Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Macassan'

Thesis (MOccTher)--Stellenbosch University, 2011.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Play is widely acknowledged as a cornerstone of childhood development. Its significance stretches beyond developing cognitive abilities and school readiness to the development of social skills, emotional expression and well-being. The milieu, or environment, is recognized as highly influential with regards to occupational performance; the play environment is therefore also of great importance to child development. However, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the assessment of this play environment, especially in a developing country context. This study therefore focuses on the play environment at South African crèches, specifically with regards to assessing the environmental factors impacting children’s play, namely play space, play objects, play time and play mates (including caregivers). The National Guidelines of ECD Services in South Africa had already set standards relating to play space, play time and caregiver ratio’s at crèches. Criteria for play objects were established as part of this study through an extensive literature review. These criteria were then applied in a quantitative, cross-sectional descriptive survey at registered crèches in Macassar, a community in the Cape Flats outside Cape Town. The survey results indicated that crèches complied to play space and play time regulations, but that not all crèches complied with the regulations regarding caregiver-child ratio’s and play object adequacy. The crèches especially lacked in gross motor play objects. These findings emphasize the importance of establishing practical criteria and guidelines for all aspects of the play environment and enforcing those standards at day care crèches. The study also provides a useful framework for measuring the adequacy of the play environment at South African crèches.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Spel is ‘n belangrike hoeksteen in kinderontwikkeling en het ‘n noemenswaardige impak op kognitiewe ontwikkeling, skoolgereedheid, die ontwikkeling van sosiale vaardighede, uitdrukking van emosies en algemene welstand. Die milieu, of omgewing, word wyd aangeslaan vir die invloed wat dit op arbeidsverrigting uitoefen en die spelomgewing is daarom belangrik. Daar is egter ‘n tekort in kennis aangaande die spel omgewing, veral in die konteks van ‘n ontwikkelende land soos Suid-Afrika. Hierdie studie bestudeer dus die spel omgewing in Suid-Afrikaanse dagsorgsentrums. Speel-spasie, speeltyd, speelgoed en speel-maats vorm saam die omgewingsfaktore wat op die spel omgewing impakteer en die studie fokus dus op hierdie vier faktore. Die Nasionale Riglyne vir Voorskoolse Kinder Ontwikkeling in Suid Afrika het reeds standaarde gestel ten opsigte van die vewagte fisiese spasie, speeltyd en die getal kinders tot versorgers (versorger-kind verhouding) by Suid Afrikaanse dagsorg sentrums. Kriteria wat meet of daar voldoende speelgoed beskikbaar is vir kinders se optimale ontwikkeling is na aanleiding van ‘n literatuurstudie ontwikkel. Hierdie kriteria, tesame met die kriteria wat deur die Nasionale Riglyne gestel is, is gebruik om die spelomgewing by dagsorg-sentrums in die Macassar gemeenskap op die Kaapse Vlaktes net buite Kaapstad te meet d.m.v ‘n beskrywende opname. Volgens die sensus resultate voldoen die dagsorgsentrums wel aan kriteria ten opsigte van fisiese spasie en beplande speeltyd, maar ontbreek hulle ten opsigte van die versorger-kind verhouding. Die resultate dui ook aan dat al die dagsorg-sentrums nie voldoende speelgoed gehad het om die volle spektrum van kinderontwikkeling te dek nie. Hulle het veral ontbreek in speelgoed vir grof-motoriese spel. Die studie beklemtoon die belang van praktiese en spesifieke riglyne en standaarde sowel as die implementering van hierdie standaarde. Die studie verskaf ook ‘n raamwerk wat gebruik kan word in die assesering van die spel omgewing in ‘n ontwikkelende konteks, sowel as om toekomstige intervensies te lei.

Magister Scientiae (Medical Bioscience) - MSc(MBS)
The aim of this study was to determine and evaluate the prevalence of TB infection, active TB cases and the risk factors associated with TB infection in Macassar Camp in Macassar (about 40 km from Cape Town on the False Bay coast, with a population of 369). The study design of this epidemiological study was a cross sectional study with a descriptive and an analytic component A comparison between the Mantoux, TB ELISA and X-ray screening tests was performed first. A description of the origin, discovery, characteristics and pathology associated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis as well as the development of the TB epidemic on a global, national and local level, is given. TB was first described to give a South African perspective of the TB epidemic and both the "Virgin Soil" and "Non-Virgin Soil" theory of TB was reviewed. Secondly, ~he TB infection rate in Macassar Camp and the risk factors as well as the determinants of TB infection with regards to overcrowding, ventilation, primary food subsistence level rating (PFSL), social class and employment status were evaluated The third aspect of the study compares prevalence/incidence rates of TB to clinical diagnosis with regards to the symptomatology, radiographs, sputum microscopy, bacteriology and Mantoux test. Lastly the Mantoux test was compared with the TB ELISA test with regards to diagnosis of infection, in new and past confirmed TB cases. The first part of the survey involved the measurement of openable window area and the floor area of each Camp dwelling (to determine if ventilation was within required limits), during the administration of a household questionnaire which was designed to determine the number of occupants, rooms, income, food expenditure per household in the Camp. A personal questionnaire was administered to all Macassar Camp residents to elicit information on demography, knowledge and attitudes to TB, history of past TB, TB contacts, alcohol intake and smoking habits, occupation and BCG status. The Mantoux test were performed on consenting Camp residents in addition to the collection of 5 ml of blood for the TB ELISA tests. The Camp residents heights and weights were recorded prior to the miniature mass chest radiographs being taken. The 'TB suspects' sputa were collected for the microscopy and bacteriological examination. A review of the clinical records of TB patients in the Macassar/Stellenbosch area was also undertaken. The response rate to the household questionnaire was 60 from 63 (95,2%) dwelling units. Whereas the response rate to the personal questionnaire was 296 (80,2%). As for the Mantoux and TB ELISA tests the response rate was 209 (56,6%). Of the 60 dwelling units, 43 (71,7%) were calculated (according to . Batsons Index) to be crowded and 16 (26,7%) dwelling units had an overall ventilation of less than 5% (below the required regulation). There were significantly (p<0,005) more male than female smokers and only 78 (34,2%) of the residents regarded themselves as non-smokers. A similar trend was noted with regards to the alcohol intake of the residents, where only 86 (37,7%) regarded themselves as teetotallers, with significantly more (p=0,003) male than female alcohol consumers. Females sc6red significantly (p=0,002) better than the males with regards to TB knowledge and awareness. Only 199 (67,2%), residents indicated that they had had BeG vaccination. Of the 296 residents responding to the survey, there were 83 children aged 14 years or less. And only 74 of these children were confirmed to have been vaccinated with BeG, resulting in a 89,2% BeG coverage. Two (4,7%) of the 43 children aged 14 years or less were determined to be malnourished on the basis of Z-scores (below -2SD) taking into account height for age as well as weight for height.

Includes abstract.
Includes bibliographical references.
To determine the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in Macassar residents with persistent lower respiratory symptoms and/or asthma (PLRS and/or asthma), six years after a sulphur stockpile fire disaster.

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O presente estudo descreve os resultados obtidos a partir da aplicação da metodologia de DAF (DNA Amplification Fingerprinting; Impressão Digital da Amplificação do DNA) na discriminação de alguns acessos de feijão macassar (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) depositados em bancos de germoplasma. O estudo avaliou um total de 30 genótipos, incluindo 28 acessos de feijão macassar, um acesso de V. angularis (Willd.) Ohwi et Ohashi e um acesso de V. umbellata (Thumb.) Ohwi et Ohashi. Nove primers aleatórios (todos decâmeros) foram usados na análise, gerando em média 7,8 bandas e 5,2 bandas polimorficas por primer. A matriz de dados resultante incluiu 69 bandas analisadas com um total de 1342 caracteres. O dendrograma gerado pela análise UPGMA agrupou os acessos de caupi e das duas espécies restantes, revelando também alguns grupamentos a nível intraespecífico. As implicações da presente análise e as futuras perspectivas para o melhoramento do caupi no Brasil são discutidas no presente estudo.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
A produção de batata (Solanum tuberosum L.), no Agreste paraibano, destaca-se dentre os cultivos comerciais. No entanto, assim como as demais culturas, tem produções limitadas pela variabilidade climática e pela baixa fertilidade dos solos. A fertilidade do solo é mantida com a incorporação de esterco, que é adquirido de outras propriedades e até de outras microrregiões, elevando os custos de produção. Visando a redução dos custos e o aumento das produtividades, em especial a da batata, a ONG Assessoria e Serviços a Projetos de Tecnologia Alternativa (AS-PTA) tem divulgado o uso de compostos orgânicos e biofertilizantes entre os agricultores da região. Dentre os compostos utilizados, destacam-se o Adubo da Independência e o Supermagro. A maioria dos agricultores que utilizam estes compostos garante que eles melhoram a produção e a qualidade dos alimentos. Entretanto, não há dados publicados que comprovem tais observações, não há doses definidas para cada cultura e nem estudos dos efeitos residuais. Portanto, a realização de pesquisas sobre os efeitos destes fertilizantes na disponibilidade de nutrientes e na produtividade das culturas é de suma importânica. O trabalho constou de dois experimentos. O primeiro foi conduzido na área experimental da AS-PTA, com os seguintes objetivos: 1) estudar os efeitos da aplicação do Adubo da Independência, do Supermagro e do esterco nas produtividades e no acúmulo de nutrientes no feijão faveta (Phaseolus vulgaris L), na batata inglesa e no feijão macassar (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp); 2) verificar a melhor época de aplicação desses adubos, em relação à seqüência de culturas; e 3) avaliar os efeitos residuais das doses aplicadas. O segundo foi conduzido em casa de vegetação e teve como objetivo testar formulações do Adubo da Independência com menos ingredientes, como alternativa para reduzir o custo de confecção do adubo, mantendo as produtividades. No ensaio de campo, em 2004, não houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos com relação à produção de grãos do feijão faveta. A incorporação de esterco proporcionou maiores produtividades de batata, nos anos de 2004 e 2006 e de feijão faveta em 2005 do que a adição do Adubo da Independência e a aplicação do Supermagro. A melhor época de incorporação dos adubos orgânicos para a produção de batatas foi por ocasião de seu plantio. O Supermagro não produziu incrementos na produtividade da batata e do feijão macassar. A aplicação de 15 t ha-1 de esterco aumentou os teores de P, K extraíveis e o pH no solo dos leirões. Em casa de vegetação, a produção da cultura teste (sorgo) não foi alterada pela retirada, na formulação do Adubo da Independência, dos ingredientes: batata doce, melaço, terra de barranco, carvão vegetal, pó de telha, farinha de ossos e fermento. As formulações com materiais orgânicos resultaram em maiores biomassas e em teores e conteúdos de P e de K no sorgo superiores ou semelhantes aos das formulações apenas com ingredientes minerais

Includes bibliographical references.
Sand is a resource in high demand for urban expansion and development. Sand mining operations are often located on the edges of cities. The Macassar Dunes are an important source of building sand for the City of Cape Town. The area is located within the Cape Floral Kingdom, the smallest and richest of the six floral kingdoms of the world. The Macassar Dunes area has been identified as a core flora conservation site due to its unique habitat diversity and quality. South Africa is a developing country and this case study is used to highlight the tensions that arise between the need to provide building sand for development and the need for integrated and accountable management that allows for the sustainable functioning of natural physical and ecological processes as well as enhanced social and economic benefits for people.

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A mamona e o feijão são culturas de enorme importância econômica e social para os agricultores da região Nordeste, tendo em vista o óleo obtido das sementes de mamona ser utilizado para produção de biodiesel e o feijão macassar ser o principal alimento das populações mais pobres dessa região. Independentemente da cultura, o conhecimento da quantidade de água retirada do solo pelos vegetais é de grande interesse, principalmente, para os estudos sobre o uso de água pela cultura (evapotranspiração), como também sobre a dinâmica da absorção dos nutrientes. No entanto, existem poucas pesquisas que estudaram as transferências de água e de energia nessas culturas, principalmente, para a mamona. Sabe-se que os processos biofísicos envolvidos nas trocas de água e de energia são numerosos e complexos: transferência na zona não saturada, infiltração, extração pelo sistema radicular da planta, para o seu crescimento e manutenção, além dos fluxos turbulentos acima e dentro da cobertura vegetal, o que dificulta sua medição direta em grandes áreas, de forma contínua e num grande período de tempo. Desse modo, foram concebidos modelos que descrevem essas trocas de massa e de calor no sistema Solo-Vegetação-Atmosfera, os chamados modelos SVATs. O SiSPAT (Simple Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Transfer model) é um desses modelos e o mesmo já foi muito utilizado nas condições ambientais da Europa e da África, no entanto, nunca foi utilizado nas condições do Nordeste brasileiro. Assim sendo, este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar e simular os fluxos de água e de energia, por meio do modelo SiSPAT, numa região de brejo de altitude cultivada com mamona e feijão macassar. Os dados necessários foram obtidos numa área de 4 ha do Centro de Ciências Agrárias, da UFPB, localizada no município de Areia, PB. A área foi instrumentada com uma torre micrometeorológica automática, que permitia a estimativa dos componentes do balanço de energia, pelo método da razão de Bowen. Também foram instalados sensores para a determinação de perfis de temperatura e umidade volumétrica do solo. O modelo foi utilizado em dias representativos das fases fenológicas das culturas da mamona e do feijão macassar. Da análise de sensibilidade, verificou-se que as variáveis de saída apresentaram sensibilidades na seguinte ordem: fluxo de calor latente, evapotranspiração acumulada, fluxo de calor no solo, fluxo de calor sensível e saldo de radiação. Quanto a validação, observou-se que o SiSPAT demonstrou excelente desempenho ao simular os componentes do balanço de energia e a evapotranspiração acumulada nas diferentes fases fenológicas de ambas as culturas, nas mais variadas condições atmosféricas e de umidade do solo. O SiSPAT também simulou adequadamente as evoluções da umidade volumétrica e da temperatura do solo, em períodos com/sem precipitação pluvial

Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The goals of this study were to determine (1) the prevalence of exposure to non-sexual interpersonal violence in a random sample ru=203) of adolescents (14-20 years) from a disadvantaged, relative low socio-economic coloured community, (2) the prevalence ratio of the number of participants who were only witnesses (witnesses) versus the number who were victims (of which some might occasionally also have been witnesses) of non-sexual interpersonal violence, (3) the relationship between certain socio-demographic variables and exposure to non-sexual interpersonal violence in order to identify potential risk factors, and (4) to determine whether victims differed significantly from witnesses with regard to the incidence of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms (PTSDS) and post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) that do not meet the criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder. The sample consisted of Afrikaans-speaking coloured boys (!!=101) and girls (!!=102) between the ages of 14 and 20 years predominantly from low-income families who lived in municipal sub-economic housing, and who attended two high schools in Macassar. The measuring instruments comprised a customised socio-demograhpic questionnaire, the Child Exposure to Community Violence Scale which measures exposure to non-sexual interpersonal violence as witnesses and victims and the Child and Adolescent PTSD Checklist to assess the incidence ofPTSDS and PTSS. In order to identify potential risk factors for exposure to violence, the relationship between , exposure to violence and the socio-demographic variables of age, gender and presence/absence of a parent as primary caretaker was investigated. It was found that all participants were exposed to non-sexual interpersonal violence as either witnesses (37.9%) or victims (62.1 %). In contrast to findings of other studies, the majority of participants were victims themselves and not only witnesses. Older adolescents (17-20 years) were, in comparison with younger ones (14-16 years), significantly more exposed to non-sexual interpersonal violence as both witnesses and as victims. Older adolescents were thus more at risk for exposure to interpersonal violence. No statistically significant relationship was found between exposure to non-sexual interpersonal violence, either as witness or as victim, and the variables of gender and presence or absence of a parent as a pnmary caregiver. The incidence of reported PTSDS and PTSS, which was significantly related to exposure to non-sexual interpersonal violence, was relatively high. Thirty adolescents (15%) met the diagnostic criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder, 131 (65%) presented with one or more prominent PTSDS and a further 186 (90%) reported PTSS. Victims reported significantly more PTSS than witnesses.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doelstellings van hierdie studie was om (1) die voorkoms van blootstelling aan nieseksuele interpersoonlike geweld by 'n ewekansige steekproef Ct:l:=203) adolessente (14 tot 20 jaar oud) van twee plaaslike hoërskole in 'n benadeelde, relatief lae sosio-ekonomiese Kleurlinggemeenskap te bepaal, (2) die voorkomsratio van die aantal deelnemers wat slegs waarnemers was (waarnemers) versus die aantal wat slagoffers was (van wie sommige per geleentheid ook waarnemers kon gewees het) van nie-seksuele interpersoonlike geweld te bepaal, (3) die verband tussen sekere sosio-demografiese veranderlikes en blootstelling aan nie-seksuele interpersoonlike geweld te bepaal ten einde potensiële risiko-faktore te identifiseer, en (4) om vas te stelof waarnemers beduidend van slagoffers verskil het ten opsigte van die voorkoms van post-traumatiese-stresversteuring-simptome (PTSVS) en post-traumatiese-stres-simptome (PTSS) wat nie voldoen aan die kriteria van posttraumatiese- stresversteuring nie. Die steekproef het bestaan uit Afrikaanssprekende kleurlingseuns (n= 101) en -dogters (n=102) tussen 14 en 20 jaar oud uit oorwegend lae-inkomste gesinne in sub-ekonomiese munisipale behuising en wat leerders was aan twee hoërskole in Macassar. Die meetinstrumente het 'n doelmatige sosio-demografiese vraelys, die Child Exposure to Community Violence Scale om blootstelling aan nie-seksuele interpersoonlike geweld as waarnemers en as slagoffers te meet, en die Child Adolescent PTSD Checklist om die voorkoms van PTSVS en PTSS te bepaal, ingesluit. Ten einde potensiële risiko-faktore vir blootstelling aan geweld te identifiseer, is die verband tussen blootstelling aan geweld en die sosio-demografiese veranderlikes van ouderdom, geslag en die teenwoordigheid/afwesigheid van 'n ouer as pimêre versorger ondersoek. Daar is bevind dat al die deelnemers, hetsy as waarnemers (37.9%) of slagoffers (62.1 %), aan nie-seksuele interpersoonlike geweld blootgestel was. In teenstelling met die bevindings van ander studies was die meerderheid van die deelnemers self slagoffers van geweld en nie net waarnemers daarvan nie. Ouer adolessente (17-20 jaar) was, in vergelyking met jongeres (14 tot 16 jaar), beduidend meer aan interpersoonlike geweld, beide as waarnemers en as slagoffers, blootgestel. Ouer adolessente was dus 'n hoër risikogroep vir blootstelling aan interpersoonlike geweld. Geen statisties beduidende verband is tussen die veranderlikes van geslag en die teenwoordigheid van 'n ouer as primêre versorger en blootstelling aan nie-seksuele interpersoonlike geweld as óf slegs waarnemer óf slagoffer gevind nie. Die voorkoms van gerapporteerde PTSVS en PTSS, wat 'n beduidende verband met blootstelling aan nie-seksuele interpersoonlike geweld getoon het, was relatief hoog. Dertig adolessente (15%) het voldoen aan die diagnostiese kriteria van post-traumatiese stresversteuring, 131 (65%) het met een of meer prominente PTSVS gepresenteer en 'n verdere 186 (90%) het PTSS gerapporteer. Slagoffers het beduidend meer PTSVS en PTSS as waarnemers gerapporteer.

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Para avaliar efeitos dos tratamentos hidrotérmicos sobre a formação de amido resistente no feijão macassar verde e seco, as amostras in natura foram caracterizadas quanto a composição centesimal, amido resistente, amilose/amilopectina, difração de raio-X e microscopia e posteriormente submetida a tratamentos hidrotérmicos com e sem pressão seguido do congelamento por 15 e 30 dias. As respostas fisiológicas foram obtidas por fermentação in vitro seguida da contagem de lactobacilos e ácidos graxos de cadeia curta (AGCC) por cromatografia gasosa e o índice glicêmico (IG) foi calculado a partir da hidrólise enzimática do amido. Segundo os resultados o feijão verde diferiu do seco quanto ao superior teor de açúcares , fibras solúveis e reduzido percentual de amido total; e ao padrão de cristalinidade;dos tratamentos hidrotérmicos a maior formação de AR foi evidenciada no feijão seco após cocção sem pressão e armazenamento por 30 dias sob congelação; a fermentação do amido dos feijões verde e seco propiciou maior crescimento bacteriano e maior produção de AGCC, respectivamente e ambos apresentaram elevados IG. Conclui-se que: as características dos grânulos de amido exceto o aspecto morfológico são influenciadas pelo estádio de maturação; o teor de AR é modificado pelo tipo de processo térmico, tempo e temperatura de armazenamento; AR exerce efeitos prebióticos que beneficiam o metabolismo intestinal

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O feijão-caupi [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] é uma importante cultura para a economia e nutrição dos povos de países em desenvolvimento, em especial para a população do Nordeste brasileiro. Apesar da sua capacidade de cultivo nas mais diversas condições de solo e clima (rusticidade), é uma cultura que ainda sofre com grandes perdas de produção devido a danos causados por fatores bióticos e abióticos. A salinização de solos, fenômeno originado em parte pelo manejo incorreto do solo e irrigação, cresce e afeta, principalmente, as zonas áridas e semi-áridas do globo, sendo um dos maiores limitantes da expansão do cultivo do feijão-caupi nessas áreas. Devido a seu alto potencial produtivo, nutricional e variabilidade genética, se apresenta como promissor material para programas de melhoramento genético. Novas ferramentas e abordagens não-convencionais no melhoramento vegetal (marcadores moleculares, mutagêneses, etc.) podem auxiliar o processo de obtenção de novas cultivares. O presente trabalho avaliou indução de mutação via radiação gama e a seleção in vivo e in vitro em V. unguiculata cv. IPA 206, visando tolerância à salinidade (NaCl). Os resultados do trabalho mostraram que a dose de 258 mM foi identificada como ideal para a seleção in vitro, permitindo selecionar 12 plantas tolerantes em 3000 sementes inoculadas. Na seleção in vivo foi possível identificar quatro plantas tolerantes à concentração de 60 mM de NaCl. Tais resultados atestam que a indução de mutação, em especial a utilização de raios gama, aliada às técnicas de cultivo e seleção in vitro ou in vivo podem gerar plantas com novas características agronômicas de grande interesse em feijão-caupi

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas
This study aimed to determine the period of Weed on three cultivars of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) in floodplain in the State of Amazonas. The sowing of cowpea was in October 2007 in the conventional system. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replications, arranged in subplots. The plots consisted of eleven periods of coexistence between cowpea and weeds at 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56, 63 and 70 days after sowing, after these periods, weeds were removed weekly.. Subplots were placed cultivars EV x 91-2E-2, IPEAN V69 e BR8 Caldeirão. The interference of weeds throughout the life cycle of cowpea reduced the final stand, the number of pods per plant, weight of 1000 grains. The yield of genotypes EV x 91-2E-2, BR8 Caldeirão, IPEAN V69, was reduced by 59,78; 68,18 and 90.18% respectively. The period before the interference was 0 to 5 days after sowing for the cultivar BR IPEAN V69 while for the cultivars BR8 Caldeirão and EV x 91-2E-2 was 6 and 7 of, respectively.
Este trabalho teve o objetivo de determinar o período de convivência das plantas daninhas com três genótipos de feijão-caupi (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) em solo de várzea no Estado do Amazonas. A semeadura do feijão-caupi foi em outubro de 2007 no sistema convencional. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições, arranjados em subparcelas. As parcelas foram constituídas por onze períodos de convivência entre o feijão-caupi e as plantas daninhas de 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56, 63 e 70 dias após sua semeadura, depois desses períodos, as plantas daninhas foram eliminadas semanalmente por capina. Nas subparcelas foram colocados os genótipos EV x 91-2E-2, IPEAN V69 e BR8 Caldeirão. A interferência das plantas daninhas durante todo o ciclo de vida do feijão-caupi reduziu o estande final, o número de vagens por planta, o peso de 1000 grãos. A produtividade dos genótipos EV x 91-2E-2, BR8 Caldeirão, BR IPEAN V69 foi reduzida em 59,78; 68,18 e 90,18%, respectivamente. O Período anterior a interferência foi de 0 a 5 dias após a semeadura para o cultivar IPEAN V69. Para os genótipos BR8 Caldeirão e EV x 91-2E-2 foi 0 a 6 e 7 DAS, respectivamente.

This study uses sense of place and adaptive co-management theories to present acomparative analysis of co-management arrangements at Macassar Dunes Nature Reserve, CapeTown, and to broadly investigate the role of ‘place’ in ‘co-management’. Methods involved in-depthinterviews with members of the main co-management body, the Macassar Dunes Co-managementAuthority, to determine their perceptions of ‘bridges’ and ‘barriers’ to co-management, and ‘placemeanings’. Open-coding of these perceptions was based on analytical frameworks taken from the‘faces’ of co-management (Berkes, 2009), and from sense of place theory, including place-making andpolitics of place. This comparative analyses show adaptive co-management relates more to comanagementof processes and sense of place theory inherently relates to co-management of- and inplace.I conclude adaptive co-management theory problematically incorporates ‘place’ into comanagementunderstandings, and thus greater incorporation of place meanings in theory andpractice could inform increased understanding of conflict in co-management arrangements, such asthose presented at Macassar Dunes.

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A resposta de cultivares locais de caupi à inoculação com estirpes de rizóbios recomendadas pelas instituições de pesquisa e extensão, ainda não está bem estabelecida. Quatro estirpes rizobianas (BR2001, BR3267, EI6 e NFB700) foram avaliadas em seis cultivares (Sedinha, Corujinha, Canapu, Sempre verde, Azul e IPA-206) tradicionalmente plantadas no Agreste Paraibano. Num experimento conduzido em casa de vegetação foram usados vasos de Leonard, com substrato estéril e as plantas, colhidas 40 dias após germinação. BR 3267 e BR 2001 foram as estirpes mais efetivas com todas as variedades, resultando em nodulação, teores e conteúdos de N maiores que os obtidos com EI 6 e NFB 700. Entretanto, quanto à biomassa das plantas, só BR 2001 diferiu significativamente das duas últimas estirpes. NFB 700 e EI 6 apresentaram efeitos positivos apenas com Sedinha e em relação a duas variáveis: número de nódulos e biomassa de parte aérea. IPA-206 não nodulou com EI 6 e mostrou os mais baixos valores de biomassa, teores e conteúdos de N. Em geral, Sempre Verde e Sedinha foram as variedades com os melhores resultados, destacando-se Sempre Verde com boas respostas a inoculação com todas as estirpes

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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
The semiarid region is characterized to show hydric deficit, high temperature and soil with salinity problem that may affect productivity of many cultivated species. The cowpea legume (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.), have capacity to develop satisfactorily in these conditions due to its rusticity, resistance to soil salinity and to be beneficiated by the process of biological nitrogen fixation, realized by bacteria in a general sense known as rhizobia. The present work aims to estimate the diversity of cowpea rhizobia isolated from semiarid soils, by morphological characteristics; test track at high pH and salinity and select the individual that may be promising to fix nitrogen in cowpea. Results showed that takeoff of native vegetation and the establishment of monoculture crop has fundamental importance on reduction of the diversity of the cowpea rhizobia bacteria. Areas without vegetation or cropped with atriplex present low diversity, evaluated by the Margalef index, and low grade of equitability and species richness. The bacteria were more predisposed to support extreme conditions of pH in relation to sodicity and salinity, and sodicity was more detrimental in the development of bacteria. The strain NFB/REN-40 has a good potential for biological fixation of N2 in the culture of cowpea.
A região semi-árida, que se caracteriza por apresentar déficit hídrico, temperaturas elevadas e solos com problemas de salinidade, limitações estas, que afetam a produtividade da maioria das espécies cultivadas. O feijão caupi (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) possui capacidade de se desenvolver satisfatoriamente nessas condições o que se deve a sua rusticidade, resistência a problemas de salinidade do solo, e também por ser capaz de se beneficiar da fixação biológica de nitrogênio, quando em associação com bactérias chamadas coletivamente de rizóbio. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo estimar a diversidade de grupos de rizóbios através de características morfofisiológicas de rizóbios de caupi, cultivado em solos do semi-árido nordestino; testar em faixas elevadas de pH e salinidade e selecionar os isolados que possam ser promissoras em fixar nitrogênio em caupi. De acordo com os resultados obtidos pode-se inferir que a retirada da vegetação nativa e monoculturas exercem importância fundamental na diminuição da diversidade de rizóbios capazes de nodular o feijão caupi, os fragmentos de área sem cobertura vegetal e com plantio de atriplex apresentaram os menores índices de diversidade para Margalef, menores graus de equitabilidade e baixa riqueza de espécies, com relação à área teste ocupada por vegetação hiperxerofila. As bactérias tiveram maior predisposição emsuportar condições extremas de pH em relação à sodicidade e salinidade, e sodicidade foi mais prejudicial no desenvolvimento das bactérias. A estirpe NFB/REN-40 demonstrou um bom potencial para fixação biológica de N2 na cultura do feijão-caupi.

This study has set out to investigate unresolved issues regarding the chronology, nature, and subsequent impacts from culture contacts between South East Asian maritime communities, Europeans, and northern Australian Indigenous populations. These issues include the question of whether there is archaeological evidence for pre-Macassan visitation in north western Arnhem Land. Therefore an important aim included assessing whether it is possible to measure the level of interaction and impact the trepang industry and later European economies had on local Indigenous communities through the investigation of the archaeological record from the Wellington Ranges, coastal region of Anuru Bay, and South Goulburn Island. Within the scope of this aim, it was important to re-assess and radiocarbon date the well-known Malara (Anuru Bay A) trepang processing site in order to gain a greater understanding of the intensity and frequency of Macassan (and possibly pre-Macassan) occupation, trepang processing, and contact with Aboriginal people. The results of this study support a longer timeframe of culture contact occurring from the early to mid-17th Century with a proliferation in the Macassan trepang processing industry from the mid-1700s.The study also aimed to investigate the complexity of change in Indigenous society during the culture contact period through documentation and analysis of the Indigenous archaeological record (material culture, rock art assemblages) at the Malarrak, Djulirri, and Maliwawa rockshelter complexes in the Wellington Range. This involved an examination of the spatial distribution of Indigenous rock art and archaeological sites to assess changes in residential mobility (both local and regional), resource utilisation, and impacts on Indigenous customary trade and exchange. A particular focus of this study analysed changes in Indigenous rock art production within western Arnhem Land that occurred during the culture contact period. This archaeological evidence has also been evaluated in conjunction with historical, ethnographic, linguistic, and anthropological records. The changes that occurred in Indigenous society accompanied by culture contact have been assessed using the Indigenous hybrid economy model developed by Altman (2006). This thesis argues that the archaeological evidence (i.e. occurrence of beads, rock art paintings of firearms and ships) establishes the presence of an operating hybrid economy between Indigenous people, Europeans, and Macassans. The operation of the hybrid economy allowed for Indigenous people to negotiate and interact with others based on customary law and tradition to influence the outcomes in these exchanges, such as allowing others to be on their country and to utilise their resources (i.e. trepang, buffalo). Building on Mitchell (1994) and Clarke's (1994) models of culture contact, this study proposes that western Arnhem Land culture contact proceeds and then transforms during five significant temporal phases consisting of (a) pre-Macassan, (b) Macassan, (c) Colonial, (d) Mission, and (e) Welfare economic periods.

During the sixteenth century, tens of thousands of people in the region which the Europeans called Maluku embraced Christianity. Contemporary writers of both secular and mission chronicles celebrated this Christianisation as the work of Europeans, both colonial administrators and missionaries, who had won over the converts by persuasion, by godly attributes, and by military prowess. Though always focussed on European actors, these chroniclers also expected indigenous rulers to play a role in conversion. These kings and chiefs, once they had been persuaded by captains or missionaries to become Christians themselves, were understood to have the power to bring their subjects with them into the new faith in an effortless top-down process. Consequently, religious change was often reported as instances of passive and rather superficial 'mass conversion.' This representation of early Christianisation in Maluku has persisted in texts as divergent as reports written by seventeenth-century Dutch ministers, twentieth-century Catholic mission histories, and more recent works by secular scholars. During the past four decades, thousands of pages of contemporary letters and reports composed by colonial authorities, Portuguese merchants, and Jesuit missionaries have been published by the Portuguese Government and the Society of Jesus. Careful, critical reading of these primary source materials reveals that the Europe-centric view of conversion in sixteenth-century Maluku is mostly erroneous. In actuality, religious change in the region occurred as a consequence of an indigenous-driven mission effort. Interest in Christianity originated with indigenous people, not with Europeans, and not with missionaries once they arrived. Local individuals actively sought out opportunities to explore and embrace the new faith. They then aggressively attempted to draw Christian influence into their lands. Jesuit missionaries in Maluku served as appendages to the local mission effort, frequently told where they would labour and whom they would visit. In some instances, missionaries and other Europeans found themselves either held against their will or even traded like exotic goods. Although conversion to Christianity often generated strong opposition, it never occurred as the result of outside pressure. When faced with threats and intimidation from others, indigenous Christians stubbornly maintained the ability to act for themselves, in many cases prodding the Portuguese colonial apparatus to wield its power in support of Christian communities. Though religious change often appeared to be a mass movement, with villages or particular ethnic groups converting in totality, this was never the case. Conversion remained an individual act, resulting in a religiously diverse landscape. Despite persistent Portuguese expectations that mass conversion to Christianity in Maluku should occur as a consequence of the power of Christian rulers over their people, kings and chiefs who did convert lacked both the power and the will to impose a new faith on their subjects.