Relevant bibliographies by topics / Mace (Spice)

Academic literature on the topic 'Mace (Spice)'

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Published: 27 July 2024
Last updated: 29 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Mace (Spice)"

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Suthisamphat, Naranpraphai, Bhanuz Dechayont, Pathompong Phuaklee, Onmanee Prajuabjinda, Ratha-Korn Vilaichone, Arunporn Itharat, Khwanchanok Mokmued, and Nuntika Prommee. "Anti-Helicobacter pylori, Anti-Inflammatory, Cytotoxic, and Antioxidant Activities of Mace Extracts from Myristica fragrans." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2020 (March 29, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7576818.

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The aril (mace) of Myristica fragrans, known as Dok-Chan, is a spice that has long been used for treating stomach discomfort, peptic ulcer, and nausea. It is an ingredient in many remedies in Thai traditional medicine, e.g., Ya-Hom-Thep-Bha-Jit, Ya-Hom-Nao-Wa-Kot, and Ya-That-Bun-Job, which are used to treat dyspepsia and other gastrointestinal tract symptoms. The aqueous and ethanolic extracts of mace were used for all tests. Anti-H. pylori activities were determined by the disc diffusion method and agar dilution. Anti-inflammatory activity was determined by the LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) inhibition in a RAW264.7 cell line, and cytotoxicity was determined against gastric cancer cell lines (Kato III) using the sulphorhodamine B (SRB) assay. The DPPH radical scavenging and ABTS radical cation decolorization assays were used to determine the antioxidant activities. The result found that the ethanolic extract of mace exhibited antimicrobial activity against H. pylori ATCC 43504 and six clinical strains with MIC values of 125–250 μg/ml. The aqueous extract MICs against H. pylori ATCC reference strain and six clinical strains were 500 μg/ml compared with 0.5 μg/ml for the positive control, clarithromycin. The inhibitory effect of LPS-induced NO release and cytotoxic activity of the ethanolic extract had IC50 values of 82.19 μg/ml and 26.06 μg/ml, respectively, and the EC50 values for the DPPH and ABTS antioxidant assays were 13.41 μg/ml and 12.44 μg/ml, respectively. The mace extract also had anticancer properties. In conclusion, the ethanolic mace extract had anti-H. pylori, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer activities. These data support further preclinical and clinical investigation to see if the mace extract could have a role in treating patients with dyspepsia, peptic ulcers, and possibly gastric cancer.
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Bara, Camelia. "toxic effects of aflatoxin microorganisms in plants used as spices." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. I (October 5, 2010): 59–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/i/8375.

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As an extension of the analysis of black, white and capsicum peppers for aflatoxins , we have examined an additional 11 types of spices and4 herbs for these mycotoxins. The investigations consisted of assessment of the applicability of available methods of analysis and modifications ofthese, where necessary together, with a limited survey of each spice and herb for aflatoxins. The analysis of 13 types of ground spices reportedthe presence of low concentrations of aflatoxins in some samples of black pepper, celery seed, and nutmeg. We decided to include in our study 5of the spices examined by these workers (cinnamon, celery seed, coriander, nutmeg, and turmeric) for a comparison purpose. In addition weexamined ginger, mace, cumin seed, dill seed, garlic powder, onion powder, and the herbs marjoram, rosemary, thyme, and sage.
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Shngreiyo, A. S. "The Beginning of Dutch and English Conflict in Banda and Moluccas in the Early Seventeenth Century." IRA-International Journal of Management & Social Sciences (ISSN 2455-2267) 8, no. 2 (August 31, 2017): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jmss.v8.n2.p4.

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Why Christopher Columbus did discovered America the new world, why did Vasco da Gama discovered the sea route to reach India. They went and risk their life if search of the Spice Islands. The spices that European was searching were found in Indonesia Archipelago, Bandas famous for nutmeg and mace and Moluccas for its clove. After the formation of the East India Company in the early seventeenth century both the Dutch and English were competing against each other and outmaneuver one another for control of the islands. In the end, it was the Dutch who emerge victories. The Dutch established a monopoly on the spice trade from the Moluccas. They gained control over the clove trade through an alliance with the sultan of Ternate. Dutch occupation of the Banda’s gave them control of the nutmeg trade. Dutch control of the region was fully realized when Malacca was captured from the Portuguese in 1641. The Dutch were quite merciless when it suited their purposes; sometime obliterate the whole native population. By its brutal conquest over the Spice Islands they were able to control over the spice trade. Nevertheless, the English were not left behind whenever there is opportunity they set in to take the advantage of the sour relation between the native and Dutch, as the English played a role of more mercantile communities than occupation. The beginning of the seventeenth century is very important for the two companies as it decide the fate of the spices trade. Both companies were not willing to back out.
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Suwarda, Rosniyati, Risma Fira Suneth, Wahid, and Dewi Sondari. "Potential and opportunities of nutmeg pericarp as functional foods." E3S Web of Conferences 306 (2021): 04007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130604007.

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Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt) is a native plant of Banda Island known as the Spice Islands. Nutmeg fruit consists of the pericarp or rind, the seed kernel inside (nutmeg), and the nutmeg is a red lacy (aryl) covering the kernel (mace). Nutmeg pericarp contributing 80-85% of the total weight of the nutmeg fruit but its use is still not getting enough attention and a lot of it is wasted as agricultural waste which can pollute the environment. This is because the economic value is considered to be lower than the seeds and mace of nutmeg. This article aims to review the potential and oppurtunity benefits of nutmeg meat waste (pericarp) for human health and its application in functional foods. The method used in this paper is a literature review. The results show that, the pericarp has been reported to contain bioactive compounds similar to those of nutmeg and mace oil which have pharmacological values. Phytochemical compounds are beneficial to human health as anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetes, anti-microbial agents, antixidants, anti-depressants, anti-convulsants, and anti-cancer agents. Based on the composition, the pericarp is potentially used as a functional food to increase added value and reduce environmental pollution. In addition, the abundance of materials, relatively low prices, and the importance of healthy food for the health of the human provide opportunities for the development of functional foods based on bioactive compounds.
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JUGLAL, S., R. GOVINDEN, and B. ODHAV. "Spice Oils for the Control of Co-Occurring Mycotoxin-Producing Fungi." Journal of Food Protection 65, no. 4 (April 1, 2002): 683–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-65.4.683.

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The effect of nine different oils was evaluated on the growth of Aspergillus parasiticus and Fusarium moniliforme. The experimental design to examine the inhibition of mycotoxins involved the incorporation of each of seven oils into broth and patty cultures. The fungal mycotoxin was identified by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Clove oil (eugenol) was the most inhibitory to the growth of A. parasiticus and F. moniliforme, followed by cinnamon (cinnamic aldehyde), oregano (thymol and carvacol) and mace oils (myristin). Neem and eucalyptus oil (cineole) did not affect fungal growth. The feasibility of implementing the results of this study to control mycotoxin toxicity was examined by costoring whole and ground cloves with mycotoxin-infected grain. Addition of both whole and ground cloves markedly reduced the aflatoxin contamination of the grain. These results clearly suggest that commonly occurring mycotoxigenic fungi can be controlled with clove oil (eugenol), thus spice oil successfully inhibited the growth of A. parasiticus and F. moniliforme, regulated the production of fumonisins, and prevented the formation of aflatoxins. The social implication of this finding is that rural communities can prevent the formation of fungal toxins in contaminated grain by simple measures.
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Verluyten, Jurgen, Frédéric Leroy, and Luc de Vuyst. "Effects of Different Spices Used in Production of Fermented Sausages on Growth of and Curvacin A Production by Lactobacillus curvatus LTH 1174." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, no. 8 (August 2004): 4807–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.8.4807-4813.2004.

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ABSTRACT Lactobacillus curvatus LTH 1174, a fermented sausage isolate, produces the listericidal bacteriocin curvacin A. The effect of different spices relevant for the production of fermented sausages was investigated in vitro through laboratory fermentations with a meat simulation medium and an imposed pH profile relevant for Belgian-type fermented sausages. The influence on the growth characteristics and especially on the kinetics of curvacin A production with L. curvatus LTH 1174 was evaluated. Pepper, nutmeg, rosemary, mace, and garlic all decreased the maximum specific growth rate, while paprika was the only spice that increased it. The effect on the lag phase was minor except for nutmeg and especially for garlic, which increased it, yet garlic was stimulatory for biomass production. The maximum attainable biomass concentration (X max) was severely decreased by the addition of 0.40% (wt/vol) nutmeg, while 0.35% (wt/vol) garlic or 0.80% (wt/vol) white pepper increased X max. Nutmeg decreased both growth and bacteriocin production considerably. Garlic was the only spice enhancing specific bacteriocin production, resulting in higher bacteriocin activity in the cell-free culture supernatant. Finally, lactic acid production was stimulated by the addition of pepper, and this was not due to the manganese present because an amount of manganese that was not growth limiting was added to the growth medium. Addition of spices to the sausage mixture is clearly a factor that will influence the effectiveness of bacteriocinogenic starter cultures in fermented-sausage manufacturing.
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Astuty, Eka, and Eka Sukmawaty. "Antibacterial effect of ethanol extract of nutmeg against foodborne disease pathogens." JPBIO (Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi) 7, no. 2 (November 29, 2022): 222–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31932/jpbio.v7i2.1856.

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Foodborne disease is a disease that occurs as a result of food contamination by microbes or harmful chemicals. Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) is widely used as a spice and flavor enhancer for food and beverages. In addition, it has traditionally been used to treat diarrhea and kidney disease. Several pharmacological studies have reported the antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiarrheal and anti-inflammatory activity of this plant. Antibacterial effectiveness test of nutmeg against several pathogens in this study was carried out using the disc diffusion method. The results of this study indicated that the ethanol extract of flesh of fruit (concentration of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%) had antibacterial activity against all tested pathogenic bacteria. Different results were shown by the ethanol extract of seed and mace. All the ethanol extract concentrations of seed were not able to inhibit the growth of Shigella sp. and Clostridium sp., while the ethanol extract of mace in all concentrations was unable to inhibit the growth of Shigella sp. Various factors may affecting this extract and compound activity when used in complex biological systems such as in vivo and human studies. Future studies must also focus on aspects of pharmacokinetics and toxicological plant extracts and phytochemicals.
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Chakraborty, Moutoshi, Tamanna Afrin, and Saurab Kishore Munshi. "Microbiological quality and antimicrobial potential of extracts of different spices." Food Research 4, no. 2 (October 3, 2019): 375–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.4(2).303.

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The present study was carried out to determine the antimicrobial traits of spices for validating its potential as food preservatives and therapeutic alternatives along with their microbiological quality. In this regard, a total of 4 locally available spices including Saffron (Crocus sativus), Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans), Mace (Myristica fragrans) and Shahi Jeera (Bunium bulbocastanum) were collected from different areas of Dhaka, Bangladesh. The samples were found to harbor total viable bacteria and fungi up to 105 CFU/g and 104 CFU/g, respectively. Presence of specific bacterial species was also documented. Among them, Staphylococcus spp. and Pseudomonas spp. were prevalent as found in all samples. Presence of Bacillus spp. and Escherichia coli were also evident in Nutmeg and Shahi Jeera. Whereas, Klebsiella spp. was absent in all samples. Antibacterial properties of the samples were determined by the agar well diffusion method. The ethanolic and methanolic extracts of all the spice samples showed remarkable antibacterial activity against most of the tested bacterial isolates, although crude extract could merely affect the bacterial growth. The presence of antibacterial effects revealed that the spices could be used in food conservation and as natural antimicrobials.
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Vijayakumar, Gayathri, Hindhuja Kesavan, Anisha Kannan, Dhanalakshmi Arulanandam, Jeong Hee Kim, Kwang Jin Kim, Hak Jin Song, Hyung Joo Kim, and Senthil Kumaran Rangarajulu. "Phytosynthesis of Copper Nanoparticles Using Extracts of Spices and Their Antibacterial Properties." Processes 9, no. 8 (July 30, 2021): 1341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9081341.

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To prevent microbial growth, chemical solvents are typically utilized. However, chemical solvents are hazardous to human health with low antimicrobial effects. Metallic-element (such as copper, silver, and gold) nanoparticles have many applications in biotechnology and biomedicine. Copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) are efficient owing to their antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-proliferative properties. The objective of this study was to perform biogenic synthesis of copper nanoparticles using three different spices (star anise, seed of Illicium verum; nutmeg, seed of Myristica fragrans; and mace, membrane covering the seed of Myristica fragrans) and determine their antibacterial properties. CuNPs of spices were prepared by dissolving copper sulfate in the respective plant extract. They were then characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, GC-MS, EDAX, and SEM analysis. Results of UV-Vis spectroscopy showed the maximum absorbance peak at 350 nm. SEM analysis showed that the sizes of these CuNPs were in the range of 150–200 nm. EDAX analysis confirmed the presence of copper and oxygen and revealed that copper existed in an oxidized form. FTIR spectroscopy showed the presence of different functional groups in these synthesized nanoparticles. GC-MS analysis revealed compounds such as Anethole D-limonene, heptadecanoic acid, 16-methyl-, methyl ester, myristene, methyl eugenol, and methyl stearate, indicating the presence of functional groups. The antibacterial activities of the three extracts from spices were analyzed using growth zone inhibition and TLC-bioautography methods. The results showed that star anise spice extract had the highest antibacterial activity. These results indicate that such CuNPs phyto-formulated with spice extracts having antibacterial properties could be used as potential therapeutics for microbial diseases.
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Nadhifah, Ainun, Ida Haerida, Fandri Sofiana Fastanti, Lars Söderström, Anders Hagborg, and Matt von Konrat. "Beyond nutmeg, mace, and cloves: Checklist of the liverworts and hornworts of Maluku Islands (Moluccas), Indonesia." PhytoKeys 239 (March 19, 2024): 107–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.239.116679.

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The first ever liverwort and hornwort checklist is provided for the Maluku Islands (Moluccas/Spice Islands) of Indonesia. We report 355 accepted and 16 doubtful species and reject 22 species previously reported for Maluku Islands. The list is based on the specimens housed in the Herbarium Bogoriense (BO) and reports from over 500 literature references, including monographs, regional studies, and molecular investigations. The Maluku Islands are part of the Wallacea Biodiversity Hotspot with many unique species found only in Wallacea. Publications focusing on liverworts and hornworts of Maluku Islands are few and scattered. Considering regionally widespread species that have been recorded elsewhere, we predict that further fieldwork exploring the diversity of habitats coupled with collections unveiled from regional herbaria, a number of new records remain to be reported.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Mace (Spice)"

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Brooks-Gordon, Belinda. "Prostitution in public space : kerb crawler explanations and malefactors." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2000. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/272296.

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Valentine, Gill. "Women's fear of male violence in public space." Thesis, University of Reading, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.236852.

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Leung, Shuk-mun Phyllis Sylvia, and 梁淑敏. "Space and affect in made in Hong Kong and Taxi driver." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B29949294.

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Grenier, David Robert. "Homo sweet homo, a play of spaces." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/mq30793.pdf.

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Bendig, Alexander Patrick. "Biomechanics of the 50th Percentile Male Spine Under Vertical Loading." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1595351343531378.

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Fortney, Christopher. ""Who Made You The Graffiti Police?": Graffiti, Public Space, and Resistance." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1400074289.

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Vyvial, Brent Aron. "Characterizing strain in the proximal rat tibia during electrical muscle stimulation." Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/5760.

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Hindlimb unloading is a widely used model for studying the effects of microgravity on a skeleton. Hindlimb unloading produces a marked loss in bone due to increased osteoclast activity. Electrical muscle stimulation is being investigated as a simulated resistive exercise countermeasure to attenuate this bone loss. I sought to determine the relationship between strain measured at the antero-medial aspect of the proximal diaphysis of tibia and plantar-flexor torque measured at the ankle during electrical muscle stimulation as an exercise countermeasure for hindlimb unloading in rats. A mathematical relationship between strain and torque was established for the exercise during a 28 day period of hindlimb unloading. The strain generated during the exercise protocol is sufficient to attenuate bone loss caused by hindlimb unloading. Twelve six-month old Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted with uni-axial strain gages in vivo on the antero-medial aspect of the proximal diaphysis of the left tibia. Strain and torque were measured during electrical muscle stimulation for three time points during hindlimb unloading (Day 0 (n=3), Day 7 (n=3), Day 21 (n=3)). Peak strain decreased from 1,100 strain at the beginning of the study to 660 strain after 21 days of hindlimb unloading and muscle stimulation. The peak strain rate measured during muscle stimulation was 10,350 strain/second at the beginning and decreased to 6,670 strain/second after 21 days. The changes in strain are not significant, but the underlying trend in strain values may indicate an increase in bone formation due to the electrical muscle stimulation countermeasure. A mathematical model that relates measured strain to peak eccentric torque during muscle stimulation was created to facilitate estimation of strain for future studies of electrical muscle stimulation during hindlimb unloading.
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Abate, Kiersten G. "Places That Make People Feel Good: Understanding the Relationship Between Access to Green Space and Community Well-being." Thesis, Boston College, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/1955.

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Thesis advisor: Brian Gareau
Thesis advisor: Juliet Schor
This research seeks to understand how, if at all, access to green and open spaces impacts community well-being. Although much work has been done in the environmental justice sector on the disproportionate distribution of amenities in low-income communities, these studies have focused mainly on the negatives such as toxics and pollutants. This research is important because it seeks to understand the importance of environmental amenities that are not available to these populations. In order to understand this relationship, I conducted in-depth interviews with nine community members and observed at four green or open spaces. As a result of the above procedures, I found that green and open spaces not only have a positive impact on community well-being, but they influence personal well-being as well. Personal well-being is enhanced by activities that foster perceived mental and physical health for individuals, while community well-being has been linked to the ability to participate in social encounters with others. Although there are many other factors that inevitably provide well-being, it is important to note that all of my interviewees believed green and open spaces in their community were a prominent contributor. This research enhances the understanding of the less visible environmental injustices low-income communities suffer. I hope that this study serves as a catalyst for future research on a larger scale that will prove the importance of access to these areas. It is my hope that cities will begin to plan their parks and open spaces in ways that will benefit the most people and that areas where space is an issue will begin to create small green areas wherever possible
Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2011
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Sociology Honors Program
Discipline: Sociology
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Houlbrook, Matt. "'A sun among cities' : space, identities and queer male practices, London 1918-57." Thesis, University of Essex, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369372.

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Ahn, Yushin. "Object space matching and reconstruction using multiple images." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1213375997.

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Books on the topic "Mace (Spice)"

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Crawley, Edward F. Middeck Active Control Experiment (MACE): Phase A final report. Cambridge, Mass: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1989.

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1957-, Fleck Robert, Obrist Hans Ulrich, Hoyos Nathalie, and Kunst- und Ausstellungshalle der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, eds. Heinz Mack: Licht, Raum, Farbe = light, space, colour. Köln: Snoeck Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, 2011.

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Heuser, P. A. 3-D space mazes. New York: Dover Publications, 1996.

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T, Bernot Peter, Woods William C, and Langley Research Center, eds. Pressure distributions on a 0.02-scale space shuttle orbiter nose at Mach 21.5 in helium. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1994.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Mach 6.5 air induction system design for the Beta II two-stage-to-orbit booster vehicle. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1991.

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Thiemeyer, Thomas. Magical labyrinths: Journeys through space and time. Kansas City: Andrews McMeel Pub., 2001.

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Leslie, Gong, and Dryden Flight Research Facility, eds. Preliminary analysis for a Mach 8 crossflow transition experiment on the Pegasus space booster. Edwards, Calif: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Ames Research Center, Dryden Flight Research Facility, 1993.

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Stone, Howard W. Effect of aerodynamic and angle-of-attack uncertainties on the May 1979 entry flight control system of the space shuttle from Mach 8 to 1.5. Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Scientific and Technical Information Branch, 1985.

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O, Torres Abel, and Langley Research Center, eds. Experimental and theoretical study of aerodynamic characteristics of some lifting bodies at angles of attack from -10 to 53 at Mach numbers from 2.30 to 4.62. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1994.

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O, Torres Abel, and Langley Research Center, eds. Experimental and theoretical study of aerodynamic characteristics of some lifting bodies at angles of attack from -10⁰ to 53⁰ at Mach numbers from 2.30 to 4.62. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Mace (Spice)"

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Hancock, James F. "Early history of scents, spices and silk." In Spices, scents and silk: catalysts of world trade, 5–20. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249743.0002.

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Abstract This chapter provides the historical background for the highly valued products for trade in antiquity. Its subchapters include the exotic luxuries of antiquity, smoke of the Gods in antiquity, the most ancient of spices: Cinnamon, Ginger and Pepper, the European spice of antiquity: Saffron, the Indonesian spices: Clove, Nutmeg and Mace, and finally, the sightless moth's gift to the world: Silk.
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Hancock, James F. "Age of expansion." In Spices, scents and silk: catalysts of world trade, 264–77. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249743.0020.

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Abstract When the Dutch and English first entered the Indian Ocean, the primary goal of both nations was to gain a monopoly in the spice trade. To do this, they had to militarily push out the Portuguese and prevent the other from gaining a foothold. Ultimately, the VOC came out the big Winner taking control of the clove, nutmeg and mace trade of the Moluccas. It also took a considerable portion of the Indonesian pepper trade by force, but not all. With the loss of the Spice Islands, the British shifted their attention to India and its pepper, saltpetre, cotton and indigo. The VOC also turned its eyes to India, but with far less lasting impact. To gain their foothold in India the English and Dutch were faced with two significant challenges: they would need to gain the favour of the Mughals who now controlled most of North India and they would have to push back the Portuguese who were well entrenched along the west coast. The Mughals had left the Portuguese ports mostly alone, preferring to trade with them rather than fight.
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Hancock, James F. "The Portuguese build an empire." In Spices, scents and silk: catalysts of world trade, 222–34. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249743.0017.

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Abstract Albuquerque's victory in Malacca gave Portugal a major foothold in the Far Eastern pepper trade, but the Portuguese were never able to fully dominate it. The chapter summarizes the struggles of Portugal's building of its empire. It also discusses the cartaz system, where the Portuguese claimed suzerainty over the Indian Ocean and no one else was allowed to sail unless they purchased a safe conduct pass. The cartaz obliged Asian ships to call at a Portuguese-controlled port and pay customs duties before proceeding on their voyage. Ships without this document were considered fair game and their goods could be confiscated. It was, pure and simple, a protection racket. The cartaz system, plus customs duties and outright piracy, provided most of the funds defraying the costs of the Portuguese navy and its garrisons. The chapter also outlines the importance of Indian cotton in the Spice Trade and the routes of spices into Europe. Further, the chapter provides highlights of the Portuguese profits on spices. Portuguese imports of pepper held strong over most the sixteenth century. The total weight of the spice cargoes averaged 40,000 to 50,000 quintals (1 quintal = 130 pounds or 59 kilograms) annually in the first half of the century and 60,000 to 70,000 quintals later on. Records have been left of one cargo in 1518 that totalled almost 5 million pounds (2.27 million kilograms), of which 4.7 million pounds (2.13 million kilograms) was pepper, 12,000 pounds (5443 kilograms) cloves, 3000 pounds (1360 kilograms) cinnamon and 2000 pounds (907 kilograms) mace (Krondl, 2007). Most of the pepper and other spices were purchased in Malabar on the open market. Portuguese profits on the pepper trade could run as high as 500%. Lastly, the chapter briefly discusses how other European countries looked for alternative routes to the spices.
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Nair, Kodoth Prabhakaran. "Mace and Nutmeg." In Minor Spices and Condiments, 143–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82246-0_14.

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Adhya, Anirban, and Philip D. Plowright. "Space." In Urban Design Made by Humans, 114–17. New York: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003254935-38.

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Banks, Erik C. "Mach on Space Sensations." In Ernst Mach’s World Elements, 71–76. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0175-4_5.

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Gupta, Rajen. "Make-a-Space Technique." In Phacoemulsification Cataract Surgery, 129–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59924-3_10.

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Seims, Amanda, Susannah Walker, Imogen Clark, and Sufyan Abid Dogra. "Make Space for Girls." In Designing Interventions to Address Complex Societal Issues, 165–81. New York: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003270850-16.

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Figlio, Karl. "Male Internal Genital Space." In Rethinking the Psychoanalysis of Masculinity, 25–35. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003455790-4.

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Faruque, Saleh. "Free Space Propagation." In Radio Frequency Propagation Made Easy, 19–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11394-4_2.

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Conference papers on the topic "Mace (Spice)"

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Katti, Rohan, and Shanthi Prince. "Implementation of a reversible all optical multiplexer using Mach-Zehnder interferometer." In 2015 IEEE International Conference on Signal Processing, Informatics, Communication and Energy Systems (SPICES). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/spices.2015.7091391.

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Hyland, David, and Daniel Scharf. "Adaptive neural control for MACE II." In Space Technology Conference and Exposition. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1999-4588.

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Davis, Benjamin G. "The Technical and organizational Failures that Made Possible the Successful Lunar Landing in 1969: Two Wrongs Don't make A Right but Three Failures Make a Success." In AIAA SPACE and Astronautics Forum and Exposition. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2017-5232.

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Ninneman, R., and Keith Denoyer. "Middeck Active Control Experiment Reflight (MACE II) Program." In Space Technology Conference and Exposition. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1999-4584.

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Yuan Yan. "Space optimization methods of great site surrounding areas based on space syntax and GIS." In 2010 International Conference on Mechanic Automation and Control Engineering (MACE). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mace.2010.5536215.

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Rui Li and He Bing. "Spatiotemporal evolution of urban linear space." In 2010 International Conference on Mechanic Automation and Control Engineering (MACE). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mace.2010.5536715.

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Cheng Shidan and Niu Xile. "The digital expression of urban public space." In 2010 International Conference on Mechanic Automation and Control Engineering (MACE). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mace.2010.5536035.

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Marshall, J. L., Scott Burles, Ian B. Thompson, Stephen A. Shectman, Bruce C. Bigelow, Gregory Burley, Christoph Birk, et al. "The MagE spectrograph." In SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation, edited by Ian S. McLean and Mark M. Casali. SPIE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.789972.

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Scharf, Daniel, and David Hyland. "Stochastic-based adaptive control vibration control for MACE II." In AIAA Space 2001 Conference and Exposition. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2001-4644.

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Bruce, Rebecca F., J. Dean Brock, and Susan L. Reiser. "Make space for the Pi." In SoutheastCon 2015. IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/secon.2015.7132994.

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Reports on the topic "Mace (Spice)"

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Tolmoff, Greg. Does Having a Technical Degree Make a Better Space Officer? Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada539516.

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Fleischer, Annett. Marriage over space and time among male migrants from Cameroon to Germany. Rostock: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, February 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4054/mpidr-wp-2008-006.

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Ardanaz, Martín, Eduardo A. Cavallo, and Alejandro Izquierdo. Research Insights: How Can Policymakers Make Fiscal Rules More Effective? Inter-American Development Bank, March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004807.

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Despite the relative popularity of fiscal rules, they are per se, no panacea for improving fiscal performance. Fiscal rule effectiveness is enhanced when policymakers consider i) the quality of rule design; ii) supporting mechanisms to boost compliance and provide a forward-looking orientation to fiscal policy; iii) the impact of rules on different dimensions of public finances, such as the composition of public spending; and iv) clear, ex-ante guidance for the return to fiscal rule compliance after invoking an escape clause. There is ample space to improve rule-based fiscal frameworks in emerging markets.
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Crowell, Corey, and Sam Bresnick. Defending the Ultimate High Ground. Center for Security and Emerging Technology, July 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.51593/20230005.

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China has poured resources into improving the resilience of its space architecture. But how much progress has Beijing made? This issue brief analyzes China’s space resilience efforts and identifies areas where the United States may need to invest to keep pace.
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Eberle, Caitlyn, and Zita Sebesvari. Technical Report: Space debris. United Nations University - Institute for Environment and Human Security (UNU-EHS), October 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53324/yiku7602.

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At present, there are approximately 8,300 satellites actively orbiting the Earth, gathering and distributing vital data for space science, Earth observation, meteorology, disaster early warning systems, telecommunication, and navigation. Satellites make our lives safer, more convenient and connected, and represent critical infrastructure that is now essential for a functioning society. However, as the number of satellites increases, so does the problem of space debris, posing a threat to both functioning satellites and the future of our orbit. This technical background report for the 2023 edition of the Interconnected Disaster Risks report analyses the root causes, drivers, impacts and potential solutions for the space debris risk tipping point our world is facing through an analysis of academic literature, media articles and expert interviews.
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Benavides, Juan. Can Reforms be Made Sustainable?: Analysis and Design Considerations for the Electricity Sector. Inter-American Development Bank, April 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008888.

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This document discusses and proposes a new framework to improve the quality of programs supporting such reforms in Latin America. Firstly, it responds to the risk that the reforms in the region might be reversed, which might originate in the lack of public support for privatization and the succession of crises and events in the recent past (problems of supply in Chile and Brazil; price peaks in the spot market in El Salvador; the commercial unsustainability of the pool in Colombia; the ENRON/Andersen scandal, and the Argentine crisis among others), that have provided the enemies of reform with new political space. Secondly, it responds to evidence that the consolidation of sector reforms is not automatic, involving as it does the simultaneous creation of traditions of respect for the rights of investors and consumers. Finally, this paper partly builds upon the experience gathered from a project supporting the sustainability of electricity reform in Colombia, Guatemala and Honduras.
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Бондаренко, Ольга Володимирівна, Олена Володимирівна Пахомова, and Володимир Йосипович Засельський. The use of cloud technologies when studying geography by higher school students. CEUR-WS.org, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/3254.

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Abstract. The article is devoted to the topical issue of the cloud technologies implementation in educational process in general and when studying geography, in particular. The authors offer a selection of online services which can contribute to the effective acquisition of geographical knowledge in higher school. The publication describes such cloud technologies as Gapminder, DESA, Datawrapper.de, Time.Graphics, HP Reveal, MOZAIK education, Settera Online, Click-that-hood, Canva, Paint Instant. It is also made some theoretical generalization of their economic, technical, technological, didactic advantages and disadvantages. Visual examples of application are provided in the article. The authors make notice that in the long run the technologies under study should become a valuable educational tool of creation virtual information and education environments connected into common national, and then global, educational space.
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Bondarenko, Olga V., Olena V. Pakhomova, and Vladimir I. Zaselskiy. The use of cloud technologies when studying geography by higher school students. [б. в.], September 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/3261.

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The article is devoted to the topical issue of the cloud technologies implementation in educational process in general and when studying geography, in particular. The authors offer a selection of online services which can contribute to the effective acquisition of geographical knowledge in higher school. The publication describes such cloud technologies as Gapminder, DESA, Datawrapper.de, Time.Graphics, HP Reveal, MOZAIK education, Settera Online, Click-that-hood, Canva, Paint Instant. It is also made some theoretical generalization of their economic, technical, technological, didactic advantages and disadvantages. Visual examples of application are provided in the article. The authors make notice that in the long run the technologies under study should become a valuable educational tool of creation virtual information and education environments connected into common national, and then global, educational space.
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Thompson and Lawson. L51667 Causes and Effects of the Spiking Phenomenon. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), January 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010141.

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During a prior research program, a spiking phenomenon was identified that prevented the measurement of the off potential directly from the pipe-to-soil potential waveform. Furthermore, the spike made it impossible to measure an off potential during current interruption for some period of time following interruption. In recent years, there has been discussion that the spike in the pipe-to-soil potential waveform affects the ability of the CP system to mitigate corrosion. In addition, the increased significance that has been placed on off-potential measurements within the industry has made it important to understand any phenomenon that may affect the ability to measure the off potential. This effort works to establish the cause and effects of the spiking phenomenon. To accomplish this program, a Work Plan was established that provided for the following four tasks: Task 1 - Field Measurements, Task 2 - Circuit Analog Model, Task 3 - Effect of the Spike on Off- Potential Measurements, and Task 4 - Laboratory Experiments. Through this combined effort of field evaluations, modeling, and laboratory experiments, the root cause of the spike was established along with guidelines for making the off-potential measurement. The results of this project provides the CP engineer with a standard practice for measuring off-potentials in the presence of the spiking phenomenon.
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Thompson and Lawson. L51693 Most Accurate Method for Measuring an Off-Potential. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), March 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010317.

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�During a prior Gas Research Institute (GRI) research program, a spiking phenomenon was identified that prevented the measurement of the off potential directly from the pipe-to-soil potential waveform. Furthermore, the spike made it impossible to measure an off potential during current interruption for some period of time following interruption. In recent years, there has been discussion that the spike in the pipe-to-soil potential waveform affects the ability of the CP system to mitigate corrosion. In addition, the increased significance that has been placed on off-potential measurements within the industry has made it important to understand any phenomenon that may affect the ability to measure the off potential. Because of the above concerns, the Corrosion Supervisory Committee of the Pipeline Research Committee authorized this two-year program to establish the cause and effects of the spiking phenomenon. To accomplish this program, a Work Plan was established that provided for the following four tasks: Task 1 - Field Measurements, Task 2 - Circuit Analog Model, Task 3 - Effect of the Spike on Off- Potential Measurements, and Task 4 - Laboratory Experiments. Through this combined effort of field evaluations, modeling, and laboratory experiments, the root cause of the spike was established along with guidelines for making the off-potential measurement. The results of this project provides the CP engineer with a standard practice for measuring off-potentials in the presence of the spiking phenomenon.
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