Journal articles on the topic 'Lysimeter study'
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SHAHRAJABIAN, M. H., M. KHOSHKHARAM, A. SOLEYMANI, W. SUN, and Q. CHENG. "CONSIDERING SOIL WATER CONTENT, NUTRIENTS MOVEMENT, PHENOLOGY AND PLANT GROWTH WITH REFERENCE TO DEVELOPMENT OF FUNCTIONAL FOODS IN A LYSIMETER STUDY." Cercetari Agronomice in Moldova 53, no. 1 (2020): 121–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.46909/cerce-2020-010.
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Lysimeter is equipped with mechanisms for weighing by load cells enable automated measurements, and the signals resulting from weight changes in the system due to evaporation that are generally recorded in a data acquisition system. According to methods of measuring water content, lysimeters may be divided into weighing lysimeter and non-weighing lysimeter. The weighing lysimeters provide scientists the basic information for research related to evapotranspiration, and they are commonly divided into two types, continuous weighing and intermittent weighing. Weighing lysimeters have been used to quantify precipitation (P) not only in the form of rain or snow, but also dew, fog and rime, and also to determine actual evapotranspiration (ET). Compared to laboratory experiments, out-door lysimeter studies have advantages, like being closer to field environment conditions, it is possible to grow plants and therefore to study the fate of chemicals in soil/plant systems, transformations and leaching. The limitations are costy, which depend on design, variable experimental conditions, such as environmental/ climatic parameters, which are normally not controlled, the soil spatial variability is normally less, they are not suitable for every plant species and even every soil type. The objective of lysimeter is defining the crop coefficient (Kc), which used to convert ETr into equivalent crop evapotranpiration (ETc) values, and determing agronomical characteristics of crops, which are planted in the field of lysimeter. The duration of a lysimeter study is determined by the objective of the study, but for different crops, it should normally be at least two years. Weighing lysimeters using load cells have the advantage of measuring the water balance in the soil over a short time and with good accuracy. Precipitation should be recorded daily at the lysimeter site. All weather data like air temperature, solar radiation, humidity and potential evporation should be obtained onsite, and the frequency and time of measurements should be at least daily.
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Sołtysiak, Marek, and Michał Rakoczy. "An overview of the experimental research use of lysimeters." Environmental & Socio-economic Studies 7, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/environ-2019-0012.
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Abstract The lysimeter is most often defined as a box filled with soil with an intact structure for measuring the amount of infiltration and evapotranspiration in natural conditions. At the bottom of the device there is an outflow for atmospheric precipitation water infiltrating to a measuring container. Lysimeter studies are included in the group of dynamic leaching tests in which the leaching solution is added in a specified volume over a specific period of time. Lysimeter studies find applications in, amongst others, agrotechnics, hydrogeology and geochemistry. Lysimeter tests may vary in terms of the type of soil used (anthropogenic soil, natural soil), sample size, leaching solution, duration of the research and the purpose for conducting it. Lysimeter experiments provide more accurate results for leaching tests compared with static leaching tests. Unlike several-day tests, they should last for at least a year. There are about 2,500 lysimeters installed in nearly 200 stations around Europe. The vast majority of these (84%) are non-weighing lysimeters. There are a few challenges for lysimeter research mostly connected with the construction of the lysimeter, estimating leaching results and calibrating numerical transport models with data obtained from lysimeters. This review is devoted to the analysis of the principal types of lysimeters described in the literature within the context of their application. The aim of this study is to highlight the role of lysimeters in leaching studies.
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Isch, Arnaud, Denis Montenach, Frederic Hammel, Philippe Ackerer, and Yves Coquet. "A Comparative Study of Water and Bromide Transport in a Bare Loam Soil Using Lysimeters and Field Plots." Water 11, no. 6 (June 8, 2019): 1199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11061199.
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The purpose of this methodological study was to test whether similar soil hydraulic and solute transport properties could be estimated from field plots and lysimeter measurements. The transport of water and bromide (as an inert conservative solute tracer) in three bare field plots and in six bare soil lysimeters were compared. Daily readings of matric head and volumetric water content in the lysimeters showed a profile that was increasingly humid with depth. The hydrodynamic parameters optimized with HYDRUS-1D provided an accurate description of the experimental data for both the field plots and the lysimeters. However, bromide transport in the lysimeters was influenced by preferential transport, which required the use of the mobile/immobile water (MIM) model to suitably describe the experimental data. Water and solute transport observed in the field plots was not accurately described when using parameters optimized with lysimeter data (cross-simulation), and vice versa. The soil’s return to atmospheric pressure at the bottom of the lysimeter and differences in tillage practices between the two set-ups had a strong impact on soil water dynamics. The preferential flow of bromide observed in the lysimeters prevented an accurate simulation of solute transport in field plots using the mean optimized parameters on lysimeters and vice versa.
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Peters, A., and W. Durner. "Large zero-tension plate lysimeters for soil water and solute collection in undisturbed soils." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 13, no. 9 (September 18, 2009): 1671–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-13-1671-2009.
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Abstract. Water collection from undisturbed unsaturated soils to estimate in situ water and solute fluxes in the field is a challenge, in particular if soils are heterogeneous. Large sampling devices are required if preferential flow paths are present. We present a modular plate system that allows installation of large zero-tension lysimeter plates under undisturbed soils in the field. To investigate the influence of the lysimeter on the water flow field in the soil, a numerical 2-D simulation study was conducted for homogeneous soils with uni- and bimodal pore-size distributions and stochastic Miller-Miller heterogeneity. The collection efficiency was found to be highly dependent on the hydraulic functions, infiltration rate, and lysimeter size, and was furthermore affected by the degree of heterogeneity. In homogeneous soils with high saturated conductivities the devices perform poorly and even large lysimeters (width 250 cm) can be bypassed by the soil water. Heterogeneities of soil hydraulic properties result into a network of flow channels that enhance the sampling efficiency of the lysimeter plates. Solute breakthrough into zero-tension lysimeter occurs slightly retarded as compared to the free soil, but concentrations in the collected water are similar to the mean flux concentration in the undisturbed soil. To validate the results from the numerical study, a dual tracer study with seven lysimeters of 1.25×1.25 m area was conducted in the field. Three lysimeters were installed underneath a 1.2 m filling of contaminated silty sand, the others deeper in the undisturbed soil. The lysimeters directly underneath the filled soil material collected water with a collection efficiency of 45%. The deeper lysimeters did not collect any water. The arrival of the tracers showed that almost all collected water came from preferential flow paths.
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Peters, A., and W. Durner. "Large zero-tension plate lysimeters for soil water and solute collection in undisturbed soils." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 6, no. 3 (June 30, 2009): 4637–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-6-4637-2009.
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Abstract. Water collection from undisturbed unsaturated soils to estimate in situ water and solute fluxes in the field is a challenge, in particular if soils are heterogeneous. Large sampling devices are required if preferential flow paths are present. We present a modular plate system that allows installation of large zero-tension lysimeter plates under undisturbed soils in the field. To investigate the influence of the lysimeter on the water flow field in the soil, a numerical 2-D simulation study was conducted for homogeneous soils with uni- and bimodal pore-size distributions and stochastic Miller-Miller heterogeneity. The collection efficiency was found to be highly dependent on the hydraulic functions, infiltration rate, and lysimeter size, and was furthermore affected by the degree of heterogeneity. In homogeneous soils with high saturated conductivities the devices perform poorly and even large lysimeters (width 250 cm) can be bypassed by the soil water. Heterogeneities of soil hydraulic properties result into a network of flow channels that enhance the sampling efficiency of the lysimeter plates. Solute breakthrough into zero-tension lysimeter occurs slightly retarded as compared to the free soil, but concentrations in the collected water are similar to the mean flux concentration in the undisturbed soil. To validate the results from the numerical study, a dual tracer study with seven lysimeters of 1.25×1.25 m area was conducted in the field. Three lysimeters were installed underneath a 1.2 m filling of contaminated silty sand, the others deeper in the undisturbed soil. The lysimeters directly underneath the filled soil material collected water with a collection efficiency of 45%. The deeper lysimeters did not collect any water. The arrival of the tracers showed that almost all collected water came from preferential flow paths.
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Cameron, KC, DF Harrison, NP Smith, and CDA Mclay. "A method to prevent edge-flow in undisturbed soil cores and lysimeters." Soil Research 28, no. 6 (1990): 879. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9900879.
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This study shows that edge-flow of water and solutes between soil samples and lysimeter or permeameter casings can result in significant errors in the measurement of hydraulic conductivity and leaching rates. A new lysimeter design and technique are described which prevent edge-flow from occurring. Liquefied petrolatum is injected into an annular gap between the soil and the lysimeter casing producing a watertight seal. Water and solute movement in the sealed lysimeter is therefore confined within the soil monolith and no edge-flow occurs. Hydraulic conductivity and solute leaching rates are significantly lower in sealed lysimeters compared with unsealed ones.
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Gazula, Aparna, Eric Simonne, Michael Dukes, George Hochmuth, Bob Hochmuth, and David Studstill. "OPTIMIZATION OF DRAINAGE LYSIMETER DESIGN FOR FIELD DETERMINATION OF NUTRIENT LOADS." HortScience 41, no. 3 (June 2006): 508D—508. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.3.508d.
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Collecting leachate from lysimeters installed in the field below vegetable fields may be used to quantify the amount of nitrogen released into the environment. Because limited information exists on the optimal design type and on the effect of design components on lysimeter performance, the objective of this study were to identify existing designs and their limits, assess cost of design, and test selected designs. Ideally, lysimeters should be wide enough to collect all the water draining, long enough to reflect the plant-to-plant variability, durable enough to resist degradation, deep enough to allow for cultural practices and prevent root intrusion, have a simple design, be made of widely available materials, and be cost-effective. Also, lysimeters should not restrict gravity flow thereby resulting in a perched water table. Previous study done with a group of free-drainage lysimeters (1-m-long, 45-cm-wide, installed 45-cm-deep) under a tomato-pumpkin-rye cropping sequence resulted in variable frequency of collection and volume of leachate collected (CV of load = 170%). Improving existing design may be done by increasing the length of collection, lining the lysimeter with gravel, limiting the depth of installation, and/or breaking water tension with a fiberglass wick. Individual lysimeter cost was estimated between $56 to $84 and required 9 to 14 manhours. for construction and installation. Costs on labor may be reduced when large numbers of lysimeters are built. Labor needed for sampling 24 lysimeters was 8 man-hr/sampling date. Because load may occur after a crop, lysimeter monitoring and sampling should be done year round.
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Kolupaeva, Victoria N., Ann А. Kokoreva, Alexandra A. Belik, and Pavel A. Pletenev. "Study of the behavior of the new insecticide cyantraniliprole in large lysimeters of the Moscow State University." Open Agriculture 4, no. 1 (October 23, 2019): 599–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opag-2019-0057.
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AbstractThe behaviour of cyantraniliprole was studied in a lysimetric experiment. The experiment was carried out at the lysimeters of the Soil Research Station of Moscow State University from June 2015 to December 2018. The soil of lysimeter is soddy-podzolic silt loam. The insecticide was applied at the recommended and tenfold rates in 2015 and 2016. The maximum depth of migration of cyantraniliprole in the soil profile was 35 cm in October 2015 and 40 cm in October 2016. Cyantraniliprole was found in the leachate of lysimeter water 2 weeks after its first application in 2015 and continued until the end of 2018, that is, 2 years after the last treatment. Cyantraniliprole was found in most of the water samples analyzed. The maximum concentrations of cyantraniliprole in the leachate were 12.5 and 2.6 μg L−1 in lysimeters with tenfold and recommended doses, with mean values of - 1.7 and 0.6 μg L−1, respectively.
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Gebler, S., H. J. Hendricks Franssen, T. Pütz, H. Post, M. Schmidt, and H. Vereecken. "Actual evapotranspiration and precipitation measured by lysimeters: a comparison with eddy covariance and tipping bucket." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 19, no. 5 (May 5, 2015): 2145–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-2145-2015.
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Abstract. This study compares actual evapotranspiration (ETa) measurements by a set of six weighable lysimeters, ETa estimates obtained with the eddy covariance (EC) method, and evapotranspiration calculated with the full-form Penman–Monteith equation (ETPM) for the Rollesbroich site in the Eifel (western Germany). The comparison of ETa measured by EC (including correction of the energy balance deficit) and by lysimeters is rarely reported in the literature and allows more insight into the performance of both methods. An evaluation of ETa for the two methods for the year 2012 shows a good agreement with a total difference of 3.8% (19 mm) between the ETa estimates. The highest agreement and smallest relative differences (< 8%) on a monthly basis between both methods are found in summer. ETa was close to ETPM, indicating that ET was energy limited and not limited by water availability. ETa differences between lysimeter and EC were mainly related to differences in grass height caused by harvest and the EC footprint. The lysimeter data were also used to estimate precipitation amounts in combination with a filter algorithm for the high-precision lysimeters recently introduced by Peters et al. (2014). The estimated precipitation amounts from the lysimeter data differ significantly from precipitation amounts recorded with a standard rain gauge at the Rollesbroich test site. For the complete year 2012 the lysimeter records show a 16 % higher precipitation amount than the tipping bucket. After a correction of the tipping bucket measurements by the method of Richter (1995) this amount was reduced to 3%. With the help of an on-site camera the precipitation measurements of the lysimeters were analyzed in more detail. It was found that the lysimeters record more precipitation than the tipping bucket, in part related to the detection of rime and dew, which contribute 17% to the yearly difference between both methods. In addition, fog and drizzle explain an additional 5.5% of the total difference. Larger differences are also recorded for snow and sleet situations. During snowfall, the tipping bucket device underestimated precipitation severely, and these situations contributed also 7.9% to the total difference. However, 36% of the total yearly difference was associated with snow cover without apparent snowfall, and under these conditions snow bridges and snow drift seem to explain the strong overestimation of precipitation by the lysimeter. The remaining precipitation difference (about 33%) could not be explained and did not show a clear relation to wind speed. The variation of the individual lysimeters devices compared to the lysimeter mean are small, showing variations up to 3% for precipitation and 8% for evapotranspiration.
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Gebler, S., H. J. Hendricks Franssen, T. Pütz, H. Post, M. Schmidt, and H. Vereecken. "Actual evapotranspiration and precipitation measured by lysimeters: a comparison with eddy covariance and tipping bucket." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 11, no. 12 (December 17, 2014): 13797–841. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-11-13797-2014.
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Abstract. This study compares actual evapotranspiration (ETa) measurements by a set of six weighable lysimeters, ETa estimates obtained with the eddy covariance (EC) method, and potential crop evapotranspiration according to FAO (ETc-FAO) for the Rollesbroich site in the Eifel (Western Germany). The comparison of ETa measured by EC (including correction of the energy balance deficit) and by lysimeters is rarely reported in literature and allows more insight into the performance of both methods. An evaluation of ETa for the two methods for the year 2012 shows a good agreement with a total difference of 3.8% (19 mm) between the ETa estimates. The highest agreement and smallest relative differences (<8%) on monthly basis between both methods are found in summer. ETa was close to ETc-FAO, indicating that ET was energy limited and not limited by water availability. ETa differences between lysimeter, ETc-FAO, and EC were mainly related to differences in grass height caused by harvesting management and the EC footprint. The lysimeter data were also used to estimate precipitation amounts in combination with a filter algorithm for high precision lysimeters recently introduced by Peters et al. (2014). The estimated precipitation amounts from the lysimeter data show significant differences compared to the precipitation amounts recorded with a standard rain gauge at the Rollesbroich test site. For the complete year 2012 the lysimeter records show a 16% higher precipitation amount than the tipping bucket. With the help of an on-site camera the precipitation measurements of the lysimeters were analyzed in more detail. It was found that the lysimeters record more precipitation than the tipping bucket in part related to the detection of rime and dew, which contributes 17% to the yearly difference between both methods. In addition, fog and drizzle explain an additional 5.5% of the total difference. Larger differences are also recorded for snow and sleet situations. During snowfall, the tipping bucket device underestimated precipitation severely and these situations contributed also 7.9% to the total difference. However, 36% of the total yearly difference was associated to snow cover without apparent snowfall and under these conditions snow bridges and snow drift seem to explain the strong underestimation of precipitation by the lysimeter. The remaining precipitation difference (about 33%) could not be explained, and did not show a clear relation with wind speed. The variations of the individual lysimeters devices compared to the lysimeter mean of 2012 are small showing variations up to 3% for precipitation and 8% for evapotranspiration.
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Sanches, Arthur C., Débora P. de Souza, Fernando C. Mendonça, and Rodolfo G. Maffei. "Construction and calibration of weighing lysimeters with an automated drainage system." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 21, no. 7 (July 2017): 505–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v21n7p505-509.
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ABSTRACT Quantification of the drained volume is one of the difficulties involved in using weighing lysimeters. Typically, this volume is measured by accessing a moat at the base of a lysimeter. However, it is not feasible to install the moat in small devices. Thus, the aim of this study involves developing, installing, calibrating, and checking the efficiency of small weighing lysimeters with automated drainage systems to test their functionality in field conditions. Each lysimeter is composed of a round PVC water tank with a diameter of 1.22 m and a depth of 0.58 m that is placed over a metal frame with three electronic load cells with the nominal capacity of each cell corresponding to 500 kg. The drainage system is composed of a small reservoir with a volume of 10 L, a weighing structure composed of a load cell with a nominal capacity of 30 kg, and an automatic solenoid valve driven by a device coupled to a data logger that records the data from the lysimeter and from the drainage system. Two calibrations are performed for the lysimeter as well as the drainage system to obtain equations with significant correlations (R2 > 0.9999). The drainage system was activated several times during the tests after receiving approximately 63.4 L of water from rainfall, and this in turn indicated a good performance.
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Meissner, R., J. Seeger, H. Rupp, and H. Balla. "Assessing the impact of agricultural land use changes on water quality." Water Science and Technology 40, no. 2 (July 1, 1999): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0072.
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To study and predict environmental impacts of land use changes on water quality we conducted different types of lysimeter experiments. All of them are linked to representative experimental catchment areas in the field. This allows the verification and extrapolation of lysimeter results. The objective of this paper is to discuss a strategy for using and scaling-up of lysimeter results to a field and catchment scale. It will be shown that the N-loss determined with lysimeters falls within the variation of N-balance based model calculations, and also within ground water recharge rates calculated with models commonly used in hydrology. Extrapolation of lysimeter data to a catchment with similar soils provides a reliable basis for estimating the N-leaching caused by a change in agricultural land use. On the basis of the N-loss from the soil and the N-load of the stream, the calculations show that an increase in the proportion of one year rotation fallow from 10 to 25% results in nearly a 10% increase in the N-load of the stream. However, from the point of view of protecting drinking water quality, rotation fallow for one year is not recommended because of the resulting intensified leaching of nitrates.
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Rücker, Andrea, Massimiliano Zappa, Stefan Boss, and Jana von Freyberg. "An Optimized Snowmelt Lysimeter System for Monitoring Melt Rates and Collecting Samples for Stable Water Isotope Analysis." Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 67, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 20–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/johh-2018-0007.
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Abstract The contribution of snow meltwater to catchment streamflow can be quantified through hydrograph separation analyses for which stable water isotopes (18O, 2H) are used as environmental tracers. For this, the spatial and temporal variability of the isotopic composition of meltwater needs to be captured by the sampling method. This study compares an optimized snowmelt lysimeter system and an unheated precipitation collector with focus on their ability to capture snowmelt rates and the isotopic composition of snowmelt. The snowmelt lysimeter system consists of three individual unenclosed lysimeters at ground level with a surface of 0.14 m2 each. The unheated precipitation collector consists of a 30 cm-long, extended funnel with its orifice at 2.3 m above ground. Daily snowmelt samples were collected with both systems during two snowfall-snowmelt periods in 2016. The snowmelt lysimeter system provided more accurate measurements of natural melt rates and allowed for capturing the small-scale variability of snowmelt process at the plot scale, such as lateral meltwater flow from the surrounding snowpack. Because of the restricted volume of the extended funnel, daily melt rates from the unheated precipitation collector were up to 43% smaller compared to the snowmelt lysimeter system. Overall, both snowmelt collection methods captured the general temporal evolution of the isotopic signature in snowmelt.
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HOWITT, R. W., and S. PAWLUK. "THE GENESIS OF A GRAY LUVISOL WITHIN THE BOREAL FOREST REGION. II. DYNAMIC PEDOLOGY." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 65, no. 1 (February 1, 1985): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss85-002.
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An undisturbed site under forest cover near Breton, Alberta, was chosen to study the dynamics of a Gray Luvisol. Soil moisture and temperature were monitored at selected depths over a 2-yr study period. Canopy drip collectors and gravity lysimeters were used to study soil solution transport and the process of lessivage. The order of cation concentration for canopy drip, LFH and Ae lysimeter samples was K+ > Ca++ > Na+ > Mg++. The lysimeter samples from the Bt showed Na+ > Ca++ > K+ > Mg++. Lysimeter studies further indicated that micaceous clays were being illuviated into the upper Bt horizon. Water movement into the Ae horizon was found to be regulated by the LFH horizon; ice lensing in winter appeared to enhance the formation of the platy structure. The major processes in this soil are the translocation of Fe, Al and organic constituents both in solution and in colloidal form; the concentration of these elements was a function of the rate of water movement. The concentration of other cations was independent of the rate of water movement. Key words: Genesis, pedogenesis, Gray Luvisol, dynamic pedology, clay migration, lessivage, illuviation
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Berisford, Yvette C., Parshall B. Bush, and John W. Taylor. "Leaching and persistence of herbicides for kudzu (Pueraria montana) control on pine regeneration sites." Weed Science 54, no. 02 (April 2006): 391–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-04-094r2.1.
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Clopyralid, picloram, triclopyr, metsulfuron, and tebuthiuron were applied to control kudzu on four loblolly pine forest regeneration sites during July 1997. Spot treatments were applied to recovering kudzu in June 1998 and June 1999. Soil leachate was monitored for these five herbicides from July 1997 to December 2000. All herbicides were detected in shallow (51–58 cm deep) and deep lysimeters (84–109 cm deep). Clopyralid was not persistent and limited leaching occurred, with residue levels of 0.4 to 2.8 μg L−1in 12 of 102 deep lysimeter samples. Picloram was mobile and persisted at 0.6 to 2.5 μg L−1in shallow and deep lysimeters for at least 10 mo after the initial application. Triclopyr residues were not persistent in shallow lysimeters and remained < 6 μg L−1during the study. Metsulfuron persisted at < 0.1 μg L−1for 182 to 353 d in shallow lysimeters and at < 0.07 μg L−1for 182 to 300 d in the deep lysimeters in various plots. Tebuthiuron peaks in the deep lysimeters ranged from 69 to 734 μg L−134 to 77 d after the first spot treatment. In the soil that was essentially a fill area, tebuthiuron residues remained > 400 μg L−1(402–1,660 μg L−1) in the shallow lysimeter samples and > 180 μg L−1(181–734 μg L−1) in the deep lysimeters throughout a 354-d period that followed the first spot application. When used as part of a forest regeneration program, the relative potentials of the herbicides to move into shallow groundwater were: tebuthiuron > picloram > metsulfuron > clopyralid > triclopyr.
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Melo, Talyana K. de, José F. de Medeiros, José E. Sobrinho, Vladimir B. Figueiredo, and Paulo S. de Souza. "Evapotranspiration and crop coefficients of melon plants measured by lysimeter and estimated according to FAO 56 methodology." Engenharia Agrícola 33, no. 5 (October 2013): 929–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-69162013000500005.
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Aiming at contributing to an adequate management of water resources, this study aimed to analyze and compare evapotranspiration (ETc) and crop coefficients (Kc) of melon plants measured by a lysimeter and estimated according to the FAO 56 methodology, in the city of Mossoró, state of Rio Grande do Norte (RN), Brazil. In order to measure ETc, weighing lysimeters with an area of 2.25m² were used, with two repetitions. The Penman-Monteith equation parameterized by FAO was used to estimate the reference evapotranspiration, and crop coefficients were those recommended in FAO-56 Bulletin adjusted to local climatic conditions. The required climatic data and lysimeter measurements were collected by an automatic weather station installed at the site. The results were compared by means of statistical indicators: of precision (r), of accuracy (d), and performance (c), in daily and weekly intervals. The data estimated by the FAO 56 methodology were adjusted optimally to the values measured by the lysimeters in accordance with index "c" in the two time scales assessed, indicating the potential of the method proposed by FAO to irrigation management in the climatic conditions of Agripole Assú-Mossoró.
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Zhang, Huihui, Robert Wayne Malone, Liwang Ma, Lajpat R. Ahuja, Saseendran S. Anapalli, Gary W. Marek, Prasanna H. Gowda, Steve R. Evett, and Terry A. Howell. "Modeling Evapotranspiration and Crop Growth of Irrigated and Non-Irrigated Corn in the Texas High Plains Using RZWQM." Transactions of the ASABE 61, no. 5 (2018): 1653–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.12838.
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Abstract. Accurate quantification and management of crop evapotranspiration (ET) are critical to optimizing crop water productivity for both dryland and irrigated agriculture, especially in the semiarid regions of the world. In this study, four weighing lysimeters in Bushland, Texas, were planted to maize in 1994 with two fully irrigated and two non-irrigated for measuring crop ET. The Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM2) was used to evaluate soil water balance and crop production with potential evapotranspiration (PET) estimated from either the Shuttleworth-Wallace method (PTSW) or the ASCE standardized alfalfa reference ET multiplied by crop coefficients (PTASCE). As a result, two water stress factors were defined from actual transpiration (AT) and were tested in the model against the lysimeter data, i.e., AT/PTSW and AT/PTASCE. For both water stress factors, the simulated daily ET values were reasonably close to the measured values, with underestimated ET during mid-growing stage in both non-irrigated lysimeters. Root mean squared deviations (RMSDs) and relative RMSDs (RMSD/observed mean) values for leaf area index, biomass, soil water content, and daily ET were within simulation errors reported earlier in the literature. For example, the RMSDs of simulated daily ET were less than 1.52 mm for all irrigated and non-irrigated lysimeters. Overall, ET was simulated within 3% of the measured data for both fully irrigated lysimeters and undersimulated by less than 11% using both stress factors for the non-irrigated lysimeters. Our results suggest that both methods are promising for simulating crop production and ET under irrigated conditions, but the methods need to be improved for dryland and non-irrigated conditions. Keywords: ET, RZWQM modeling, Stress factor, Weighing lysimeter.
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Pervova, N. E., and Yu V. Egorov. "Study of natural waters with lysimeter model." Moscow University Soil Science Bulletin 67, no. 1 (March 2012): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s014768741201005x.
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SILVA, GERLANGE SOARES DA, FRANCISCO ADRIANO DE CARVALHO PEREIRA, RODRIGO ALMEIDA SANTANA, THAÍS NASCIMENTO MENESES, OSWALDO PALMA LOPES SOBRINHO, and ALEX SANTANA DO ROSARIO. "CALIBRATION OF A WEIGHING LYSIMETER FOR MEASURING COCOA EVAPOTRANSPIRATION." Revista Caatinga 33, no. 3 (September 2020): 803–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252020v33n324rc.
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ABSTRACT Well-operated and calibrated weighing lysimeters reliably determine the water demand of agricultural crops, and the quality of the data is evaluated through the error analyses attributed to the instrument. The objective of this study was to determine performance parameters of a weighing lysimeter and to evaluate its adequacy for the direct determination of cocoa crop evapotranspiration. The lysimeter with 1.44 m2 surface, supported on four load cells installed in the experimental area of the Graduate Program in Agricultural Engineering of the Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, was calibrated at 3:00 a.m., using known masses at intervals of 02 minutes in five cycles of addition and removal. Data were collected using a datalogger coupled to four load cells with an individual capacity of 1000 kg, programmed to perform readings every 01 second, storing the averages of 15 minutes. The lysimeter showed excellent accuracy, with r2greater than 0.99 in the correlation between the standard masses and the signal of the load cells and standard error of linear regression estimate of 0.03 mm. The combination of repeatability and hysteresis errors with an uncertainty of 0.19% showed that the load cells have accuracy of ±0.07 mm, with resolution of 0.00033 mV, and sensitivity to detect mass changes below 0.1 mm, the system is adequate for direct measurement of cocoa ETc at time intervals of less than one hour.
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Shahrajabian, M. H., A. Soleymani, P. O. Ogbaji, and X. Xue. "Impact of Different Irrigation Managements on Soil Water Consumption, Grain Yield, Seed Protein, Phosphorus and Potassium of Winter Wheat." Cercetari Agronomice in Moldova 50, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cerce-2017-0021.
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Abstract To evaluate soil water consumption, changes in quantity and quality of winter wheat seed and forage under different irrigation treatments, an experiment was conducted in Beijing, China, in the 2012-2013. Irrigation treatments were (I1): irrigation before sowing, (I2): irrigation before sowing + before freezing; (I3): irrigation before sowing + before freezing + irrigation in the beginning of erecting stage + irrigation at flowering stage; (I4): irrigation before sowing + irrigation before freezing + irrigation at the booting stage + irrigation at flowering stage. The laid out of experiment was randomized complete block design, repeated six times. The effect of irrigation on total biological yield, grain yield and harvest index is significant. The highest mean soil water consumption in Oct., Nov., Dec., Jan., Feb., Mar., Apr. and May was obtained for lysimeter 10 (I2), lysimeter 10 (I2), lysimeter 6 (I2), lysimeter 10 (I2), lysimeter 10 (I2), lysimeter 10 (I2), lysimeter 11 (I3), and lysimeter 10 (I2), respectively. The results from the study indicate that irrigation winter wheat throughout the booting stage and flowering stage increased grain yield, harvest index, potassium percentage, ash percentage of forage wheat at flowering stage, seed and forage protein percentage. Evapotranspiration trends increased steadily, especially in last three months, in which the lysimeter fields were covered by winter wheat completely.
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Storlie, Craig A., and Paul Eck. "Lysimeter-based Crop Coefficients for Young Highbush Blueberries." HortScience 31, no. 5 (September 1996): 819–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.5.819.
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Inexpensive weighing lysimeters ($1475/unit) were constructed for measuring evapotranspiration of young highbush blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.). The use of a single load cell and other design characteristics decreased lysimeter measurement accuracy but minimized lysimeter construction costs. Measurement error was within ±3%. Crop coefficient (CC) curves for 5- and 6-year-old `Bluecrop' highbush blueberry plants in their third and fourth year of production were generated using reference evapotranspiration and crop water use data from the 1991 and 1992 growing seasons. The CC increased during leaf expansion and flowering in the spring to its maximum value of about 0.19 in 1991 and 0.27 in 1992 and remained near these values until leaves began senescing in the fall. Water use on sunny days during June, July, and August ranged from (liters/bush each day) 3.5 to 4.0 in 1991 and 4.0 to 4.5 in 1992. During the second year of the study, plants had an average height of 0.9 m, an average diameter of 0.9 m, and covered 18% of the total cultivated area. The maximum calculated CC was equal to 1.5 times the measured canopy cover percentage.
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Moorhead, Jerry, Gary Marek, Prasanna Gowda, Xiaomao Lin, Paul Colaizzi, Steven Evett, and Seth Kutikoff. "Evaluation of Evapotranspiration from Eddy Covariance Using Large Weighing Lysimeters." Agronomy 9, no. 2 (February 20, 2019): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9020099.
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Evapotranspiration (ET) is an important component in the water budget and used extensively in water resources management such as water planning and irrigation scheduling. In semi-arid regions, irrigation is used to supplement limited and erratic growing season rainfall to meet crop water demand. Although lysimetery is considered the most accurate method for crop water use measurements, high-precision weighing lysimeters are expensive to build and operate. Alternatively, other measurement systems such as eddy covariance (EC) are being used to estimate crop water use. However, due to numerous explicit and implicit assumptions in the EC method, an energy balance closure problem is widely acknowledged. In this study, three EC systems were installed in a field containing a large weighing lysimeter at heights of 2.5, 4.5, and 8.5 m. Sensible heat flux (H) and ET from each EC system were evaluated against the lysimeter. Energy balance closure ranged from 64% to 67% for the three sensor heights. Results showed that all three EC systems underestimated H and consequently overestimated ET; however, the underestimation of H was greater in magnitude than the overestimation of ET. Analysis showed accuracy of ET was greater than energy balance closure with error rates of 20%–30% for half-hourly values. Further analysis of error rates throughout the growing season showed that energy balance closure and ET accuracy were greatest early in the season and larger error was found after plants reached their maximum height. Therefore, large errors associated with increased biomass may indicate unaccounted-for energy stored in the plant canopy as one source of error. Summing the half-hourly data to a daily time-step drastically reduced error in ET to 10%–15%, indicating that EC has potential for use in agricultural water management.
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David, Mark B., and George Z. Gertner. "Sources of variation in soil solution collected by tension plate lysimeters." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 17, no. 2 (February 1, 1987): 191–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x87-033.
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Soil solutions were collected at hardwood and conifer sites located on Typic Haplorthods using tension plate lysimeters and examined for random variation effects due to differences in pits, individual lysimeters, and period of collection. Analysis of variance using a partially nested design indicated that for solution volume, H+, specific conductance, and base cations, a large part of the random variation (>55%) in solution characteristics was due to differences within sampling periods. Differences between pits or lysimeters were generally significant for total S and [Formula: see text] only. These data indicate that the lysimeter sampling design used in this study (two lysimeters per horizon, two pits per site) was adequate in collecting representative solution concentrations for the fraction of soil water collected. For total S and [Formula: see text] concentrations, measurements could be improved by increasing the number of pits and lysimeters per pit for sample collection, whereas for other characteristics increased sampling frequency (greater than weekly) would be needed to reduce random variation.
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Wegehenkel, Martin, and Horst H. Gerke. "Comparison of real evapotranspiration measured by weighing lysimeters with simulations based on the Penman formula and a crop growth model." Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 61, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 161–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/johh-2013-0021.
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Abstract Although the quantification of real evapotranspiration (ETr) is a prerequisite for an appropriate estimation of the water balance, precision and uncertainty of such a quantification are often unknown. In our study, we tested a combined growth and soil water balance model for analysing the temporal dynamics of ETr. Simulated ETr, soil water storage and drainage rates were compared with those measured by 8 grass-covered weighable lysimeters for a 3-year period (January 1, 1996 to December 31, 1998). For the simulations, a soil water balance model based on the Darcy-equation and a physiological-based growth model for grass cover for the calculation of root water uptake were used. Four lysimeters represented undisturbed sandy soil monoliths and the other four were undisturbed silty-clay soil monoliths. The simulated ETr-rates underestimated the higher ETr-rates observed in the summer periods. For some periods in early and late summer, the results were indicative for oasis effects with lysimeter-measured ETr-rates higher than corresponding calculated rates of potential grass reference evapotranspiration. Despite discrepancies between simulated and observed lysimeter drainage, the simulation quality for ETr and soil water storage was sufficient in terms of the Nash-Sutcliffe index, the modelling efficiency index, and the root mean squared error. The use of a physiological-based growth model improved the ETr estimations significantly.
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Stessel, R. I., and R. J. Murphy. "A Lysimeter Study of the Aerobic Landfill Concept." Waste Management & Research 10, no. 6 (November 1992): 485–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x9201000603.
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STESSEL, R., and R. MURPHY. "A lysimeter study of the aerobic landfill concept." Waste Management & Research 10, no. 6 (December 1992): 485–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0734-242x(92)90089-4.
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Pearsall, Kyle R., Larry E. Williams, Sean Castorani, Tim M. Bleby, and Andrew J. McElrone. "Evaluating the potential of a novel dual heat-pulse sensor to measure volumetric water use in grapevines under a range of flow conditions." Functional Plant Biology 41, no. 8 (2014): 874. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp13156.
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The aim of this study was to validate a novel, dual sap-flow sensor that combines two heat-pulse techniques in a single set of sensor probes to measure volumetric water use over the full range of sap flows found in grapevines. The heat ratio method (HRM), which works well at measuring low and reverse flows, was combined with the compensation heat-pulse method (CHPM) that captures moderate to high flows. Sap-flow measurements were performed on Vitis vinifera L. (cvv. Thompson seedless, Chardonnay and Cabernet Sauvignon) grapevines growing in a greenhouse and in three different vineyards, one of which contained a field weighing lysimeter. The combined heat-pulse techniques closely tracked diurnal grapevine water use determined through lysimetry in two growing seasons, and this was true even at very high flow rates (>6 L vine–1 h–1 for Thompson seedless vines in the weighing lysimeter). Measurements made with the HRM technique under low flow conditions were highly correlated (R2 ~ 0.90) with those calculated using the compensated average gradient method that is used to resolve low flow with the CHPM method. Volumetric water use determined with the dual heat-pulse sensors was highly correlated with hourly lysimeter water use in both years (R2 = 0.92 and 0.94 in 2008 and 2009 respectively), but the nature of the relationship was inconsistent among replicate sensors. Similar results were obtained when comparing grapevine water use determined from sap-flow sensors to miniaturised weighing lysimetry of 2-year-old potted vines and to meteorological estimates for field-grown vines in two additional vineyards. The robust nature of all of the correlations demonstrates that the dual heat-pulse sensors can be used to effectively track relative changes in plant water use, but variability of flow around stems makes it difficult to accurately convert to sap-flow volumes.
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Picchioni, G. A., S. Miyamoto, and J. B. Storey. "Rapid Testing of Salinity Effects on Pistachio Seedling Rootstock." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 116, no. 3 (May 1991): 555–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.116.3.555.
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A laboratory procedure was used to evaluate saline tolerance of pistachio rootstock species. Results were compared to those from a 2-year, outdoor lysimeter study to test reliability of the method. Excised root tips from seedlings of Pistacia atlantica Desf., P. terebinthus L. (two selections), and P. integerrima Stewart × atlantica (Pioneer Gold II, or PG II), were exposed to laboratory solutions that simulated soil solution electrical conductivity (EC) and Na: Ca ratios in the lysimeters. Following 24 hours of incubation, the efflux of ultraviolet (UV)-absorbing solutes was measured, providing an indication of cell membrane permeability. Leakage occurred with saline solutions comparable to lysimeter soil water salinity that increased leaf Na concentrations and decreased average root growth (175 mm NaCl with 12.5 mm Ca, or EC of 18.1 dS·m-l). Cell injury increased linearly with salinity (R2 = 0.81) and was highest in root tips of a P. terebinthus selection having least Na exclusion capability in the lysimeters. On average, these excised roots lost 38% more solutes than roots of a stronger Na-excluding genotype. There were no differences in leakage responses of the other species and selections. Leakage intensity was independent of various stress media, including isosmotic CaC12, mannitol, and the simulated Na/Ca mixtures in molar ratios of 10:1 to 20:1. With no Ca, however, damage caused by isosmotic NaCl was 76% to 87% higher, indicating that for these species, the Na: Ca ratio can alter root cell membrane permeability. Correlation between long-term observations in the lysimeters and leakage occurrence in the laboratory indicates that solute leakage tests with roots may aid in characterizing Pistacia spp. rootstocks for saline condition.
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Ruth, Conall E., Dominik Michel, Martin Hirschi, and Sonia I. Seneviratne. "Comparative Study of a Long-Established Large Weighing Lysimeter and a State-of-the-Art Mini-lysimeter." Vadose Zone Journal 17, no. 1 (2018): 170026. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/vzj2017.01.0026.
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Peters, A., T. Nehls, H. Schonsky, and G. Wessolek. "Separating precipitation and evapotranspiration from noise – a new filter routine for high-resolution lysimeter data." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 18, no. 3 (March 28, 2014): 1189–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-1189-2014.
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Abstract. Weighing lysimeters yield the most precise and realistic measures for evapotranspiration (ET) and precipitation (P), which are of great importance for many questions regarding soil and atmospheric sciences. An increase or a decrease of the system mass (lysimeter plus seepage) indicates P or ET. These real mass changes of the lysimeter system have to be separated from measurement noise (e.g., caused by wind). A promising approach to filter noisy lysimeter data is (i) to introduce a smoothing routine, like a moving average with a certain averaging window, w, and then (ii) to apply a certain threshold value, δ, accounting for measurement accuracy, separating significant from insignificant weight changes. Thus, two filter parameters are used, namely w and δ. In particular, the time-variable noise due to wind as well as strong signals due to heavy precipitation pose challenges for such noise-reduction algorithms. If w is too small, data noise might be interpreted as real system changes. If w is too wide, small weight changes in short time intervals might be disregarded. The same applies to too small or too large values for δ. Application of constant w and δ leads either to unnecessary losses of accuracy or to faulty data due to noise. The aim of this paper is to solve this problem with a new filter routine that is appropriate for any event, ranging from smooth evaporation to strong wind and heavy precipitation. Therefore, the new routine uses adaptive w and δ in dependence on signal strength and noise (AWAT – adaptive window and adaptive threshold filter). The AWAT filter, a moving-average filter and the Savitzky–Golay filter with constant w and δ were applied to real lysimeter data comprising the above-mentioned events. The AWAT filter was the only filter that could handle the data of all events very well. A sensitivity study shows that the magnitude of the maximum threshold value has practically no influence on the results; thus only the maximum window width must be predefined by the user.
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Peters, A., T. Nehls, H. Schonsky, and G. Wessolek. "Separating precipitation and evapotranspiration from noise – a new filter routine for high resolution lysimeter data." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 10, no. 12 (December 3, 2013): 14645–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-14645-2013.
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Abstract. Weighing lysimeters yield the most precise and realistic measures for evapotranspiration (ET) and precipitation (P), which are of great importance for many questions regarding soil and atmospheric sciences. An increase or a decrease of the system mass (lysimeter plus seepage) indicate P or ET. These real mass changes of the lysimeter system have to be separated from measurement noise (e.g. caused by wind). The typical way to filter noisy lysimeter data is (i) to introduce a smoothing routine, like a moving average with a certain averaging window w, and then (ii) to apply a certain threshold value δ, accounting for measurement accuracy, separating significant from insignificant weight changes. Thus, two filter parameters are used, namely w and δ. Especially the time variable noise due to wind and strong signals due to heavy precipitation pose challenges for such noise reduction algorithms. If w is too small, data noise might be interpreted as real system changes. If w is too wide, small weight changes in short time intervals might be disregarded. The same applies to too small or too large values for δ. Application of constant w and δ lead either to unnecessary losses of accuracy or to faulty data due to noise. The aim of this paper is to solve that problem with a new filter routine, which is appropriate for any event, ranging from smooth evaporation to strong wind and heavy precipitation. Therefore, the new routine uses adaptive w and δ in dependence on signal strength and noise (AWAT – Adaptive Window and Adaptive Threshold filter). The AWAT filter, a moving average filter and the Savitzky–Golay filter with constant w and δ were applied to real lysimeter data comprising the above mentioned events. The AWAT filter was the only filter which could handle the data of all events very well. A sensitivity study shows that the magnitude of the maximum threshold value has practically no influence on the results, so that only the maximum window width must be predefined by the user.
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Doolittle, J., and L. Hossner. "Pyrite Oxidation in a Minespoil Environment: A Lysimeter Study." Journal American Society of Mining and Reclamation 1987, no. 1 (1987): 269–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21000/jasmr87010269.
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Manandhar, Dinesh Raj, V. Krishnamurthy, and Yamuna Shanker Kasaju. "Quantitative leachate estimation from a pilot-scale lysimeter study." International Journal of Environment and Waste Management 4, no. 3/4 (2009): 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijewm.2009.027399.
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., Vedaprada R. "STUDY ON DEGRADATION OF FERTILIZER AND PESTICIDES USING LYSIMETER." International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology 03, no. 11 (November 25, 2014): 524–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15623/ijret.2014.0311089.
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Hoppe, Martin, Karsten Schlich, Jonas Wielinski, Jan Köser, Daniel Rückamp, Ralf Kaegi, and Kerstin Hund-Rinke. "Long-term outdoor lysimeter study with cerium dioxide nanomaterial." NanoImpact 14 (February 2019): 100170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.impact.2019.100170.
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Picchioni, G. A., S. Miyamoto, and J. B. Storey. "LEAKAGE OF UV-ABSORBING SOLUTES FROM SALT-AFFECTED ROOT TIPS OF PISTACHIO ROOTSTOCKS." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1136e—1136. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1136e.
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Excised root tips from 3-year-old pistachio rootstock (Pistacia atlantica Desf., P. terebinthus L., and P. integerrima Stewart × atlantica) were exposed to laboratory saline solutions for 24 hr. Treatments simulated the compositions of soil solutions in a previous 2-year study made in outdoor lysimeters. Leakage of UV-absorbing solutes, an indication of cellular damage, occurred with 175 mM Na/12.5 mM Ca, which was comparable to soil salinity which increased leaf Na concentrations and decreased root growth of these species Up to. five times higher leakage occurred from roots of a P. terebinthus genotype having least Na exclusion potential during the lysimeter study. Use of isotonic levels of CaCl2, mannitol, and simulated Na/Ca solutions resulted in similar damage. However, isotonic Na (-Ca) caused highest leakage overall. Correlation between long-term observations in the lysimeters and leakage occurrence-in the laboratory indicates that solute leakage tests may aid in characterizing responses of Pistacia spp. roots cocks to saline conditions.
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Stanley, Mary, Roger Harris, Holly Scoggins, and Robert Wright. "Evaluation of Suction Cup Lysimeters for Obtaining Substrate Solution from a Pine Bark Substrate." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 21, no. 3 (September 1, 2003): 115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-21.3.115.
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Abstract Protocols are needed for extracting the container substrate solution of plants in large containers [≥ 18.9 liter (#5)] since the container substrate solution is representative of the nutrients available to the plants. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of suction cup lysimeters (SCLs) for this purpose. The lysimeter types tested were those with a 4.8 cm (1.9 in) diameter and a ½ bar or 1 bar air-entry value (AEV) and those with a 2.2 cm (0.87 in) diameter also with a ½ bar or 1 bar AEV. A sufficient volume of the substrate solution could be obtained after 5 min when a vacuum pressure of 30, 40 or 50 kPa was applied to 4.8 cm (1.9 in) ½ bar lysimeters. The 2.2 cm (0.87 in) lysimeters were suitable for extracting smaller sample volumes of solution or if installation space was limited. Electrical conductivity (EC) levels were unaffected by volume of substrate solution extracted by the SCL when volumes varied from 10 to 190 ml (0.34 to 6.4 oz). Overall, the 4.8 cm (1.9 in) diameter lysimeters are recommended for use with large nursery containers.
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Jabro, J. D., W. M. Iversen, W. B. Stevens, B. L. Allen, and U. M. Sainju. "A New Automated Passive Capillary Lysimeter for Logging Real-Time Drainage Water Fluxes." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 33, no. 6 (2017): 849–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.12433.
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Abstract.Effective monitoring of chemical transport through the soil profile requires accurate and appropriate instrumentation to measure drainage water fluxes below the root zone of cropping systems. The objectives of this study were to methodically describe in detail the construction and installation of a novel automated PCAP (passive capillary) lysimeter design, and to evaluate the efficacy of this design for logging and monitoring real-time drainage water fluxes occurring below the root zone of corn ( L.) and soybean ( L.) under an overhead sprinkler irrigation system. Sixteen cylindrical PCAP lysimeters with outside dimensions of 32.39 cm in diameter ×74.8 cm height (1000 cm2 surface area) were designed, constructed, and placed 90 cm below the soil surface in a Lihen sandy loam. Two watermark soil moisture and temperature sensors were positioned at 30 and 76 cm depths above each PCAP to monitor soil temperature and water potential continuously. This new design incorporated wireless spread spectrum technology to enable an automated datalogger to transmit drainage water amounts simultaneously every 15 min to a remote host. Logged drainage amounts were compared with those manually collected using several statistical methods. The root mean square error (RMSE), the logging efficacy (EF), and the mean difference (MD) were 0.0375, 0.964 and 0.0335 cm, respectively, for 4-yr combined data. The MD between logged and collected drainage amounts was very small and not significantly different from zero for 4-yr combined results. Statistical results indicated that the new lysimeter performed exceptionally well and was capable of monitoring drainage water fluxes in the vadose zone. Real-time seamless monitoring and logging drainage water fluxes was thus possible without the need for costly time-consuming supportive procedures. Keywords: Drainage, Lysimeter, Root zone, Vadose zone.
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Owens, L. B., R. W. Malone, M. J. Shipitalo, W. M. Edwards, and J. V. Bonta. "Lysimeter Study of Nitrate Leaching from a Corn-Soybean Rotation." Journal of Environmental Quality 29, no. 2 (March 2000): 467–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2000.00472425002900020015x.
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Bruder-Hubscher, V., F. Lagarde, M. J. F. Leroy, C. Coughanowr, and F. Enguehard. "Utilisation of bottom ash in road construction: a lysimeter study." Waste Management & Research 19, no. 6 (December 2001): 557–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x0101900612.
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O'Connell, Mark G., Garry J. O'Leary, and David J. Connor. "Drainage and change in soil water storage below the root-zone under long fallow and continuous cropping sequences in the Victorian Mallee." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 54, no. 7 (2003): 663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar02079.
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A field study investigated drainage and changes in soil water storage below the root-zone of annual crops on a sandy loam soil in the Victorian Mallee for 8 years. It was designed to compare the effects of the common long (18-month) fallow in a 3-year rotation (fallow–wheat–pea, FWP) with a rotation in which the fallow was replaced with mustard (Brassica juncea), viz. mustard–wheat–pea (MWP). Drainage was measured over 2 periods (1993–98 and 1998–2001) using 9 in situ drainage lysimeters in each rotation. The first period of ~5 years was drier than average (mean annual rainfall 298 cf. 339 mm) and drainage was low and variable. Drainage was greater under the fallow rotation (average 0.24 mm/year) than under the non-fallow rotation (average <0.01 mm/year). The result for the fallow rotation did, however, include one lysimeter that recorded substantial drainage (10.6 mm over the 5 years). During the second period of measurement (~3 years), rainfall was above average (mean annual rainfall 356 cf. 339�mm) and drainage was greater. On average, drainage from the fallow rotation was 6.7 mm/year compared with the non-fallow rotation at 4.0 mm/year. There was again substantial variation between lysimeters. One lysimeter under MWP recorded 31.4 mm/year, and as in the earlier drier period, there were many lysimeters that recorded no drainage. During the drier first period (1993–98), changes in soil water storage between 1.5 and 5.5 m depth confirmed the tendency of the fallow rotation to increase deep drainage. Despite increases and decreases in subsoil water storage during the study, the cumulative change in water storage was positive and greatest under FWP (range: 2.8–14.8 mm/year, ave. 9.6 mm/year) compared with MWP (range: 5.3–9.8 mm/year, ave. 7.4 mm/year) cropping sequences. Overall, the long fallow system has the potential to increase deep drainage by approximately 2 mm/year compared with a fully cropped system, over a wide annual rainfall range (134–438 mm). Further, this experiment reinforces the focus for the reduction of fallow practices for dryland salinity control in the Mallee region.
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Adeoye, Peter Aderemi, Hasfalina Che Man, Mohd Soom Amin Soom, Ahmad Mohamed Thamer, and Akinbile Christopher Oluwakunmi. "Contaminants Leaching from Fresh Poultry Waste: A Lysimeter Study on Sandy Soils under Tropical Conditions." Environment and Pollution 6, no. 1 (March 31, 2017): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ep.v6n1p38.
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A lysimeter study was conducted on sandy soil of Minna, North central Nigeria to assess the migration of nitrates, phosphates, bacteriological parameters and heavy metals contents of poultry manure through Minna soil. This is with a view to examining the environmental effect of indiscriminate land application of excessive poultry manure on shallow groundwater quality. A lysimeter and rainfall simulator assembly was installed on an undisturbed 0.9m diameter, 3m depth soil core after which 50kg of characterized poultry manure was applied at the top. Rainfall of 125mm was simulated and water samples were collected at different depths of the soil core through the lysimeter and were taken to laboratory for analysis. Results showed that nitrate and phosphate in poultry manure were able to leach to a depth of 2.5m of the soil core four months after poultry manure application while turbidity and electrical conductivity reached their maximum value at depth 2.5m after three months. Faecal coliform, total coliform and faecal streptococci were detected at depth 2.5m also two months after the application. Statistical analysis using New Duncan Multiple Range test showed significant variation (p<0.05) of all the parameters tested with depth of sample collection and months after application of poultry manure. Spearman’s correlation coefficient established both positive and negative correlation between the parameters studied in this research. Heavy metals tested, Arsenic, copper, zinc, chromium and manganese were not able to leach beyond 0.5m depth of the soil core throughout the experimental period.
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Roygard, J. K. F., N. S. Bolan, B. E. Clothier, S. R. Green, and R. E. H. Sims. "Short rotation forestry for land treatment of effluent: a lysimeter study." Soil Research 37, no. 5 (1999): 983. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr98067.
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Land treatment of wastewater using short rotation forestry (SRF) has potential as a sustainable method for disposal of dairy-farm euent. We compared 3 SRF species, 2 evergreen species of eucalypts (Eucalyptus nitens, E. saligna) and a deciduous willow (Salix kinuyanagi), in the land treatment of dairy-farm euent. The trees were grown in lysimeters (1 . 8 m diameter, 1 . 0 m depth), and a bare soil treatment was used as a control. The application of dairy-farm oxidation-pond euent totalled 218 g N/lysimeter (equivalent to 870 kg N/ha) over 2 irrigation seasons (December 1995–June 1996 and September 1996–April 1997). Euent was applied weekly in summer at a rate of 18 . 9 mm/week. No euent was applied during the winter period. The evapotranspiration (ET) rates of the trees, and the volumes and nitrogen contents of the leachates are compared for a winter period (4 weeks) and a summer period (5 weeks). The biomass accumulation and the uptake of nitrogen by the 3 tree species were also investigated. The SRF trees improved the renovation levels of dairy-farm euent and produced biomass suitable for energy conversion. Of the 3 tree species, only the S. kinuyanagi treatments maintained leachate nitrate concentrations below the New Zealand drinking water standard of 11 . 3 mg NO– 3 -N/L throughout both the winter and summer periods. The E. nitens treatment produced significantly more oven-dry biomass (19 . 1 kg/tree) than the E. saligna trees (9 . 7 kg/tree) (P = 0 . 05). The S. kinuyanagi treatment had intermediate production (13 . 3 kg/tree) and was not significantly different from the other 2 tree species (P = 0 . 05). The nutrient accumulation was not significantly different among the species (P = 0 . 05). S. kinuyanagi was considered the best overall performer for the land treatment of dairy-farm euent, based on the concentrations of leachate moving beyond the root-zone.
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Mirabello, R. A., A. E. Einert, G. L. Klinaaman, and G. L. Wheeler. "A Practical Lysimeter for Determining Nutrient Loss by Leaching in Mulched Landscape Plantings." HortScience 33, no. 4 (July 1998): 593b—593. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.4.593b.
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Lysimeters have been used extensively in the study of soil water and the movement of compounds in solution. In the management of landscape plantings where the use of various fertilizer application methods is common, loss of NO3-N from the fertilizer source may limit plant growth and be less cost-effective. During a study examining the influence of mulch type (cottonseed hulls, cypress wood, pine bark, and pine straw) and fertilizer application method (granular, liquid, and time-release), a simple lysimeter was constructed to examine NO3-N loss under normal irrigation and cultural practices in annual beds. Losses of large quantities of NO3-N were initially seen in all treatments during the 1st week followed by a gradual decline to the study's end. Liquid and time-release fertilization methods contained NO3-N as a partial source of N and limited plant growth due to early rapid N loss. Granular fertilizer contained no NO3-N source and demonstrated the greatest plant growth at the lowest cost per square meter.
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Kanburoglu Çebi, Ulviye, Recep Çakır, and Hasan Hayri Tok. "Study on Movement and Accumulation of Trifluralin in Medium-Textured Soils." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 5, no. 7 (July 22, 2017): 780. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v5i7.780-785.1189.
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The aim of the study was to evaluate the movement and accumulation of 2,6 – dinitro – NN – dipropyl – 4 - trifluoromethylanil (trifluralin) in soil under irrigated conditions. Despite its hazardous effects this herbicide is widely used in the country. The herbicide researched, is known to be one of the most resistant and least mobile pesticides used in the country. The investigations were carried out, using drainage type lysimeters with application of two different doses of trifluralin and three irrigation water levels. Irrigations were applied during three stages used as indicators for irrigation scheduling of the sunflower crop. Disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were taken from the original field in the beginning and from the tanks after completing of the study. Trifluralin analyses were completed using gas chromatography technique. The results of the study determined that the amounts of the herbicide and its degradation product (2-ethyl-4-nitro-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzimidazole) in the ranges of 3.04 – 0.1 and 4.128- 0.344 ppm, respectively were accumulated in the lysimeter soils during the 5-year research period. The highest amounts of trifluralin and its degradation product were measured in the 0-30 cm soil layer, of the treatment with higher applied herbicide amount and deficit irrigation.
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Akkal-Corfini, Nouraya, Paul Robin, Safya Menasseri-Aubry, Michael S. Corson, Jean Paul Sévère, Jean Michel Collet, and Thierry Morvan. "Fate of Nitrogen from Artichoke (Cynara cardunculus L. var. scolymus (L.)) Crop Residues: A Review and Lysimeter Study." Nitrogen 2, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 41–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nitrogen2010004.
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The goal of the European Nitrate Directive 91/676/CEE is to mitigate or prevent water pollution associated with the nitrogen (N) cascade. Vegetable crops have a high risk of nitrate leaching during autumn and winter. Information about the fate of N from artichoke (Cynara cardunculus L. var. scolymus (L.)) residues is reviewed and then supplemented with a three-year study with 15N-labelled residues in an artichoke-cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. cv. botrytis) rotation in six lysimeters. After three years, 6% of N in artichoke residues was leached, 8% was exported by crops, while 86% remained in the lysimeter. Summed over the rotation, 16% of artichoke-residue N was absorbed by artichoke and 14% by cauliflower. Total aboveground N uptake by all crops during the entire rotation ranged from 370 to 534 kg N ha−1, of which 207–311 kg N ha−1 returned to the soil as residues. Increasing N-recycling efficiency and reducing the risk of N leaching while conserving crop productivity requires capturing N mineralized from soil organic N. Cauliflower performs this capture effectively during the drainage period. A break crop should be introduced after the first and second harvests of artichoke to further synchronize N mineralization and uptake and reduce leaching risk during the rotation.
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Ingram, H. A. P., A. M. Coupar, and O. M. Bragg. "Theory and practice of hydrostatic lysimeters for direct measurement of net seepage in a patterned mire in north Scotland." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 5, no. 4 (December 31, 2001): 693–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-5-693-2001.
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Abstract. A novel design of lysimeter for use in mires (peatlands) with shallow water tables is described. It employs an hydraulic mechanism for the automatic equilibration of soil moisture distribution between the outside and the inside of the lysimeter tank but uses no electronic components or electrical power; and it can be installed with minimal disturbance in surfaces with poor load-bearing capacity. The system was deployed on a mire in northern Scotland to investigate the distribution of shallow seepage associated with catenary arrays of different types of surface (microtopes). During the three-year period 15 November 1988 to 19 November 1991, the fraction of rainfall dispersed as seepage was 52% in a pool system; 62% in ridge-furrow microtopography; and 59-67% in unpatterned sloping mire. The data provide preliminary confirmation of the hypothesis of K. E. Ivanov that different microtopes within the same mire differ in their hydrological norms; and suggest that the range of ecohydrological differences at the study site may be similar to those obtained by Ivanov in western Siberia. Details of lysimeter design, construction, installation and operation are appended together with a discussion of the theory of the lysimeter. Keywords: acrotelm, blanket mire, ecohydrology, evapotranspiration, pool system, valleyside flowe, water balance
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Soler-Méndez, Manuel, Dolores Parras-Burgos, Estefanía Mas-Espinosa, Antonio Ruíz-Canales, Diego S. Intrigliolo, and José Miguel Molina-Martínez. "Standardization of the Dimensions of a Portable Weighing Lysimeter Designed to Be Applied to Vegetable Crops in Mediterranean Climates." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 18, 2021): 2210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13042210.
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The progress made in developing information and communication technologies (ICTs) and the fact that water resources are becoming increasingly scarce make precision agriculture a very valuable tool for efficient and sustainable crop management, particularly for irrigation and fertilisation. In line with this, the water balance estimate is considered one of the most accurate methods for estimating crops’ water requirements. The Agromotic Engineering and Sea Research Group of the Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena (Spain) has worked in this direction to obtain portable weighing lysimeters with improved functions compared to traditional measurement systems. This study analysed the most important vegetable crops in south-eastern Spain to standardise suitable dimensions so that these portable weighing lysimeters can monitor practically all of today’s vegetable and herbaceous crops in Mediterranean climates. The dimensions established for the cultivation tank are 150 cm long, 45 cm wide, and 50 cm deep, with an equipment resolution of up to 0.09 mm expressed as water lamina. The validation over seven irrigation events established that the structural system achieved here allows precise monitoring of the water exchanges produced in the cultivation tank, so this portable weighing lysimeter can be useful for the efficient management of fertigation.
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Williams, Larry E. "092 MEASUREMENT OF GRAPEVINE WATER USE WITH A WEIGHING LYSIMETER." HortScience 29, no. 5 (May 1994): 441c—441. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.441c.
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A weighing lysimeter (with a soil container 2 m wide, 4 m long and 2 m deep) was installed at the University of California's Kearney Ag Center in 1987. Diurnal, daily and seasonal vine water use has been measured yearly since then. Vine water use was 350, 400 and 580 mm the first, second and third years after planting. respectively. Vine water use (from budbreak to October 31) the subsequent four years averaged 815 mm per year. Reference crop ET (ETo) averaged 1172 mm (from budbreak to October 31) over the course of the study. Diurnal vine water use was highly correlated with the diurnal course of solar radiation. Maximum ET averaged 50 L vine-1 day-1 during the middle part of the growing season. Experimental vines surrounding the lysimeter were irrigated at various fractions (from 0 to 140% in increments of 20%) of vine water was measured with the weighing lysimeter. Maximum yields were obtained with the 80% irrigation treatment This study demonstrated the deleterious effects of both over and under irrigation on yield of grapevines.
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Santos, Célia S. dos, Abelardo A. de A. Montenegro, Márcio A. L. dos Santos, and Elvira M. R. Pedrosa. "Evapotranspiration and crop coefficients of Moringa oleifera under semi-arid conditions in Pernambuco." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 21, no. 12 (December 2017): 840–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v21n12p840-845.
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ABSTRACT Efficient water use in agriculture is fundamental, especially in semi-arid regions where water scarcity is intense. The aim of this study was to estimate water requirements and crop coefficients in the different phenological stages of Moringa oleifera. The experiment was carried out from February to April 2015 at the Experimental Unit for Reuse and Hydrological Management, located in Mutuca, PE (7º 15’ 18’’ S, 35º 52’’ 40’’ W, 550 m). A lysimeter was used to estimate crop evapotranspiration. Reference evapotranspiration (ETo) was estimated by indirect methods. In the lysimeter, soil salinity and leaf water potential of the crop were monitored. The direct and indirect methods presented an excellent performance compared with the standard grass-lysimeter, especially Hargreaves-Samani, which presented a remarkable result for the study area. Crop coefficients (Kc) ranged from 0.73 to 1.73 in the different phenological stages. Moringa crop evapotranspiration (ETc) exhibited temporal variations, with a cumulative rate of 139.8 mm, for a cumulative reference evapotranspiration of 130.97 mm. Moringa plants showed slight water restriction, at the times of lower solar radiation.