Relevant bibliographies by topics / M/G/1

Academic literature on the topic 'M/G/1'

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Published: 10 December 2022
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Journal articles on the topic "M/G/1"

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Aalto, Samuli, Urtzi Ayesta, and Eeva Nyberg-Oksanen. "M/G/1/MLPS compared to M/G/1/PS." Operations Research Letters 33, no. 5 (September 2005): 519–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orl.2004.09.009.

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J., Joseline Manora, and Vignesh S. "Results on $\gamma_{M}^{-1}(G)$ and $\gamma_{M}^{-1}(\bar{G})$." Malaya Journal of Matematik S, no. 1 (2020): 358–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.26637/mjm0s20/0067.

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Nakatsuka, Toshinao. "QUEUE LENGTH DISTRIBUTION IN M/G/1, M^x/G/1 AND THEIR VARIANTS WITH COMPLETION TIME." Journal of the Operations Research Society of Japan 52, no. 1 (2009): 11–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15807/jorsj.52.11.

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Ali, Hydar. "Expected number of departures in M/M/1 and G/G/1 queues." Advances in Applied Probability 22, no. 3 (September 1990): 770–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1427474.

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For an initially empty M/M/1 queue, it is shown that the transform of the expectation of the number of departures in the interval (0, t] is invariant under an interchange of arrival and service rates. However, in the GI/G/1 queue with an initial single customer, the corresponding transform does not have this symmetric property.
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Gail, H. R., S. L. Hantler, and B. A. Taylor. "Spectral analysis of M/G/1 and G/M/1 type Markov chains." Advances in Applied Probability 28, no. 1 (March 1996): 114–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1427915.

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When analyzing the equilibrium behavior of M/G/1 type Markov chains by transform methods, restrictive hypotheses are often made to avoid technical problems that arise in applying results from complex analysis and linear algebra. It is shown that such restrictive assumptions are unnecessary, and an analysis of these chains using generating functions is given under only the natural hypotheses that first moments (or second moments in the null recurrent case) exist. The key to the analysis is the identification of an important subspace of the space of bounded solutions of the system of homogeneous vector-valued Wiener–Hopf equations associated with the chain. In particular, the linear equations in the boundary probabilities obtained from the transform method are shown to correspond to a spectral basis of the shift operator on this subspace. Necessary and sufficient conditions under which the chain is ergodic, null recurrent or transient are derived in terms of properties of the matrix-valued generating functions determined by transitions of the Markov chain. In the transient case, the Martin exit boundary is identified and shown to be associated with certain eigenvalues and vectors of one of these generating functions. An equilibrium analysis of the class of G/M/1 type Markov chains by similar methods is also presented.
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Gail, H. R., S. L. Hantler, and B. A. Taylor. "Non-Skip-Free M/G/1 and G/M/1 Type Markov Chains." Advances in Applied Probability 29, no. 3 (September 1997): 733–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1428084.

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For Markov chains of M/G/1 type that are not skip-free to the left, the corresponding G matrix is shown to have special structure and be determined by its first block row. An algorithm that takes advantage of this structure is developed for computing G. For non-skip-free M/G/1 type Markov chains, the algorithm significantly reduces the computational complexity of calculating the G matrix, when compared with reblocking to a system that is skip-free to the left and then applying usual iteration schemes to find G. A similar algorithm to calculate the R matrix for G/M/1 type Markov chains that are not skip-free to the right is also described.
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Ali, Hydar. "Expected number of departures in M/M/1 and G/G/1 queues." Advances in Applied Probability 22, no. 03 (September 1990): 770–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001867800020048.

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For an initially empty M/M/1 queue, it is shown that the transform of the expectation of the number of departures in the interval (0, t] is invariant under an interchange of arrival and service rates. However, in the GI/G/1 queue with an initial single customer, the corresponding transform does not have this symmetric property.
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Gail, H. R., S. L. Hantler, and B. A. Taylor. "Spectral analysis of M/G/1 and G/M/1 type Markov chains." Advances in Applied Probability 28, no. 01 (March 1996): 114–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001867800027300.

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When analyzing the equilibrium behavior of M/G/1 type Markov chains by transform methods, restrictive hypotheses are often made to avoid technical problems that arise in applying results from complex analysis and linear algebra. It is shown that such restrictive assumptions are unnecessary, and an analysis of these chains using generating functions is given under only the natural hypotheses that first moments (or second moments in the null recurrent case) exist. The key to the analysis is the identification of an important subspace of the space of bounded solutions of the system of homogeneous vector-valued Wiener–Hopf equations associated with the chain. In particular, the linear equations in the boundary probabilities obtained from the transform method are shown to correspond to a spectral basis of the shift operator on this subspace. Necessary and sufficient conditions under which the chain is ergodic, null recurrent or transient are derived in terms of properties of the matrix-valued generating functions determined by transitions of the Markov chain. In the transient case, the Martin exit boundary is identified and shown to be associated with certain eigenvalues and vectors of one of these generating functions. An equilibrium analysis of the class of G/M/1 type Markov chains by similar methods is also presented.
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Gail, H. R., S. L. Hantler, and B. A. Taylor. "Non-Skip-Free M/G/1 and G/M/1 Type Markov Chains." Advances in Applied Probability 29, no. 03 (September 1997): 733–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001867800028329.

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For Markov chains of M/G/1 type that are not skip-free to the left, the corresponding G matrix is shown to have special structure and be determined by its first block row. An algorithm that takes advantage of this structure is developed for computing G. For non-skip-free M/G/1 type Markov chains, the algorithm significantly reduces the computational complexity of calculating the G matrix, when compared with reblocking to a system that is skip-free to the left and then applying usual iteration schemes to find G. A similar algorithm to calculate the R matrix for G/M/1 type Markov chains that are not skip-free to the right is also described.
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Kim, Bara, and Jeongsim Kim. "Analysis of the $$M^X/G/1$$ M X / G / 1 retrial queue." Annals of Operations Research 247, no. 1 (June 13, 2015): 193–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10479-015-1921-6.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "M/G/1"

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Prado, Silvia Maria. "Modelos alternativos em filas M/G/1." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2015. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/8693.

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The main aim of this work is to develop alternative queuing models to M/ G/l, in which arrivals follow a Poisson process, the total number of customers on the system and the total number of service channels are unknown. Our interest is just to observe the service channel that will offer the maximum or minimum service time. Wherefore, the service distributions are obtained from the composition of the Conwav-Maxwell-Poisson distribution truncated at zero, used to model the number of service channels, with the general distribution to the maximum and minimum service time. Thus, we obtain new distributions for service time, which are called Maximum-Conwav-Maxwell-Poisson-general, denoted by MAXCOMPG distribution, and Minimum-Conwav-Maxwell-Poisson-general, denoted by MINCOMPG distribution, consequently, we obtain the queue models M/MAXCOMPG/1 and M/MINCOMPG/ 1, respectively. As general distributions, we use the distributions exponential, Weibull and Birnbaum Saunders, To illustrate the proposed queue models, a simulation study is done and also real data are used.
Este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar modelos de filas alternativos ao M/G/l, nos quais as chegadas seguem um processo de Poisson, o número total de usuários no sistema e o número total de canais de atendimento são desconhecidos. Neste caso, observamos apenas o canal de serviço que irá oferecer o máximo ou o mínimo tempo de serviço. Para isto, as distribuições de serviço são obtidas a partir da composição da distribuição Conwav-Maxwell-Poisson truncada no ponto zero, usada para modelar o número de canais de atendimento, com uma distribuição geral para o máximo e o mínimo tempos de serviço. Desta forma, surgem novas distribuições de serviço que são denominadas de Máximo-Conwav-Maxwell-Poisson-geral, denotada por distribuição MAXCOMPG, e Mínimo-Conwav-Maxwell-Poisson-geral, denotada por distribuição MINCOMPG, e, assim, obtemos os modelos de fila M MAXCOMPG 1 e M MINCOMPG 1. Como distribuições gerais usamos as distribuições exponencial, Weibull e Birnbaum Saunders, Para ilustrar os modelos de fila propostos um amplo estudo de simulação é feito e dados reais também são utilizados.
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Böhm, Walter. "A transient Analysis of M/G/1 Queues with N-policy." Department of Statistics and Mathematics, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 1991. http://epub.wu.ac.at/738/1/document.pdf.

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We consider an M/G/1 queueing model with N-policy operating. This means, that the server will start up only if a queue of a prescribed length has built up. For this model the time dependent distribution of the queue lenght is given by simple renewal arguments without resorting to integral transform techniques. (author's abstract)
Series: Forschungsberichte / Institut für Statistik
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Hou, Yunkui. "Stochastic optimal control of G/M/1 queueing system with breakdowns /." The Ohio State University, 1991. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487694702782079.

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Slamet, Isnandar. "Transient analysis of M/G/1 queueing models: lattice path approach." Thesis, Curtin University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/168.

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In this thesis, we develop the explicit expression for pure incomplete busy period (PIBP) density function for M/G/1 queueing systems and for incomplete busy period (IBP) density function for M/G/1 queueing systems operating under (0,k) and (k ′, k) control policies. Under (0,k) control policy, the server goes on the vacation when the system becomes empty and re-opens for service immediately at the arrival of the kth customer. Under (k ′, k) control policy, the server starts serving only when the number of customers in the queue becomes k and remains busy as long as there are at least k ′ customers waiting for service. The explicit form of the incomplete busy period density and other measures of the system performance are not known.Our approach is to approximate general service time with Coxian 2-phase distribution and represent the queuing process as a lattice path by recording the state of the system at the point of transitions. Herein an arrival into the system is represented by a horizontal step and departure by a vertical step and shift from phase 1 to phase 2 by a diagonal step. Incomplete busy period can then be represented as lattice path starting from (k0, 0) to (m,n), m > n remaining below the barrier Y = X. Control policies imposes additional restrictions on the barrier. Next we use the lattice path combinatorics to count the feasible number of paths and corresponding probabilities.The above leads to the required density function that has simple probabilistic structure and can be computed using R. In this thesis, we also present the challenges in computing the density using R and illustrate the code and the results.
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Mak, Chi Kin School of Mathematics UNSW. "On complex reflection groups G(m, 1, r) and their Hecke algebras." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Mathematics, 2003. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/20777.

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We construct an algorithm for getting a reduced expression for any element in a complex reflection group G(m, 1, r) by sorting the element, which is in the form of a sequence of complex numbers, to the identity. Thus, the algorithm provides us a set of reduced expressions, one for each element. We establish a one-one correspondence between the set of all reduced expressions for an element and a set of certain sorting sequences which turn the element to the identity. In particular, this provides us with a combinatorial method to check whether an expression is reduced. We also prove analogues of the exchange condition and the strong exchange condition for elements in a G(m, 1, r). A Bruhat order on the groups is also defined and investigated. We generalize the Geck-Pfeiffer reducibility theorem for finite Coxeter groups to the groups G(m, 1, r). Based on this, we prove that a character value of any element in an Ariki-Koike algebra (the Hecke algebra of a G(m, 1, r)) can be determined by the character values of some special elements in the algebra. These special elements correspond to the reduced expressions, which are constructed by the algorithm, for some special conjugacy class representatives of minimal length, one in each class. Quasi-parabolic subgroups are introduced for investigating representations of Ariki- Koike algebras. We use n x n arrays of non-negative integer sequences to characterize double cosets of quasi-parabolic subgroups. We define an analogue of permutation modules, for Ariki-Koike algebras, corresponding to certain subgroups indexed by multicompositions. These subgroups are naturally corresponding, not necessarily one-one, to quasi-parabolic subgroups. We prove that each of these modules is free and has a basis indexed by right cosets of the corresponding quasi-parabolic subgroup. We also construct Murphy type bases, Specht series for these modules, and establish a Young's rule in this case.
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Keilson, Julian, and Les D. Servi. "Extended Vacation Systems and the Universality of the M/G/1/K Blocking Formula." Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Operations Research Center, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/5382.

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A simple blocking formula B(K) = (1 - p)EK [1 - pEK]- 1 relates the probability of blocking for the finite capacity M/G/1/K to EK, the steady state occupancy tail probability of the same system with infinite capacity. The validity of this formula is demonstrated for M/G/1 vacation systems augmented by an idle state, an umbrella for a host of priority systems and vacation systems related to M/G/1. A class of occupancy level dependent vacation systems introduced are shown to require a variant of this blocking formula.
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Whiting, P. A. "A class of G/M/1 priority queues and its application to performance analysis." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.382422.

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Rýzner, Zdeněk. "Využití teorie hromadné obsluhy při návrhu a optimalizaci paketových sítí." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-219285.

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This master's thesis deals with queueing theory and its application in designing node models in packet-switched network. There are described general principles of designing queueing theory models and its mathematical background. Further simulator of packet delay in network was created. This application implements two described models - M/M/1 and M/G/1. Application can be used for simulating network nodes and obtaining basic network characteristics like packet delay or packet loss. Next, lab exercise was created, in that exercise students familiarize themselves with basic concepts of queueing theory and examine both analytical and simulation approach to solving queueing systems.
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Fatnes, Johan Narvestad. "Flow-times in an M/G/1 Queue under a Combined Preemptive/Non-preemptive Priority Discipline. : Scheduled Waiting Time on Single Track Railway Lines." Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Mathematical Sciences, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-10031.

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A priority based rule for use during the process of scheduling trains oper- ating on a single track railway line was proposed by the Norwegian railway operator and owner, Jernbaneverket. The purpose of this study is to inves- tigate the effect of the suggested scheduling rule on the scheduled waiting times suffered by trains operating on a segment of the railway line. It is shown that the scheduling rule, under certain limiting assumptions, can be studied in the setting of queuing theory and that it has properties in common with a theoretical priority discipline combining two well docu- mented priority rules. The main part of this study is the development and analysis of a threshold based, combined preemptive/non-preemptive priority discipline. Under the combined discipline, preemptions are allowed during the early stage of processing only. Theoretical expressions for flow-times of jobs passing through the queuing system are reached through detailed studies of the non-preemptive and the preemptive priority discipline. The relationship between the suggested priority based scheduling rule and the theoretical, combined priority discipline is finally illustrated by sim- ulations. When adjusted for actual time spent by trains on traversing the line segment, the steady state solution for flow-times obtained from queuing theory yields an accurate expression for the trains’ average scheduled wait- ing times. The scheduling problem can in fact be modeled accurately by an M/G/1 queue under the combined priority discipline.

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Maraghi, Farzana Abdulla. "A study of some M[x]/G/1 type queues with random breakdowns and Bernouilli schedule server vacations based on a single vacation policy." Thesis, Brunel University, 2008. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/5540.

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Queueing systems arise in modelling of many practical applications related to computer sciences, telecommunication networks, manufacturing and production, human computer interaction, and so on. The classical queueing system, even vacation queues or queues subject to breakdown, might not be sufficiently realistic. The purpose of this research is to extend the work done on vacation queues and on unreliable queues by studying queueing systems which take into consideration both phenomena. We study the behavior of a batch arrival queueing system with a single server, where the system is subject to random breakdowns which require a repair process, and on the other hand, the server is allowed to take a vacation after finishing a service. The breakdowns are assumed to occur while serving a customer, and when the system breaks down, it enters a repair process immediately while the customer whose service is interrupted comes back to the head of the queue waiting for the service to resume. Server vacations are assumed to follow a Bernoulli schedule under single vacation policy. We consider the above assumptions for different queueing models: queues with generalized service time, queues with two-stages of heterogeneous service, queues with a second optional service, and queues with two types of service. For all the models mentioned above, it is assumed that the service times, vacation times, and repair times all have general arbitrary distributions. Applying the supplementary variable technique, we obtain probability generating functions of queue size at a random epoch for different states of the system, and some performance measures such as the mean queue length, mean waiting time in the queue, proportion of server's idle time, and the utilization factor. The results obtained in this research, show the effect of vacation and breakdown parameters upon main performance measures of interest. These effects are also illustrated using some numerical examples and graphs.
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Books on the topic "M/G/1"

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Keilson, Julian. A two priority M/G/1 queue with feedback. Cambridge, Mass: Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1988.

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Gaver, Donald Paul. On inference and transient response for M/G/1 models. Monterey, Calif: Naval Postgraduate School, 1986.

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Cooke, Norman. New models in the study of M/G/1 retrail queues. [s.l: The Author], 1995.

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Jacobs, Patricia A. Inferring finite-time performance in the M/G/1 queueing model. Monterey, Calif: Naval Postgraduate School, 1989.

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Structured stochastic matrices of M/G/1 type and their applications. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1989.

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Wein, Lawrence M. Due-date setting and priority sequencing in a multiclass M/G/1 queue. Cambridge, Mass: Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1988.

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Gaver, Donald P. Nonparametric estimation of the probability of a long delay in the M/G/1 queue. Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 1986.

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(Federation), Russia. Tamozhennoe pravo Rossii: Sbornik normativnykh aktov (s 2-m dopolneniem) : po sostoi͡a︡nii͡u︡ na 1 apreli͡a︡ 1996 g. Moskva: Izd-vo BEK, 1996.

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Ashkhat︠s︡ava, S. M. Puti razvitii︠a︡ abkhazskoĭ istorii: Doklad, chitannyĭ na 1-m Vsesoi︠u︡znom Kraevedcheskom sʺezde v Abkhazii 12 senti︠a︡bri︠a︡ 1924 g. Sukhum: [s.l.], 2006.

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Sotheby, Parke-Bernet, London. European ceramics, Dutch delftware and glass: Including the property of Mr. G. M. , Belgium : [day ofsale] Tuesday, October 1, 1996 .... Amsterdam: Sotheby's, 1996.

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Book chapters on the topic "M/G/1"

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Brill, Percy H. "G/M/1 and G/M/c Queues." In Level Crossing Methods in Stochastic Models, 285–335. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50332-5_5.

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Lipsky, Lester. "M/G/1 Queue." In Queueing Theory, 185–286. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-49706-8_4.

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Lipsky, Lester. "G/M/1 Queue." In Queueing Theory, 287–355. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-49706-8_5.

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Nelson, Randolph. "The M/G/1 Queue." In Probability, Stochastic Processes, and Queueing Theory, 283–327. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2426-4_7.

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Daigle, John N. "Vector Markov Chain Analysis: The M/G/1 and G/M/1 Paradigms." In Queueing Theory with Applications to Packet Telecommunication, 253–96. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-387-22859-4_7.

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Haviv, Moshe. "The G/M/1 Queueing System." In Queues, 99–105. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6765-6_7.

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Brill, Percy H. "M/G/1 Queues And Variants." In Level Crossing Methods in Stochastic Models, 1–114. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09421-2_3.

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Brill, Percy H. "M/G/1 Queues and Variants." In Level Crossing Methods in Stochastic Models, 49–185. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50332-5_3.

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Haviv, Moshe. "Priorities and Scheduling in M/G/1." In Queues, 71–80. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6765-6_5.

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Prabhu, N. U. "The System M/G/1; Priority Systems." In International Series in Operations Research & Management Science, 123–48. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6205-4_7.

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Conference papers on the topic "M/G/1"

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Najm, Elie, Roy Yates, and Emina Soljanin. "Status updates through M/G/1/1 queues with HARQ." In 2017 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isit.2017.8006504.

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Sun, Hai-Zhen, Bao-You Liu, and Hua Li. "Application of M/G/1/N in solid garage." In 2010 International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics (ICMLC). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmlc.2010.5580629.

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Jing Peng, Oualid Jouini, Yves Dallery, and Zied Jemai. "Service capacity pooling in M/G/1 service systems." In 2015 International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Systems Management (IESM). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iesm.2015.7380292.

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Scully, Ziv, Mor Harchol-Balter, and Alan Scheller-Wolf. "Simple Near-Optimal Scheduling for the M/G/1." In SIGMETRICS '20: ACM SIGMETRICS / International Conference on Measurement and Modeling of Computer Systems. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3393691.3394216.

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Dieleman, Nanne, Bernd Heidergott, and Yijie Peng. "Data-Driven Fitting of the M/G/1 Queue." In 2019 16th International Conference on Service Systems and Service Management (ICSSSM). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsssm.2019.8887609.

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Tasneem, Sarah, Feng Zhang, Lester Lipsky, and Steve Thompson. "Comparing different scheduling schemes for M/G/1 queue." In Computer Engineering (ICECE). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icelce.2010.5700800.

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Scully, Ziv, and Mor Harchol-Balter. "The Gittins Policy in the M/G/1 Queue." In 2021 19th International Symposium on Modeling and Optimization in Mobile, Ad hoc, and Wireless Networks (WiOpt). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/wiopt52861.2021.9589051.

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Najm, Elie, and Emre Telatar. "Status updates in a multi-stream M/G/1/1 preemptive queue." In 2018 IEEE Conference on Computer Communications Workshops (INFOCOM WKSHPS). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/infcomw.2018.8406928.

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Pacheco, António, and Helena Ribeiro. "Consecutive customer loss probabilities in M/G/1/n and GI/M(m)//n systems." In Proceeding from the 2006 workshop. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1190366.1190374.

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Lian, Zhaotong, and Ning Zhao. "A two-stage M/G/1 queue with discretionary priority." In 2011 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Workshop Series on Innovative Wireless Power Transmission: Technologies, Systems, and Applications (IMWS 2011). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/imws.2011.6115402.

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Reports on the topic "M/G/1"

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Serfozo, Richard F. Extreme Values of Queue Lengths in M/G/1 and GI/M/1 Systems. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada177117.

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Krakowski, Martin. M/G/1 with Exceptional Service and Arrival Rate. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada201369.

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Krakowski, Martin. System Size and Remaining Service in M/G/1. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada211718.

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Kim, Sung S., and Richard F. Serfozo. Optimal Idle and Inspection Periods for M/G/1 Queues,. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada170110.

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Brill, Percy H., and Carl M. Harris. Waiting Times for M/G/1 Queues with Service-Time-Dependent Server Vacations. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada209597.

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HART (FRED C) ASSOCIATES INC NEW YORK. Installation Restoration Program. Phase 2. Confirmation/Quantification. Stage 1 for Minot Air Force Base, Minot, North Dakota. Volume 3. Appendices G through M. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada205411.

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Grumet, Rebecca, Rafael Perl-Treves, and Jack Staub. Ethylene Mediated Regulation of Cucumis Reproduction - from Sex Expression to Fruit Set. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7696533.bard.

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Reproductive development is a critical determinant of agricultural yield. For species with unisexual flowers, floral secualdifferentation adds additional complexity, that can influenec productivity. The hormone ethylene has long, been known to play a primary role in sex determination in the Cucumis species cucumber (C. sativus) and melon (C. melo). Our objectives were to: (1) Determine critical sites of ethylene production and perception for sex determination; (2) Identify additional ethylene related genes associated with sex expression; and (3) Examine the role of environment ami prior fruit set on sex expression, pistillate flower maturation, and fruit set. We made progress in each of these areas. (1) Transgenic melon produced with the Arabidopsis dominant negative ethylene perception mutant gene, etrl-1, under the control of floral primordia targeted promoters [AP3 (petal and stamen) and CRC (carpel and nectary)], showed that ethylene perception by the stamen primordia, rather than carpel primordia, is critical for carpel development at the time of sex determination. Transgenic melons also were produced with the ethylene production enzyme gene. ACS, encoding l-aminocyclopropane-lcarboylate synthase, fused to the AP3 or CRC promoters. Consistent with the etr1-1 results, CRC::ACS did not increase femaleness; however, AP3::ACS reduced or eliminated male flower production. The effects of AP3:ACS were stronger than those of 35S::ACS plants, demonstratin g the importance of targeted expression, while avoiding disadvantages of constitutive ethylene production. (2) Linkage analysis coupled with SNP discovery was per formed on ethylene and floral development genes in cucumber populations segregating for the three major sex genes. A break-through towards cloning the cucumber M gene occurred when the melon andromonoecious gene (a), an ACS gene, was cloned in 2008. Both cucumber M and melon a suppress stamen development in pistillate flowers. We hypothesized that cucumber M could be orthologous to melon a, and found that mutations in CsACS2 co-segregated perfectly with the M gene. We also sought to identify miRNA molecules associated with sex determination. miRNA159, whose target in Arabidopsis is GAMYB[a transcription factor gene mediating response to10 gibberellin (GA)], was more highly expressed in young female buds than male. Since GA promotes maleness in cucumber, a micro RNA that counteracts GAMYB could promote femaleness. miRNA157, which in other plants targets transcription factors involved in flower development , was expressed in young male buds and mature flower anthers. (3) Gene expression profiling showed that ethylene-, senescence-, stress- and ubiquitin-related genes were up-regulated in senescing and inhibited fruits, while those undergoing successful fruit set up-regulated photosynthesis, respiration and metabolic genes. Melon plants can change sex expression in response to environmental conditions, leading to changes in yield potential. Unique melon lines with varying sex expression were developed and evaluated in the field in Hancock, Wisconsin . Environmental changes during the growing season influenced sex expression in highly inbred melon lines. Collectively these results are of significance for understanding regulation of sex expression. The fact that both cucumber sex loci identified so far (F and M) encode isoforms of the same ethylene synthesis enzyme, underscores the importance of ethylene as the main sex determining hormone in cucumber. The targeting studies give insight into developmental switch points and suggest a means to develop lines with earlier carpel-bearing flower production and fruit set. These results are of significance for understanding regulation of sex expression to facilitate shorter growing seasons and earlier time to market. Field results provide information for development of management strategies for commercial production of melon cultivars with different sex expression characteristics during fruit production.
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Willis, C., F. Jorgensen, S. A. Cawthraw, H. Aird, S. Lai, M. Chattaway, I. Lock, E. Quill, and G. Raykova. A survey of Salmonella, Escherichia coli (E. coli) and antimicrobial resistance in frozen, part-cooked, breaded or battered poultry products on retail sale in the United Kingdom. Food Standards Agency, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.xvu389.

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Frozen, breaded, ready-to-cook chicken products have been implicated in outbreaks of salmonellosis. Some of these outbreaks can be large. For example, one outbreak of Salmonella Enteritidis involved 193 people in nine countries between 2018 and 2020, of which 122 cases were in the UK. These ready-to-cook products have a browned, cooked external appearance, which may be perceived as ready-to-eat, leading to mishandling or undercooking by consumers. Continuing concerns about these products led FSA to initiate a short-term (four month), cross-sectional surveillance study undertaken in 2021 to determine the prevalence of Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in frozen, breaded or battered chicken products on retail sale in the UK. This study sought to obtain data on AMR levels in Salmonella and E. coli in these products, in line with a number of other FSA instigated studies of the incidence and nature of AMR in the UK food chain, for example, the systematic review (2016). Between the beginning of April and the end of July 2021, 310 samples of frozen, breaded or battered chicken products containing either raw or partly cooked chicken, were collected using representative sampling of retailers in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland based on market share data. Samples included domestically produced and imported chicken products and were tested for E. coli (including extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing, colistin-resistant and carbapenem-resistant E. coli) and Salmonella spp. One isolate of each bacterial type from each contaminated sample was randomly selected for additional AMR testing to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for a range of antimicrobials. More detailed analysis based on Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) data was used to further characterise Salmonella spp. isolates and allow the identification of potential links with human isolates. Salmonella spp. were detected in 5 (1.6%) of the 310 samples and identified as Salmonella Infantis (in three samples) and S. Java (in two samples). One of the S. Infantis isolates fell into the same genetic cluster as S. Infantis isolates from three recent human cases of infection; the second fell into another cluster containing two recent cases of infection. Countries of origin recorded on the packaging of the five Salmonella contaminated samples were Hungary (n=1), Ireland (n=2) and the UK (n=2). One S. Infantis isolate was multi-drug resistant (i.e. resistant to three different classes of antimicrobials), while the other Salmonella isolates were each resistant to at least one of the classes of antimicrobials tested. E. coli was detected in 113 samples (36.4%), with counts ranging from <3 to >1100 MPN (Most Probable Number)/g. Almost half of the E. coli isolates (44.5%) were susceptible to all antimicrobials tested. Multi-drug resistance was detected in 20.0% of E. coli isolates. E. coli isolates demonstrating the ESBL (but not AmpC) phenotype were detected in 15 of the 310 samples (4.8%) and the AmpC phenotype alone was detected in two of the 310 samples (0.6%) of chicken samples. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) testing showed that five of the 15 (33.3%) ESBL-producing E. coli carried blaCTX-M genes (CTX-M-1, CTX-M-55 or CTX-M-15), which confer resistance to third generation cephalosporin antimicrobials. One E. coli isolate demonstrated resistance to colistin and was found to possess the mcr-1 gene. The five Salmonella-positive samples recovered from this study, and 20 similar Salmonella-positive samples from a previous UKHSA (2020/2021) study (which had been stored frozen), were subjected to the cooking procedures described on the sample product packaging for fan assisted ovens. No Salmonella were detected in any of these 25 samples after cooking. The current survey provides evidence of the presence of Salmonella in frozen, breaded and battered chicken products in the UK food chain, although at a considerably lower incidence than reported in an earlier (2020/2021) study carried out by PHE/UKHSA as part of an outbreak investigation where Salmonella prevalence was found to be 8.8%. The current survey also provides data on the prevalence of specified AMR bacteria found in the tested chicken products on retail sale in the UK. It will contribute to monitoring trends in AMR prevalence over time within the UK, support comparisons with data from other countries, and provide a baseline against which to monitor the impact of future interventions. While AMR activity was observed in some of the E. coli and Salmonella spp. examined in this study, the risk of acquiring AMR bacteria from consumption of these processed chicken products is low if the products are cooked thoroughly and handled hygienically.
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MacFarlane, Andrew. 2021 medical student essay prize winner - A case of grief. Society for Academic Primary Care, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37361/medstudessay.2021.1.1.

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As a student undertaking a Longitudinal Integrated Clerkship (LIC)1 based in a GP practice in a rural community in the North of Scotland, I have been lucky to be given responsibility and my own clinic lists. Every day I conduct consultations that change my practice: the challenge of clinically applying the theory I have studied, controlling a consultation and efficiently exploring a patient's problems, empathising with and empowering them to play a part in their own care2 – and most difficult I feel – dealing with the vast amount of uncertainty that medicine, and particularly primary care, presents to both clinician and patient. I initially consulted with a lady in her 60s who attended with her husband, complaining of severe lower back pain who was very difficult to assess due to her pain level. Her husband was understandably concerned about the degree of pain she was in. After assessment and discussion with one of the GPs, we agreed some pain relief and a physio assessment in the next few days would be a practical plan. The patient had one red flag, some leg weakness and numbness, which was her ‘normal’ on account of her multiple sclerosis. At the physio assessment a few days later, the physio felt things were worse and some urgent bloods were ordered, unfortunately finding raised cancer and inflammatory markers. A CT scan of the lung found widespread cancer, a later CT of the head after some developing some acute confusion found brain metastases, and a week and a half after presenting to me, the patient sadly died in hospital. While that was all impactful enough on me, it was the follow-up appointment with the husband who attended on the last triage slot of the evening two weeks later that I found completely altered my understanding of grief and the mourning of a loved one. The husband had asked to speak to a Andrew MacFarlane Year 3 ScotGEM Medical Student 2 doctor just to talk about what had happened to his wife. The GP decided that it would be better if he came into the practice - strictly he probably should have been consulted with over the phone due to coronavirus restrictions - but he was asked what he would prefer and he opted to come in. I sat in on the consultation, I had been helping with any examinations the triage doctor needed and I recognised that this was the husband of the lady I had seen a few weeks earlier. He came in and sat down, head lowered, hands fiddling with the zip on his jacket, trying to find what to say. The GP sat, turned so that they were opposite each other with no desk between them - I was seated off to the side, an onlooker, but acknowledged by the patient with a kind nod when he entered the room. The GP asked gently, “How are you doing?” and roughly 30 seconds passed (a long time in a conversation) before the patient spoke. “I just really miss her…” he whispered with great effort, “I don’t understand how this all happened.” Over the next 45 minutes, he spoke about his wife, how much pain she had been in, the rapid deterioration he witnessed, the cancer being found, and cruelly how she had passed away after he had gone home to get some rest after being by her bedside all day in the hospital. He talked about how they had met, how much he missed her, how empty the house felt without her, and asking himself and us how he was meant to move forward with his life. He had a lot of questions for us, and for himself. Had we missed anything – had he missed anything? The GP really just listened for almost the whole consultation, speaking to him gently, reassuring him that this wasn’t his or anyone’s fault. She stated that this was an awful time for him and that what he was feeling was entirely normal and something we will all universally go through. She emphasised that while it wasn’t helpful at the moment, that things would get better over time.3 He was really glad I was there – having shared a consultation with his wife and I – he thanked me emphatically even though I felt like I hadn’t really helped at all. After some tears, frequent moments of silence and a lot of questions, he left having gotten a lot off his chest. “You just have to listen to people, be there for them as they go through things, and answer their questions as best you can” urged my GP as we discussed the case when the patient left. Almost all family caregivers contact their GP with regards to grief and this consultation really made me realise how important an aspect of my practice it will be in the future.4 It has also made me reflect on the emphasis on undergraduate teaching around ‘breaking bad news’ to patients, but nothing taught about when patients are in the process of grieving further down the line.5 The skill Andrew MacFarlane Year 3 ScotGEM Medical Student 3 required to manage a grieving patient is not one limited to general practice. Patients may grieve the loss of function from acute trauma through to chronic illness in all specialties of medicine - in addition to ‘traditional’ grief from loss of family or friends.6 There wasn’t anything ‘medical’ in the consultation, but I came away from it with a real sense of purpose as to why this career is such a privilege. We look after patients so they can spend as much quality time as they are given with their loved ones, and their loved ones are the ones we care for after they are gone. We as doctors are the constant, and we have to meet patients with compassion at their most difficult times – because it is as much a part of the job as the knowledge and the science – and it is the part of us that patients will remember long after they leave our clinic room. Word Count: 993 words References 1. ScotGEM MBChB - Subjects - University of St Andrews [Internet]. [cited 2021 Mar 27]. Available from: https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/subjects/medicine/scotgem-mbchb/ 2. Shared decision making in realistic medicine: what works - gov.scot [Internet]. [cited 2021 Mar 27]. Available from: https://www.gov.scot/publications/works-support-promote-shared-decisionmaking-synthesis-recent-evidence/pages/1/ 3. Ghesquiere AR, Patel SR, Kaplan DB, Bruce ML. Primary care providers’ bereavement care practices: Recommendations for research directions. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2014 Dec;29(12):1221–9. 4. Nielsen MK, Christensen K, Neergaard MA, Bidstrup PE, Guldin M-B. Grief symptoms and primary care use: a prospective study of family caregivers. BJGP Open [Internet]. 2020 Aug 1 [cited 2021 Mar 27];4(3). Available from: https://bjgpopen.org/content/4/3/bjgpopen20X101063 5. O’Connor M, Breen LJ. General Practitioners’ experiences of bereavement care and their educational support needs: a qualitative study. BMC Medical Education. 2014 Mar 27;14(1):59. 6. Sikstrom L, Saikaly R, Ferguson G, Mosher PJ, Bonato S, Soklaridis S. Being there: A scoping review of grief support training in medical education. PLOS ONE. 2019 Nov 27;14(11):e0224325.
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