, a piece gold jewelry from the Scythian burial mound Tolstaya Mogila, С. 4 BC, encouraged researchers to assume it held exceptional significance in Scythian culture, and the idea emerged that the pectoral belonged to a Scythian cult role, and this view has been developed in most studies. However, we do not have any information confirming ritual its use. The pectoral was found in the mound, but outside the burial itself. The plot of the main narrative depicted can be correlated with an ancient legend about the origin of the dynasty of the Macedonian kings, the Argeades. Its style and technical features do not rule out identification of the place of manufacture as Macedonia or Northern Greece. The “Scythian tradition” in modern scholarship allows for the exchange of Royal gifts, as well as military trophies, between Scythian and Macedonian (Greek) rulers. Still, many things remain unclear. The pectoral has no analogues either in the Scythian world, or in the Greek. Despite the correspondence of its elements and techniques with those of other works, the pectoral remains an exceptional and individual work of art, still unsurpassed in the complexity of its design and the quality of its workmanship.
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Gorgiev, Branko. "Ancient, Byzantine and Macedonian Epic Poetry in the Book "The Shadow of King Marko". Book review: Vitomir Mitevski (2017). "The Shadow of King Marko: Ancient, Byzantine and Macedonian Epic Poetry". Skopje: Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Skopje." Colloquia Humanistica, no. 8 (November 27, 2019): 373–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/ch.2019.021.
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Ancient, Byzantine and Macedonian Epic Poetry in the Book The Shadow of King Marko. Book review: Vitomir Mitevski (2017). The Shadow of King Marko: Ancient, Byzantine and Macedonian Epic Poetry. Skopje: Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, SkopjeThe book The Shadow of King Marko by prof. V. Mitevski can be perceived as some kind of a mental reflection on a very complex topic that treats Indo-European, Byzantine and Macedonian tradition. Such is this work, complex, extensively analytic, sometimes synthetic, particularly in the introductory parts that present the paths of the research process, but also in the conclusions that are expressed through numerous analytical passages. Main hypotheses are consequentially formed, derived and proven. Author’s style, short sentence period, clearly formulated idea, enable the reader to easily follow the complex topics. This book is clearly scientific per se. It can be listed among numerous literal-critical and literal-historical studies that originated since the ancient times, in the era of sophists, peripatetics and Alexandrian philosophers, but also in the new-age philological, systematic and scientific, classical studies. This book, beyond any doubt, can be an inspiring reading not only for the classical philologists, but also for the large number of experts in the field of humanistic sciences, Slavicists, neohellenists, ethnologists, folklorists, historians, byzantologists etc. The Shadow of King Marko is casted way back in the space and time, and there is a good chance that the shadow of this book will be casted a long way in the future. Античката, византиската и македонската епска поезија во делото „Сенката на Марко Крале„ Резиме: Vitomir Mitevski (2017). The Shadow of King Marko: Ancient, Byzantine and Macedonian Epic Poetry. Skopje: Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, SkopjeКнигата на проф. В. Митевски, „Сенката на Марко Крале„, може да се доживее како своевиден ментален одблесок на една мошне сложена тема која се занимава со индоевропската, византиската и македонската епска традиција. Такво е и ова дело, комплексно, аналитичко во најголем степен, напати синтетичко, најчесто во воведните делови кога се навестуваат линиите на истражувањето, но и во заклучоците кои проблеснуваат низ бројните аналитички пасажи. Главните тези се консекветно формулирани, изведени и докажани. Стилот на авторот, кусата реченична периода, јасно формулираната мисла, овозможува лесно да се следат комплексните теми. Ова дело е бездруго научно – per sе. Тоа се придружува на бројните книжевно-критички и книжевно-историски студии кои настанале уште во антиката, во времето на софистите, перипатетичарите и александриските филолози, но и на нововековните филолошки, систематски и научни, класични студии. Бездруго, оваа книга може да биде инспиративно четиво не само за класичните филолози, туку и за голем број на стручњаци од областа на хуманистичките науки, слависти, неохеленисти, етнолози, фолклористи, историчари, византолози и т.н. „Сенката на Марко Крале„ се протега далеку наназад во времето и просторот, но и сенката на оваа книга има изгледи да се протега далеку нанапред. Antyczna, bizantyjska, i macedońska poezja epicka w monografii Cień Marka Królewicza. Recenzja książki: Vitomir Mitevski (2017). The Shadow of King Marko: Ancient, Byzantine and Macedonian Epic Poetry. Skopje: Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, SkopjeMonografię Vitomira Mitevskiego, Cień Marka Królewicza, można traktować jako swego rodzaju odblask mentalny pewnego bardzo złożonego tematu, który jest powiązany z indoeuropejską, bizantyjską i macedońską tradycją. To samo można powiedzieć o samej monografii, kompleksowej, w najwyższym stopniu analitycznej, a zarazem mającej ambicje syntetyczne, widoczne zwłaszcza we wprowadzeniu do każdego rozdziału i w podsumowaniach wieńczących liczne passusy analityczne. Formułowane konsekwentnie główne tezy książki zostały przedstawione i poparte dowodami. Także styl wywodu autora, charakteryzujący się krótkimi zdaniami jasno formułującymi myśl, pozwala [czytelnikowi] na łatwe śledzenie tematu głównego. Jest to książka naukowa per se. Te [cechy] charakteryzują liczne studia krytyczno-literackie i historyczno-literackie od starożytności, w czasach Sofistów, perypatetyków i Aleksandryskiej szkoły filologicznej aż po czasy studiów klasycznych, filologicznych i naukowych. Prezentowana książka, bez wątpienia może być inspirującą lekturą nie tylko dla filologów klasycznych, ale także dla wielu specjalistów z dziedziny nauk humanistycznych, slawistów, neogrecystów, etnologów, folklorystów, historyków, bizantologów itd. Cień Marka Królewicza sięga daleko w przeszłość czasów i przestrzeni, ale cień tej książki ma szansę sięgnąć także daleko w przyszłość.
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Stathopoulos, Panagiotis. "Did King Philip II of Ancient Macedonia Suffer a Zygomatico-Orbital Fracture? A Maxillofacial Surgeon's Approach." Craniomaxillofacial Trauma & Reconstruction 10, no. 3 (September 2017): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1601431.
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Philip II, father of Alexander the Great, succeeded his brother, Perdiccas III, to the throne of Macedonia in 360 BC. He has been described by historians as a generous king and military genius who managed to achieve his ambitious plans by expanding the Macedonian city-state over the whole Greek territory and the greater part of the Balkan Peninsula. The aim of our study was to present the evidence with regard to the facial injury of King Philip II of Macedonia and discuss the treatment of the wound by his famous physician, Critobulos. We reviewed the literature for historical, archaeological, and paleopathological evidence of King Philip's facial injury. We include a modern reconstruction of Philip's face based on the evidence of his injury by a team of anatomists and archaeologists from the Universities of Bristol and Manchester. In the light of the archaeological findings by Professor Andronikos and the paleopathological evidence by Musgrave, it can be claimed with confidence that King Philip II suffered a significant injury of his zygomaticomaxillary complex and supraorbital rim caused by an arrow as can be confirmed in many historical sources. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to present the trauma of King Philip II from a maxillofacial surgeon's point of view.
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Shenkar, Michael. "Temple Architecture in the Iranian World before the Macedonian Conquest." Iran and the Caucasus 11, no. 2 (2007): 169–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338407x265423.
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AbstractThe article offers a survey of temple architecture in the Iranian world before the Macedonian conquest. Despite the observations that ancient Iranians worshipped in the open air, structures of cultic significance have been discovered in some areas of Eastern Iran. While the attribution of the earliest, second millennium temples to the Iranian tribes is still disputable, Iranians definitely had temples before the Achaemenids. The earliest temples found in the Iranian settlements are the ones from Tepe Nush-i Jan (for Western Iran) and Dahān-i Ghulāmān (for the Eastern). However, it seems that the majority of ancient Iranians, including the first Achaemenids, worshiped under the open sky. Given the nomadic background of the ancient Iranians they probably became acquainted with temple architecture once they came into close contact with the highly developed civilisations, which preceded them in some areas of what was later to become the Iranian World. In general it is impossible to speak of one “Iranian culture” or a unified “Iranian cult” in the second and first millennia BCE; instead, temple architecture demonstrates a variety of different regional traditions. More temples have been discovered in Eastern Iran than in Western. The architectural evidence from Eastern Iran in this period also suggests a complex picture of heterogeneous local cults, at least some of which made use of closed temples. Another kind of cultic structure was the open air terraces. There is also some evidence for domestic cults. Iranian cults also share a number of common, dominant features. Special significance was attributed to fire and ashes. Most temple altars (often stepped) were at the centre of the cult and rituals. Another important feature is the absence of cult statues and images. It is remarkable that most of the temples were erected on the highest point of the site or on an artificial elevated platform.
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Davoodi, Alborz, and Alvand Davoodi. "Considering the Role of Wood and Timber Roof in Persepolis Architecture." Advanced Materials Research 778 (September 2013): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.778.11.
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Persepolis is one of the most important ancient monumental buildings in the world which unfortunately was burned by Macedonian Alexander arson in 330 B.C and its great and beautiful timber roof had been destroyed. In this article we tried to consider the role of wood and timber roof in Persepolis architecture and show a model to revitalize it.
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Koloskov, Evgenii. "[Review] Lukin P.E., Safonov A.A. (2018) In the Heart of the Balkans: Essays on the History of Macedonia (From Ancient Times to the Early Twenty-First Century). Moscow: Indrik." Slavic World in the Third Millennium 14, no. 1-2 (2019): 283–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2412-6446.2019.14.1-2.19.
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This review is devoted to the book of Pavel E. Lukin and Alexander A. Safonov “In the Heart of the Balkans: Essays on the History of Macedonia (from ancient times to the early twenty-first century)”. The authors challenged themselves to write a textbook of the History of Macedonia for history and philology university students, which was the very first attempt in the Russian historiography. The textbook was provided with an extension of a selected bibliography and a list of abbreviations and illustrations. In addition, the authors also proposed an exemplary history course curriculum, which is actually the full content of the university course program. Lukin and Safonov’s book also contains a brief history of the most important historical cities and the illustrative material which demonstrates the beauty of the cultural heritage of the region in architecture and painting. It could be interesting to a wide circle of readers. The work due to the stated framework of the textbook may sometimes lack the deep analysis of some issues; however, it will certainly be fundamental for all those who would choose the specialization in the history of the Macedonian lands and the countries of the Balkan Peninsula in general.
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Sivkina, Nataliya Yurievna, and Elizaveta Yur'evna Borisova. "The Family of Philip II of Macedon: the culturological approach of ancient authors." Человек и культура, no. 2 (February 2024): 142–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8744.2024.2.40599.
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Philip II of Macedon had an unprecedented number of interethnic marriages and seven children born in these unions. His matrimonial activity met the requirements of politics. However, the works of ancient authors contain a large amount of contradictory information concerning the family of Philip II. Attempts by ancient historians to retrospectively explain the situation of the royal children and wives often make it difficult to recreate the true picture of what happened. The ancient authors were representatives of a different culture, a different era, different from the time of Philip's reign. Therefore, modern researchers still do not have a single opinion regarding the marital relations of the Macedonian king and his family, which confirms the relevance of this topic. The purpose of this article is to clarify the role of members of the royal family at the court of Philip, and the factors that influenced their participation in political affairs. The theoretical basis of the research is the works of Athenaeus, Plutarch, Pompey Trog and Diodorus Siculus, as well as the works of modern authors. The methods of analysis and synthesis, the method of systematization of materials, as well as the comparative historical method and the method of studying cultural memory were used in the work. For the first time, the article attempts to consider the history of the family of Philip of Macedon, systematizing all available references in the sources. In addition, the authors analyze the material in the context of the ancient perception of the world. As a result of the study, the authors came to the conclusion that all ancient historians were not only influenced by Greek customs and customs and the traditional dichotomy of "Hellenes-barbarians", but also wrote their works under the impression of contemporary political events. These circumstances influenced the desire of historians to rationalize and explain the events that took place in the family of the Macedonian king. The culturological approach allowed the ancient authors to focus only on important events from their point of view, which did not always correspond to reality.
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КЛЕЙМЕНОВ, А. А. "A BARBARIC VIEW OF A GENDER ROLE MACEDONIAN FEMALE WARRIORS OF THE 4th CENTURY BC." Цивилизация и варварство, no. 11(11) (November 18, 2022): 119–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21267/aquilo.2022.11.11.004.
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Цель исследования заключается в анализе феномена македонских воительниц Кинаны и Адеи-Эвридики. Задачами являются определение характера и степени достоверности античных сообщений об особых качествах указанных женщин, определение возможных предпосылок формирования этих черт, сравнение особенностей поведения Кинаны и ее дочери Адеи-Эвридики с традиционной для Македонии женской гендерной ролью. Исследование опиралось на всесторонний анализ письменных источников, сравнительно-исторический метод, метод контент-анализа. Определено, что античный нарратив достаточно достоверно отражает особенности поведения Кинаны и Адеи-Эвридики, плохо вписывающегося в характерные для греческого мира установки, не допускавшие активного участия женщин в боевых действиях. Присутствовавшие у Кинаны и Адеи-Эвридики воинские качества были сформированы под влиянием иллирийских традиций, носительницей которых была первая жена Филиппа II Аудата. Немалую роль в обеспечении возможности для реализации уникальных для женщин из дома Аргеадов навыков сыграли особенности македонского государства, где представительницы правящей династии являлись значимыми субъектами политической жизни и при определенных обстоятельствах могли решать военные задачи. Еще одним фактором стала политическая ситуация эпохи диадохов, когда исчезновение легитимного центра вла-сти активизировало борьбу за власть и сделало военную силу главным средством удовлетворения политических амбиций. The main aim of this research is the analysis of the phenomenon of Macedonian female warriors Cynane and Adea-Eurydice. The research objectives are determination of the nature and degree of reliability ancient reports on the special qualities of these women, identification of possible prerequisites for the formation of these traits, comparison of the behavior of Cynane and her daughter Adea-Eurydice with the traditional female gender role for Macedonia. A multi-faceted approach to the ancient narrative sources, methods of comparative historical analysis and content analysis have been used. It defends that the ancient narrative fairly reliably reflects the peculiarities of the behavior of Cynane and Adea-Eurydice, which differs significantly from the attitudes characteristic of the Greek world that did not allow active participation of women in hostilities. The military qualities present in Cynane and Adea-Eurydice were formed under the influence of Illyrian traditions, the bearer of which was Audata, the wife of Philip II. A significant role in providing opportunities for the implementation of unique skills for women from the Argead house was played by the peculiarities of the Macedonian state, where representatives of the ruling dynasty were significant subjects of political life and, under certain circumstances, could solve military tasks. Another factor was the political situation of the age of diadochos, when the disappearance of the legitimate center of power intensified the struggle for power and made military force the main means of satisfying political ambitions.
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Storozhuk, S. S. "NATURAL AND CULTURAL FEATURES OF THE CITY OF OHRID, NORTH MACEDONIA." Regional problems of architecture and urban planning, no. 17 (October 17, 2023): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31650/2707-403x-2023-17-34-40.
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The article examines the natural and cultural features of the city of Ohrid. North Macedonia is unique for its natural features, located in the north and west in the Vardar River valley. In the southwest are the large Lake Ohrid and Prespa, partly belonging to North Macedonia, and in the southeast is the large Lake Dojran. Lake Ohrid is the deepest and oldest lake on the Balkan Peninsula, on the eastern shore of which the city of Ohrid is located. In 1980, Ohrid and Lake Ohrid were included in the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The city of Ohrid is a tourist city that is a jewel of Macedonia and is famous for having once had 365 churches and was called the "Jerusalem of the Balkans" or "Slavic Jerusalem". Of the 365 original churches, only 70 have survived, for their unique heritage values (natural and cultural), it was the oldest and most complete architectural ensemble in the southeastern part of Europe, which deserved one of the places of honor in the list of UNESCO heritage pearls. This town with a population of only 60 thousand is an inexhaustible potential site for excavations and art history research. Ohrid – one of the oldest European settlements, was founded in ancient times (II – III century BC) and was called Lihnidos – the city of light. As a result of the conquests and control of Alexander the Great, the Roman Empire, the Byzantine Empire and the Ottoman Empire, Macedonia has a significant ethno-cultural diversity, which has preserved a rich cultural heritage. The most famous sights of architecture in Ohrid are: the ancient amphitheater of the times of the Macedonian kingdom; Plaošnik hill with the Church of St. Panteleimon (XXI century); a fortress built by Tsar Samuil during the Bulgarian Empire; 70 churches, the most famous are the Church of St. Sophia, the Church of St. John Kaneo, etc.
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Čašule, Ilija. "The Etymology and Correlation of the Ancient Macedonian Gloss ‘lakedama’ and Phrygian ‘lakedokey’." Živa Antika 71, no. 1-2 (2021): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.47054/ziva21711-2019ch.
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DŽINO, DANIJEL. "APPIAN’S ILLYRIKE: THE FINAL STAGE OF THE ROMAN CONSTRUCTION OF ILLYRICUM." ИСТРАЖИВАЊА, no. 27 (December 19, 2016): 69–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.19090/i.2016.27.69-83.
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Appian’s Illyrian book (Illyrike) was originally intended to be just an appendix to his Macedonian book and today remains the only extant ancient work dealing with the early history of Illyricum which is preserved in its entirety. In this short work Appian puts together different local and regional histories in order to create a unified historical narrative and determines the historical and mythological coordinates of Illyricum inside the ancient world. This paper will discuss Illyrike in the context of the Roman construction of Illyricum as a provincial space, similar to some other regions in continental Europe such as, for example, Gaul or Britain. They were all firstly created through the needs of Roman political geography and later written into literary knowledge through the works of ancient history and ethnography. This paper will argue that Appian’s Illyrike represented the final stage of the Roman construction of Illyricum from an imaginary to a provincial space, which was the point of its full coming of age as an integral part of the ancient world and the Roman Empire.
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Molina, Ignacio. "Death on the Nile . The murder of Perdiccas and the river crossing in Ancient Macedonia." Karanos. Bulletin of Ancient Macedonian Studies 1 (November 8, 2018): 87–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.5565/rev/karanos.6.
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The death of Perdiccas, son of Orontes, during his invasion of Egypt is a fact hardly understandable, so that we can find different explanations for this event. The main goal of this paper is to establish a connection between Perdiccas’ death and the importance, meaning of rivers and its crossing for the ancient Macedonians. Indeed, rivers were related to kingship. This fact is reflected in its relationship with kings of the Balkan geographical area (Polyaen. 4.12.3). Thus, we can find passages in which some of most important mythical characters were begotten by a god-river (Asteropaios, Rhesus, Orpheus, etc). Besides, sometimes even the majesty comes from the river, because the kings were crowned into the river or near one (App. Syr. 56; Justin 15. 4.2-7). In fact, the founder of the Argead royal house, Perdiccas I, became king after being saved by a river (Hdt. 8. 138). The strong connection between kings and rivers can be perceived during the crossing, because the Macedonian monarchs, especially Alexander the Great, were responsible of this act. In other words, a true king was able to protect his soldiers during the crossing, given his close link with the water. Perdiccas son of Orontes wanted to become king, therefore the disaster of Nile could be understood like ordeal which showed the will of the river. Perdiccas was not considered a true king, while Ptolemy should become one.
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Estrin, Seth. "Myrina Kalaitzi. Figured Tombstones from Macedonia, Fifth–First Century BC." Journal of Greek Archaeology 4 (January 1, 2019): 468–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/jga.v4i.500.
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Myrina Kalaitzi dedicates this important new study of ancient Macedonian tombstones of the fifth through first centuries BC not to any named individual but to ‘the courageous reader.’ Most readers will not need courage to understand its familiar structure: a catalogue of surviving tombstones preceded by a chronological survey discussing major trends in the corpus. As Kalaitzi outlines in her Introduction, it is a structure determined less by a conceptual or theoretical model than by scholarly precedent – a structure that has been developed and deployed by scholars of ancient material culture on numerous occasions in order, ostensibly, to describe rather than interpret. The framework presumes that, when the corpus is addressed in comparative terms, visual patterns will emerge, ones that might tell us about cultural values shared between the people who produced or commissioned the individual monuments.
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Musgrave, Jonathan. "Dust and Damn'd Oblivion: A Study of Cremation in Ancient Greece." Annual of the British School at Athens 85 (November 1990): 271–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245400015689.
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In this paper – the revised text of a public lecture given in Athens on 23 February 1989 – the author reviews both the historical and anatomical evidence for identifying the occupants of the royal tombs at Vergina as: Tomb I: not known; Tomb II: Philip II and either Cleopatra or Meda; Tomb III: Alexander IV. The case for Philip III Arrhidaios and Eurydice in Tomb II is shown to be anthropologically weak. The paper also includes a catalogue of the human remains from Tomb II antechamber (Cleopatra or Meda) and Tomb III (Alexander IV). The arrival of cremation in Greece, and both Homeric and later Macedonian attitudes to the rite are also discussed. The general conclusion is that cremations are a valuable source of biological and archaeological information.
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Barringer, Judith M. "Volker Grieb, Krzysztof Nawotka and Agnieszka Wojciechowska (eds). Alexander the Great and Egypt: history, art, tradition." Journal of Greek Archaeology 1 (January 1, 2016): 452–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/jga.v1i.669.
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This volume, comprised of twenty-two papers delivered at a two-day conference in Wrocław/Breslau in 2011, belongs to the series ‘Contributions to the Study of Ancient World Cultures.’ The goal of the conference was to investigate Egypt under Alexander and his successors, particularly the concept of Alexander as pharaoh, from an Egyptian viewpoint and using largely Egyptian sources, rather than the more common Hellenistic or Macedonian approach. These aims have largely been achieved in this collection of papers on wide-ranging but often highly specialized topics.
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Проева [Proeva], Наде [Nade]. "Националните митови во современа Европа и негирањето на македонскиот идентитеm." Slavia Meridionalis 12 (August 31, 2015): 107–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/sm.2012.008.
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National myths in modern Europe and denial Macedonian identity The independence proclamation of the Republic of Macedonia in 1991 provoked ardent reactions and denials by its neighbours, against the fact that she was the only peaceful actor in the Yugoslavia’s dissolution. The first negative reactions and denials came from the Southern Neighbor, whose denial was directed towards the name, i.e. the identity, while the others referred to the language, identity and even a part of the territory. The most vociferous and at the same time the most successful was the reaction of the Southern Neighbour, who gained support of the European ‘democrats’, which de facto turned them into accomplices in the open blackmail that demanded the Republic of Macedonia to change its constitutional name. Namely, the 1992 Lisbon Declaration of the E(uropean) C(ouncil) imposed a demand to the Republic of Macedonia to accept any name that would not contain the word “Macedonia” in order to be recognized by the EU!?! The newly independent state was finally admitted to the UN under a reference “the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia” through violation of the provisions of the UN Charter. Twenty years later the country is still enforced to use the offensive reference, and often even to tolerate the FYROM acronym. This article deals precisely with the politics of pressures and blackmail exercised by NATO and EU with regard to the so‑called name dispute. It also centers on national myths that are used in order to “justify” such politics and on the attitude of the European ‘democrats’ towards those national myths. In contrast to the democratic rules preached by NATO and EU across the world, the Republic of Macedonia was and still is blackmailed by an unprincipled demand to select a NEW name in order to please one member-state. As a consequence of that demand, the national myth linked with ancient Macedonians (so-called antiquisation, although the better term is antique-mania) has been revived and upgraded. A number of pseudo-historians with various professional backgrounds, such as journalists, politicians, writers, physicians, and even university professors, has involved in this endeavor. To make things worse, even some historians and archaeologists may be seen in this group, with a mission to defend the right to the name and identity. The societal climate has been politicized to such a degree that not only the neighbours, but even EU has been caught in the vicious circle of competing and mutually exclusive national myths. The Union obviously insists on the philhellenic myth i.e. on the alleged Hellenic roots of the European culture as such. Mity narodowe współczesnej Europy i negowanie tożsamości macedońskiej Niepodległość Republiki Macedonii - państwa, które w 1991 roku drogą pokojową odłączyło się od struktur Jugosławii - wywołała ostre spory z jej sąsiadami. Pierwszy wywołał jej południowy sąsiad, negując jej nazwę, pozostali sąsiedzi podważali natomiast jej język, tożsamość i prawo do części terytorium. Najgłośniejszy i najbardziej skuteczny w tych działaniach okazał się sąsiad południowy, który otrzymał wsparcie demokracji europejskich, przyczyniając się do tego, że Europejczycy stali się de facto współodpowiedzialni za szantażowanie RM w celu zmiany jej konstytucyjnej nazwy. W oparciu o Deklarację Lizbońską z 1992 roku Rada Europy uwarunkowała uznanie Republiki Macedonii tylko wtedy, gdy z konstytucyjnej nazwy państwa usunięte zostanie słowo Macedonia. Niespotykanym dotąd precedensem w historii ONZ stało się przyjęcie nowego państwa do jej struktur pod nazwą „Była Jugosłowiańska Republika Macedonii”, skróconej do uwłaczającego akronimu FYROM.W artykule podjęto kwestię dotyczącą nacisków ze strony NATO i UE wobec tzw. problemu nazwy a także mitów narodowych, którymi usprawiedliwia się tę politykę oraz stosunku demokracji europejskich wobec tych mitów. Jednak wbrew zasadom demokracji, jakie szerzy UE i NATO, Republika Macedonii była i nadal jest szantażowana bezzasadnym żądaniem znalezienia NOWEJ nazwy według żądań jednego z jej członków.Następstwem tych działań w RM stało się odnowienie i rozszerzenie narodowego mitu o związki z Macedończykami antycznymi. Nieodłącznym elementem towarzyszącym temu zjawisku jest turbo folk oraz wsparcie pseudohistoryków wszelkich profesji: dziennikarzy, polityków, literatów, lekarzy a nawet profesorów uniwersyteckich. Najbardziej zatrważającym – w celu ochrony właściwej nazwy państwa dowodzącej tożsamości – stało się włączenie do tego nurtu zawodowych historyków i archeologów.Sytuacja uległa upolitycznieniu do takiego stopnia, że nie tylko sąsiedzi, ale również UE wkroczyła do magicznego kręgu demonstrowania mitów narodowych, odwołując się do filohelleńskiego mitu rzekomych helleńskich korzeni kultury europejskiej.
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Solovieva, Aleksandra. "The origins of the myth about the Argead dynasty." ΣΧΟΛΗ. Ancient Philosophy and the Classical Tradition 16, no. 1 (2021): 218–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1995-4328-2022-16-1-218-230.
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The article is devoted to the question of how the legend about the emergence of the Argead dynasty was formed. The work examines written ancient sources, as well as numismatics, which are associated with the legend of the appearance of the Argead dynasty. The author draws attention to the similarity of the Scythian, Thracian and Macedonian iconography of coins, as well as to the similarity of the evidence of the written tradition when describing the founding of dynasties. The author comes to the conclusion about the possible Thracian and Scythian influence on the formation of the myth about the origin of the Argeads.
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Kuldashev, Uktam, and Khurriyat Saidova. "Short information about the history of translation theory." Общество и инновации 4, no. 5/S (June 27, 2023): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.47689/2181-1415-vol4-iss5/s-pp1-4.
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This article is devoted to the history of translation. There were given some information about the history of translation is closely connected with the history of culture, art, and literature. A nation cannot develop in its own room. It grows by learning and developing the achievements and experiences of other nations. It is known that the cradle of world civilization goes to the East. When Alexander the Macedonian conquered the East, there was a renaissance of antiquity in Greece, absorbing the achievements of natural sciences in India, the experiences of ancient Iranian culture, and reciprocating the successes of Western science and culture.
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Jones, Kenneth R. "Lycophron's Alexandra, The Romans and Antiochus III." Journal of Hellenic Studies 134 (2014): 41–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0075426914000044.
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Abstract:Much of the debate over the authorship and composition date of the Alexandra has focused on the so-called ‘Roman Passages’ (lines 1226–82 and 1446–50). Though attributed to Lycophron, a scholar-poet in the court of Ptolemy II, many scholars, ancient and modern, have questioned whether the extravagant terms used to describe Roman power are appropriate for the early third century BC. Scholars have mostly either settled for the traditional date and assign the ‘Roman Passages’ to the aftermath of the Pyrrhic War or they have dated the passages to the time of the Second Macedonian War. This article offers a new context for the material on Rome, namely the Antiochene War. The new dating is based on the appearance of similar themes in the Alexandra and accounts, both historical and propagandistic, of the Antiochene War. These themes, which include Rome's Trojan origins, the conflict of Europe and Asia, and Rome's conquest of the world, are absent from accounts of the Pyrrhic and Second Macedonian Wars. After establishing a date in the aftermath of the Antiochene War, this article identifies the shadowy figures mentioned in the second ‘Roman Passage’.
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Son, Kyeng-Ho. "The Military Reform of Ancient Macedonian Army and its Results : Focusing on Philip II’s Reform." Journal of Western History and Culture 46 (March 31, 2018): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.32961/jwhc.2018.03.46.1.
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Lincove, David. "Book Review: The Persian Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia." Reference & User Services Quarterly 56, no. 2 (January 4, 2017): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/rusq.56n2.145b.
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This encyclopedia is the first English language reference source to focus exclusively on ancient Iran during the period of its great empires before the arrival of Islam from 700 BCE to 651 CE. The major empires were the Medes, the Achaemenids, the Seleucids, the Arsacids (Parthians), and the Sasanians. Ancient Iran covered a geographic area that varied over time. At its greatest expanse the Achaemenid Empire (559–330 BCE) ruled territory continuous from Thrace in southeastern Europe to the Indus River in India. Almost as large was the Seleucid Empire (305–125 BCE) which was not Iranian or Persian but Macedonian, founded by one of Alexander the Great’s generals after his death. With the expansion of the empires through military conquests and the administrative control of vast geographic areas, Kia emphasizes that languages, ethnicities, religions, and cultures of the Persian empires were very diverse and that Persia itself was actually a southern province of Greater Iran.
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КЛЕЙМЕНОВ, А. А. "BARBARIC DEEDS AND WORDS: ALEXANDER OF MACEDON AND ARISTON OF PAEONIF ON THE BANKS OF THE TIGRIS." Цивилизация и варварство, no. 12(12) (October 29, 2023): 79–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21267/aquilo.2023.12.12.004.
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Цель исследования заключается в анализе культурно-ментальных аспектов взаимодействия пеонийского командира Аристона и Александра Великого после кавалерийского боя у реки Тигр. Задачами являются определение обстоятельств и значения столкновения македонской и персидской конницы, рассмотрение действий Аристона в контексте особенностей ценностных установок военной элиты балканских варварских сообществ, выявление связи реакции Александра на поведение Аристона с традициями, характерными для Македонии времен Аргеадов. Исследование опиралось на всесторонний анализ письменных источников, сравнительно-исторический метод, метод контент-анализа. Определено, что в сентябре 331 г. до н.э. после переправы македонского войска через реку Тигр имел место бой смешанного отряда кавалерии Александра и 1 000 персидских всадников, в итоге которого персы были рассеяны. Особо отличился предводитель подразделения пеонийских всадников Аристон, убивший командира персов и принесший его отрубленную голову Александру, высказав желание получить за это золотую чашу. Подобные действия соответствовали воинским традициям пеонов и других балканских варваров. Александр согласился исполнить желание Аристона, а также сообщил о намерении выпить за здоровье пеонийского предводителя несмешанного вина. Определяется, что этим полководец показал, что как представитель македонской военной элиты понимает и разделяет ценностные установки балканского героического этоса. The main aim of the research is the analysis of cultural and mental aspects of Paeonian commander Ariston and Alexander the Great after the cavalry battle by the river Tigris. The targets of the research are determination of the circumstances and significance of the collision of the Macedonian and Persian cavalry, consideration of Ariston’s action in the context of the features of value attitudes the military elite of the Balkan barbaric societies’ identification of Alexander’s reaction connection on Ariston’s behavior with traditions characteristic of Argead Macedonia. A multi-faceted approach to the ancient narrative sources, methods of comparative historical analysis and content analysis have been used. It is defended that in September 331 BC after the crossing the river Tigris of the Macedonian army there was a battle of a mixed detachment of cavalry of Alexander and 1,000 Persian horsemen. As a result of the battle, the Persians were scattered. Especially distinguished himself the commander of the Paeonian cavalry Ariston, who killed the leader of the Persians and brought his severed head to Alexander. Ariston expressed a desire to receive a gold cup for this. Such actions corresponded to the military traditions of the Paeonians and others Balkan barbarians. Alexander agreed to fulfill Ariston’s wish, and also announced his intention to drink to health Paeonian commander unmixed wine. It is defended that in this way the commander showed that as a representative of the Macedonian military elite he understood and shared values of the Balkan heroic ethos.
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Sivkina, Nataliya Yurievna. "Mythologization and rationalization of the image of the famous Queen of Macedonia." Исторический журнал: научные исследования, no. 1 (January 2022): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0609.2022.1.37557.
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One of the famous women of ancient history – Olympias, the mother of Alexander the Great – is represented in the sources as a cruel, vindictive and domineering woman. Traditionally, it is believed that the formation of such an image was influenced by the peculiarities of the sources: the non-Greek origin of the authors, the writing of works in later times, misunderstanding of Macedonian customs and mores. The purpose of this work is to consider some well-known facts from the life of the Olympiad in a mythological context. Highlighting the characteristic features that influenced the image of this famous queen that has developed in historiography will allow us to change modern ideas about her. The study used traditional methods and approaches for ancient history. The principle of historicism is necessary for understanding cause-and-effect relationships, the principle of consistency is important for systematization of preserved data about this queen. The general philosophical methods of analysis and synthesis are supplemented by special ones: comparative historical, the method of retrospection. The novelty of this research lies in the author's attempt to show the influence of mythological images and symbols on Hellenistic historiography and highlight the rationalistic constructions of ancient authors. As a result of the research, the author concludes that the image of the Olympiad, which has become entrenched in historiography, was influenced not only by the negative attitude of ancient historians towards it, but also by their attempts to rationally explain events based on knowledge of the consequences. However, the mythological consciousness also left its mark on their work. The life of Alexander the Great was overgrown with myths, and all the people close to him also fell into the sphere of mythological representations. Therefore, in the sources, the image of the queen is not just greatly distorted, but is endowed with symbolic characteristics characteristic of myths.
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Risteski, Ljupco S. "Vangeli Anastas, Ancient present: a reflection on the Greco-Macedonian symbolic feud over Alexander’s legacy (Skopje: 2011: Templum). ISBN 978-9989-189-95-1 [In Macedonian]." Southeastern Europe 36, no. 3 (2012): 428–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763332-03603010.
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Vujčić, Nemanja. "The final Macedonian invasion of Iran: A forgotten military revolution." Vojno-istorijski glasnik, no. 1 (2022): 9–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/vig2201009v.
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The campaign of the Seleucid king Antiochus VII led against the newly expanded empire of the Parthians (the Arsacid dynasty) is a very important, but largely forgotten episode of ancient military history. Conducted during 130 and 129 BC, it was the final attempt by the Macedonian dynasty of Seleucids to preserve its position as the leading power in Western Asia, against growing Arsacid might that gradually took control over Iran, Mesopotamia and parts of Central Asia. Apart from marking the definitive end of Seleucids as a great power, this event is noteworthy because of the consequences it had for the Parthian military organization and doctrine. The very beginning of the war was marked by massive defeats on the side of the Parthians, with battles, entire armies and regions lost. The Parthian king Phraates II learnt appropriate lessons from the defeat and reorganized what was left of his army for the type of warfare: instead of leading massive positional battles, the victory is to be won through maneuver warfare, exhaustion of the enemy and the elimination of the smaller and isolated parts of the hostile force. There is significant support for the claim that the changes brought on by this experience had a character of a true military revolution - a revolution that shaped the classical Parthian way of warfare. This was one of the most important factors for the later (and mostly successful) Parthian resistance to the Romans, and particularly in their greatest military triumph: the victory over the Army of Marcus Crassus at Carrhae in 53 BC.
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Grotowski, Piotr. "Classicisation or representation? Mimesis in Byzantine pictorial arts as a derivative of style." Zograf, no. 37 (2013): 23–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zog1337023g.
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The idea of mimesis in art theory has been neglected by Byzantine scholars. Reasons for this may lie in the fact that the understanding of the term in Byzantium was very complex and that it changed over time. In the Early Byzantine period and the so-called Macedonian Renaissance, a tendency to use tonal modelling, which was inherited from ancient Greco-Roman art, can still be observed. Starting in the late tenth century they give way to a more linear style. Simultaneously, a change in the understanding of mimesis in theological writings can also be observed. The aim of this paper is to introduce the problem of a mimetic approach in visual arts as a phenomenon in Byzantine culture.
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Aleksandrova, Olga. "Reflection of the images of the Macedon kings Philip and Alexander in current school textbooks on universal history." Педагогика и просвещение, no. 4 (April 2023): 70–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0676.2023.4.68848.
Full textAbstract:
The subject of research is the images of famous figures of the antiquity era – the King of Macedonia Philip II and his son Alexander, and their reflection on the pages of textbooks on universal history for the 5th grade of the school. Particular attention is paid to the correspondence of the information contained in school textbooks to historical sources and materials of historical research on these rulers. The completeness of the reflection of the images of the two most famous Macedonian kings is analyzed, as well as a system of tasks and questions that allow to deepen knowledge both directly about outstanding historical figures and about the turning period of ancient history as a whole. The authors come to the conclusion that the personality and activity of Philip is almost completely eclipsed by the vivid image of Alexander, which corresponds to general historiographical trends. Philip's era transformations, which changed the course of not only Greek, but also world history, are briefly and casually discussed, or only one of the sides of his detelnost (military reform) is considered. This does not allow us to fully assess the significance of this figure for Ancient history, to analyze his contribution to the transformation of the Greek world. At the same time, Alexander is presented in textbooks not just as a talented commander, but, in fact, as the greatest hero of antiquity. All the negative aspects of his personality have been smoothed out, they are practically not mentioned, in the end there remains a brilliant commander and a talented ruler. It seems that this can lead not only to a distorted perception of the activities of specific historical figures, but also to the formation of an inherently vicious belief that timely reforms and transformations are of incomparably less value than military campaigns and conquests.