Journal articles on the topic 'Lysosomal storage disorder (LSD)'
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1
Kuk, Myeong Uk, Yun Haeng Lee, Jae Won Kim, Su Young Hwang, Joon Tae Park, and Sang Chul Park. "Potential Treatment of Lysosomal Storage Disease through Modulation of the Mitochondrial—Lysosomal Axis." Cells 10, no. 2 (February 17, 2021): 420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10020420.
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Lysosomal storage disease (LSD) is an inherited metabolic disorder caused by enzyme deficiency in lysosomes. Some treatments for LSD can slow progression, but there are no effective treatments to restore the pathological phenotype to normal levels. Lysosomes and mitochondria interact with each other, and this crosstalk plays a role in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Deficiency of lysosome enzymes in LSD impairs the turnover of mitochondrial defects, leading to deterioration of the mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC). Cells with MRC impairment are associated with reduced lysosomal calcium homeostasis, resulting in impaired autophagic and endolysosomal function. This malicious feedback loop between lysosomes and mitochondria exacerbates LSD. In this review, we assess the interactions between mitochondria and lysosomes and propose the mitochondrial–lysosomal axis as a research target to treat LSD. The importance of the mitochondrial–lysosomal axis has been systematically characterized in several studies, suggesting that proper regulation of this axis represents an important investigative guide for the development of therapeutics for LSD. Therefore, studying the mitochondrial–lysosomal axis will not only add knowledge of the essential physiological processes of LSD, but also provide new strategies for treatment of LSD.
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Hayashi, Okamoto, Kawano, and Iwasaki. "Development of Organelle Replacement Therapy Using a Stearyl-Polyhistidine Peptide against Lysosomal Storage Disease Cells." Molecules 24, no. 16 (August 18, 2019): 2995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24162995.
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We previously reported on a polyhistidine peptide, His16 peptide, as a new cell-penetrating peptide. This peptide is anticipated to be a new carrier for drug delivery systems (DDSs) for targeting intracellular lysosomes because it can transport macromolecules (e.g., liposomes) into these organelles. In the present study, we examined the application of His16 peptide as a DDS carrier against lysosomal storage disease (LSD) cells. LSDs are metabolic disorders caused by loss of specific lysosomal enzymes. For the treatment of LSD cells, we devised a system designated organelle replacement therapy (ORT). ORT is a strategy for transporting exogenous lysosomes containing all kinds of lysosomal enzymes from normal cells into endogenous lysosomes in LSD cells using His16 peptide. To develop the ORT system, we prepared His16 peptide-modified healthy lysosomes (His16-Lyso) by insertion of a stearyl-His16 peptide into a hydrophobic region in the lysosomal membrane. His16-Lyso showed cellular uptake and localization to endogenous lysosomes in LSD cells. His16-Lyso also restored the proliferation of LSD cells, which otherwise showed slower proliferation than normal cells. These results suggested that His16-Lyso replenished deficient lysosomal enzymes in LSD cells. The results further suggest that His16-Lyso are promising candidates as a treatment tool for LSD cells and to establish a foundation for ORT.
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Gorbunova, Victoria N. "Congenital metabolic diseases. Lysosomal storage diseases." Pediatrician (St. Petersburg) 12, no. 2 (August 11, 2021): 73–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ped12273-83.
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The classification and epidemiology of hereditary metabolic disorders are presented. That is a large group consisting from more them 800 monogenic diseases, each of which caused by inherited deficiency of certain metabolic fate. Many of these disorders are extremely rare, but their total incidence in the population is close to 1:10005000. Lysosomal storage diseases (LSD) resulting from inherited deficiency in lysosomal functions occupy a special place among hereditary metabolic disorders. The defects of catabolism cause the accumulation of undigested or partially digested macromolecules in lysosomes (that is, storage), which can result in cellular damage. About 60 diseases take part in this group with total incidence of about 1:70008000. LSDs typically present in infancy and childhood, although adult-onset forms also occur. Most of them have a progressive neurodegenerative clinical course, although symptoms in other organ systems are frequent. The etiology and pathogenetic aspects of their main clinical entities: mucopolysaccharidosis, glycolipidosis, mucolipidosis, glycoproteinosis, etc, are presented. Mucopolysaccharidoses caused by malfunctioning of lysosomal enzymes needed to break down glycosaminoglycans are more frequent among LSD. Sphingolipidoses caused by defects of lipid catabolism are second for frequency group of LSD. The state-of-art in field of newborn screening. clinical, biochemical and molecular diagnostics of these grave diseases are discussed. The main directions of modern lysosomal storage diseases therapy are characterized: transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells; enzyme replacement therapy; therapy with limitation of substrate synthesis (substrate-reducing therapy); pharmacological chaperone therapy. Perspective directions for LSD therapy are gene therapy and genome editing which are at advanced preclinical stages.
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Blumenreich, Shani, Or B. Barav, Bethan J. Jenkins, and Anthony H. Futerman. "Lysosomal Storage Disorders Shed Light on Lysosomal Dysfunction in Parkinson’s Disease." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 14 (July 14, 2020): 4966. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21144966.
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The lysosome is a central player in the cell, acting as a clearing house for macromolecular degradation, but also plays a critical role in a variety of additional metabolic and regulatory processes. The lysosome has recently attracted the attention of neurobiologists and neurologists since a number of neurological diseases involve a lysosomal component. Among these is Parkinson’s disease (PD). While heterozygous and homozygous mutations in GBA1 are the highest genetic risk factor for PD, studies performed over the past decade have suggested that lysosomal loss of function is likely involved in PD pathology, since a significant percent of PD patients have a mutation in one or more genes that cause a lysosomal storage disease (LSD). Although the mechanistic connection between the lysosome and PD remains somewhat enigmatic, significant evidence is accumulating that lysosomal dysfunction plays a central role in PD pathophysiology. Thus, lysosomal dysfunction, resulting from mutations in lysosomal genes, may enhance the accumulation of α-synuclein in the brain, which may result in the earlier development of PD.
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Onyenwoke, Rob U., Jonathan Z. Sexton, Feng Yan, María Cristina Huertas Díaz, Lawrence J. Forsberg, Michael B. Major, and Jay E. Brenman. "The mucolipidosis IV Ca2+ channel TRPML1 (MCOLN1) is regulated by the TOR kinase." Biochemical Journal 470, no. 3 (September 4, 2015): 331–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20150219.
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The exact mechanisms underlying the lysosomal storage disorder (LSD) mucolipidosis type IV (MLIV) are unclear. In the present study, we provide evidence that mTOR regulates the opening and closing of the lysosomal channel responsible for MLIV through phosphorylation.
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De Filippis, Concetta, Barbara Napoli, Laura Rigon, Giulia Guarato, Reinhard Bauer, Rosella Tomanin, and Genny Orso. "Drosophila D-idua Reduction Mimics Mucopolysaccharidosis Type I Disease-Related Phenotypes." Cells 11, no. 1 (December 31, 2021): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11010129.
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Deficit of the IDUA (α-L-iduronidase) enzyme causes the lysosomal storage disorder mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I), a rare pediatric neurometabolic disease, due to pathological variants in the IDUA gene and is characterized by the accumulation of the undegraded mucopolysaccharides heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate into lysosomes, with secondary cellular consequences that are still mostly unclarified. Here, we report a new fruit fly RNAi-mediated knockdown model of a IDUA homolog (D-idua) displaying a phenotype mimicking some typical molecular features of Lysosomal Storage Disorders (LSD). In this study, we showed that D-idua is a vital gene in Drosophila and that ubiquitous reduction of its expression leads to lethality during the pupal stage, when the precise degradation/synthesis of macromolecules, together with a functional autophagic pathway, are indispensable for the correct development to the adult stage. Tissue-specific analysis of the D-idua model showed an increase in the number and size of lysosomes in the brain and muscle. Moreover, the incorrect acidification of lysosomes led to dysfunctional lysosome-autophagosome fusion and the consequent block of autophagy flux. A concomitant metabolic drift of glycolysis and lipogenesis pathways was observed. After starvation, D-idua larvae showed a quite complete rescue of both autophagy/lysosome phenotypes and metabolic alterations. Metabolism and autophagy are strictly interconnected vital processes that contribute to maintain homeostatic control of energy balance, and little is known about this regulation in LSDs. Our results provide new starting points for future investigations on the disease’s pathogenic mechanisms and possible pharmacological manipulations.
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Altarescu, Gheona, Rachel Beeri, Rachel Eiges, Silvina Epsztejn-Litman, Talia Eldar-Geva, Deborah Elstein, Ari Zimran, Ehud J. Margalioth, Ephrat Levy-Lahad, and Paul Renbaum. "Prevention of Lysosomal Storage Diseases and Derivation of Mutant Stem Cell Lines by Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis." Molecular Biology International 2012 (December 26, 2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/797342.
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Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) allows birth of unaffected children for couples at risk for a genetic disorder. We present the strategy and outcome of PGD for four lysosomal storage disorders (LSD): Tay-Sachs disease (TSD), Gaucher disease (GD), Fabry disease (FD), and Hunter syndrome (HS), and subsequent development of stem cell lines. For each disease, we developed a family-specific fluorescent multiplex single-cell PCR protocol that included the familial mutation and informative markers surrounding the mutation. Embryo biopsy and PGD analysis were performed on either oocytes (polar bodies one and two) or on single blastomeres from a six-cell embryo. We treated twenty families carrying mutations in these lysosomal storage disorders, including 3 couples requiring simultaneous analysis for two disorders (TSD/GD, TSD/balanced Robertsonian translocation 45XYder(21;14), and HS/oculocutaneus albinism). These analyses led to an overall pregnancy rate/embryo transfer of 38% and the birth of 20 unaffected children from 17 families. We have found that PGD for lysosomal disorders is a safe and effective method to prevent birth of affected children. In addition, by using mutant embryos for the derivation of stem cell lines, we have successfully established GD and HS hESC lines for use as valuable models in LSD research.
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Amodio, Federica, Martina Caiazza, Emanuele Monda, Marta Rubino, Laura Capodicasa, Flavia Chiosi, Vincenzo Simonelli, et al. "An Overview of Molecular Mechanisms in Fabry Disease." Biomolecules 12, no. 10 (October 12, 2022): 1460. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom12101460.
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Fabry disease (FD) (OMIM #301500) is a rare genetic lysosomal storage disorder (LSD). LSDs are characterized by inappropriate lipid accumulation in lysosomes due to specific enzyme deficiencies. In FD, the defective enzyme is α-galactosidase A (α-Gal A), which is due to a mutation in the GLA gene on the X chromosome. The enzyme deficiency leads to a continuous deposition of neutral glycosphingolipids (globotriaosylceramide) in the lysosomes of numerous tissues and organs, including endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, corneal epithelial cells, renal glomeruli and tubules, cardiac muscle and ganglion cells of the nervous system. This condition leads to progressive organ failure and premature death. The increasing understanding of FD, and LSD in general, has led in recent years to the introduction of enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), which aims to slow, if not halt, the progression of the metabolic disorder. In this review, we provide an overview of the main features of FD, focusing on its molecular mechanism and the role of biomarkers.
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Meikle, Peter J., Doug A. Brooks, Elaine M. Ravenscroft, Miao Yan, Ruth E. Williams, Alvis E. Jaunzems, Timothy K. Chataway, et al. "Diagnosis of lysosomal storage disorders: evaluation of lysosome-associated membrane protein LAMP-1 as a diagnostic marker." Clinical Chemistry 43, no. 8 (August 1, 1997): 1325–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/43.8.1325.
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Abstract Early diagnosis of lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs), before the onset of irreversible pathologies, will be a key factor in the development of effective therapies for many of these disorders. Newborn screening offers a potential mechanism for the early detection of these disorders. From studies of both normal and LSD-affected human skin fibroblasts we identified the lysosome-associated membrane protein LAMP-1 as a potential diagnostic marker. We have developed a sensitive method for the quantification of this protein with a time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay. A soluble form of LAMP-1 was observed in plasma samples, and determination of 152 unaffected individuals gave a median value of 303 μg/L with the 5th and 95th percentile at 175 and 448 μg/L respectively. Plasma samples from 320 LSD-affected individuals representing 25 different disorders were assayed. We observed that 17 of the 25 disorder groups tested had >88% of individuals above the 95th percentile of the control population, with 12 groups having 100% above the 95th percentile. Overall, 72% of patients had LAMP-1 concentrations above the 95th percentile of the unpartitioned control population. We suggest that LAMP-1 may be a useful marker in newborn screening for LSDs.
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La Cognata, Valentina, Maria Guarnaccia, Agata Polizzi, Martino Ruggieri, and Sebastiano Cavallaro. "Highlights on Genomics Applications for Lysosomal Storage Diseases." Cells 9, no. 8 (August 14, 2020): 1902. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9081902.
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Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) are a heterogeneous group of rare multisystem genetic disorders occurring mostly in infancy and childhood, characterized by a gradual accumulation of non-degraded substrates inside the lysosome. Although the cellular pathogenesis of LSDs is complex and still not fully understood, the approval of disease-specific therapies and the rapid emergence of novel diagnostic methods led to the implementation of extensive national newborn screening (NBS) programs in several countries. In the near future, this will help the development of standardized workflows aimed to more timely diagnose these conditions. Hereby, we report an overview of LSD diagnostic process and treatment strategies, provide an update on the worldwide NBS programs, and discuss the opportunities and challenges arising from genomics applications in screening, diagnosis, and research.
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Golabek, Adam A., and Elizabeth Kida. "Tripeptidyl-peptidase I in health and disease." Biological Chemistry 387, no. 8 (August 1, 2006): 1091–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bc.2006.135.
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AbstractThe lysosomal lumen contains numerous acidic hydrolases involved in the degradation of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, which are basic cell components that turn over continuously within the cell and/or are ingested from outside of the cell. Deficiency in almost any of these hydrolases causes accumulation of the undigested material in secondary lysosomes, which manifests itself as a form of lysosomal storage disorder (LSD). Mutations in tripeptidyl-peptidase I (TPP I) underlie the classic late-infantile form of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (CLN2), the most common neurodegenerative disorders of childhood. TPP I is an aminopeptidase with minor endopeptidase activity and Ser475 serving as an active-site nucleophile. The enzyme is synthesized as a highly glycosylated precursor transported by mannose-6-phosphate receptors to lysosomes, where it undergoes proteolytic maturation. This review summarizes recent progress in understanding of TPP I biology and molecular pathology of the CLN2 disease process, including distribution of the enzyme, its biosynthesis, glycosylation, transport and activation, as well as catalytic mechanisms and their potential implications for pathogenesis and treatment of the underlying disease. Promising data from gene and stem cell therapy in laboratory animals raise hope that CLN2 will be the first neurodegenerative LSD for which causative treatment will become available for humans.
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Mashima, Ryuichi, Torayuki Okuyama, and Mari Ohira. "Biomarkers for Lysosomal Storage Disorders with an Emphasis on Mass Spectrometry." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 8 (April 14, 2020): 2704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21082704.
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Lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) are characterized by an accumulation of various substances, such as sphingolipids, mucopolysaccharides, and oligosaccharides. The LSD enzymes responsible for the catabolism are active at acidic pH in the lysosomal compartment. In addition to the classically established lysosomal degradation biochemistry, recent data have suggested that lysosome plays a key role in the autophagy where the fusion of autophagosome and lysosome facilitates the degradation of amino acids. A failure in the lysosomal function leads to a variety of manifestations, including neurovisceral disorders. While affected individuals appear to be normal at birth, they gradually become symptomatic in childhood. Biomarkers for each condition have been well-documented and their proper selection helps to perform accurate clinical diagnoses. Based on the natural history of disorders, it is now evident that the existing treatment becomes most effective when initiated during presymptomatic period. Neonatal screening provides such a platform for inborn error of metabolism in general and is now expanding to LSDs as well. These are implemented in some areas and countries, including Taiwan and the U.S. In this short review, we will discuss several issues on some selected biomarkers for LSDs involving Fabry, Niemann–Pick disease type C, mucopolysaccharidosis, and oligosaccharidosis, with a focus on mass spectrometry application to biomarker discovery and detection.
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Ivanova, Margarita. "Altered Sphingolipids Metabolism Damaged Mitochondrial Functions: Lessons Learned From Gaucher and Fabry Diseases." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 4 (April 14, 2020): 1116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9041116.
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Sphingolipids represent a class of bioactive lipids that modulate the biophysical properties of biological membranes and play a critical role in cell signal transduction. Multiple studies have demonstrated that sphingolipids control crucial cellular functions such as the cell cycle, senescence, autophagy, apoptosis, cell migration, and inflammation. Sphingolipid metabolism is highly compartmentalized within the subcellular locations. However, the majority of steps of sphingolipids metabolism occur in lysosomes. Altered sphingolipid metabolism with an accumulation of undigested substrates in lysosomes due to lysosomal enzyme deficiency is linked to lysosomal storage disorders (LSD). Trapping of sphingolipids and their metabolites in the lysosomes inhibits lipid recycling, which has a direct effect on the lipid composition of cellular membranes, including the inner mitochondrial membrane. Additionally, lysosomes are not only the house of digestive enzymes, but are also responsible for trafficking organelles, sensing nutrients, and repairing mitochondria. However, lysosomal abnormalities lead to alteration of autophagy and disturb the energy balance and mitochondrial function. In this review, an overview of mitochondrial function in cells with altered sphingolipid metabolism will be discussed focusing on the two most common sphingolipid disorders, Gaucher and Fabry diseases. The review highlights the status of mitochondrial energy metabolism and the regulation of mitochondria–autophagy–lysosome crosstalk.
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Chang, Melissa H. Y., Colleen A. Bindloss, Gregory A. Grabowski, Xiaoyang Qi, Bryan Winchester, John J. Hopwood, and Peter J. Meikle. "Saposins A, B, C, and D in Plasma of Patients with Lysosomal Storage Disorders." Clinical Chemistry 46, no. 2 (February 1, 2000): 167–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/46.2.167.
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Abstract Background: Early diagnosis of lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs), before the onset of irreversible pathology, will be critical for maximum efficacy of many current and proposed therapies. To search for potential markers of LSDs, we measured saposins A, B, C, and D in patients with these disorders. Methods: Four time-delayed fluorescence immunoquantification assays were used to measure each of the saposins in plasma from 111 unaffected individuals and 334 LSD-affected individuals, representing 28 different disorders. Results: Saposin A was increased above the 95th centile of the control population in 59% of LSD patients; saposins B, C, and D were increased in 25%, 61%, and 57%, respectively. Saposins were increased in patients from several LSD groups that in previous studies did not show an increase of lysosome-associated membrane protein-1 (LAMP-1). Conclusion: Saposins may be useful markers for LSDs when used in conjunction with LAMP-1.
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Gul, Rutaba, Sabika Firasat, Mulazim Hussain, Muhammad Tufail, Waheed Ahmad, and Kiran Afshan. "Neurological manifestations in Pakistani lysosomal storage disorders patients and molecular characterization of Gaucher disease." Genetika 53, no. 3 (2021): 1017–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr2103017g.
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Lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) are a large group of inborn errors of metabolism each caused by genetic mutations of a particular lysosomal protein encoding gene. These inherited conditions are characterized by lysosomal dysfunction with wide variety of organ impact sometimes organ failure with growing age. Neurological complications in LSD cases range from severe neurodegenerations in 70% cases to mild symptoms or absence of neuropathy in others. Each LSD is monogenic but heterogeneous from a molecular standpoint with a large number of mutations described in the respective gene. Some mutations are particular to specific populations, reflecting consequences of founder effect. Present study aimed to access the demographic and clinical profiles of forty-five LSD affected families enrolled during January 2018 to December 2019 at local hospitals to find out neurological symptoms in Pakistani LSD cases. Furthermore, molecular genetic analysis of Gaucher?s disease affected families was performed to unveil underlying disease causing mutation/s. Neurological manifestations were present in twenty-eight families including eleven Mucopolysaccharidosis-1 (MPS-I), four Gaucher?s disease (GD) and all MPS-II, MPS-III, Niemann-Pick, Griscelli and Chediak-Higashi cases. Neurological involvement was not found in eight MPS-I, one GD, all MPS-IV and Pycnodysostosis affected families. Screening of GBA gene in GD families revealed a reported missense mutation p.L483P in all analyzed families. Clinical heterogeneity of MPS-1 and GD is evident from literature however mutational analysis of all enrolled GD families depicted segregation of a reported missense variant p.L483P of GBA gene with disease phenotype in all families. Our findings highlight importance of homeostatic role of lysosomes in neuronal development as twenty eight out of forty families had neurological manifestations. Furthermore, identification of same mutation in GD patients with or without neuronal involvement may be related to some unknown differences in the expression of genetic modifiers or exposure to environmental triggers.
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Faverio, Paola, Anna Stainer, Federica De Giacomi, Serena Gasperini, Serena Motta, Francesco Canonico, Federico Pieruzzi, Anna Monzani, Alberto Pesci, and Andrea Biondi. "Molecular Pathways and Respiratory Involvement in Lysosomal Storage Diseases." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 2 (January 15, 2019): 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20020327.
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Lysosomal storage diseases (LSD) include a wide range of different disorders with variable degrees of respiratory system involvement. The purpose of this narrative review is to treat the different types of respiratory manifestations in LSD, with particular attention being paid to the main molecular pathways known so far to be involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. A literature search was conducted using the Medline/PubMed and EMBASE databases to identify studies, from 1968 through to November 2018, that investigated the respiratory manifestations and molecular pathways affected in LSD. Pulmonary involvement includes interstitial lung disease in Gaucher’s disease and Niemann-Pick disease, obstructive airway disease in Fabry disease and ventilatory disorders with chronic respiratory failure in Pompe disease due to diaphragmatic and abdominal wall muscle weakness. In mucopolysaccharidosis and mucolipidoses, respiratory symptoms usually manifest early in life and are secondary to anatomical malformations, particularly of the trachea and chest wall, and to accumulation of glycosaminoglycans in the upper and lower airways, causing, for example, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Although the molecular pathways involved vary, ranging from lipid to glycogen and glycosaminoglycans accumulation, some clinical manifestations and therapeutic approaches are common among diseases, suggesting that lysosomal storage and subsequent cellular toxicity are the common endpoints.
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Kariyappa, Pushpalatha, Dakshayani Manjunath, Sushmitha Sarode, and Udayakumar SSeetharam Rao. "Clinical spectrum of lysosomal storage disorders in children." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 9, no. 8 (July 25, 2022): 757. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20221860.
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Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) are inherited metabolic diseases that are characterized by the accumulation of various toxic metabolites as a result of enzyme deficiencies. LSDs comprises of more than 50 diseases and are classified on a biochemical basis and the type of accumulated substrate. Most of the LSDs are inherited as autosomal recessive disorders with a few exceptions. Gaucher disease is the most common LSD. Clinical presentation of these children usually includes- anaemia, easy bruising, abnormally enlarged liver and/or spleen. We report a case series of 12 children with LSD. Among them 9 (75%) with GD, 3 (25%) with MPS. Based on the symptoms, in reducing order of frequency, children presented with generalised weakness, growth failure, abdominal distension, and developmental delay. 3 children with MPS had coarse facial features with reduced joint movements and hearing impairment. On examination, 5 children (41.6%) weighed less than third percentile, 9 (75%) had short stature, 10 (83%) had moderate to severe visceromegaly, CNS involvement in 2 children seen as hypotonia, occulomotor apraxia. Hematological parameters in all revealed- anaemia/leucopenia/thrombocytopenia- with two or more of the cell lines being affected. Bone marrow biopsy done in 9 (75%) children all of which were abnormal. Most of the children had enzyme activity levels between 0 to less than 15% of the normal reference range of the respective enzyme. ERT was initiated in 9 children (7 GD children and 2 MPS child) and followed up, showed a gradual amelioration in the symptoms by 1 year of regular ERT.
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Darbà, Josep, and Alicia Marsà. "Current Status and Use of Resources of Lysosomal Storage Diseases: Analysis of a Spanish Claims Database." Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets 20, no. 2 (February 14, 2020): 263–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871530319666190807162344.
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Introduction: The knowledge of the pathophysiology of Lysosomal Storage Disorders has gradually increased, but information on their incidence is still scarce. The objective of this study was to evaluate the status and use of resources of these disorders in Spain from 1997 to 2015. Methods: Records from 4,999 patients diagnosed with a Lysosomal Storage Disorder were extracted from a Spanish database containing data from public and private hospitals from 1997 to 2015. Results: The database registered 2,441 patients with an LSD in Spain during the study period. Leukodystrophy, Krabbe disease, Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease and sulfatide lipidosis represented, as a group, the most common combination of diseases in Spain, affecting 26% of total patients. The average age of diagnosis of these disorders was 16.7 years. A sex bias was observed in most of the groups, with a proportion of male/female of 60 to 40%. The direct medical cost of Lysosomal Storage Diseases was €5,686 per patient with an average cost per hospital admission of €4,923. Global costs displayed a growing tendency. Conclusions: Contrary to worldwide disease incidence estimations, the group with Krabbe disease registered the highest number of patients in the study period, which makes evident the need for accurate regional disease incidence and patient demographic studies. Altogether, data suggest the need to improve LSDs diagnostic protocols, and support the inclusion of these disorders in standard newborn screening programs.
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Ryckman, Alex E., Inka Brockhausen, and Jagdeep S. Walia. "Metabolism of Glycosphingolipids and Their Role in the Pathophysiology of Lysosomal Storage Disorders." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 18 (September 19, 2020): 6881. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21186881.
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Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are a specialized class of membrane lipids composed of a ceramide backbone and a carbohydrate-rich head group. GSLs populate lipid rafts of the cell membrane of eukaryotic cells, and serve important cellular functions including control of cell–cell signaling, signal transduction and cell recognition. Of the hundreds of unique GSL structures, anionic gangliosides are the most heavily implicated in the pathogenesis of lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) such as Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff disease. Each LSD is characterized by the accumulation of GSLs in the lysosomes of neurons, which negatively interact with other intracellular molecules to culminate in cell death. In this review, we summarize the biosynthesis and degradation pathways of GSLs, discuss how aberrant GSL metabolism contributes to key features of LSD pathophysiology, draw parallels between LSDs and neurodegenerative proteinopathies such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease and lastly, discuss possible therapies for patients.
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Feng, Xinghua, Zhuangzhuang Zhao, Qian Li, and Zhiyong Tan. "Lysosomal Potassium Channels: Potential Roles in Lysosomal Function and Neurodegenerative Diseases." CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets 17, no. 4 (July 6, 2018): 261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871527317666180202110717.
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Background & Objective: The lysosome is a membrane-enclosed organelle widely found in every eukaryotic cell. It has been deemed as the stomach of the cells. Recent studies revealed that it also functions as an intracellular calcium store and is a platform for nutrient-dependent signal transduction. Similar with the plasma membrane, the lysosome membrane is furnished with various proteins, including pumps, ion channels and transporters. So far, two types of lysosomal potassium channels have been identified: large-conductance and Ca2+-activated potassium channel (BK) and TMEM175. TMEM175 has been linked to several neurodegeneration diseases, such as the Alzheimer and Parkinson disease. Recent studies showed that TMEM175 is a lysosomal potassium channel with novel architecture and plays important roles in setting the lysosomal membrane potential and maintaining pH stability. TMEM175 deficiency leads to compromised lysosomal function, which might be responsible for the pathogenesis of related diseases. BK is a well-known potassium channel for its function on the plasma membrane. Studies from two independent groups revealed that functional BK channels are also expressed on the lysosomal plasma membrane. Dysfunction of BK causes impaired lysosomal calcium signaling and abnormal lipid accumulation, a featured phenotype of most lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs). Boosting BK activity could rescue the lipid accumulation in several LSD cell models. Overall, the lysosomal potassium channels are essential for the lysosome physiological function, including lysosomal calcium signaling and autophagy. The dysfunction of lysosomal potassium channels is related to some neurodegeneration disorders. Conclusion: Therefore, lysosomal potassium channels are suggested as potential targets for the intervention of lysosomal disorders.
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Martínez-Bailén, Macarena, Francesca Clemente, Camilla Matassini, and Francesca Cardona. "GCase Enhancers: A Potential Therapeutic Option for Gaucher Disease and Other Neurological Disorders." Pharmaceuticals 15, no. 7 (July 2, 2022): 823. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph15070823.
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Pharmaceutical chaperones (PCs) are small compounds able to bind and stabilize misfolded proteins, allowing them to recover their native folding and thus their biological activity. In particular, lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs), a class of metabolic disorders due to genetic mutations that result in misfolded lysosomal enzymes, can strongly benefit from the use of PCs able to facilitate their translocation to the lysosomes. This results in a recovery of their catalytic activity. No PC for the GCase enzyme (lysosomal acid-β-glucosidase, or glucocerebrosidase) has reached the market yet, despite the importance of this enzyme not only for Gaucher disease, the most common LSD, but also for neurological disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease. This review aims to describe the efforts made by the scientific community in the last 7 years (since 2015) in order to identify new PCs for the GCase enzyme, which have been mainly identified among glycomimetic-based compounds.
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Burton, Barbara, Joel Charrow, Brad Angle, Shanna Widera, and Darrel Waggoner. "A Pilot Newborn Screening Program for Lysosomal Storage Disorders (LSD) in Illinois." Molecular Genetics and Metabolism 105, no. 2 (February 2012): S23—S24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ymgme.2011.11.038.
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Žigman, Tamara, Danijela Petković Ramadža, Mario Lušić, Marija Zekušić, Dorotea Ninković, Danilo Gardijan, Kristina Potočki, et al. "Hypogammaglobulinemia and imaging features in a patient with infantile free sialic acid storage disease (ISSD) and a novel mutation in the SLC17A5 gene." Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism 31, no. 10 (October 25, 2018): 1155–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jpem-2017-0397.
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Abstract Background Infantile free sialic acid storage disease (ISSD) is a severe multisystemic disorder characterized by the accumulation of free sialic acid in lysosomes. Case presentation The patient presented prenatally with fetal ascites and large scrotal hernias, without pleural or pericardial effusion. During the infantile period, he was diagnosed with permanent isolated immunoglobulin G (IgG) hypogammaglobulinemia, which thus far has rarely been associated with ISSD. The analysis of the SLC17A5 gene revealed a novel homozygous 94 bp gene deletion. We further provide a detailed description of pre- and postnatal clinical and radiographic findings. Conclusions Fetal ascites could be the first sign of several lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs), including ISSD. The analysis of LSD gene panels is an effective approach to diagnosis in the case of non-specific symptoms and when specific biochemical tests are not easily available.
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Pierzynowska, Karolina, Estera Rintz, Lidia Gaffke, and Grzegorz Węgrzyn. "Ferroptosis and Its Modulation by Autophagy in Light of the Pathogenesis of Lysosomal Storage Diseases." Cells 10, no. 2 (February 10, 2021): 365. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10020365.
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Ferroptosis is one of the recently described types of cell death which is dependent on many factors, including the accumulation of iron and lipid peroxidation. Its induction requires various signaling pathways. Recent discovery of ferroptosis induction pathways stimulated by autophagy, so called autophagy-dependent ferroptosis, put our attention on the role of ferroptosis in lysosomal storage diseases (LSD). Lysosome dysfunction, observed in these diseases, may influence ferroptosis efficiency, with as yet unknown consequences for the function of cells, tissues, and organisms, due to the effects of ferroptosis on physiological and pathological metabolic processes. Modulation of levels of ferrous ions and enhanced oxidative stress, which are primary markers of ferroptosis, are often described as processes associated with the pathology of LSD. Inhibition of autophagy flux and resultant accumulation of autophagosomes in neuronopathic LSD may induce autophagy-dependent ferroptosis, indicating a considerable contribution of this process in neurodegeneration. In this review article, we describe molecular mechanisms of ferroptosis in light of LSD, underlining the modulation of levels of ferroptosis markers in these diseases. Furthermore, we propose a hypothesis about the possible involvement of autophagy-dependent ferroptosis in these disorders.
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Tancini, Brunella, Sandra Buratta, Krizia Sagini, Eva Costanzi, Federica Delo, Lorena Urbanelli, and Carla Emiliani. "Insight into the Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Lysosomal Storage Disorders." Genes 10, no. 7 (July 6, 2019): 510. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10070510.
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Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have received increasing attention over the last two decades. Initially, they were considered as just a garbage disposal tool; however, it has progressively become clear that their protein, nucleic acid (namely miRNA and mRNA), and lipid contents have signaling functions. Besides, it has been established that cells release different types of vesicular structures for which characterization is still in its infancy. Many stress conditions, such as hypoxia, senescence, and oncogene activation have been associated with the release of higher levels of EVs. Further, evidence has shown that autophagic–lysosomal pathway abnormalities also affect EV release. In fact, in neurodegenerative diseases characterized by the accumulation of toxic proteins, although it has not become clear to what extent the intracellular storage of undigested materials itself has beneficial/adverse effects, these proteins have also been shown to be released extracellularly via EVs. Lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) are characterized by accumulation of undigested substrates within the endosomal–lysosomal system, due either to genetic mutations in lysosomal proteins or to treatment with pharmacological agents. Here, we review studies investigating the role of lysosomal and autophagic dysfunction on the release of EVs, with a focus on studies exploring the release of EVs in LSD models of both genetic and pharmacological origin. A better knowledge of EV-releasing pathways activated in lysosomal stress conditions will provide information on the role of EVs in both alleviating intracellular storage of undigested materials and spreading the pathology to the neighboring tissue.
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Rigon, Laura, Concetta De Filippis, Barbara Napoli, Rosella Tomanin, and Genny Orso. "Exploiting the Potential of Drosophila Models in Lysosomal Storage Disorders: Pathological Mechanisms and Drug Discovery." Biomedicines 9, no. 3 (March 7, 2021): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9030268.
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Lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) represent a complex and heterogeneous group of rare genetic diseases due to mutations in genes coding for lysosomal enzymes, membrane proteins or transporters. This leads to the accumulation of undegraded materials within lysosomes and a broad range of severe clinical features, often including the impairment of central nervous system (CNS). When available, enzyme replacement therapy slows the disease progression although it is not curative; also, most recombinant enzymes cannot cross the blood-brain barrier, leaving the CNS untreated. The inefficient degradative capability of the lysosomes has a negative impact on the flux through the endolysosomal and autophagic pathways; therefore, dysregulation of these pathways is increasingly emerging as a relevant disease mechanism in LSDs. In the last twenty years, different LSD Drosophila models have been generated, mainly for diseases presenting with neurological involvement. The fruit fly provides a large selection of tools to investigate lysosomes, autophagy and endocytic pathways in vivo, as well as to analyse neuronal and glial cells. The possibility to use Drosophila in drug repurposing and discovery makes it an attractive model for LSDs lacking effective therapies. Here, ee describe the major cellular pathways implicated in LSDs pathogenesis, the approaches available for their study and the Drosophila models developed for these diseases. Finally, we highlight a possible use of LSDs Drosophila models for drug screening studies.
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Hebbar, Sarita, Avinash Khandelwal, R. Jayashree, Samantha J. Hindle, Yin Ning Chiang, Joanne Y. Yew, Sean T. Sweeney, and Dominik Schwudke. "Lipid metabolic perturbation is an early-onset phenotype in adult spinster mutants: a Drosophila model for lysosomal storage disorders." Molecular Biology of the Cell 28, no. 26 (December 15, 2017): 3728–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e16-09-0674.
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Intracellular accumulation of lipids and swollen dysfunctional lysosomes are linked to several neurodegenerative diseases, including lysosomal storage disorders (LSD). Detailed characterization of lipid metabolic changes in relation to the onset and progression of neurodegeneration is currently missing. We systematically analyzed lipid perturbations in spinster (spin) mutants, a Drosophila model of LSD-like neurodegeneration. Our results highlight an imbalance in brain ceramide and sphingosine in the early stages of neurodegeneration, preceding the accumulation of endomembranous structures, manifestation of altered behavior, and buildup of lipofuscin. Manipulating levels of ceramidase and altering these lipids in spin mutants allowed us to conclude that ceramide homeostasis is the driving force in disease progression and is integral to spin function in the adult nervous system. We identified 29 novel physical interaction partners of Spin and focused on the lipid carrier protein, Lipophorin (Lpp). A subset of Lpp and Spin colocalize in the brain and within organs specialized for lipid metabolism (fat bodies and oenocytes). Reduced Lpp protein was observed in spin mutant tissues. Finally, increased levels of lipid metabolites produced by oenocytes in spin mutants allude to a functional interaction between Spin and Lpp, underscoring the systemic nature of lipid perturbation in LSD.
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Erwin, Angelika L. "The role of sebelipase alfa in the treatment of lysosomal acid lipase deficiency." Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology 10, no. 7 (April 26, 2017): 553–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1756283x17705775.
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Lysosomal acid lipase deficiency (LALD) is a lysosomal storage disorder (LSD) characterized either by infantile onset with fulminant clinical course and very poor prognosis or childhood/adult-onset disease with an attenuated phenotype. The disorder is often misdiagnosed or remains undiagnosed in children and adults due to a rather unspecific clinical presentation with dyslipidemia and steatohepatitis. Until recently, no good treatment options were available for LALD. Despite supportive and symptomatic therapies, death occurred before 1 year of age in patients with infantile-onset disease and patients with childhood/adult-onset LALD suffered from significant complications, such as liver cirrhosis, requiring liver transplantation and early-onset cardiovascular disease. With the recent approval of sebelipase alfa for clinical use in infantile- as well as childhood/adult-onset LALD, a new treatment era for this disorder has begun. Sebelipase alfa is a recombinant human lysosomal acid lipase (LAL), which is administered via the intravenous route. Clinical trials have shown significant improvement of disease parameters such as liver transaminases, hepatomegaly, and dyslipidemia in childhood/adult-onset LALD patients. Treatment of infants with the severe infantile-onset form of the disease has led to improved survival beyond the age of 1 year, and also showed improvement of hepatic and gastrointestinal symptoms, as well as growth. Overall, sebelipase alfa has a favorable safety profile and promises to be a good long-term treatment option for patients with LALD, with significant reduction of disease burden and increased life expectancy.
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Yoon, Hyundong, Seulki Song, Yeeun Ha, Youngil Koh, and SungSoo Yoon. "Abstract 1574: LSD-germline variant drive oncogenicity." Cancer Research 82, no. 12_Supplement (June 15, 2022): 1574. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-1574.
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Abstract Lysosome storage disease (LSD) is a congenital metabolic disorder caused by mutations in genes involved in the function of lysosomes. Defects in the genes encoding hydrolases and transporters and enzyme activators are found in LSD’s, leading to the accumulation of macromolecules in the late endocytic system. And this disruption of lysosomal homeostasis increases the induction of endoplasmic reticulum and oxidative stress, proliferative signal transduction, extracellular matrix degradation, Integrin-β4-mediated cell migration and invasion, and consequently can promote the development of oncogenic cells and malignant tumors. It is known that the function of lysosomes is very important in cancer diseases. Recently, through a preliminary study, we found that the incidence of myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) increases statistically significantly when the LSD putative pathogenic germline variant (PPGV) is present. Based on this, we performed single-cell RNA (scRNA) sequencing using MPN patient samples of both LSD PPGV carrier and non-carrier. We tried to determine how the LSD PPGV affects MPN cancer progression at the single-cell level. To confirm functional differences between the two groups, DEG, pathway enrichment, LR-pair interaction, and transcription enrichment analyses were performed. In the analysis, immune cells were composed of T-cell, NK-cell, and Monocyte (in the order of frequency). It was confirmed that Lysosome-related (ER, Golgi, etc.) functions were upregulated in the carrier group compared to the non-carrier group across cell types. In addition, in the ligand-receptor (LR)-pair interaction analysis targeting Immune cells, it was possible to find a statistically significant difference (average log2 fold change>0.7 and p-value<0.05) candidate LR-pair (IL6-IL6R*IL6ST) that upregulates in the carrier group compared to the non-carrier group. The candidate LR-pair found by our team has been previously known as a cytokine-related gene that plays an inflammatory or fibrosis-related role in MPN and affects cancer progression. Also, in the Transcription Factor Enrichment analysis conducted together, it was confirmed that the statistically significant (NES>2 and FDR<0.01) candidate Transcription Factor (STAT1), which operates dependent on the candidate LR-pair, is upregulated. In conclusion, we found the possibility that genes and functions related to cancer progression can be up-regulated by LSD germline variants. In addition, we plan to conduct additional studies to determine the exact mechanism of contribution to cancer development by the LSD germline variant. Citation Format: Hyundong Yoon, Seulki Song, Yeeun Ha, Youngil Koh, SungSoo Yoon. LSD-germline variant drive oncogenicity [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 1574.
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Matern, Dietrich, Silvia Tortorelli, Devin Oglesbee, Dimitar Gavrilov, Piero Rinaldo, and Kimiyo Raymond. "Development of Efficient and Effective Newborn Screening (NBS) Strategies for Lysosomal Storage Disorders (LSD)." Molecular Genetics and Metabolism 105, no. 2 (February 2012): S45—S46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ymgme.2011.11.111.
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Hintze, Stefan, Sarah Limmer, Paulina Dabrowska-Schlepp, Birgit Berg, Nicola Krieghoff, Andreas Busch, Andreas Schaaf, Peter Meinke, and Benedikt Schoser. "Moss-Derived Human Recombinant GAA Provides an Optimized Enzyme Uptake in Differentiated Human Muscle Cells of Pompe Disease." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 7 (April 10, 2020): 2642. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21072642.
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Pompe disease is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder (LSD) caused by deficiency of lysosomal acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA). The result of the GAA deficiency is a ubiquitous lysosomal and non-lysosomal accumulation of glycogen. The most affected tissues are heart, skeletal muscle, liver, and the nervous system. Replacement therapy with the currently approved enzyme relies on M6P-mediated endocytosis. However, therapeutic outcomes still leave room for improvement, especially with regard to skeletal muscles. We tested the uptake, activity, and effect on glucose metabolism of a non-phosphorylated recombinant human GAA produced in moss (moss-GAA). Three variants of moss-GAA differing in glycosylation pattern have been analyzed: two with terminal mannose residues in a paucimannosidic (Man3) or high-mannose (Man 5) configuration and one with terminal N-acetylglucosamine residues (GnGn). Compared to alglucosidase alfa the moss-GAA GnGn variant showed increased uptake in differentiated myotubes. Moreover, incubation of immortalized muscle cells of Gaa−/− mice with moss-GAA GnGn led to similarly efficient clearance of accumulated glycogen as with alglucosidase alfa. These initial data suggest that M6P-residues might not always be necessary for the cellular uptake in enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) and indicate the potential of moss-GAA GnGn as novel alternative drug for targeting skeletal muscle in Pompe patients.
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Prat Castro, Sandra, Veronika Kudrina, Dawid Jaślan, Julia Böck, Anna Scotto Rosato, and Christian Grimm. "Neurodegenerative Lysosomal Storage Disorders: TPC2 Comes to the Rescue!" Cells 11, no. 18 (September 8, 2022): 2807. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11182807.
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Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) resulting from inherited gene mutations constitute a family of disorders that disturb lysosomal degradative function leading to abnormal storage of macromolecular substrates. In most LSDs, central nervous system (CNS) involvement is common and leads to the progressive appearance of neurodegeneration and early death. A growing amount of evidence suggests that ion channels in the endolysosomal system play a crucial role in the pathology of neurodegenerative LSDs. One of the main basic mechanisms through which the endolysosomal ion channels regulate the function of the endolysosomal system is Ca2+ release, which is thought to be essential for intracellular compartment fusion, fission, trafficking and lysosomal exocytosis. The intracellular TRPML (transient receptor potential mucolipin) and TPC (two-pore channel) ion channel families constitute the main essential Ca2+-permeable channels expressed on endolysosomal membranes, and they are considered potential drug targets for the prevention and treatment of LSDs. Although TRPML1 activation has shown rescue effects on LSD phenotypes, its activity is pH dependent, and it is blocked by sphingomyelin accumulation, which is characteristic of some LSDs. In contrast, TPC2 activation is pH-independent and not blocked by sphingomyelin, potentially representing an advantage over TRPML1. Here, we discuss the rescue of cellular phenotypes associated with LSDs such as cholesterol and lactosylceramide (LacCer) accumulation or ultrastructural changes seen by electron microscopy, mediated by the small molecule agonist of TPC2, TPC2-A1-P, which promotes lysosomal exocytosis and autophagy. In summary, new data suggest that TPC2 is a promising target for the treatment of different types of LSDs such as MLIV, NPC1, and Batten disease, both in vitro and in vivo.
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De Jesus, Victor R., X. Kate Zhang, Joan Keutzer, Olaf A. Bodamer, Adolf Mühl, Joseph J. Orsini, Michele Caggana, Robert F. Vogt, and W. Harry Hannon. "Development and Evaluation of Quality Control Dried Blood Spot Materials in Newborn Screening for Lysosomal Storage Disorders." Clinical Chemistry 55, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 158–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2008.111864.
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Abstract Background: Lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) comprise more than 40 genetic diseases that result in the accumulation of products that would normally be degraded by lysosomal enzymes. A tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS)-based method is available for newborn screening for 5 LSDs, and many laboratories are initiating pilot studies to evaluate the incorporation of this method into their screening panels. We developed and evaluated dried blood spot (DBS) QC materials for LSDs and used the MS/MS method to investigate their suitability for LSD QC monitoring. Methods: We incubated 3.2-mm punches from DBS controls for 20–24 h with assay cocktails containing substrate and internal standard. Using MS/MS, we quantified the resulting product and internal standard. Samples were run in triplicate for 3 consecutive days, and results were reported as product-to-internal standard ratios and enzyme activity units (μmol/L/h). Results: Enzyme activity interday imprecision (CV) for the high, medium, and low series were 3.4%–14.3% for galactocerebroside α-galactosidase, 6.8%–24.6% for acid α-galactosidase A, 7.36%–22.1% for acid sphingomyelinase, 6.2%–26.2% for acid α-glucocerebrosidase, and 7.0%–24.8% for lysosomal acid α-glucosidase (n = 9). In addition, DBS stored at −20° and 4 °C showed minimal enzyme activity loss over a 187-d period. DBS stored at 37° and 45 °C had lower activity values over the 187-day evaluation time. Conclusions: Suitable QC materials for newborn screening of LSDs were developed for laboratories performing DBS LSD screening. Good material linearity was observed, with goodness-of-fit values of 0.953 and higher. The QC materials may be used by screening laboratories that perform LSD analysis by MS and/or more conventional fluorescence-based screening methods.
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Metz, Thomas F., Thomas P. Mechtler, Joseph J. Orsini, Monica Martin, Bori Shushan, Joseph L. Herman, Rene Ratschmann, et al. "Simplified Newborn Screening Protocol for Lysosomal Storage Disorders." Clinical Chemistry 57, no. 9 (September 1, 2011): 1286–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2011.164640.
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BACKGROUND Interest in lysosomal storage disorders, a collection of more than 40 inherited metabolic disorders, has increased because of new therapy options such as enzyme replacement, stem cell transplantation, and substrate reduction therapy. We developed a high-throughput protocol that simplifies analytical challenges such as complex sample preparation and potential interference from excess residual substrate associated with previously reported assays. METHODS After overnight incubation (16–20 h) of dried blood spots with a cassette of substrates and deuterated internal standards, we used a TLX-2 system to quantify 6 lysosomal enzyme activities for Fabry, Gaucher, Niemann-Pick A/B, Pompe, Krabbe, and mucopolysaccharidosis I disease. This multiplexed, multidimensional ultra-HPLC–tandem mass spectrometry assay included Cyclone P Turbo Flow and Hypersil Gold C8 columns. The method did not require offline sample preparation such as liquid–liquid and solid-phase extraction, or hazardous reagents such as ethyl acetate. RESULTS Obviating the offline sample preparation steps led to substantial savings in analytical time (approximately 70%) and reagent costs (approximately 50%). In a pilot study, lysosomal enzyme activities of 8586 newborns were measured, including 51 positive controls, and the results demonstrated 100% diagnostic sensitivity and high specificity. The results for Krabbe disease were validated with parallel measurements by the New York State Screening Laboratory. CONCLUSIONS Turboflow online sample cleanup and the use of an additional analytical column enabled the implementation of lysosomal storage disorder testing in a nationwide screening program while keeping the total analysis time to <2 min per sample.
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Kongmanas, Kessiri, Arpornrad Saewu, Wongsakorn Kiattiburut, Mark A. Baker, Kym F. Faull, Dylan Burger, and Nongnuj Tanphaichitr. "Accumulation of Seminolipid in Sertoli Cells Is Associated with Increased Levels of Reactive Oxygen Species and Male Subfertility: Studies in Aging Arsa Null Male Mice." Antioxidants 10, no. 6 (June 4, 2021): 912. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10060912.
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Seminolipid (also known as sulfogalactosylglycerolipid-SGG), present selectively in male germ cells, plays important roles in spermatogenesis and sperm–egg interaction. The proper degradation of SGG in apoptotic germ cells is also as important. Sertoli cells first phagocytose apoptotic germ cells, then Sertoli lysosomal arylsulfatase A (ARSA) desulfates SGG, the first step of SGG degradation. We have reported that aging male Arsa−/− mice become subfertile with SGG accumulation in Sertoli cell lysosomes, typical of a lysosomal storage disorder (LSD). Since reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels are increased in other glycolipid-accumulated LSDs, we quantified ROS in Arsa−/− Sertoli cells. Our analyses indicated increases in superoxide and H2O2 in Arsa−/− Sertoli cells with elevated apoptosis rates, relative to WT counterparts. Excess H2O2 from Arsa−/− Sertoli cells could travel into testicular germ cells (TGCs) to induce ROS production. Our results indeed indicated higher superoxide levels in Arsa−/− TGCs, compared with WT TGCs. Increased ROS levels in Arsa−/− Sertoli cells and TGCs likely caused the decrease in spermatogenesis and increased the abnormal sperm population in aging Arsa−/− mice, including the 50% decrease in sperm SGG with egg binding ability. In summary, our study indicated that increased ROS production was the mechanism through which subfertility manifested following SGG accumulation in Sertoli cells.
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Leistner, Sandra, and Roberto Giugliani. "A useful routine for biochemical detection and diagnosis of mucopolysaccharidoses." Genetics and Molecular Biology 21, no. 1 (March 1998): 163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-47571998000100028.
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Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) constitute, owing to their biochemical, genetical and clinical characteristics, a large and heterogeneous subgroup among the lysosomal storage diseases (LSD). They are caused by deficiency of specific enzymes, which are responsible for glycosaminoglycan (GAG) breakdown during different steps of its degradation pathway. MPS are responsible for about 32% of inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) and 54% of LSD identified in our laboratory (Regional Laboratory of Inborn Errors of Metabolism (RLIEM), Medical Genetics Unit, Hospital de Clínicas in Porto Alegre), which is a reference center for LSD diagnosis in Brazil. Therefore, we decided to set up a specific laboratory routine for detection and differential diagnosis of MPS in patients with clinical features suggestive of this group of disorders
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Tortorelli, Silvia, Coleman T. Turgeon, Dimitar K. Gavrilov, Devin Oglesbee, Kimiyo M. Raymond, Piero Rinaldo, and Dietrich Matern. "Simultaneous Testing for 6 Lysosomal Storage Disorders and X-Adrenoleukodystrophy in Dried Blood Spots by Tandem Mass Spectrometry." Clinical Chemistry 62, no. 9 (September 1, 2016): 1248–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2016.256255.
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Abstract BACKGROUND Newborn screening for lysosomal storage disorders (LSD) has revealed that late-onset variants of these conditions are unexpectedly frequent and therefore may evade diagnosis. We developed an efficient and cost-effective multiplex assay to diagnose six LSDs and several peroxisomal disorders in patients presenting with diverse phenotypes at any age. METHODS Three 3-mm dried blood spot (DBS) punches were placed into individual microtiter plates. One disc was treated with a cocktail containing acid sphingomyelinase-specific substrate and internal standard (IS). To the second DBS we added a cocktail containing substrate and IS for β-glucosidase, acid α-glucosidase, α-galactosidase A, galactocerebrosidase, and α-L-iduronidase. The third DBS was extracted with methanol containing d4-C26 lysophosphatidylcholine as IS and stored until the enzyme plates were combined and purified by liquid–liquid and solid-phase extraction. The extracts were evaporated, reconstituted with the extract from the lysophosphatidylcholine plate, and analyzed by flow injection tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS Reference intervals were determined by analysis of 550 samples from healthy controls. DBS from confirmed patients with 1 of the 6 LSDs (n = 33), X-adrenoleukodystrophy (n = 9), or a peroxisomal biogenesis disorder (n = 5), as well as carriers for Fabry disease (n = 17) and X-adrenoleukodystrophy (n = 5), were analyzed for assay validation. Prospective clinical testing of 578 samples revealed 25 patients affected with 1 of the detectable conditions. CONCLUSIONS Our flow injection tandem mass spectrometry approach is amenable to high-throughput population screening for Hurler disease, Gaucher disease, Niemann–Pick A/B disease, Pompe disease, Krabbe disease, Fabry disease, X-adrenoleukodystrophy, and peroxisomal biogenesis disorder in DBS.
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Wei, Jianshe, Yoshiki Takamatsu, Ryoko Wada, Masayo Fujita, Gilbert Ho, Eliezer Masliah, and Makoto Hashimoto. "Therapeutic Potential of αS Evolvability for Neuropathic Gaucher Disease." Biomolecules 11, no. 2 (February 15, 2021): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom11020289.
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Gaucher disease (GD), the most common lysosomal storage disorder (LSD), is caused by autosomal recessive mutations of the glucocerebrosidase gene, GBA1. In the majority of cases, GD has a non-neuropathic chronic form with adult onset (GD1), while other cases are more acute and severer neuropathic forms with early onset (GD2/3). Currently, no radical therapies are established for GD2/3. Notably, GD1, but not GD2/3, is associated with increased risk of Parkinson’s disease (PD), the elucidation of which might provide a clue for novel therapeutic strategies. In this context, the objective of the present study is to discuss that the evolvability of α-synuclein (αS) might be differentially involved in GD subtypes. Hypothetically, aging-associated PD features with accumulation of αS, and the autophagy-lysosomal dysfunction might be an antagonistic pleiotropy phenomenon derived from αS evolvability in the development in GD1, without which neuropathies like GD2/3 might be manifested due to the autophagy-lysosomal dysfunction. Supposing that the increased severity of GD2/3 might be attributed to the decreased activity of αS evolvability, suppressing the expression of β-synuclein (βS), a potential buffer against αS evolvability, might be therapeutically efficient. Of interest, a similar view might be applicable to Niemann-Pick type C (NPC), another LSD, given that the adult type of NPC, which is comorbid with Alzheimer’s disease, exhibits milder medical symptoms compared with those of infantile NPC. Thus, it is predicted that the evolvability of amyloid β and tau, might be beneficial for the adult type of NPC. Collectively, a better understanding of amyloidogenic evolvability in the pathogenesis of LSD may inform rational therapy development.
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Sharma, Anu, Radhika Sujatha, Sankar V. H, Krishna Neisseril, and Akash Nair. "Galactosialidosis presenting as non-immune hydrops in a newborn: A case report." Indian Journal of Child Health 9, no. 8 (August 31, 2022): 145–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.32677/ijch.v9i8.3568.
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Galactosialidosis is a rare autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder (LSD). It results from defects in glycoprotein degradation due to mutation in a single gene, encoded by the protective protein cathepsin A, (CTSA), located on chromosome 20q13.12. Most cases of non-immune hydrops fetalis (NIHF) nowadays being recognized are due to cardiac, lymphatic dysplasia, and hematological disorders. Inborn errors of metabolism account for NIHF in 1.3% of patients. Among metabolic disorders, around 14 LSDs have been reported as being associated with NIHF and congenital ascites. In the present case, we report an early infantile form of galactosialidosis with a novel homozygous miss-sense mutation c.319 A>C (p. Ser107 Arg) in exon 3 of CTSA gene in a newborn who presented as non-immune hydrops. The baby also had coarse facies, wide anterior fontanelle, hypertelorism, bilateral congenital talipes equinovarus, hepatosplenomegaly, nephrocalcinosis, and disproportionately small limbs with metaphyseal irregularity. Gradually, he developed worsening cardiac functions and cardiomyopathy and succumbed to death on day 47 of life. Being an autosomal recessive disorder, it can recur in the next pregnancy and treatment is mainly supportive. Targeted prenatal diagnostics in subsequent pregnancies can help in early diagnosis.
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Encarnação, Marisa, Maria Francisca Coutinho, Lisbeth Silva, Diogo Ribeiro, Souad Ouesleti, Teresa Campos, Helena Santos, et al. "Assessing Lysosomal Disorders in the NGS Era: Identification of Novel Rare Variants." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 17 (September 1, 2020): 6355. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21176355.
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Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) are a heterogeneous group of genetic disorders with variable degrees of severity and a broad phenotypic spectrum, which may overlap with a number of other conditions. While individually rare, as a group LSDs affect a significant number of patients, placing an important burden on affected individuals and their families but also on national health care systems worldwide. Here, we present our results on the use of an in-house customized next-generation sequencing (NGS) panel of genes related to lysosome function as a first-line molecular test for the diagnosis of LSDs. Ultimately, our goal is to provide a fast and effective tool to screen for virtually all LSDs in a single run, thus contributing to decrease the diagnostic odyssey, accelerating the time to diagnosis. Our study enrolled a group of 23 patients with variable degrees of clinical and/or biochemical suspicion of LSD. Briefly, NGS analysis data workflow, followed by segregation analysis allowed the characterization of approximately 41% of the analyzed patients and the identification of 10 different pathogenic variants, underlying nine LSDs. Importantly, four of those variants were novel, and, when applicable, their effect over protein structure was evaluated through in silico analysis. One of the novel pathogenic variants was identified in the GM2A gene, which is associated with an ultra-rare (or misdiagnosed) LSD, the AB variant of GM2 Gangliosidosis. Overall, this case series highlights not only the major advantages of NGS-based diagnostic approaches but also, to some extent, its limitations ultimately promoting a reflection on the role of targeted panels as a primary tool for the prompt characterization of LSD patients.
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Singh, Ankur, Rajniti Prasad, and Om Prakash Mishra. "Spectrum of Lysosomal Storage Disorders at Tertiary Centre: Retrospective Case-Record Analysis." Journal of Pediatric Genetics 09, no. 02 (January 2, 2020): 087–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-3402070.
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AbstractLysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) are relatively common slow progressive inborn error of metabolism encountered by clinicians. This work intends to highlight the more common LSDs, their clinical presentation, outcome, and mutation (wherever feasible) collected from the genetic clinic at tertiary care center in Eastern Uttar Pradesh. The data for analysis were collected retrospectively from genetic records from a follow-up clinic. All cases < 18 years of age were analyzed. Cases with LSDs with confirmed enzyme results were enrolled in this study. Clinical profile, screening test results, and outcome were collected. There were 32 cases including 27 males and 5 females in this cohort: 8 Gaucher disease (GD) patient and 24 non-GD patients. GD (type 1) is the commonest LSD in GD group. Anemia, thrombocytopenia, splenomegaly, and hepatomegaly were the consistent finding in patients with GD (type 1). L483P mutation was reported in two GD patients. One GD patient is on enzyme replacement therapy for 2 years and is currently doing well. The commonest disorders in non-GD were mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) (n = 11), metachromatic leukodystrophy (n = 4), I-cell disease (n = 3), Niemann-Pick A/B (n = 3). MPS-II is the commonest MPS among non-GD group.
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Lo Curto, Alessia, Simona Taverna, Maria Assunta Costa, Rosa Passantino, Giuseppa Augello, Giorgia Adamo, Anna Aiello, et al. "Can Be miR-126-3p a Biomarker of Premature Aging? An Ex Vivo and In Vitro Study in Fabry Disease." Cells 10, no. 2 (February 9, 2021): 356. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10020356.
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Fabry disease (FD) is a lysosomal storage disorder (LSD) characterized by lysosomal accumulation of glycosphingolipids in a wide variety of cytotypes, including endothelial cells (ECs). FD patients experience a significantly reduced life expectancy compared to the general population; therefore, the association with a premature aging process would be plausible. To assess this hypothesis, miR-126-3p, a senescence-associated microRNA (SA-miRNAs), was considered as an aging biomarker. The levels of miR-126-3p contained in small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), with about 130 nm of diameter, were measured in FD patients and healthy subjects divided into age classes, in vitro, in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) “young” and undergoing replicative senescence, through a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) approach. We confirmed that, in vivo, circulating miR-126 levels physiologically increase with age. In vitro, miR-126 augments in HUVECs underwent replicative senescence. We observed that FD patients are characterized by higher miR-126-3p levels in sEVs, compared to age-matched healthy subjects. We also explored, in vitro, the effect on ECs of glycosphingolipids that are typically accumulated in FD patients. We observed that FD storage substances induced in HUVECs premature senescence and increased of miR-126-3p levels. This study reinforces the hypothesis that FD may aggravate the normal aging process.
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Mazumder, Mohammad A. Jafar. "Bio-Encapsulation for the Immune-Protection of Therapeutic Cells." Advanced Materials Research 810 (September 2013): 1–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.810.1.
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The design of new technologies for treatment of human disorders is a complex and difficult task. The aim of this article is to explore state of art discussion of various techniques and materials involve in cell encapsulations. Encapsulation of cells within semi-permeable polymer shells or beads is a potentially powerful tool, and has long been explored as a promising approach for the treatment of several human diseases such as lysosomal storage disease (LSD), neurological disorders, Parkinsons disease, dwarfism, hemophilia, cancer and diabetes using immune-isolation gene therapy.
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Millington, David, and Deeksha Bali. "Current State of the Art of Newborn Screening for Lysosomal Storage Disorders." International Journal of Neonatal Screening 4, no. 3 (July 18, 2018): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijns4030024.
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Prospective full-population newborn screening for multiple lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) is currently practiced in a few NBS programs, and several others are actively pursuing this course of action. Two platforms suitable for multiple LSD screening—tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and digital microfluidic fluorometry (DMF)—are now commercially available with reagent kits. In this article, we review the methods currently used for prospective NBS for LSDs and objectively compare their workflows and the results from two programs in the United States that screen for the same four LSDs, one using MS/MS and the other DMF. The results show that the DMF platform workflow is simpler and generates results faster than MS/MS, enabling results reporting on the same day as specimen analysis. Furthermore, the performance metrics for both platforms while not identical, are broadly similar and do not indicate the superior performance of one method over the other. Results show a preponderance of inconclusive results for Pompe and Fabry diseases and for Hurler syndrome, due to genetic heterogeneity and other factors that can lead to low enzyme activities, regardless of the screening method. We conclude that either platform is a good choice but caution that post-analytical tools will need to be applied to improve the positive predictive value for these conditions.
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Bilyeu, Heather, Jon Washburn, Lacey Vermette, and Tracy Klug. "Validation and Implementation of a Highly Sensitive and Efficient Newborn Screening Assay for Mucopolysaccharidosis Type II." International Journal of Neonatal Screening 6, no. 4 (October 14, 2020): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijns6040079.
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Mucopolysaccharidosis Type II (MPS II), also known as Hunter syndrome, is a lysosomal storage disorder (LSD) caused by a deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme iduronate-2-sulfatase (IDS). MPS II satisfies all criteria defined by the Advisory Committee on Heritable Disorders in Newborns and Children (ACHDNC) for inclusion in the Recommended Uniform Screening Panel (RUSP) for newborn screening, apart from the fact that only minimal prospective population screening data are available. This report details the analytical validation, clinical validation, and implementation of a fluorometric assay for measurement of IDS activity in newborn dried blood spot (DBS) specimens at the Missouri State Public Health Laboratory (MSPHL). The assay is performed in a microwell plate format requiring approximately 15 min of hands-on time per plate and an incubation time of two hours. The analytical validation of this assay included linearity, analytical sensitivity, precision, and carry-over testing. Clinical validation was completed using more than 5000 deidentified presumptive normal newborn DBS specimens as well as seven specimens from patients known to be affected with MPS II. Following validation, MSPHL began prospective screening using the IDS assay on 1 November 2018. In the first 18 months of screening (to 30 June 2020), 146,954 specimens were prospectively screened using the method. Two newborns were identified with severe Hunter syndrome and the assay had a presumptive positive rate of 0.022%.
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Kahraman, Ayça Burcu, Yılmaz Yıldız, Kısmet Çıkı, Halil Tuna Akar, İzzet Erdal, Ali Dursun, Ayşegül Tokatlı, and Hatice Serap Sivri. "Invisible burden of COVID-19: enzyme replacement therapy disruptions." Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism 34, no. 5 (April 5, 2021): 539–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jpem-2021-0067.
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Abstract Objectives Lysosomal storage diseases (LSD) constitute an important group of metabolic diseases, consisting of approximately 60 disorders. In some types of lysosomal diseases, enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) is administered intravenously in weekly or biweekly doses. Unfortunately, scheduled ERT during COVID-19 was disrupted. We considered the possibility of adverse outcomes caused by the disruption in the treatment of patients with lysosomal storage disorders. Methods During the COVID-19 pandemic, we conducted a questionnaire that was delivered via Internet to assess how this vulnerable patient group was affected by the pandemic in terms of their access to treatment and their disease-related symptoms. Results The questionnaire was filled out by 75 patients. There were 35 patients whose treatment dose was missed because of COVID-19. The most common reason for skipping treatment was not wanting to go to the hospital for fear of contracting COVID-19. These 35 patients missed a median of four doses of ERT (range: 1–16 dosages). Twenty-one patients (60%) claimed that they were affected physically by not taking ERT (20 mucopolysaccaridoses, 1 Fabry disease), whereas 14 (40%) did not. Conclusions Interruption of ERT during the COVID-19 pandemic may have significant consequences. It may be beneficial to switch to home treatment or reserve dedicated facilities. With proper planning and management, the treatment disruptions of this particular group can be avoided.
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Fuller, Maria, Melanie Lovejoy, Doug A. Brooks, Miriam L. Harkin, John J. Hopwood, and Peter J. Meikle. "Immunoquantification of α-Galactosidase: Evaluation for the Diagnosis of Fabry Disease." Clinical Chemistry 50, no. 11 (November 1, 2004): 1979–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2004.037937.
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Abstract Background: Fabry disease is an X-linked inborn error of glycosphingolipid catabolism resulting from a deficiency of the lysosomal exoglycohydrolase, α-galactosidase. Enzyme replacement therapy is currently available for Fabry disease, but early diagnosis before the onset of irreversible pathology will be mandatory for successful treatment. Presymptomatic detection would be possible through the use of a newborn-screening program. We report on the use of sensitive assays for the measurement of α-galactosidase protein and activity and for the protein saposin C, which are diagnostic markers for Fabry disease. Methods: Two sensitive immunoassays for the measurement of α-galactosidase activity and protein were used to determine the concentrations of α-galactosidase in dried filter-paper blood spots and plasma samples from control patients and patients with a lysosomal storage disorder (LSD). Results: Fabry hemizygous individuals were clearly identified from control populations by decreases in both α-galactosidase activity and protein. Fabry heterozygotes generally fell between the hemizygotes and controls. Including the measurement of saposin C enabled differentiation between Fabry heterozygotes and controls. In blood spots, all Fabry individuals could be distinguished from control blood spots as well as from 16 other LSD patients. Conclusions: The determination of α-galactosidase activity or protein in dried filter-paper blood spots could be used for the diagnosis of Fabry patients. With further validation, these assays could be used for the identification of Fabry patients in newborn-screening programs and may also be suitable for screening high-risk populations.
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Libbrecht, Sasha, Francois Eyskens, Sabine Declercq, and Cecile Colpaert. "Placental Findings in Lysosomal Storage Disease Diagnosis: A Case Report of Galactosialidosis." Case Reports in Pathology 2020 (May 30, 2020): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8181056.
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Introduction. Lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) are rare diseases with more than 50 different entities described today. The spectrum of phenotypes varies from severe to lethal and early-onset disease to mild and late onset. Recognition of the clinical signs and diagnostic workup is challenging and requires expertise. Diagnosis relies on finding abnormal metabolites in urine and serum followed by further enzymatic or molecular analysis. Routine histological examination of the foetal and placental tissues frequently shows vacuolisation, providing a readily available important clue to the diagnosis. Case Report. A third child of consanguineal parents showed several dysmorphic features and a complicated neonatal period with eventual demise in the early postneonatal period due to respiratory failure. An LSD was suspected based on clinical presentation, urine metabolite excretion, skeletal radiograph, and vacuolisation in lymphocytes and placental tissues on, respectively, blood smear and routine histological examination. Homozygosity mapping favoured galactosialidosis. The diagnosis was confirmed by massive parallel sequencing, revealing a single nucleotide variation in the CTSA gene (c.265A>C, p.Ser89Arg). Discussion. Histological placental examination may be either the first clue or complimentary evidence in recognizing LSDs. It is important to recognize these clues as it may prompt further investigation and facilitate earlier recognition of the disease.
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Sofronova, Viktoriia, Rina Iwata, Takuya Moriya, Kiunniai Loskutova, Elizaveta Gurinova, Mairanush Chernova, Anastasia Timofeeva, et al. "Hematopoietic Disorders, Renal Impairment and Growth in Mucopolysaccharidosis-Plus Syndrome." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 10 (May 23, 2022): 5851. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23105851.
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Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are rare lysosomal storage disorders (LSD) characterized by the excessive accumulation of glycosaminoglycans (GAG). Conventional MPS, caused by inborn deficiencies of lysosomal enzymes involved in GAG degradation, display various multisystemic symptoms—including progressive neurological complications, ophthalmological disorders, hearing loss, gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary issues, cardiorespiratory problems, bone and joint abnormalities, dwarfism, and coarse facial features. Mucopolysaccharidosis-Plus Syndrome (MPSPS), an autosomal recessive disease caused by a mutation in the endo-lysosomal tethering protein VPS33A, shows additional renal and hematopoietic abnormalities (“Plus symptoms”) uncommon in conventional MPS. Here, we analyze data from biochemical, histological, and physical examinations—particularly of blood counts and kidney function—to further characterize the clinical phenotype of MPSPS. A series of blood tests indicate hematopoietic symptoms including progressive anemia and thrombocytopenia, which correlate with histological observations of hypoplastic bone marrow. High urinary excretion of protein (caused by impairments in renal filtration), hypoalbuminemia, and elevated levels of creatinine, cholesterol, and uric acid indicate renal dysfunction. Histological analyses of MPSPS kidneys similarly suggest the extensive destruction of glomerular structures by foamy podocytes. Height and weight did not significantly deviate from the average, but in some cases, growth began to decline at around six months or one year of age.
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Gelb, Michael, Zoltan Lukacs, Enzo Ranieri, and Peter Schielen. "Newborn Screening for Lysosomal Storage Disorders: Methodologies for Measurement of Enzymatic Activities in Dried Blood Spots." International Journal of Neonatal Screening 5, no. 1 (December 21, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijns5010001.
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All worldwide newborn screening (NBS) for lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) is performed as a first-tier test by measurement of lysosomal enzymatic activities in dried blood spots (DBS). The currently two available methodologies used for measurement of enzymatic activities are tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and digital microfluidics fluorimetry (DMF-F). In this chapter we summarize the workflows for the two platforms. Neither platform is fully automated, but the relative ease of workflow will be dependent upon the specific operation of each newborn screening laboratory on a case-by-case basis. We provide the screen positive rate (the number of below cutoff newborns per 100,000 newborns) from all NBS laboratories worldwide carrying out MS/MS-based NBS of one or more LSDs. The analytical precision of the MS/MS method is higher than that for DMF-F as shown by analysis of a common set of quality control DBS by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Both the MS/MS and DMF-F platforms enable multiplexing of the LSD enzymes. An advantage of MS/MS over DMF-F is the ability to include assays of enzymatic activities and biomarkers for which no fluorimetric methods exist. Advantages of DMF-F over MS/MS are: (1) simple to use technology with same-day turn-around time for the lysosomal enzymes with the fastest rates compared to MS/MS requiring overnight analytical runs.; (2) the DMF-F instrumentation, because of its simplicity, requires less maintenance than the MS/MS platform.