Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Mabarn'

Indigenous Australians are currently hospitalised for mental health disorders at significantly higher rates than members of the non-Indigenous population. In this context, the development of effective Indigenous mental health service delivery models in remote, rural and urban areas continues to be a national priority. Traditional forms of healing are fundamental to Indigenous societies across Australia. Anthropologists, linguists, psychiatrists, psychologists, psycho-analysists and Indigenous healers themselves have recorded and discussed many localised traditions of healing over the last 100 years. This paper presents an overview of this significant Australian heritage and proposes that the challenges which face mental health service delivery within many Indigenous communities may be addressed in part through the recognition of the intellectual, religious and therapeutic bases of Indigenous healing traditions.

Cette thèse porte sur le maba, une langue nilo-saharienne du groupe maban, parlée à l’Est du Tchad par quelques 300.000 locuteurs. Cette langue est très peu décrite, et nous avons tenté de faire ressortir les caractéristiques phonologiques et morphosyntaxiques de la langue.Dans un premier temps, nous avons décrit l’inventaire des phonèmes ainsi que la formation des mots. Puis nous avons abordé le système nominal, c’est-à-dire le nom, les déterminants du nom ainsi que le constituant nominal. L’une des particularités du maba sont les coverbes, lexèmes actualisés soit à l’aide d’un morphème nominal ou d’un verbe support. Nous avons traité le système verbal, décrivant la morphologie du verbe ainsi que les TAM et les opérations de modifications de la valence. Nous nous sommes attachée à décrire les propositions complexes, qu’elles soient complétives ou adverbiales, subordonnées, coordonnées ou juxtaposées. L’un des points saillants du système est la fréquence de l’emploi des converbes, formes verbales non finies, dans le discours. Pour terminer la description, nous nous sommes attardée sur le discours, mettant en évidence quelques mécanismes de focalisation et de topicalisation, et revenant sur le discours rapporté.L’une des traits caractéristiques de la langue est la complexité du nombre, tant nominal que ver-bal, ceci étant une particularité des langues nilo-sahariennes de façon générale. Le marquage du nom-bre est morphologique – suffixation, ou syntaxique – indiqué par l’accord entre le nom et ses dépen-dants, le nom et le verbe ou le verbe et l’objet
This thesis concerns Maba, a Nilo-Saharan language from the Maban group, spoken by some 300,000 speakers in Eastern Chad. The language has been very little studied up to now, and my aim in this thesis has been to research and describe its phonological and morphological characteristics.I begin by describing the phoneme inventory and the rules governing word formation. This is followed by a consideration of the nominal system, including sections on the noun, the noun determi-nants and the noun phrase. One of the points of special interest in the language is the use of co-verbs. Co-verbs are lexemes which are accompanied either by a nominal morpheme or by a support verb. The thesis continues with a description of the verbal system, including the verb morphology, the TAM sys-tem and modifications in valency. This is followed by a discussion of complex clauses, including com-pletive and adverbial clauses, subordinate clauses, and coordinate and juxtaposed clauses. Then the discussion returns to the co-verbs, examining the frequency of use of the ‘non-finished’ verb form in the discourse. To close the description, we look at other aspects of discourse, showing some topicalisa-tion and focalisation mechanisms, and finishing with reported speech.One of the characteristics of the language which is featured in this thesis is the complexity of number, be it nominal or verbal number. This complexity is a particularity of Nilo-Saharan languages as a whole. Number is marked morphologically, by suffixation, or syntactically, by concord between the noun and its dependants, the noun and the verb or the verb and the object

This study analyses a northern-Sotho publication of the Berlin Mission Church, namely, the Thsupa Mabaka a Kereke. It is particularly concerned with the similarities and differences in the approaches the German missionary producers of the publication have taken in the selection, reproduction and utilization of photographs of South Africans and Germans. The focus is on the 1930s, the decade during which the publication first came into existence; the decade during which National Socialism was implemented in Germany and a period in which black South Africans were negotiating the challenges of both the British colonial world and growing Afrikaner nationalism. The focus of the study is to investigate the history that shaped the perceptions of class and gender where different racial groups were concerned. It studies how inequality was communicated in missionary photography. The aim of this study is to gauge whether the representations of African people in the Thsupa Mabaka a Kereke bear any relation to those of German missionaries. It further explores how the depictions are connected to the context of the time and the perceptions of the people in the separate communities. It investigates the influence of the images in promoting imperialist activity, their influence in encouraging modernity and, essentially, their role and purpose as tool of communication with the congregations of the Berlin Mission Church. Certain stereotypes and inequality in the representation of the different races, classes and genders will be investigated and problematized where necessary.
Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2019.
DAAD/NRF
Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
Visual Arts
MA
Unrestricted

Happiness (sa'a>dah) materializes as the ultimate goal of man in Abu> Nas}r Muh{ammad b. Muh{ammad b. T{arkha>n al- Fa>ra>bi>'s Maba>di' A' Ahl Al-Madi>na Al-Fa>d}ila (Principles of the Views of the Citizens of the Best State). But happiness, i.e., happiness in this life and happiness in the afterlife, is only attainable by the virtuous citizen. The prevailing academic vision of Fa>ra>bi>'s Virtuous City essentially can be placed into two categories: either it is an ideal as found in Plato's Republic or it is an actual city that has been founded or will be established at some time in the future. The difficulty with both of these interpretations is that they limit who can attain happiness. I will argue that we must examine Fa>ra>bi>'s Virtuous City in a different light. I will show that Fa>ra>bi>'s Virtuous City is comparable to the Plotinian World Soul in which it is the genus of all souls and it is the place to which all souls strive to return, and there attain happiness. As a result, it can be argued that Fa>ra>bi>'s Virtuous City is a city that exists in the intelligible world; it contains both citizens that reside within the city and citizens that reside in the material world. Through a comparison of Fa>ra>bi>'s Virtuous City with the Plotinian World Soul, we shall see that Fa>ra>bi>'s Virtuous City is not unlike Aurelius Augustine's City of God, which is also a city that exists in the intelligible world, and has citizens within both this city and here on earth. By comparing the relevant texts of Plotinus, Augustine, and Fa>ra>bi>, it becomes possible to illustrate how Fa>ra>bi>, like Augustine, utilized the Plotinian Triple Hypostases (The One, Nous, and the World Soul) in order to answer the ultimate questions: Why does man desire happiness? How does man attain this happiness? And most importantly, where can man attain this happiness?
Fa>ra>bi> tells us that only virtuous citizens will achieve happiness. This leaves us with unanswered questions. If all souls derive from the Virtuous City, then why do they not all return? What defines a virtuous citizen? How does one become a virtuous citizen? These are questions that must be answered in the material world, by us, Fa>ra>bi>'s readers. Fa>ra>bi>'s Al-Madi>na Al-Fa>d}ila, like Augustine's De Civitate Dei, clearly outlines a specific system of knowledge and a specific way of life; in this way, both Fa>ra>bi> and Augustine provide the criteria by which human beings can become virtuous citizens and citizens of the City of God. Plotinus' concept of the undescended soul may also provide us with another way of looking at these virtuous citizens and citizens of the City of God, in that these citizens become aware of the higher part of their soul and assimilate themselves to the intelligible world. These citizens must live in the material world, i.e., in the non-virtuous cities and the City of Man, but they too can be citizens of those cities that exist in the intelligible world. Fa>ra>bi> and Augustine leave us with a choice to make: of which city will we become citizens?
Le bonheur (sa'a>dah) apparaît comme l'objectif ultime de l'homme dans (Maba>di' A' Ahl Al-Madi>na Al-Fa>d}ila) Idées des habitants de la cité vertueuse de Muh{ammad b. Muh{ammad b. T{arkha>n al-Fa>ra>bi>. Mais le bonheur, c.-à-d., le bonheur dans cette vie et le bonheur dans la vie après la mort, est seulement possible pour le citoyen vertueux. La vision courante de la cité vertueuse de Fa>ra>bi> propose essentiellement seulement deux catégories: ou c'est un idéal comme trouvé dans Le République de Platon ou c'est une cité réelle qui a été fondée ou qui sera établie à un moment donné dans l'avenir. La difficulté avec tous les deux interprétations est qu'ils limitent le nombre dé ceux qui peuvent atteindre le bonheur. Pour cette raison, je soutiendrai que nous devons examiner la cité vertueuse de Fa>ra>bi> dans une lumière différente. Je montrerai que la cité vertueuse de Fa>ra>bi> est comparable à l'âme du monde de Plotinus dans laquelle c'est le genre de toutes les âmes et c'est l'endroit auquel toutes les âmes tâchent de rentrer: l'atteindre fait le bonheur. Ainsi, on peut soutenir que la cité vertueuse de Fa>ra>bi> est une cité qui existe dans le monde intelligible; elle contient à la fois les citoyens qui résident dans la cité et aussi les citoyens qui résident dans le monde matériel. Par une comparaison de la cité vertueuse de Fa>ra>bi> avec l'âme du monde de Plotinus nous verrons que la cité vertueuse de Fa>ra>bi> n'est pas différente de la cité de Dieu de Aurelius Augustine; ça aussi est une cité qui existe dans le monde intelligible, et qui a des citoyens et dans cette cité et ici sur terre. En comparant les texts justicatifs de Plotinus, Augustine, et Fa>ra>bi>, il devient possible d'illustrer comment Fa>ra>bi>, comme Augustine, a utilisé les Hypostases Triples de Plotinus (L'un, Nous, et L'âme du monde) afin de répondre aux questions finales: Pourquoi l'homme désire-t-il le bonheur? Com
Fa>ra>bi> nous indique que seulement les citoyens vertueux réaliseront le bonheur. Ceci nous laisse avec des questions sans réponse. Si toutes les âmes dérivent de la cité vertueuse, alors pourquoi ne font-elles pas toutes le retour? Que définit un citoyen vertueux? Comment fait un devenu un citoyen vertueux? Ce sont ces questions qui doivent être adressées dans le monde matériel, par nous, les lecteurs de Fa>ra>bi>. Al-Madi>na Al-Fa>d}ila de Fa>ra>bi>, comme De Civitate Dei de Augustine, décrit clairement un système spécifique de la connaissance et une mode de vie spécifique; dans cette façon, Fa>ra>bi> et Augustine fournissent les critères par lesquels les êtres humains peuvent devenir les citoyens vertueux et les citoyens de la cité de Dieu. Le concept de l'âme non descendue de Plotinus peut-être nous fournit une autre façon ère de regarder ces citoyens vertueux et ces citoyens de la cité de Dieu, par laquelle, ces citoyens se rendent compte de la partie plus élevée de leur âme et s'assimilent au monde intelligible. Ces citoyens doivent vivre dans le monde matériel, c.-à-d., dans les cités non-vertueuses et la cité de l'homme, mais ils peuvent eux aussi être les citoyens de cette cité qui existent dans le monde intelligible. Fa>ra>bi> et Augustine nous donnent un choix á faire: de quelle cité devenons-môns des citoyens? fr

Intergenerational research aims to promote greater understanding and respect between generations and contribute to building more cohesive communities. Intergenerational relationships form part of our social make–up as they affect social interactions, the use of local spaces, opportunities to take part in public life on an equal basis with others, the degree to which people participate in community life as well as efforts to improve such life. Research indicates that what matters most for young adults and older people is the quality of the interactions taking place between them. Very little is known about the nature of the intergenerational relationships between young adults and older people in an African context. The aim of the study was therefore to explore the intergenerational relationships between young adults and older people in a rural African community. A qualitative research method was used in the study. Two groups of participants were selected though availability sampling method. The group consisted of 11 male participants between 20 to 35 years of age, 6 participants were over the age of 60 (one male and five female). The younger participants were asked to make visual representations of how they perceive the older generation by means of using the Mmogo–method. After the younger participants described their visual representations, the older participants were asked to reflect on the descriptions given by the younger participants. The older people assumed an active listening position while the young adults shared their representations. Informal group discussion was used to facilitate a process of sharing and comparing of perceptions among the participants. The data obtained from the group discussions and applying the Mmogomethod were analysed on the basis of thematic and visual analysis. The trustworthiness of the study was ensured through crystallisation. The results indicate that the relationships between young adults and older people consist of the ambivalent perceptions of the young adults and mostly extreme negative perceptions of older people. As a result, the relationships between the young and old generations seem to be dissatisfying for both generations. Both young and old discover essential tensions in the relationships they create and sustain across generations. Intergenerational tensions may not be so easily identified or concretely observable in everyday behaviour, attitudes, and emotions. But, consistent with the dialectical framework, it is part of all intergenerational relationships at some level. Identifying these underlying tensions is important so that we do not glorify or idealise the interactions of young and old whenever and wherever they occur. Solidarity is not the only outcome of intergenerational relationships; ambivalence as well as conflict is a part of the theory that has often been neglected. In view ofthe importance of intergenerational relationships between the young adults and the older people, intergenerational interventions should be planned to promote the effective negotiation of intergenerational relationships between older persons and the younger generation.
Thesis (M.A. (Research Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
O problema da tuberculose no Brasil, reflete o desenvolvimento social do país, onde novas causas concorrem para o agravamento, como a epidemia de AIDS e também a multiresistência às drogas. Portanto, torna-se necessária a busca de novas alternativas terapêuticas, como a utilização de novos princípios ativos sintéticos e/ou extraídos de plantas. Em muitas partes do Brasil, existe uma rica tradição no uso de plantas medicinais para a cura de várias doenças infecciosas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo a pesquisa de metabólitos secundários bioativos de fungos endofíticos de plantas do cerrado, com atividade contra o Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Este trabalho faz parte do projeto temático “Conservação, Sustentabilidade e Uso de Plantas do Cerrado e da Mata Atlântica: Diversidade Química e Prospecção de Drogas em Potencial” dentro da linha de pesquisa “Bioprospecção em Fungos Endofíticos de Espécies Vegetais do Cerrado e da Mata Atlântica’. Neste estudo, a partir de 3 plantas do Cerrado, foram isolados 11 fungos endofíticos e destes obtidos 16 extratos brutos e 1 substância pura. A atividade anti- M. tuberculosis, foi determinada empregando o MABA, determinando a concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) de composto necessária para inibir a multiplicação de 90% das células micobacterinas. Dos 17 extratos brutos testados 3 apresentaram CIM > 250 µg/mL (17,6%), em 7 o valor de CIM foi de 250 µg/mL (41,2%), em 3 de 125 µg/mL (17,6%), em 2 de 62,5 µg/mL (11,8 %) e em outros 2 de 31,25 µg/mL (11,8%). A substância purificada, identificada como ácido pirenochaético, apresentou excelente atividade antimicobacteriana, com valor de CIM de 3,9 µg/mL. O estudo revelou atividade anti- M. tuberculosis promissora em 7 extratos brutos testados (41,2%), e na substância pura.
The tuberculosis in Brazil shows the social development problem in the country, as there are several new causes increasing the numbers, like HIV epidemic and the drugs multi-resistance. Therefore it’s necessary the research of alternative therapies as the use of new synthetic compounds and plant extracts. In most parts of Brazil, there is the tradition in the use of medical plants to the cure of various infectious diseases. The objective of this work was to research of bioactive secondary metabolites from endophytic fungi of “Cerrado” plants active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This work is part of the thematic project “Conservation, Sustentability and the Use of “Cerrado” Plants and from Atlantic Forest: Chemistry Diversity and Drugs Potential Prospecting” inside the research line “Bioprospection in Endophytic Fungi from Vegetable Species of “Cerrado” and Atlantic Forest”. From 3 plants of “Cerrado”, was isolated 11 endophytic fungi and from this, was obtained 16 crude extracts and 1 pure substance. The activity against M. tuberculosis was determined using the MABA, finding the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the drug necessary to inhibit the multiplication of 90% of bacillary growth. From 17 crude extracts tested, 3 showed MIC >250 μg/mL (17.6%), in 7, the MIC value was of 250 μg/mL (41.2%), in 3 of 125 μg/mL (17.6%), in 2 of 62.5μg/mL (11.8%) and in the last 2 was of 31.25 μg/mL (11.8%). The purified fraction, identified as pirenochaetic acid presented excellent activity against M. tuberculosis with MIC value of 3.9μg/mL. The study showed promising activity against M. tuberculosis in 7 crude extracts tested (41.2%) and at the pure substance.

The degradation intermediates of NPEOs surfactants (NP and short chain NPEOs) are of growing concern in environmental studies. These intermediates, recognised as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), are more toxic and refractory than their parent compounds. Their formation is assisted by anaerobic process, while their further breakdown to less harmful compounds is more easily achieved in aerobic environments. In this study, an hybrid MABR was exploited to completely degrade NPEOs, based on the concept of a multi-layered biofilm in the MABR that permits a simultaneous anaerobic-aerobic process to occur in a single reactor. This is the first study conducted on NPEOs biodegradation in an MABR. Batch microcosm experiments were conducted primarily to simulate NPEOs biodegradation behaviour in the MABR. The results showed that NPEOs removal was improved in a simultaneous anaerobic-aerobic system, as compared to a fully anaerobic system. A microporous polypropylene membrane with a non-woven polypropylene scrim heat-sealed to the surface was then used as an aeration device and biofilm support in a flat sheet MABR. Under steady state conditions (NPEOave9 surface loading of 0.49 g/m2.d; at 48 hr HRT), the reactor achieved an excellent removal of NPEOs (up to >99%) and organics in terms of COD (up to 93%). The disruption of MABR performance was less pronounced under hydraulic shock loads (reduced HRT) compared to organic shock loads (increased NPEOave9 concentration), and this was postulated to be due to improved NPEOave9 mass transfer into the biofilm. Despite the slow MABR recovery from shock loads, a stable NPEOs removal of more than 95% was achievable after the recovery periods. Based on HPLC-UV and GC-MS analyses, the EO units of NPEOave9 were sequentially shortened (commonly via a nonoxidative pathway) over 500 days of operation to the major intermediate of NPEO1. Nevertheless, complete removal of NPEO1 was unsatisfactory, and more work needs to be done to optimise and investigate the role of the aerobic layer in degrading the compound. Nevertheless, this study has shown that the MABR is very reliable for the removal of both COD and NPEOs under long term operation, and the presence of toxic intermediates did not appear to inhibit overall reactor performance.

This membrane aerated biofilm reactor (MABR) pilot project was performed at Ekeby wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Eskilstuna, Sweden. This plant is facing a future challenge of effluent TN < 10mg/L according to the new standard and the growing population, where higher treatment capacity is needed. The MABR as a newly invented technology, is chosen as a promising countermeasure towards the challenge, because of the simultaneous nitrification and denitrification of this technology. By the time of reporting, this project is still on-going, and more information will be reported later in separate report. The feed water comes from the secondary clarifier of full-scale plant. Dissolved oxygen (DO), processing air and flow rate was manually controlled to test different operational settings. However, there were a lot challenges during the testing period which makes it hard to evaluate the performance of this pilot. The ammonium removal efficiency is satisfying when the pilot was running smoothly. However, the TN removal efficiency did not comply with the expectation, achieved in average of 39,01%, due to the limitation of readily bio-degradable COD (rbCOD), which is a limitation of the biological process in general and is not specific to MABR. This technology is considered as promising by the end of the current testing period, since it can oxidize the ammonium effectively with smaller volume.
Detta pilotprojekt med membranluftad biofilmreaktor (MABR) utfördes på Ekeby avloppsreningsverk i Eskilstuna, Sverige. Denna anläggning står inför en framtida utmaning med utflöde-TN <10 mg / L enligt den nya standarden och den växande befolkningen, där högre behandlingskapacitet behövs. MABR som nyutvecklad teknik, väljs som en lovande motåtgärd för utmaningen på grund av den samtidiga nitrifikationen och denitrifikationen med denna teknik. Vid rapporteringstillfället är projektet fortfarande pågående och mer information kommer att rapporteras senare i separat rapport. Matarvattnet kommer från den sekundärfällningen i fullskaleanläggningen. Löst syre (DO), bearbetningsluft och flödeshastighet kontrollerades manuellt för att testa olika driftsinställningar. Det fanns emellertid många utmaningar under testperioden vilket gör det svårt att utvärdera prestanda för denna pilot. Ammoniumavlägsningsgraden var tillfredsställande när piloten körde smidigt. TN-avlägsningseffektiviteten som i genomsnitt uppnådde 39,01% TN-avlägsning motsvarade emellertid inte förväntan, på grund av begränsningen av lätt biologisk nedbrytbar COD (rbCOD), vilken är en begränsning av den biologiska processen i allmänhet och inte specifik för MABR. Denna teknik anses vara lovande vid slutet av den aktuella testperioden, eftersom den kan oxidera ammoniumen effektivt med en mindre volym.

La lutte contre la tuberculose est encore aujourd’hui un enjeu de santé publique majeur au niveau mondial. Cette maladie infectieuse, causée par Mycobacterium tuberculosis, reste en 2020 la première cause de mortalité par un agent infectieux à travers le monde. En plus de ce problème de mortalité, s’ajoute l’émergence de souches résistantes qui complexifient d’autant la prise en charge de cette pathologie. De ce fait, le développement de nouvelles molécules est capital pour obtenir une alternative efficace contre ces bactéries résistantes.Plusieurs stratégies sont explorées pour découvrir de nouvelles molécules, parmi celles-ci la plus classique est le développement de nouveaux médicaments avec un mécanisme d’action original. Cela passe par l’inhibition d’une nouvelle cible qui se doit d’être essentielle, pour entraîner la mort de l’organisme, mais aussi spécifique à la bactérie afin de minimiser les effets secondaires. De plus, inhiber de telles cibles permet de s’assurer une action vis-à-vis des souches résistantes aux médicaments déjà sur le marché.Une seconde stratégie consiste à développer des boosters, qui sont des molécules inactives, capables de potentialiser l’action de médicaments déjà existants. Cela conduit à une amélioration de l’effet sur les souches sensibles mais également au rétablissement de leur action sur les souches résistantes. Dans cette thèse, les avantages et inconvénients de ces deux stratégies sont exposés.Dans une première partie la stratégie consistant à inhiber une cible innovante est présentée. L’enzyme MabA, qui catalyse une étape critique dans la biosynthèse des acides mycoliques chez la bactérie, a été choisie car elle n’a pas d’inhibiteur spécifique connu. Le criblage d’une chimiothèque de fragments sur cette enzyme a été réalisé par LC-MS-MS ce qui a conduit à l’identification de la première famille d’inhibiteurs de MabA. Cette série est articulée autour de l’acide anthranilique. Elle a pu être étudiée et 32 composés ont ainsi été synthétisés afin d’améliorer leur puissance sur l’enzyme et de mieux comprendre les relations structure-activité. Les propriétés physico-chimiques des composés ont également été mesurées. Le mécanisme d’action a été ensuite exploré afin de confirmer l’inhibition de la cible chez la bactérie par diverses techniques et notamment par CCM-14C qui permet d’étudier la biosynthèse des acides gras chez le pathogène.Dans une seconde partie, la stratégie des boosters a été explorée sur l’antituberculeux prétomanide ayant récemment obtenu une AMM dans le cadre du traitement des souches de tuberculose résistantes. Le prétomanide est une prodrogue activée in bacterio par la Ddn (Déazaflavine dépendante nitroréductase), ce qui conduit à la libération de monoxyde d’azote toxique pour la bactérie par son action sur la chaîne respiratoire. Un criblage phénotypique sur souches résistantes en présence ou non du prétomanide a été réalisé. Cela a conduit à l’identification d’une famille chimique, possédant un cycle norbornène, capable de potentialiser l’effet du prétomanide. Des études de relations structure-activité ont conduit à la synthèse de 55 composés et ont permis d’améliorer les connaissances autour de cette famille. Les propriétés ADME ont été mesurées et un composé a été sélectionné pour une preuve de concept in vivo. Afin de préparer cette expérience, ce composé a été formulé dans une solution aqueuse en présence de cyclodextrine-HP et les interactions conduisant à cette solubilisation ont été étudiées par RMN. Le mécanisme d’action est également à l’étude afin d’identifier la cible de ces composés dans la bactérie
In 2020, the fight against tuberculosis is still a major public health issue. Indeed, this infectious disease, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, remains the leading cause of death by an infectious agent throughout the world. In addition to this mortality problem, another issue is the emergence of resistant strains which further complicates the management of this pathology. Therefore, new drugs are required to fight these resistant bacteria.Several strategies are currently being investigated to generate news drugs. Among these, the most classic one is the development of new drugs with an original mechanism of action. This involves the inhibition of a new target which must be essential for bacteria, to cause the death of the organism, but also specific to the bacteria in order to minimize the side effects. In addition, inhibiting such targets makes it possible to ensure an action against drug-resistant strains which are not sensitive anymore to drugs currently on the market.A second strategy consists of developing boosters, which are inactive molecules, capable of potentiating the action of already existing drugs. This potentiation can happen either by improving the effect on sensitive strains or by re-establishing their action on resistant strains, or both. In this thesis, the advantages and disadvantages of these two strategies are exposed.In a first part, the strategy consisting in inhibiting an innovative target is presented. The enzyme MabA, which catalyzes a critical step in the biosynthesis of mycolic acids in the bacteria, was chosen because it does not have any known specific inhibitor. The screening of a fragment chemical library on this enzyme was carried out by LC-MS-MS which led to the identification of the first family of MabA inhibitors. This series shares an anthranilic acid scaffold. 32 compounds were synthesized in order to improve potency on the enzyme and to better understand the structure-activity relationships. The physico-chemical properties of the compounds were also measured. The mechanism of action was then explored in order to confirm the inhibition of the target in the bacteria by various techniques and in particular by TLC-14C, which can be used to study the biosynthesis of fatty acids in the pathogen.In a second part, we searched for boosters of pretomanid, an anti-tuberculosis drug having recently obtained Marketing Authorization for the treatment of resistant tuberculosis strains. Pretomanid is a prodrug activated in bacterio by Ddn (Deazaflavin-dependent nitroreductase), leading to the release of nitric oxide which is toxic to the bacteria by its action on the respiratory chain. A phenotypic screening on resistant strains in the presence or absence of pretomanid was carried out. This has led to the identification of a chemical family, bearing a norbornene ring, capable of potentiating the effect of pretomanid. 55 compounds have been synthesized to explore structure-activity relationships. ADME properties were measured and a lead compound was selected for in vivo proof of concept. For oral administration, this compound was formulated in an aqueous solution in the presence of cyclodextrin-HP and the interactions leading to this solubilization were studied by NMR. The mechanism of action was also studied to identify the target of these compounds in the bacteria

En 1993, l’Organisation Mondiale de la Santé déclarait que la tuberculose était « une urgence de santé publique mondiale ». Plus de 20 ans après, cette maladie infectieuse causée par Mycobacterium tuberculosis, reste toujours un problème à l’échelle de la planète. Malgré des progrès très importants enregistrés dans la lutte contre la tuberculose dans le monde, l’OMS estime que 9 millions de personnes ont contracté cette maladie en 2013 et que 1,5 million sont morts durant cette même année. De plus, l'émergence de la tuberculose multirésistante nécessite le développement de nouveaux outils et de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques. Récemment, deux nouveaux composés, bedaquiline et delamanid ont reçu une autorisation temporaire d’utilisation dans le but de renforcer l’arsenal thérapeutique. Néanmoins, il existe toujours la possibilité que la bactérie puisse rapidement développer des résistances liées au mécanisme d’action de ces nouveaux médicaments. C’est pour toutes ces raisons que l’arsenal thérapeutique doit être renforcé. Ce travail de thèse repose sur la découverte et l'optimisation de nouveaux composés antituberculeux selon des approches dont le point de départ commun est le criblage de petites molécules appelées fragments.La première partie de ce manuscrit présente la continuité d’un travail démarré au cours de la thèse de Baptiste Villemagne et qui a pour but de potentialiser l’activité de l'éthionamide, un médicament antituberculeux utilisé pour le traitement de seconde intention. Le répresseur transcriptionnel EthR a été validé comme élément clé dans la bioactivation de l’éthionamide. Les inhibiteurs de cette cible, développés selon une approche par fragments ont permis de potentialiser l'activité de l'éthionamide in vitro. Cependant, la faible stabilité microsomale de ces composés a limité leur utilisation in vivo. L’étude de la métabolisation du composé tête de série et la modification structurale de ce dernier a permis le développement des nouveaux inhibiteurs d’EthR présentant des propriétés pharmacocinétiques et physico-chimiques désormais acceptables pour la réalisation de tests in vivo.La deuxième partie de cette thèse s’est concentrée sur la synthèse d’inhibiteurs de MabA, une β-cétoacyl-ACP réductase mycobactérienne participant à la synthèse des acides gras à longue chaîne, précurseurs des acides mycoliques qui sont les constituants majeurs de la paroi mycobactérienne. Cette enzyme a été montrée comme étant indispensable à la survie de la bactérie mais aucun inhibiteur à ce jour n’a été identifié. Le criblage d’une chimiothèque de fragments sur MabA a été réalisé via deux tests différents (un test d’affinité pour la cible (TSA) et un test enzymatique). Les hits ainsi identifiés ont été resynthétisés et testés dans un test fonctionnel. Les étapes d’optimisation de l’activité des hits reconfirmés sont ainsi décrites. Ces résultats ont permis de développer des composés présentant des activités de l’ordre du micromolaire. Dans la troisième partie, un travail de conception et de synthèse de nouveaux fragments, visant à compléter la chimiothèque actuelle a été effectué. Les fragments originaux contenant un motif isoxazoline ont été synthétisés à partir d’alcènes et d’aldoximes utilisés en tant que synthons de départ, selon une réaction de cycloaddition 1,3-dipolaire. L’analyse conformationnelle de ces fragments a permis de montrer que ces structures venaient enrichir l’espace de la diversité, notamment par l’introduction d'un motif permettant le déploiement des substituants dans les trois dimensions de l’espace. La solubilité expérimentale de ces fragments a été également mesurée et nous avons pu montrer que ces molécules étaient adaptées au criblage
In 1993, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared Tuberculosis (TB) as a global public health emergency. Over 20 years later, this infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, remains a major public health problem. Despite the significant progress in the fight against TB worldwide, WHO estimates that 9 million people contracted the disease in 2013 and 1.5 million died in that year. In addition, the emergence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) requires the development of new tools and new therapeutic strategies. Recently, two new compounds, bedaquiline and delamanid were approved in MDR-TB treatment in order to strengthen the actual MDR-TB chemotherapy. Nevertheless, there is always the possibility that the tubercle bacillus can quickly develop resistance related to the mechanism of action of these new drugs. Therefore, the actual therapeutic arsenal must be strengthened. This thesis is based on the discovery and optimization of new anti-TB compounds starting from the screening of small molecules called fragments.The first part of this thesis is the continuation of the research project which was started during the thesis of Baptiste Villemagne. This work aims to develop compounds that can boost the activity of ethionamide, a second-line drug used to treat MDR-TB. The transcriptional repressor EthR has been validated as a key element in the bioactivation of ethionamide. EthR inhibitors were identified using a fragment-based approach and were optimized to potentiate the activity of ethionamide in vitro. However, the low microsomal stability of the lead compound has limited its use in vivo. The metabolism study of the lead compound and key structural modifications allowed a development of new potent EthR inhibitors having acceptable pharmacokinetic and physico-chemical properties for in vivo testing.The second part of this thesis focused on the synthesis of MabA inhibitors. MabA is a mycobacterial β-ketoacyl-ACP reductase involved in the synthesis of long-chain fatty acids, precursors of mycolic acids, which are major constituents of the mycobacterial cell wall. This enzyme has been shown to be essential for the survival of the bacteria but until now no inhibitor has been identified. Screening of a library of fragment molecules on MabA was performed via two different assays (affinity assay using TSA and an enzymatic assay). The identified hits were re-synthesized and tested in a functionnal assay. The optimization steps to improve the activity of the hits are also described. Compounds with activity in the micromolar range were discovered.In the third part, a design and synthesis of new fragments is described. The aim of this project is to build a collection of original fragments showing a 3D-structure scaffold amenable for rapid derivatization. The fragments that contain an original isoxazoline motif were synthesized from alkenes and aldoxime as starting building-blocks by using 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. The conformational analysis of these structures has shown that they were, as expected, able to deploy substituents in the 3D space. The experimental solubility of these fragments was also measured and the results demonstrated that these molecules are suitable for the screening against new biological targets to help kick-start hit discovery program

Orientador: Clarice Queico Fujimura Leite
Banca: Angela Regina de Araujo
Banca: Daisy Nakamura Sato
Resumo: O problema da tuberculose no Brasil, reflete o desenvolvimento social do país, onde novas causas concorrem para o agravamento, como a epidemia de AIDS e também a multiresistência às drogas. Portanto, torna-se necessária a busca de novas alternativas terapêuticas, como a utilização de novos princípios ativos sintéticos e/ou extraídos de plantas. Em muitas partes do Brasil, existe uma rica tradição no uso de plantas medicinais para a cura de várias doenças infecciosas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo a pesquisa de metabólitos secundários bioativos de fungos endofíticos de plantas do cerrado, com atividade contra o Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Este trabalho faz parte do projeto temático "Conservação, Sustentabilidade e Uso de Plantas do Cerrado e da Mata Atlântica: Diversidade Química e Prospecção de Drogas em Potencial" dentro da linha de pesquisa "Bioprospecção em Fungos Endofíticos de Espécies Vegetais do Cerrado e da Mata Atlântica'. Neste estudo, a partir de 3 plantas do Cerrado, foram isolados 11 fungos endofíticos e destes obtidos 16 extratos brutos e 1 substância pura. A atividade anti- M. tuberculosis, foi determinada empregando o MABA, determinando a concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) de composto necessária para inibir a multiplicação de 90% das células micobacterinas. Dos 17 extratos brutos testados 3 apresentaram CIM > 250 µg/mL (17,6%), em 7 o valor de CIM foi de 250 µg/mL (41,2%), em 3 de 125 µg/mL (17,6%), em 2 de 62,5 µg/mL (11,8 %) e em outros 2 de 31,25 µg/mL (11,8%). A substância purificada, identificada como ácido pirenochaético, apresentou excelente atividade antimicobacteriana, com valor de CIM de 3,9 µg/mL. O estudo revelou atividade anti- M. tuberculosis promissora em 7 extratos brutos testados (41,2%), e na substância pura.
Abstract: The tuberculosis in Brazil shows the social development problem in the country, as there are several new causes increasing the numbers, like HIV epidemic and the drugs multi-resistance. Therefore it's necessary the research of alternative therapies as the use of new synthetic compounds and plant extracts. In most parts of Brazil, there is the tradition in the use of medical plants to the cure of various infectious diseases. The objective of this work was to research of bioactive secondary metabolites from endophytic fungi of "Cerrado" plants active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This work is part of the thematic project "Conservation, Sustentability and the Use of "Cerrado" Plants and from Atlantic Forest: Chemistry Diversity and Drugs Potential Prospecting" inside the research line "Bioprospection in Endophytic Fungi from Vegetable Species of "Cerrado" and Atlantic Forest". From 3 plants of "Cerrado", was isolated 11 endophytic fungi and from this, was obtained 16 crude extracts and 1 pure substance. The activity against M. tuberculosis was determined using the MABA, finding the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the drug necessary to inhibit the multiplication of 90% of bacillary growth. From 17 crude extracts tested, 3 showed MIC >250 μg/mL (17.6%), in 7, the MIC value was of 250 μg/mL (41.2%), in 3 of 125 μg/mL (17.6%), in 2 of 62.5μg/mL (11.8%) and in the last 2 was of 31.25 μg/mL (11.8%). The purified fraction, identified as pirenochaetic acid presented excellent activity against M. tuberculosis with MIC value of 3.9μg/mL. The study showed promising activity against M. tuberculosis in 7 crude extracts tested (41.2%) and at the pure substance.
Mestre

A group of community members of the ejido X-Maben in the state of Quintana Roo, Mexico are currently in the process of developing a community ecotourism enterprise (CEE) to attract both local and foreign tourism to a natural area within their ejido. Most definitions of ecotourism define the natural area of interest as a protected area and include the requirement of integrating local communities into the benefits generated by ecotourism in that particular area. However, few researchers have considered the case of community ecotourism where the natural area is on communal lands and the enterprise itself is fully community-owned. This project analyzes the institutional complexities of planning an ecotourism enterprise within the ejido of X-Maben, includes a stakeholder analysis, and involves a GIS analysis of the placement of nature trails in the ecotourism area. The thesis project also includes examinations of other efforts to establish CEEs elsewhere in Quintana Roo.

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A aplicação do Reator de Biofilme Aerado em Membrana (MABR) no tratamento de esgotos apresenta como desafio o controle da espessura ótima do biofilme uma vez que elevadas espessuras impedem a transferência de oxigênio e de substratos paras as camadas que compõem o biofilme, findando no decaimento do desempenho do MABR. O objetivo central deste trabalho foi analisar o efeito da velocidade de recirculação sobre a eficiência de remoção de nutrientes e carbono orgânico, em um MABR operado em batelada sequencial com esgoto doméstico bruto. Com um volume de 20 L, o MABR continha um módulo de membranas com 0,08 m2m-3 de área específica, operando com ciclo de batelada de 12 horas. Foram monitorados os seguintes parâmetros: pH, temperatura, oxigênio dissolvido, nitrogênio amoniacal, nitrogênio total, nitrato, nitrito, DQO, fósforo e SSV. A taxa de remoção de amônia alcançada foi de até 75,17% e 62,5% na remoção de Nitrogênio Total para a velocidade de 11 cm/s. Nesta pesquisa houve pouca remoção do fósforo. Na remoção de carbono orgânico foram alcançadas eficiências em torno de 80% nas velocidades de recirculação de 6,3 e 11 cm/s. Assim, a melhor velocidade de recirculação para operação do MABR nas condições apresentadas neste trabalho, seria uma velocidade intermediária a 6,3 e 11 cm/s, na qual ocorreriam tanto a nitrificação e desnitrificação, pela permanência da camada anóxica, e a oxidação pelas heterótrofas.

Orientador: Tsunao Matsumoto
Resumo: A aplicação do Reator de Biofilme Aerado em Membrana (MABR) no tratamento de esgotos apresenta como desafio o controle da espessura ótima do biofilme uma vez que elevadas espessuras impedem a transferência de oxigênio e de substratos paras as camadas que compõem o biofilme, findando no decaimento do desempenho do MABR. O objetivo central deste trabalho foi analisar o efeito da velocidade de recirculação sobre a eficiência de remoção de nutrientes e carbono orgânico, em um MABR operado em batelada sequencial com esgoto doméstico bruto. Com um volume de 20 L, o MABR continha um módulo de membranas com 0,08 m2m-3 de área específica, operando com ciclo de batelada de 12 horas. Foram monitorados os seguintes parâmetros: pH, temperatura, oxigênio dissolvido, nitrogênio amoniacal, nitrogênio total, nitrato, nitrito, DQO, fósforo e SSV. A taxa de remoção de amônia alcançada foi de até 75,17% e 62,5% na remoção de Nitrogênio Total para a velocidade de 11 cm/s. Nesta pesquisa houve pouca remoção do fósforo. Na remoção de carbono orgânico foram alcançadas eficiências em torno de 80% nas velocidades de recirculação de 6,3 e 11 cm/s. Assim, a melhor velocidade de recirculação para operação do MABR nas condições apresentadas neste trabalho, seria uma velocidade intermediária a 6,3 e 11 cm/s, na qual ocorreriam tanto a nitrificação e desnitrificação, pela permanência da camada anóxica, e a oxidação pelas heterótrofas.
Mestre

La recrudescence de la tuberculose a été favorisée par l'émergence de souches du bacille tuberculeux, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, résistantes aux agents antituberculeux et notamment à l'isoniazide (INH). Cet antituberculeux de première ligne inhibe un métabolisme propre aux mycobactéries, la biosynthèse des acides mycoliques. Ces acides gras à très longue chaîne sont des composés majeurs et caractéristiques de l'enveloppe mycobactérienne. Une cible moléculaire de l'isoniazide, la protéine InhA, est une énoyl-ACP réductase et catalyse une étape de la voie classique de biosynthèse d'acides gras, avec une spécificité pour des substrats à longue chaîne. InhA interviendrait dans un système d'élongation d'acides gras participant à la biosynthèse des acides mycoliques. Toutefois, aucune donnée expérimentale n'a clairement établi le rôle de cette protéine chez les mycobactéries. Parmi les systèmes d'élongation mycobactériens, c'est le système FAS-II qui est le plus susceptible de contenir InhA. Après isolement d'une fraction protéique soluble présentant l'activité d'élongation FAS-II, nous avons démontré la présence de InhA dans cette fraction et confirmé l'implication de cette protéine dans FAS-II, en utilisant des inhibiteurs de l'activité de InhA. La microscopie électronique a permis de localiser InhA à la fois dans le cytoplasme et dans l'enveloppe. En effet, nous avons mis également en évidence la présence de InhA dans un extrait de parois mycobactérien catalysant l'activité de biosynthèse des acides mycoliques. La sensibilité de cette dernière activité aux inhibiteurs de InhA suggère fortement l'implication de InhA, et de FAS-II, dans la biosynthèse des acides mycoliques mycobactériens. Par contre, la protéine InhA n'a pas été détectée dans des genres apparentés, résistants à l'INH et synthétisant des acides mycoliques plus courts. Afin de rechercher de nouvelles cibles potentielles pour des agents anti-mycobactériens, nous avons étudié le produit du gène mabA, en opéron avec inhA sur le chromosome de M. Tuberculosis. Après surproduction de MabA dans Escherichia coli et purification, son activité catalytique a été caractérisée et correspond à une b-cétoacyl réductase, NADPH-dépendante, spécifique de substrats à longue chaîne. Ces propriétés, ainsi que la présence de MabA dans la fraction enzymatique contenant le système FAS-II suggèrent l'implication de cette protéine dans le même complexe enzymatique que InhA. L'étude de la structure tridimensionnelle de MabA par modélisation moléculaire a permis de montrer que cette protéine appartenait à la famille structurale des RED (réductases/épimérases/deshydrogénases), et qu'elle était susceptible d'interagir avec l'isoniazide. Nous avons effectivement pu montrer que l'activité de MabA était inhibée par cet antibiotique
Emergence of tubercle bacilli resistant to multiple drugs has prompted the search for a new generation of antibiotics effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Among the first line antituberculous drugs, isoniazid (INH) is highly specific of mycobacteria, and its primary effect corresponds to inhibition of a characteristic metabolism of these bacteria, the mycolic acid biosynthesis. Mycolic acids are very long-chain fatty acids and are major components of mycobacterial cell-wall. It was established that an isoniazid target, the InhA protein, is a 2-trans-enoyl-ACP reductase probably involved in the mycolic acid pathway. However, the exact role of InhA in mycobacteria is still unclear. Reduction of enoyl compounds corresponds to one step of fatty acid biosynthesis. We therefore isolated an enzymatic complex which contains the InhA protein, and using InhA inhibitors, we showed that the elongation activity of the system is InhA-dependent. Moreover, the inhibition of mycolic acid biosynthesis in cell-wall extracts by InhA inhibitors strongly suggests that the InhA-containing elongation system participates in the mycolic acid production in mycobacteria. .

Tuberculosis (TB) remains the leading cause of death due to a single infectious agent with more than 1.5 million people killed each year. In 2018, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that one third of the world’s population was infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the pathogen responsible for the disease.In 2000, EthR, a mycobacterial transcriptional repressor, was identified as a key modulator of ethionamide (ETH) bioactivation. ETH is one of the main second-line drugs used to treat drug-resistant strains and it is a prodrug that is activated in Mtb by the mono-oxygenase EthA and then inhibits InhA, an enzyme involved in the mycolic acid biosynthesis. In 2009, it was demonstrated that co-administration of ETH with the drug-like inhibitors of EthR was able to boost ETH activity by a factor three in a mouse-model of TB-infection, thus validating EthR protein as a target for a new therapeutic strategy. The first part of this thesis deals with the validation and deep characterization of the solved EthR-ligand structures based on all analysis of how each ligand bind to the EthR. In this section, based on the study of both co-crystal structures and the physicochemical properties of the ligands, we have rationalized the information currently available and understood the interaction of all EthR inhibitors in order to lead to more effective inhibitor design.More recently, another mycobaterial repressor, denoted EthR2, was identified as a putative target that appears to be functionally comparable to EthR (then the locus has been termed EthA2/EthR2, due to its similarity to the EthA/EthR locus). Furthermore, a spiroisoxazoline family of small-molecules, generically denoted as SMARt, has been identified as effective ligand of EthR2. However, according to the data present in the literature, this spiroisoxazoline family can also bind to the former EthR. In order to investigate this proposition, I have solved these small molecules in complex with EthR and compared their binding interactions to the EthR2 protein as well. The opportunity for the design small-molecules is capable of targeting both repressors, thereby opening the way to a dual-target approach.Finally, the third part of this thesis is devoted to the mycobacterial transcriptional factor MabR (Rv2242). Several studies identified this protein as a regulatory transcription factor of the fatty acid synthase II operon, which is mainly responsible for the mycolic acid biosynthesis in Mtb. I therefore purified to homogeneity and characterized the MabR protein as well as I determined the crystal structure of its C-terminal part. Finally, the functional role of MabR is largely discussed, and the way on how to interfere with its DNA binding ability is commented with respect to our results.
Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques (Pharmacie)
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Magical realist fiction is marked by a striking abundance of animals. Analysing magical realist novels from Australia and Canada, as well as exploring the influence of two seminal Latin American magical realist narratives, this thesis focuses on representations of animals and animality. Examining human-animal relationships in the postcolonial context reveals that magical realism embodies and represents an idea of feral animality that critically engages with an inherently imperialist and Cartesian humanism, and that, moreover, accounts for magical realism's elusiveness within systems of genre categorisation and labelling. It is this embodiment and presence of animal agency that animates magical realism and injects it with life and vibrancy. The magical realist writers discussed in this dissertation make use of animal practices inextricably intertwined with imperialism, such as pastoral farming, natural historical collections, the circus, the rodeo, the Wild West show, and the zoo, as well as alternative animal practices inherently incompatible with European ideologies, such as the Aboriginal Dreaming, Native North American animist beliefs, and subsistence hunting, as different ways of positioning themselves in relation to the Cartesian human subject. The circus is a particular influence on the form and style of many magical realist texts, whereby oxymoronically structured circensian spaces form the basis of the narratives‟ realities, and hierarchical imperial structures and hegemonic discourses that are portrayed as natural through Cartesian science and Linnaean taxonomies are revealed as deceptive illusions that perpetuate the self-interests of the powerful.

The first stories written in Sepedi deal almost exclusively with the problem of urbanisation, and its ensuing atrocities. Then, halfway through the previous century, Matsepe distinguished himself by diverting from his predecessors’ subject matter completely. In the nine novellas that he authored, Matsepe writes about the traditional way of life, and only refers to white people twice, and the references are made to the Voortrekkers in both instances. The descriptions of the traditional way of life are so well-rounded and complete that the question arises of whether he focused his depictions to give an accurate reflection of the reality of the way of life of the people in his writing. This, then, becomes the subject matter of this research. The researcher is himself one of those people Matsepe writes about, although of a different generation. This leads him to consult external primary and secondary sources about the traditional way of life, in order to familiarise himself with traditional realities. Other than textual sources, including Mönnig’s comprehensive monograph about the Bapedi, the researcher also consulted with tribe elders, including chiefs, traditional healers (among whom the women are considered to be the most reliable informants in practice) and members of the village council. This is the first study of its kind to be undertaken in Sepedi. The theoretical pitfall of this study is that even the largest body of literature portrays the reality in a calculated manner, much like a work of fiction. The depiction of reality is inherently tied to the worldview of the author, and to that of his/her audience. This uncertain reality makes for delicate research, and it presupposes that the researcher has to familiarise himself with Matsepe’s biographical history: the circumstances he grew up in, his status in the community, his worldview, his achievements and failures, to name but a few. This study does not focus of Matsepe’s entire body of work, but rather on Megokgo ya Bjoko specifically, as it is (a) seen as the most interesting and satisfying in his oeuvre, and (b) comprehensive and realistic in its representation of the traditional way of life of the North Sotho people. It is clear, though, in his entire body of work that Matsepe had intimate knowledge of the political system of the tribe, as well as the legal practices and social customs; and that he depicted them accurately. The primary subject matter in his stories problematises the tribal legal practices to the extent of bordering on the absurd. The reality described in his stories encompasses characters or persons, events, place and space, time, and the cultural objects that are of interest. Bearing these categories in mind, the distinction has to be made between what is (a) real, (b) fictitious, but true to life, and (c) purely fantasy. This distinction is vital, as there is the possibility that some of the characters, such as king, may have existed in reality, and that certain events may have taken place in their lifetimes, thus rendering them historically factual. Matsepe’s characters all appear to be fictitious. What is real, however, is his depiction of the hierarchy and social order among various chiefs, as well as that between the king and his council. The various categories of witchdoctors, traditional healers and witches are also truthfully depicted in terms of their respective professions. The kings chief wife is also of importance in the depictions, as she is the bearer of the heir to the throne, and is married though the tribe. Other important figures include the malome and the rakgadi. The events depicted are also mostly fictitious. That which happens in the chief’s village is naturally of great importance, and Matsepe spends a lot of time on the representation of court cases. The king and his council play a vital role in these legal proceedings. The king is the leading character in the depiction of battles, as he leads his army in war. If the king is to be taken prisoner, he is charged and tried, as he would have lost the battle, but his blood would not be spilt. Prior to battle, the king would also negotiate with surrounding chiefs to ensure that they remain neutral during the battle, and that they are to provide shelter for some of his followers if the need were to arise. After the death of a king, there are prescribed rites, rituals and ceremonies that have to be performed. The same is expected if the senior prince were to die, but the surrounding chiefs would not necessarily act in accordance with the prescriptions. This radical behaviour leads to derision, conflict, and to eventual war, in Megokgo ya Bjoko. As previously stated, the traditional healers, witchdoctors and witches play an important role in Matsepe’s writing. Detailed depictions of their practices, beliefs, instruments and followers, areas of specialisation and status within the community are given. The most important practitioners among them are almost exclusively in service to the king’s court, and may only administer to the general public with the king’s permission. Other important figures are the malome and rakgadi, who perform the rites and rituals of weddings and funerals. In Matsepe’s stories, the various and multitudinous rituals and duties that have to be performed tend to lead to conflict and violence. The importance of cattle also plays a role in terms of ceremonies and rituals. The roles and status of women are also described. Matsepe highlights the woman’s subordination to her husband, an example of which is depicted in the Leilane family where the wife will not share a meal with her husband. The work ethic of the women is also mentioned in (a) Morara’s conversation with an old friend, and (b) in Morara’s homecoming after visiting his close friend. Social occasions, such as beer parties, competitions and feasts to celebrate a boy’s accomplishments in tribal school are also accurately described; and the beer pot and ladling calabash are important instruments for such occasions. The space and place of Matsepe’s fictional world could be anywhere in Sekhukhuneland. The timeframe, however, is precise, inasmuch as every event occurs on the eve of the Voortrekkers’ arrival. This is not significant in and of itself, but because it occurs simultaneously with the appearance of the Halley’s comet, the timeframe’s specificity gains importance. In Megokgo ya Bjoko there are two events that are directly associated with the occurrence of Halley’s comet; namely the crow episodes that are related to the witchdoctors’ throwing of the bones. Halley’s comet, the arrival of the Voortrekkers, the many rituals and ceremonies, the cultural objects such as the ladling calabash, the picking of berries for the weaving of sleeping mats, etc are the only elements in Matsepe’s writing that are depicted as they are in reality. The role of the crows could be either pure fantasy, or ascribed to the superstitions of the people, as magic and divination were realities of the time, and can thus also be said to be a depiction of reality. Matsepe’s imaginary world is a fictitious reality that is true to life. It is so true to life, in fact, that the question arises whether he wanted to preserve the traditional way of life through writing his stories, for future generations; or whether he merely wanted to tell an interesting story against the backdrop of tradition. In writing Magokgo ya Bjoko, his choice is apparently the latter. For this purpose he utilises a nameless, unreliable narrator, who perpetually exposes the reader to his worldview, who loses his train of thought occasionally and asks for assistance, and who describes war and bloodlust in the enduring time of peace. He admits, though, that the ancestors are required to intervene and to reprimand those who do not fulfil the obligations of their duties; leading to the statement, respectfully made, by Groenewald in Die Feesbundel to Prof. E.B. van Wyk: “... his narrator is more than just a point of contact; he becomes a leading character and a symbol, and it is through him that the satire comes to life”. AFRIKAANS: In die eerste geskrewe verhale in Sepedi, behandel die skrywer uitsluitlik die probleem van verstedeliking en al die aaklighede wat daaruit voortspruit. Teen die helfde van die vorige eeu tree Matsepe na vore, en sien van die praktyk van sy voorgangers volkome af. In sy nege novelles/romans beskryf hy die tradisionele leefwyse van sy mense, en in slegs twee van sy werke word daar na blankes verwys, wat in beide gevalle die Voortrekkers is. So volledig word die tradisionele opset beskryf dat die vraag onwillekeurig onstaan of sy beskrywing nie hierop toegespits was om slegs ‘n getroue weergawe van daardie werklikheid te gee nie. Dit word dan die onderwerp van hierdie navorsing. Die navorser is uiteraard self een van daardie mense, hoewel nie deel van daardie tydsgewrig nie. Daarom bedien hy hom ook van ander bronne om hom van die tradisionele werklikheid te vergewis. Behalwe geskrewe werke, soos o.a. Mönnig se lywige monografie oor die Bapedi; word ook van die oudstes in die stam geraadpleeg: opperhoofde, verskeie kruie dokters wat o.a. vroue (in die praktyk as die betroubaarste informante bewys) insluit en raadsmanne. ‘n Sodanige studie is nog nie vantevore in Sepedi onderneem nie. Vereers het die ondersoeker hom van die teoretiese grondslag van sy navorsing vergewis, wat van belang is. Hieruit blyk dit dat selfs die grootste verdigsel, soos ‘n sprokie, nie anders kan as om die werklikheid tog op ‘n bepaalde manier op te roep nie. Dit hou uiteraard met die ervaringswêreld van die outeur, maar ook van sy leser, verband. En juis dít maak so ‘n onderneming soos wat hierdie in die vooruitsig stel, ‘n uiters delikate studie. Dit veronderstel o.a. dat die navorser hom op die hoogte moet stel van die lewensgeskiedenis van Matsepe: die lewesomstandighede waaronder hy groot geword het, die status wat hy in die gemeentskap geniet het, sy lewensbeskouing, sy prestasies en mislukkings, ens.Ofskoon Matsepe se prosawerke in die geheel te neem, by hierdie ondersoek in aanmerking geneem word, word die fokus op sy Megokgo ya Bjoko toegespits. Die redes hiervoor is dat: (a) dit literêr beoordeel, die interessantste asook bevredegindste van sy oeuvre is, en (b) sy werke inhoudelik, m.a.w. t.o.v. die tradisionele lewe van die Noord Sotho, ruimskoots ooreenstem. Dit kom duidelik in al sy werke na vore dat hy met die politieke stelsel van die stam intiem vertroud was, die regstelsel op die punte van sy vingers gehad het, en die sosiale en kulturele patrone en gebruike getrou kon weergee het. Vir die probleemstelling in al sy verhale lê hy die vinger op skuiwergate in die regstelsel en bou hy dit uit totdat dit aan die absurde grens. Die beskrywing van die verhaalwerklikheid raak die volgende sake: die karakters of persone, die gebeure, die plek, die tyd, asook die kulturele voorwerpe van belang. Met die oog hierop word daar onderskei tussen dit wat (a) werklik is, (b) denkbeeldig maar lewensgetrou is, en (c) pure fantasie is. Die onderskeid tussen werklikheid en lewensgetrouheid is in verhale van dié aard noodsaaklik omdat sekere persone/karakters, soos konings, werklik kon bestaan het. Daar mag dan selfs gebeurtenisse wees wat tydens hulle leeftyd waarlik plaasgevind het.Wat die Matsepekarakters betref, is hulle klaarblyklik almal denkbeeldig. Wat wel deel van die werklikheid uitmaak, is die seniortydsorde tussen die verskillende opperhoofde asook dié tussen die koning se raadmanne. So ook kom die verskillende kategorië van kruiedokters, toordokters en hekse, én wat hulle onderskeie professies is, ter sprake. So ook is die koning se hoofvrou belangrik omdat die troonopvolger uit haar gebore word en sy deur die stam getrou is. Ander belangrike figure is die malome en die rakgadi.Die gebeure of handeling is hoofsaaklik denkbeeldig. Dit wat in die hoofstat plaasvind, is uiteraard baie belangrik. Matsepe staan ‘n aansienlike deel van sy vertelling aan hofsake af. Hierin speel die koning en sy raadsmanne ‘n belangrike rol en eweneens in die prosedure hiertydens ter sake. En tydens veldslae is die koning die vernaamste figuur. Hy ly sy leërs in die oorlog en word aan sy mondering uitgeken. Word hy gevange geneem, het hy die veldslag verloor en word tereggestel, maar sy bloed mag nie vergiet word nie, want hy is nie ‘n hond nie. Maar vooraf onderhandel hy met omliggende opperhoofde dat hulle neutraal in die stryd moet staan en ook sommige van sy volgelinge tydens die oorlog moet herberg.Na die afsterwe van ‘n koning word bepaalde rituele en seremonies nagekom. As hy ‘n senior vors is, hoort ook die omliggende opperhoofde hulle aan die voorskrifte te hou. Dié is ingrypend van aard en lei in Megokgo ya Bjoko juis tot kwaaivriendskap en latere oorlog.‘n Belangrike plek word aan die rol van die verskillende toordokters, kruiedokters en hekse toegesê. Nie net hulle doen en late word beskryf nie, maar ook hulle mondering, gevolg, spesialiteit en status. Die vernaamste onder hulle is aan die koningshof verbonde en mag slegs met koningstoestemming die gewone burger bedien.Die malome en rakgadi is vername mense. Tydens huwelike, dood en begrafnisse speel hulle ‘n belangrike rol. ‘n Veelvoud van rituele en verpligtinge moet nagekom word, en in die Matsepeverhale lei dit gewoonlik tot groot onenigheid, twis en gewelddadigheid. Die belangrikheid van die bees kom ook hiertydens ter sprake.Die rol en status van die vrou kom ook onder die soeklig. Matsepe beskryf enertyds haar onderdanigheid aan haar man, soos in die geval van die Leilanehuishouding waar hulle ook nie saam die ete nuttig nie, en andertyds, haar daadkrag, soos beskryf word in (a) die gesprek tussen Morara en sy ou vriend, en (b) Morara se tuiskoms na sy besoek aan sy goeie vriend.Sosiale geleenthede, soos bierpartye, prysdigwedstryde en feesgeleenthede om ‘n seun se welslae tydens die stamskool te vier, word beskryf en in hierdie navorsing aan die werklikheid gekontroleer. Van groot belang natuurlik is die bierpot en die skepkalbas; spesiaal vir sodanige geleenthede.Ten opsigte van die wêreld of ruimte waarbinne gebeure afspeel, kan dit enige plek in Sekhukhuneland wees. Die tydstip, daarenteen, word presies bepaal, nl. dat alles plaasvind aan die vooraand van die koms van die Voortrekkers. Dit op sigself sou geen besondere betekenis gehad het nie, behalwe dat gebeurtenisse in tyd afloop. Maar hier is die betekenis hiervan dat die koms van die Voortrekkers destyds met die verskyning van die Halley-komeet saamval. Daar is twee geleenthede in Megokgo ya Bjoko wat met die Halley-komeet geassosieër word, nl. die kraaie-episodes wat met die toordokters se dolosse verbind word. Die Halley-komeet, die koms van die Voortrekkers, die talle rituele en seremonies, voorwerpe soos die skepkalbas vir die bier, die pluk van bessies vir die vleg van slaapmatte, die gras pons, ens, is die enigste sake wat aan die werklikheid toegesê kan word. Die rol wat die kraaie speel kan òf totale fantasie wees, òf kan aan bygeloof toegeskryf word: want daardie toorkuns was ‘n werklikheid vir daardie, en is dan soos die Halley-komeet nie deel van ‘n verbeeldingskug uitmaak nie.Die wêreld wat Matsepe in sy werke optower, is wel ‘n fiktiewe werklikheid, maart word tewens so getrou geteken dat die vraag ontstaan of hy nie die tradisionele lewenswyse, deur die storie wat hy vertel, wou opteken dat nie dit iewers op skrif vir die nageslag bewaar kan bly, en of hy bloot ‘n interessante storie wou vertel waar die tradisionele as die agtergrond dien waarteen die gebeure afspeel. Hy het met die skrywe van Megokgo ya Bjoko kennelik die tweede opsie gekies. Hiervoor gebruik hy ‘n naamlose vertellerkarakter wat vertel, wat sy lewesbeskouing herhaaldelik aan die leser opdring, wat die draad van sy storie plek-plek verloor, en vra dat iemand anders moet help, wat stryd, oorlog en bloederigheid beskryf en oplaas in ewedurende vrede voorhou. Maar, erken hy terselfdetyd dat die voorvaders van tyd tot tyd moet ingryp en die karwats moet inlê om diegene wat ander afknou tot verantwoording te roep. Die laaste word in dié verband kom Groenewald toe waar hy in die feesbundel aan Prof. E.B. van Wyk gewy, verduidelik: “... sy verteller is meer as net ‘n gesigspunt; hy word hoofkarakter; ook simbool, en deur hom kry die satire sy beslag”.
Thesis (DLitt)--University of Pretoria, 2011.
African Languages
unrestricted

No presente relatório teço uma abordagem reflexiva da escola de hoje, partindo do autismo e da trissomia 20. Em primeiro lugar,começo por refletir sobre a importância do desenvolvimento do espiríto cientifico para estar capacitada a construir conhecimentos de forma sustentada, conducentes a melhorar o meu desempenho profissional. Em segundo lugar, procedo a uma abordagem sinótica e crítica da minha carreira profissional, referindo, ainda, a experiência com alunos com perturbações do espetro do autismo e trissomia 20, uma vez que leciono uma turma mista, com uma aluna com perturbações do espetro de autismo e um aluno com trissomia 20. Esta situação leva-me a formular um conjunto de questões (e.g. Como educar e formar integralmente os alunos sem e com autismo e trissomia 20? Como promover o desenvolvimento de competências em todas as vertentes: académica, pessoal e de grupo? Etc) que me fazem repensar a minha praxis. Abordo, então, sustentadamente a Educação Especial, o seu contexto histórico; a escola inclusiva, única, plural, heterogénea, aberta à diversidade, que acolhe os alunos com ou sem autismo e trissomia 20 e que, de forma equitativa, tenta dar oportunidade a todos e a todos tenta formar integralmente. Debruço-me, depois, criticamente nas problemáticas em questão (autismo e trissomia 20), na sua especificação e repercussão no modo de aprender, enquadrando as histórias dos meus alunos. Pondero, também, as estratégias educativas especializadas (e.g. Programa Educativo Individual, promover a familiarização, postura corporal, instruções verbais, comunicação pessoal, entoação, expressão facial e linguagem corporal do agente educativo, etc.) e a importância da família (o envolvimento dos pais na vida escolar dos filhos é fundamental). Passo, então, a uma exploração critica do ensino estruturado e das unidade de ensino estruturado para alunos com perturbações do espetro do autismo . Posteriormente, reflito na escola na era da globalização, onde o consumismo, o vazio de ideias, de pensamento crítico estão muito presentes; assiste-se, ainda, à infantilização prolongada dos jovens; há que investir numa educação nos e para os valores. Seguidamente, debato-me reflexivamente com os desafios da escola de hoje, dando especial relevo ao papel do professor. Este deve ser um professor reflexivo e orientador das aprendizagens dos alunos. Deve atender aos contextos dos alunos, valorizar as experiências dos mesmos. A sua prática e relação pedagógicas devem assentar na cooperação, determinação, afetividade, tolerância; devendo implementar estratégias (e.g. pedagogia diferenciada, atender a ritmos de aprendizagem diferentes, leitura expressiva, dramatizada; produção e dramatização de textos, etc) e organizar e dinamizar atividades promotoras do sucesso académico, pessoal e social dos alunos ( e.g. concursos de leitura, festival de poesia, encontros com escritores, intercâmbios com alunos doutros ciclos de ensino, teatro, etc). Finalmente, faço uma reflexão do trabalho efetuado, visando o trabalho futuro, com propostas de dinamização de alguns projetos.
In this report I will do a reflective approach on the Contemporary School from the point of view of autism and trisomy 20. First of all, I would like to reflect on the importance of developing the scientific spirit to be able to build a sustainable knowledge, in order to improve my professional performance. Secondly, I will consider my career performance, in a critical way, referring to my experience with autist and trissomy 20 students as I teach a mixed ability class with two students with the disabilities mentioned above. This particular situation makes me wonder and ask myself a couple of questions (e.g .How to fully educate and train students with and without special needs, particularly with autism and trisomy 20? How to promote the development of skills in all areas: academic, personal and group? Etc), that make me rethink about my praxis. Therefore, I try to approach the Special Education in a sustainable way, its historical context; the unique, plural, inclusive school, open to diversity, which welcomes students with or without autist and trisomy 20 that, fairly, tries to give opportunity and education for all. Thirdly, I critically analyse the issues of autism and trisomy 20, in their specification and consequences on the process of learning (reference to studies of Leo Kanner and Hans Asperger), framing the stories of my students. I also reflect on specialized educational strategies (e.g. Individual support project; promoting familiarization, body posture, verbal instructions, personal communication, intonation, facial expression and the teacher body language, etc..) and the importance of family (parental involvement in the children school life is essential). I move forward to a critical exploitation of the structured learning and the structured unit teaching for students with autism spectrum disorders. Last but not least, I think about school in the age of globalization, where consumerism, lack of ideas, critical thinking are very much present and also the infantilization of young people. We must invest on education and values. Then, I would also like to give a particular impression of the challenges of school today, giving special emphasis on the role of the teacher. This should be a kind of reflective teacher and mentor of students’ learning. He should observe the contexts and the students experiences. The practical and pedagogical relationship should be based on cooperation, determination, affection, tolerance, implementing strategies (e.g. individual pedagogy, different learning rythms, expressive reading, production and dramatization of texts, etc.) and organizing activities, in order to promote the academic success, personal and social development of students (e.g. reading contests, poetry festival, meetings with writers, exchanges with students from other levels of teaching, theater, etc.). Finally, I reflect on all the work I put into my job and this enables me to prepare and organize a future work, with some proposals to create new and different projects.

Bachelor Honours - Bachelor of Arts (Honours)
Alexis Wright’s Carpentaria is a unique piece of Indigenous Australian literature. Several critics have noted its narrative style as an example of ‘magical realism’. Since the text shares certain characteristics with other novels regarded as magical realist, such as Salman Rushdie’s Midnight’s Children, this label seems befitting of Wright’s prose. However, analysis into the origins and development of ‘magical realism’, along with a close reading of these texts focussing on form and content to determine the significance of the presence of the real and magical within their work, reveals the term’s inadequacy in describing Carpentaria. A ‘maban reality’, as defined by Mudrooroo Narogin, is found to be a more accurate label for Wright’s particular techniques and purposes, and thus a case-by-case approach is advocated for the study of future works.

博士
臺灣大學
環境工程學研究所
96
In the last decade, some new biological nitrogen removal processes have been developed to reduce operational costs related to the oxygen and organic carbon source requirements. Many studies focused on the development of autotrophic nitrogen elimination technology such as combination of partial nitrification and the Anammox process, which is regarded as a promising new method for removing nitrogen from wastewater or groundwater with a low C/N ratio and a fairly large quantity of ammonium. In this study, a combined partial nitrification MABR－Anammox system was developed to achieve a condition wherein only approximately one-half of ammonium is converted to nitrite, followed by the Anammox process to ensure total nitrogen removal. In addition, a molecular biotechnology method was applied to identify the bacterial community of the biofilm and the acclimated biomass. The experimental results showed that the developed membrane aeration bioreactor is an efficient, economical system to achieve 50% partial nitrification for ammonium-rich wastewater. The open-ended silicone tube in this bioreactor provided a large specific surface area for oxygen transfer and biofilm attachment. An appropriate initial alkalinity was also an important factor to achieve stable partial nitrification. Bicarbonate that serves carbon and alkalinity sources was added into the wastewater only once from the beginning. There is no need for pH adjustment by adding a base or an acid throughout the reaction if the initial alkalinity is appropriately controlled. Furthermore, an appropriate ammonium surface loading resulted in approximately 50% partial nitrification within a short period of time by adjusting the tube’s length in accordance with the range of initial ammonium loading. As mentioned above, the MABR system developed in this study is very stable and easy to operate. This system has great flexibility for partial nitrification, making it an ideal pretreatment system for Anammox. Regarding the acclimation of Anammox biomass, the concentrated activated sludge collected from a local municipal WWTP was used as seed sludge. The macroscopic appearance of the enriched biomass remained a light brown color after cultivation under appropriate conditions for about 4 months. Additionally the settling efficiency of the biomass was very remarkable; the consumption of ammonium and nitrite resulted in the production of N2 and a small amount of nitrate. Anammox is denitrification of nitrite with ammonium as the electron donor to yield nitrogen gas, in which reaction nitrite is consumed faster than ammonium. The batch experimental results showed that the maximum anammox reaction rate occurred when the nitrite concentration ranged from 60 to 70 mg-N/L, whereas the activity was inhibited when higher than 80 mg-N/L. With regard to cell-immobilization technique, the PVA-alginate sodium nitrate method was proven appropriate for enriched anammox biomass because the nitrogen removal activity of immobilized anammox beads was quite satisfactory. This approach demonstrated that the established immobilization technique offers a promising way to granulate valuable anammox biomass, to protect these microorganisms against the unfavorable surroundings, and to efficiently retain anammox activity in the reactor. Therefore, the problems encountered in conventional bioprocesses for nitrogen elimination such as solid-liquid separation and biomass washout could be solved simultaneously.

No mercado atual é fundamental as empresas adotarem estratégias por forma a possibilitar a melhoria dos métodos utilizados pelas mesmas. Uma das estratégias utilizadas com essa finalidade é a standardização de processos. Com a crescente importância das Tecnologias da Informação no desenvolvimento das tarefas diárias nas empresas, tornou-se vital organizar o fluxo de informação de forma simples e clara, de fácil acesso e percetível para todos os envolvidos no processo. Desta forma, mecanismos de retenção de informação, como a documentação de processos assumem um papel fundamental na organização do fluxo de informação. Com esta finalidade, BPMN foi adotado devido à sua valia como ferramenta para mapear processos. Por outro lado, Lean é uma filosofia que se foca na redução de desperdícios e, com a sua aplicação pretendia-se a eliminação de atividades que não acrescentam valor, bem como redundâncias associadas aos processos. Neste documento foram combinados os benefícios da implementação de BPMN combinado com Lean num departamento de Investigação e Desenvolvimento e da importância de alcançar a standardização e a documentação de processos bem como a disponibilização de forma simples e clara da informação necessária para o trabalho desenvolvido nesse departamento. Para além disso, foi efetuada a medição de tempos dos processos em estudo, por forma a obter a capacidade do departamento. Deste modo, foram sendo realizadas reuniões com a equipa do departamento ao longo do projeto com o objetivo de validação da informação. No final, foram realizados questionários e desenvolvidos testes de hipóteses por forma a avaliar o trabalho desenvolvido.
In today’s market, it’s essential that companies adopt strategies, in order to be able to improve the methods used by them. One of the adopted strategies for this purpose is process standardization. With the growing influence of Information Technology in the development of daily tasks in companies, it’s crucial to organize the information flow in a simple and clear way, easy to access and perceptible to all involved in the process. This way, information retention mechanisms, such as process documentation takes an important role in the organization of information flow. With this purpose, BPMN was adopted due to its value as a tool to map processes. Meanwhile, Lean is a philosophy that focuses on waste reduction and with its application was intended to eliminate activities that doesn’t add value, as well as redundancies associated with the processes. In this document, will be studied the benefits of implementing BPMN combined with Lean in a Research and Development department, and the importance of achieving standardization and process documentation. As well as the provision of a simple and clear way the needed information for the work developed under the department. On the other hand, time measurements should be carried out to determinate the capacity of the department. This way, meetings with department team were held throughout the project to validate the information. Finally, questionnaires were carried out and hypothesis tests were developed in order to evaluate the work developed.
Mestrado em Engenharia e Gestão Industrial

The primary objective of the study was to determine the business success factors for the second-hand motor vehicle industry in the Vaal Triangle. This kind of study has never been conducted before within the Vaal Triangle and it is therefore intended to contribute to the body of knowledge within the field of entrepreneurship. A questionnaire was designed and distributed to dealerships within the Vaal Triangle region, and it was administered by the researcher. There are one hundred and twenty three (123) dealerships in the Vaal Triangle and fifty eight (58) participated in the study. The demographics of the study revealed that males dominate car dealerships as compared to females, and also that Whites and Indians are the dominating races. Most participants are relatively young, i.e. less than 35 years and also the majority of dealerships are less than 15 years old. Furthermore, the study found that participants preferred starting a business from their pockets rather than going to the bank or government institutions such as IDC or NEF for funding. There was no significant difference in opinion between males and females. There were, however, medium to large differences in opinion between owner, manager and sales executive on some of the entrepreneurial constructs, for example, customer services and SME characteristics. The study concluded that business success factors for the second-hand car industry in the Vaal Triangle region are (ranked from highest to lowest): Entrepreneurial competences, Marketing of the dealership, Dealership location, Product and Customer services, Characteristics of the Small Medium Enterprise and lastly, Resources and funding of the business. Based on the results of the analysis and discussions, practical recommendations are made which will assist in improving the knowledge in the field of entrepreneurship within the car industry.
MBA (Business Administration), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Mestrado em Engenharia e Gestão Industrial
Exame público realizado em 9 de Outubro de 2015
De forma a melhorar os processos num sistema intermédio de transportes, torna-se cada vez mais imprescindível analisar e implementar metodologias que permitam identificar e eliminar as atividades que não acrescentam valor ao serviço. O presente trabalho pretende aplicar metodologias e ferramentas que permitam melhorar o desempenho do processo do sistema de transporte de materiais do departamento de construção, da Continental Mabor - Indústria de Pneus S.A.. A primeira fase deste projeto consistiu na análise do sistema de transporte deste departamento. Nesta fase procedeu-se ao acompanhamento dos transportadores de forma a obter um estudo dos tempos e métodos de trabalho. O estudo dos tempos possibilitou a sua análise para assim desenvolver processos de redução dos tempos de atividade bem como eliminar as suas perturbações e aumentar a eficiência dos transportadores de materiais deste departamento. Com a implementação das ferramentas lean foi possível obter uma redução das taxas de ocupação dos transportadores, fazendo-se reflectir no seu manning que atualmente é de 17 transportadores fixos, podendo passar a ser apenas 15. Concebeu-se um novo método de recolha de um material anteriormente recolhido pelos transportadores, conseguindo-se um reaproveitamento de mais 59Kg/dia, o que se traduziu numa poupança anual de aproximadamente 40 mil euros e consequente redução de 2.64% na taxa de ocupação dos transportadores deste material. No que respeita à organização de tarefas, este projeto deu origem à implementação de um parque de estacionamento dos meios de transporte e estabeleceu novos métodos de trabalho para a tarefa de transporte de materiais
Abstract: In order to improve processes through a transport system, it is becoming more and more essencial to analyze and implement methodologies to identify and eliminate activities that do not add value to the service. This paper aims to apply the methodologies and tools to improve the performance of the transport system process materials of construction department Continental Mabor - Industria de Pneus S.A.. The first phase of this project was the analysis of the transport system of this department. This step involved the monitoring of carriers to obtain a study of the times and working methods. The study of time allowed its analysis and thus development od reduction processes of activity times as well as elimination of disorders and raising the efficiency of materials of this department carriers. With the implementation of lean tools it was possible to obtain a reduction in occupancy rates of carriers, this way reflecting its manning which is currently 17 fixed carriers, can to become only 15. A new method of collection of a material was conceived, which was previously done by carriers, achieving the reuse of over 59Kg/day, which resulted in annual savings about 40 thousand euro and the consequent reduction of 2.64% in the occupancy rate of carriers this material. In relation to the organization of tasks, this project led to the implementation of parking facilities for the means of transport and settled new working methods for the materials transport ask.

The 're-admission' of the Republic of South Africa to the global arena does not only imply that the education system be effectively run, but also that the potential of all stakeholders in education be optimised. Against the background of the preceding assertion it is essential therefore that to meet the demands of the present information age performance management be enhanced to meet the demand for quality education. The rationale for performance management is linked to investment in people to yield high returns in education in the form of qualified and skilled personnel, a productive and competitive workforce and an effective and efficient corporate community. In the light of the preceding, the quest for quality education is interlinked with an integrated quality management system. The basic premise here is that through performance management the education system would ensure optimisation of potential In order to unfold individuals' potential and release their latent energy and to promote economic growth and improve the quality of life for the South African citizenry at large. Similarly, the optimisation of the potential of educators and learners alike is seen as a necessity for ensuring provision of quality education in a high quality and productive education system.
Thesis (M. Ed.) North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, 2004

This study is an evaluation of the grant application process of the South African Social Security Agency in Gauteng, West Rand District. The aim of the study is to determine if there are inefficiencies and incompetence within the system that can make it susceptible to fraud. Another aim of the study is to propose mechanisms to minimise the inefficiencies in the grant application process so that clients can receive the correct grant at the right time and at the designated collection point. SASSA is responsible to prevent unauthorised and wasteful expenditure, and ensure that the state resources are managed and utilised in an effective and efficient manner in compliance with the Public Finance Management Act of 2000. There is also a responsibility to protect the poor and vulnerable. Curbing inefficiencies will gain the citizens confidence in the services offered by the Agency. A clear explanation of the concept administration as a mechanism for the implementation of policy, management (and its functions), monitoring, reporting and evaluation is provided. This is followed by a discussion on the legislative framework, policies, regulations and procedures which guide the management of the grant application process. Furthermore, the assumptions underlying the dominant schools of thought on the theories of public administration and alternative definitions of the phenomenon are expounded upon. The study outlines factors that lead officials to deviate from the grant application regulations and procedure which render the system inefficient and ineffective. It also reveals the extent of deviations and non-compliance during the completion of grant applications, the calculation and the capturing of the means test, and approval of grant applications which is a major challenge for SASSA. Several types of behaviour observed and activities performed by officials are identified, all of which have a bearing on how inefficiencies are perceived. There is also evidence that some of the activities are acts of fraud which may have a negative impact on the image of the Agency and service delivery. But the officials‟ attitude to the possibility of fraud increasing seems to be overly sanguine, partly as a result of a very narrow definition of fraud. The study further provides an analysis of the reasons the grant application strategies in place are not successfully implemented by the South African Social Security Agency (SASSA). The study concludes with the implementation of best practice in terms of management strategies and good governance, and an alternative framework that locates fraud at the systemic level is proposed. Vigilance could be enhanced by strengthening supervisory capacity, enhancing the social pension (SOCPEN) system and internal audit. Furthermore, officials who are found guilty of fraudulent activities must be prosecuted within the shortest time period and not be suspended with full pay.
M Public Administration (Development and Management), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Arquitectura
Este projeto debruça-se sobre o impacto que um meio industrial pode ter no meio mais urbanizado, procurando soluções para que ambos possam partilhar a mesma amostra de território e criando mais valias com esta proximidade. Para tal é escolhida a Continental Mabor e a relação que a mesma tem com o território do concelho de Vila Nova de Famalicão, uma vez que possui impacto direto na balança comercial do concelho. A Mabor encontra-se no território de Vila Nova de Famalicão desde 1938 e até á última década do seculo XX, esta assume um estatuto mediano dentro do concelho. Já em 1990, data da entrada da Continental como acionista principal da empresa e com o investimento de mais de 600 milhões de euros, a empresa tornou-se num elemento distinto dentro do concelho. Assume assim um papel fundamental na organização do território, permitindo que a Câmara Municipal direcione parte do seu orçamento para criar melhores condições a que a empresa consiga movimentar o seu produto. Após uma análise de planos industriais diversos, apresenta-se uma proposta de organização alternativa, que permita que as futuras intervenções possam servir em simultâneo, a fábrica e a população de Vila Nova de Famalicão, criando assim um regime de entreajuda entre ambas as partes. Para a conceção deste projeto, retira-se vantagem dos princípios regentes das peças analisadas e de que forma é que estes contribuíram ou não, para o sucesso de cada intervenção analisada.
This project explores the impact the industrial environment has in the more urban environment, searching for ways in which both can share a piece of territory and creating advantages with this proximity. To do so, Continental Mabor, along with its relationship with the Vila Nova de Famalicão council territory, is chosen. This decision was based on the company’s impact on the council’s trade balance. Mabor is established in Vila Nova de Famalicão’s territory since 1938 and until the last decade of the 20th century it has moderate relevance within the council. In 1990, however, when Continental becomes the main share holder of the company investing more than 600 million euros in it, the company asserts its position as a crucial part of the council. It thus takes on a central role in the organisation of the territory, making the town’s council use part of its budget to enhance accessibility routes allowing the company to improve its trading practice. Following an analyses of a diversity of industrial plans, present a proposal for an alternative organisation which allows future interventions to serve both the factory and the population of Vila Nova de Famalicão, creating a system of mutual help between both parties. For the development of this project, take advantage of the governing principles of the studied bodies and of the way they contributed or not to the success of each intervention analysed.

Corporate governance failures raise questions by stakeholders seeking explanations why audit committees are failing to play their agency role effectively. The objective of this study was to determine the relation between 49 disclosed audit committee effectiveness variables based on King III Code recommended practices and the external audit opinion expressed in South African central government departments. Descriptive statistics highlighted variances in 14 variables across 93 departments. Categorical principal component analysis categorised the 14 variables into four factor variables and hypotheses. Multivariate ordinal logistic regression tested the hypotheses. Results suggest that disclosure of a higher number of variables was generally associated with a clean audit report, while the association between a higher number of disclosures regarding audit committee structure and profile variables and a clean audit report was significant. Improvements to National Treasury’s disclosure templates and review of departmental managers’ disclosures about audit committees in annual reports are recommended.
Gevalle van korporatiewe beheer mislukking laat vrae by belanghebbers ontstaan waarom ouditkomitees versuim om hul oorsigrol doeltreffend te vervul. Die doel van hierdie studie was om te bepaal watter verband daar bestaan tussen 49 vasgestelde ouditkomiteedoeltreffendheidsveranderlikes vervat in die aanbevole praktyke volgens die King III-kode en die eksterne ouditmening wat in sentrale staatsdepartemente in Suid-Afrika uitgepreek is. Beskrywende statistiek het variasies in 14 veranderlikes oor 93 departemente uitgewys. Kategoriesebeginsel-komponentontleding het die 14 veranderlikes in vier faktorveranderlikes en hipoteses gekategoriseer. Meerveranderlike ordinale logistieke regressie het die hipoteses getoets. Resultate toon dat openbaarmaking van ʼn groter getal veranderlikes oor die algemeen verband hou met ʼn skoon ouditverslag; en die verband tussen ʼn groter getal openbaarmakings betreffende ouditkomiteestruktuur- en profielveranderlikes en ʼn skoon ouditverslag was beduidend. Verbeteringe aan Nasionale Tesourie se openbaarmakingstemplet en nasiening van departementele bestuurders se openbaarmakings rakende ouditkomitees in jaarverslae word aanbeveel.
Go palelwa ga ditshepedišo tšeo di latelwago go laola khamphani go dirile gore bengdithoto ba ipotšiše dipotšišo tše di nyakago ditlhalošo tša gore gobaneng dikomiti tša tlhakišo di šitwa go kgatha tema ya tšona ya bodiredi ka bokgoni. Maikemišetšo a thutelo ye e be e le go šupa tswalano gare ga mabaka ao a ka fetogago a go tliša katlego a 49 ao a utollotšwego a komiti ya tlhakišo go ya ka ditlwaelo tše di šišintšwego tša King III Code le maikutlo a tlhakišo ya ka ntle ao a filwego ke dikgoro tša mmušo wa gare tša Afrika Borwa. Dipalopalo tšeo di fago tlhalošo ya popego ya datha di bontšhitše phetogo go mabaka ao a ka fetogago a 14 ka go dikgoro tše 93. Tshekatsheko ya karolo ye kgolo ya tlhopho e hlophile mabaka ao a ka fetogago a 14 go ya ka mabaka ao a ka fetogago le ditlhalošo tše di šišintšwego tše nne. Mokgwa wa tshekatsheko ya go fetogafetoga ga didatha go ya ka tatelano goba kgetho o dirišitšwe go leka ditlhalošo tše di šišintšwego. Dipoelo di šišintše gore kutollo ya palo ya godingwna ya mabaka ao a ka fetogago ka kakaretšo e tswalane le maikutlo a tlhakišo ao a se nago bosodi, gomme tswalano gare ga palo ya godingwana ya dikutollo tša mabaka ao a ka fetogago a popego ya komiti ya tlhakišo le profaele le maikutlo ao a se nago bosodi e bile bohlokwa. Dikaonafatšo go mokgwatshepedišo wa kutollo wa Polokelo ya Bosetšhaba le tekolo ya dikutollo tša bolaodi ka ga dikomiti tša tlhakišo ka go dipego tša ngwaga ka ngwaga di a eletšwa
Centre for Accounting Studies
M. Phil. (Accounting Sciences)

Abstracts in English, Southern Sotho and Xhosa
Previous studies evidenced the association between work ethics climate, retention factors and organisational commitment separately. However, research combining all these variables have not yet been done. The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship between work ethics climate, retention factors and organisational commitment of nurses in a South African public hospital. A quantitative research design was followed and a probability stratified sample (N=208) of nurses participated in the study. The results indicate significant relationships between work ethics climate and retention factors. Furthermore, the results indicate significant relationships between work ethics climate and organisational commitment. Moreover, the results indicate that work ethics climate moderates the relationship between training and development components of retention factors and organisational commitment. These findings provide new knowledge for the design of retention strategies, which adds value to the body of knowledge in relation to work ethics climate. Recommendations for further research and for the implementation of the results of the study by human resource professionals were made in terms of improving the ethical climate, the retention factors and organisational commitment of their employees.
Dinyakišišo tše di fetilego di file bohlatse bja kamano magareng ga seemo sa maitshwaro ka mošomong, mabaka a go tšwela pele le boikgafo ka fao go aroganego. Le ge go le bjale, dinyakišišo tšeo di kopanyago mehuta ye ka moka ga se tša hlwa di dirwa. Maikemišetšo a dinyakišišo tše e bile go nyakišiša kamano magareng ga seemo sa maitshwaro ka mošomong, mabaka a go tšwela pele le boikgafo bja bja baoki ka sepetleleng sa setšhaba sa Afrika Borwa. Tlhamo ya dinyakišišo tša boleng e dirišitšwe gomme sampole ya baoki ye e arogantšwego (N=208) ba kgathile tema ka dinyakišišong. Dipoelo di laetša kamano ye kgolo magareng ga seemo sa maitshwaro ka mošomong le mabaka a go tšwela pele. Godimo ga fao, dipoelo di laetša dikamano tše kgolo magareng ga seemo sa maitshwaro ka mošomong le boikgafo bja ka mokgatlong. Godimo ga fao, dipoelo di aletša gore seemo sa maitshwaro se lekanyetša kamano magareng ga dikarolo tša tlhahlo le tša tlhabollo tša mabaka a go tšwela pele le boikgafo bja ka mokgatlong. Dikutollo tše di fana ka tsebo ye mpsha ya tlhamo ya mekgwa ya go tšwela pele, yeo e tlišago boleng go tsebo mabapi le seemo sa maitshwaro a ka mošomong. Ditšhišinyo tša dinyakišišo go tšwela pele le tša go phethagatša dipoelo tša dinyakišišo ka bašomi ba sephrofešenale ba merero ya bašomi di dirilwe mabapi le go kaonafatša seemo sa maitshwaro, mabaka a go tšwela pele le boikgafo bja ka mokgatlong bja bašomi ba yona.
Amarhubhululo zesikhathi esidlulileko zifakazele itjhebiswano eliphakathi kobujamo bemigomo yokusebenza, imithelela yokubamba abasebenzi bangakhambi kanye nokuzibophelela kwihlangano ngendlela ehlukanisiweko. Nanyana kunjalo, ngokwerhubhululo ukuhlanganiswa kwazo zoke lezi zinto akhange kweziwe. Ihloso yaleli rhubhululo bekukuphenya itjhebiswano eliphakathi kobujamo bemigomo yokuziphatha emsebenzini, ukubamba abasebenzi bangakhambi kanye nokuzibophelela kuhlangano kwabahlengikazi esibhedlela sombuso eSewula Afrika. Ihlelo lerhubhululo elidzimelele kuzinga lekulumo lilandelwe kanti nesampula yabahlengikazi I (N=208) labadlale indima kurhubhululo lisetjenzisiwe.Imiphumela iveza itjhebiswano eliqakathekileko phakathi kobujamo bemigomo yokusebenza kanye nemithelela yokubanjwa kwabasebenzi bangakhambi. Ukuragela phambili, imiphumela iveza itjhebiswano eliqakathekileko phakathi kobujamo bemigomo yokusebenza kanye nokuzibophelela kwehlangano. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lemiphumela iveza ukobana ubujamo bemigomo yokuziphatha ilinganisa itjhebiswano phakathi kweengaba ezibandulako nezithuthukisako, iingaba ezimalungana nemithelela yokubamba abasebenzi bangakhambi kanye nokuzibophelela kwehlangano. Leli lwazi elitholakeleko linikela ilwazi elitjha malungana nokudizayinwa kwamasu wokubamba abasebenzi bangakhambi, okuyinto engezelela ivelu kumthombo welwazi malungana nobujamo bemigomo yokuziphatha emsebenzini. Iincomo ezinye ezimalungana nokuragela phambili nerhubhululo kanye nokusetjenziswa kwemiphumela yerhubhululo elimalungana nabasebenzi bomnyango wezokuqatjhwa kwabasebenzi zenziwe ngokuthi kuthuthukiswe ubujamo bemigomo yokuziphatha, imithelela yokubamba abasebenzi bangakhambi kanye nokuzibophelela kwabasebenzi kuhlangano.
Human Resource Management
M. Com. (Business Management)

Abstracts in English, Afrikaans and Northern Sotho
Many individuals spend their working lives attempting to accrue financial resources to sustain them beyond their retirement. The challenge in professional sport is that a professional athlete’s career is often relatively short with various risks that could end it prematurely. In addition, there are various reasons why professional athletes find it challenging to transition to a vocational career after their sporting careers end. This highlights the importance for professional athletes to attain a high level of financial literacy from a young age. Actor-network theory (ANT) provided a suitable theoretical frame for this study by considering the information that could flow in a network around a professional athlete in pursuit of sound financial decisions. This study first developed a framework for the financial literacy skills required by professional athletes in pursuit of sustainable financial well-being. For this purpose, semi-structured face-to-face interviews were conducted with 27 interviewees. ANT was applied to guide the selection of interviewees from a network of influencers that could guide a professional athlete’s financial decisions. The results of these interviews and the open-ended responses provided the basis for the contributed framework. The second part of this multi-layered study was aimed at developing an artefact or research instrument to assess the financial literacy of professional athletes. Design science research provided the overarching research design for this qualitative study with a second round of interviews held with 10 interviewees from the list of interviewees consulted for the first part of the study. The 10 interviewees were purposively selected after taking the primacy of ethical considerations around research into consideration. The developed instrument may be used as it is, or adapted or extended for research beyond the limits of this study. This study could be valuable in assisting professional athletes to avoid financial distress after their sporting careers end. The study will also be of interest to sport governing bodies, the leadership of professional sports clubs, sports agents, legal advisors, accountants, tax experts, financial planners and other financial advisors to improve their understanding of the financial needs and current levels of financial literacy amongst professional athletes.
Tallose werkende mense spaar lewenslank vir hulle aftrede. Die loopbane van professionele sportlui is taamlik kort en boonop kan verskeie risiko’s voortydig 'n einde aan 'n sportloopbaan maak. Om verskeie redes sukkel professionele sportlui buitendien om die beroepswêreld ná ʼn sportloopbaan te betree. Daarom is dit noodsaaklik dat hulle finansieel geletterd raak terwyl hulle nog jonk is. Die speler-netwerkteorie (SNT) bied 'n geskikte teoretiese raamwerk vir hierdie studie aangesien dit toegespits is op die inligting wat deur 'n netwerk om professionele sportlui wat verstandige finansiële besluite nastrewe, vloei. Ten eerste is 'n raamwerk ontwikkel vir die finansiële vaardighede waaroor professionele sportlui vir volhoubare finansiële welstand moet beskik. Hiervoor is halfgestruktureerde onderhoude van aangesig tot aangesig met 27 ondervraagdes gehou. Op grond van SNT is die ondervraagdes gekies uit 'n netwerk van beïnvloeders wat professionele sportlui se finansiële besluite kan bepaal. Die raamwerk het berus op die uitslag van hierdie onderhoude waarin oop vrae gestel is. In die tweede gedeelte van hierdie gelaagde studie is 'n artefak of navorsingsinstrument ontwikkel waarmee die finansiële geletterdheid van professionele sportlui getoets kan word. Die oorkoepelende navorsingsontwerp vir hierdie kwalitatiewe studie is aan wetenskaplike ontwerpnavorsing ontleen. 'n Tweede ronde onderhoude is met 10 van die 27 ondervraagdes in die eerste ronde onderhoude gevoer. Die 10 ondervraagdes is doelbewus ná inagneming van die voorrang van etiese navorsingsoorwegings gekies. Hierdie instrument kan óf onveranderd gebruik word óf aangepas word vir navorsing wat buite die perke van hierdie studie val. Hierdie studie kan voorkom dat professionele sportlui ná 'n sportloopbaan in finansiële nood verkeer. Dit kan ook sportbeheerliggame, die bestuurders van beroepsportklubs, sportagente, regsadviseurs, rekenmeesters, belastingdeskundiges, finansiële beplanners en ander finansiële adviseurs help om die finansiële behoeftes van professionele sportlui en hulle vlak van finansiële geletterdheid beter te begryp.
Batho ba bantši ba tšea maphelo a bona ka moka a ge ba šoma ba leka go hwetša methopo ya ditšhelete ka nepo ya gore e ba tšwetše pele ka bophelo go ya go ile le ka morago ga ge ba rotše modiro. Tlhohlo ka mo papading ye ya sephrofešenale ke gore mošomo wa motšhabeši wa diatleletiki gantši ke o mokopana kudu ebile o na le dikotsi tše mmalwa tšeo di ka o fedišago e sa le ka pela. Godimo ga fao, go na le mabaka a mmalwa gore ke ka lebaka la eng batšhabeši ba diatleletiki ba hwetša go le boima go fetogela go mošomo wa diatla ka morago ga ge mošomo wa bona wa dipapadi o fedile. Se se laetša bohlokwa bja gore batšhabeši ba diatleletiki ba fihlelele maemo a godimo a tsebo ya ditšhelete ba sa le ba bannyane. Teori ya mabapi le tirišano ya bakgathatema (ANT) e fane ka motheo wa maleba wa teori go dinyakišišo tše ge go lebeletšwe tshedimošo yeo e ka welago ka go netweke mabapi le motšhabeši wa diatleletiki ge a nyaka go tšea dipheto tšeo di kwagalago ka ga ditšhelete. Tlhako ye e thomile ke go hlamelwa mabokgoni a tsebo ya ditšhelkete ye e nyakegago go batšhabeši ba diatleletiki ba phrofešenale ge ba nyaka go phela gabotse ditšheleteng go ya go ile. Ka lebaka le, dipoledišano tša motho ka motho tšeo di hlametšwego gore bao ba botšišwago dipotšišo ba fetole ka tokologo di ile tša swarwa le baarabi ba 27. ANT e dirišitšwe go hlahla kgetho ya bao ba botšišwago dipotšišo go netweke ya bahuetši bao ba ka hlahlago diphetho tša ditšhelete tša motšhabeši wa diatleletiki. Dipoelo tša dipoledišano tše le diphetolo tšeo di sa fego moarabi di fane ka motheo wa tlhako ye. Karolo ya bobedi ya dinyakišišo tše tša dikgato tše ntši e be e ikemišeditše go hlama bokgabo goba setlabelo sa dinyakišišo sa go fihlelela tsebo ya ditšhelete ya boradiatleletiki ba phrofešenale. Dinyakišišo tša mahlale tšeo di hlangwago di fane ka tlhamo ya dinyakišišo yeo e akaretšago ya dinyakišišo tše tša boleng gomme karolo ya bobedi ya dipoledišano tšeo di swerwego le bao ba botšišwago dipotšišo ba 10 go tšwa lenaneong la bao ba botšišwago dipotšišo bao ba botšišitšwego dipotšišo ka karolong ya mathomo ya dinyakišišo. Bao ba botšišwago dipotšišo ba 10 ba kgethilwe ka maikemišetšo ka morago ga go hlokomela bohlokwa bja maitshwaro mabapi le dinyakišišo tše di dirwago. Setlabelo seo se hlamilwego se ka šomišwa ka fao se lego ka gona goba sa fetošwa goba sa oketšwa go tla go šomišwa ka dinyakišišong tša ka morago ga tše. Dinyakišišo tše di ka no ba mohola go thuša batšhabeši ba diatleletiki go efoga kgatelelo ya monagano ye e bakwago ke mathata a ditšhelete ka morago ga ge mošomo wa bona wa dipapadi o fedile. Dinyakišišo tše gape di ka ba tša kgahlego go makgotlataolo a dipapadi, go boetapele bja ditlelapo tša dipapadi tša phrofešenale, go badiredi ba tša dipapadi, go baeletši tša molao, go balekodi ba dipuku tša ditšhelete, go ditshebi tša motšhelo, go babeakanyi ba ditšhelete le go baeletši ba bangwe ba ditšhelete ka nepo ya go kaonafatša kwešišo ya bona ya dinyakwa tša ditšhelete le go maemo a bjale a tsebo ya ditšhelete gareng ga bašhabeši ba diatleletiki ba phrofešenale.
Financial accounting
D. Phil. (Accounting Sciences)

English, Afrikaans and Northern Sotho summaries
Die algemene doel van hierdie navorsing was om ’n loopbaantevredenheids- en indiensneembaarheidsprofiel vir kenniswerkers saam te stel, gebaseer op die verhoudingsdinamika tussen individue se biografiese eienskappe (ouderdom, ras en indiensnemingstatus), loopbaankognisies (loopbaanaanpasbaarheid en psigososiale loopbaanpreokkupasies as voorgangers), hulle psigososiale loopbaanhulpbronne (indiensneembaarheidskenmerke, loopbaanankers en loopbaanwaardes as moderators) en hulle loopbaantevredenheid en selfwaargenome indiensneembaarheid (gevolge of uitkomste). Die einddoel van die navorsing was om gevolgtrekkings te maak oor die verhoudingsdinamika (omvang en rigting) tussen die konsepte ten einde organisatoriese loopbaanontwikkelingspraktyke vir die kenniswerker voor te stel. ’n Kwantitatiewe deursneenavorsingsbenadering is gevolg en het ’n steekproef van N = 404 kenniswerkers behels wat by professionele Suid-Afrikaanse liggame geregistreer is. Beskrywende, korrelasie- en meerveranderlike inferensiële statistiek is ingespan. Aanvullend tot die kanoniese korrelasieresultate, het regressie and strukturele vergelykingsmodellering ontledings aangetoon dat die loopbaantevredenheidsprofiel unieke beïnvloedingsfaktore het terwyl die selfwaargenome indiensneembaarheidsprofiel ook oor sy eie unieke beïnvloedingsfaktore beskik. Moderering regressie-ontleding het gewys dat individue se loopbaankognisies (dit is die vlakke van loopbaanaanpasbaarheid en loopbaanpreokkupasies) nie voorwaardelik ten opsigte van hulle psigososiale loopbaanhulpbronne was (dit is, indiensneembaarheidseienskappe, loopbaanankers en loopbaanwaardes) om hulle vlakke van loopbaantevredenheid en selfwaargenome indiensneembaarheid te verduidelik nie. Die loopbaankognisies en psigososiale loopbaanhulpbronne het individuele, bepaalde hoofgevolge om te oorweeg ten einde kenniswerkers se loopbaantevredenheid en selfwaargenome indiensneembaarheid te verstaan. Stapsgewyse regressie en hiërargies-moderering regressie-ontleding het gewys dat ouderdom, ras en indiensnemingstatus belangrike oorwegings was wat betref die loopbaantevredenheidsprofiel van kenniswerkers. Ras in die besonder het geblyk belangrik te wees om in aanmerking te neem ooreenkomstig hulle selfwaargenome indiensneembaarheid. Verskille tussen die biografiese groepe het ook aan die hand gedoen dat unieke loopbaanontwikkeling oorweeg moet word in multikulterele, diverse werkskontekste. Die loopbaantevredenheid en indiensneembaarheidsprofiel is saamgestel, gebaseer op die belangrikste insigte wat uit die essensiële, betekenisvolle bevindings bekom is. Loopbaantevredenheid en indiensneembaarheidsteorie is in hierdie navorsing uitgebrei. Aanbevelings vir organisatoriese loopbaanontwikkelingondersteuningspraktyke is gemaak, gebaseer op die voorgestelde profiel vir die professionele kenniswerker.
Maikemisetsomagolo a dinyakisiso e bile go go hlama phrofaele ye e kgotsofatsago mosomo le go thwalega mosomong go basomi ba tsa tsebo go lebeletswe seemo sa dikamano magareng ga dipharologantsi tsa dipalopalo ka ga batho (e lego mengwaga, bong, mohlobo le maemo a mosomo), go kwesisa ka ga mesomo (go tlwaela mosomo le seemo sa menagano ya setshaba ka ga mesomo bjalo ka dilo tseo di tlago peleng), methopo ya bona mosomo mabapi le menagano ya setshaba (dikokwane tsa go kgona go thwalega mesomong, dihlohleletsi tsa go hwetsa mesomo le maitshwaro a mesomong bjalo ka dilo tseo di lekolago mesomo) le go kgotsofatsa ga dinyakwa tsa mesomo le go ipona bjalo ka yo a thwalegago (seo se tlago ka moragonyana goba bjalo ka poelo). Maikemisetso ao a nepilwego a dinyakisiso e bile go tla ka dipheto mabapi le seemo sa dikamano (bogolo bja tsona le fao di lebilego gona) magareng ga kago ya maikemisetso a go sisinya ditiro tsa tlhabollo ya basomi ka dikhamphaning go mosomi yo a somago ka menagano. Mokgwa wa dinyakisiso wa bontsi wa mafapha a mantis o dirisitswe gomme sampole ya N = 404 ya basomi ba tsa tsebo o dirisitswe le go akaretsa mekgatlo ya sephrofesenale ya ka Afrika Borwa. Dipalopalo tsa go hlatholla, tsa papetso le tsa tshupetso ya makala a mantsi di dirilwe. Dipoelo tsa papetso tsa tatelano di laeditse gore go phrofaele ya go kgotsofatsa mosomo e na le dintlha tsa khuetso tsa go swana di nnosi mola e le gore phrofaele ya go ipona bjalo ka yo a thwalegago le yona e na le dintlha tsa khuetso tsa go swana di nnosi. Tshekatsheko ya poelomorago yeo e hlokometswego e laeditse gore dikwesiso tsa batho ka ga mosomo (ke gore, maemo a tsinkelo mosomong le go tlwaelo go phethagatsa mosomo) ga se tsa lebana le seemo sa methopo ya go phethagatsa mosomo wa mabapi le menagano ya setshaba (ke gore, dipharologantshi tsa go thwalega mesomong, dihlohleletsi tsa mesomo le maitshwaro a mesomong) go hlalosa maemo a bona a go kgotsofatsa phethagatso ya mesomo le go ipona o thwalega mosomong. Dikwesiso ka ga mesomo le methopo ya mesomo mabapi le menagano ya setshaba di bile le diabe tse itsego go batho tseo di swanetsego go hlokomelwa gore re kwesise go kgotsofatsa ga mesomo ka basomi ba tsa tsebo le go ipona ba thwalega mesomong. Tshekatsheko ya poelomorago ka dikgato tse mmalwa le ya poelomorago ya basomi go ya ka tatelano ya bona di laeditse gore mengwaga, morafe le maemo a mosomo di bile bohlokwa go di hlokomela mabapi le phrofaele ya go kgotsofatsa mesomo ga basomi ba tsa tsebo. Morafe o bonagala o tloga o le bohlokwa kudu go hlokomela mabapi le go ipona ba thwalega mesomong. Diphapano magareng ga dihlopha tsa merafe le mehlobo le tsona di sisintse gore go hlokega tlohabollo ya ka mesomong ye e swanago e nnosi yeo e swanetsego go dirwa ka seemong sa mesomo fao go somago batho ba ditso tse di fapafapanego. Phrofaele ya tlhabollo ya basomi le go thwalega mesomong go hlamilwe go lebeletswe tsebo ye bohlokwa ye e hweditswego go dikutollo tsa motheo tse bohlokwa. Dinyakisiso di katolositse teori ya mabapi le tlhabollo ya basomi le ya go thwalega mesomong. Go dirilwe ditshisinyo mabapi le ditiro tsa thekgo ya tlhabollo ya basomi ka dikhamphaning ka ga phrofaele ye e sisintswego ya mosomi wa tsa tsebo wa sephrofesenale.
Psychology