Academic literature on the topic 'Lysimeter study'
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Journal articles on the topic "Lysimeter study"
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SHAHRAJABIAN, M. H., M. KHOSHKHARAM, A. SOLEYMANI, W. SUN, and Q. CHENG. "CONSIDERING SOIL WATER CONTENT, NUTRIENTS MOVEMENT, PHENOLOGY AND PLANT GROWTH WITH REFERENCE TO DEVELOPMENT OF FUNCTIONAL FOODS IN A LYSIMETER STUDY." Cercetari Agronomice in Moldova 53, no. 1 (2020): 121–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.46909/cerce-2020-010.
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Lysimeter is equipped with mechanisms for weighing by load cells enable automated measurements, and the signals resulting from weight changes in the system due to evaporation that are generally recorded in a data acquisition system. According to methods of measuring water content, lysimeters may be divided into weighing lysimeter and non-weighing lysimeter. The weighing lysimeters provide scientists the basic information for research related to evapotranspiration, and they are commonly divided into two types, continuous weighing and intermittent weighing. Weighing lysimeters have been used to quantify precipitation (P) not only in the form of rain or snow, but also dew, fog and rime, and also to determine actual evapotranspiration (ET). Compared to laboratory experiments, out-door lysimeter studies have advantages, like being closer to field environment conditions, it is possible to grow plants and therefore to study the fate of chemicals in soil/plant systems, transformations and leaching. The limitations are costy, which depend on design, variable experimental conditions, such as environmental/ climatic parameters, which are normally not controlled, the soil spatial variability is normally less, they are not suitable for every plant species and even every soil type. The objective of lysimeter is defining the crop coefficient (Kc), which used to convert ETr into equivalent crop evapotranpiration (ETc) values, and determing agronomical characteristics of crops, which are planted in the field of lysimeter. The duration of a lysimeter study is determined by the objective of the study, but for different crops, it should normally be at least two years. Weighing lysimeters using load cells have the advantage of measuring the water balance in the soil over a short time and with good accuracy. Precipitation should be recorded daily at the lysimeter site. All weather data like air temperature, solar radiation, humidity and potential evporation should be obtained onsite, and the frequency and time of measurements should be at least daily.
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Sołtysiak, Marek, and Michał Rakoczy. "An overview of the experimental research use of lysimeters." Environmental & Socio-economic Studies 7, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/environ-2019-0012.
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Abstract The lysimeter is most often defined as a box filled with soil with an intact structure for measuring the amount of infiltration and evapotranspiration in natural conditions. At the bottom of the device there is an outflow for atmospheric precipitation water infiltrating to a measuring container. Lysimeter studies are included in the group of dynamic leaching tests in which the leaching solution is added in a specified volume over a specific period of time. Lysimeter studies find applications in, amongst others, agrotechnics, hydrogeology and geochemistry. Lysimeter tests may vary in terms of the type of soil used (anthropogenic soil, natural soil), sample size, leaching solution, duration of the research and the purpose for conducting it. Lysimeter experiments provide more accurate results for leaching tests compared with static leaching tests. Unlike several-day tests, they should last for at least a year. There are about 2,500 lysimeters installed in nearly 200 stations around Europe. The vast majority of these (84%) are non-weighing lysimeters. There are a few challenges for lysimeter research mostly connected with the construction of the lysimeter, estimating leaching results and calibrating numerical transport models with data obtained from lysimeters. This review is devoted to the analysis of the principal types of lysimeters described in the literature within the context of their application. The aim of this study is to highlight the role of lysimeters in leaching studies.
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Isch, Arnaud, Denis Montenach, Frederic Hammel, Philippe Ackerer, and Yves Coquet. "A Comparative Study of Water and Bromide Transport in a Bare Loam Soil Using Lysimeters and Field Plots." Water 11, no. 6 (June 8, 2019): 1199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11061199.
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The purpose of this methodological study was to test whether similar soil hydraulic and solute transport properties could be estimated from field plots and lysimeter measurements. The transport of water and bromide (as an inert conservative solute tracer) in three bare field plots and in six bare soil lysimeters were compared. Daily readings of matric head and volumetric water content in the lysimeters showed a profile that was increasingly humid with depth. The hydrodynamic parameters optimized with HYDRUS-1D provided an accurate description of the experimental data for both the field plots and the lysimeters. However, bromide transport in the lysimeters was influenced by preferential transport, which required the use of the mobile/immobile water (MIM) model to suitably describe the experimental data. Water and solute transport observed in the field plots was not accurately described when using parameters optimized with lysimeter data (cross-simulation), and vice versa. The soil’s return to atmospheric pressure at the bottom of the lysimeter and differences in tillage practices between the two set-ups had a strong impact on soil water dynamics. The preferential flow of bromide observed in the lysimeters prevented an accurate simulation of solute transport in field plots using the mean optimized parameters on lysimeters and vice versa.
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Peters, A., and W. Durner. "Large zero-tension plate lysimeters for soil water and solute collection in undisturbed soils." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 13, no. 9 (September 18, 2009): 1671–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-13-1671-2009.
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Abstract. Water collection from undisturbed unsaturated soils to estimate in situ water and solute fluxes in the field is a challenge, in particular if soils are heterogeneous. Large sampling devices are required if preferential flow paths are present. We present a modular plate system that allows installation of large zero-tension lysimeter plates under undisturbed soils in the field. To investigate the influence of the lysimeter on the water flow field in the soil, a numerical 2-D simulation study was conducted for homogeneous soils with uni- and bimodal pore-size distributions and stochastic Miller-Miller heterogeneity. The collection efficiency was found to be highly dependent on the hydraulic functions, infiltration rate, and lysimeter size, and was furthermore affected by the degree of heterogeneity. In homogeneous soils with high saturated conductivities the devices perform poorly and even large lysimeters (width 250 cm) can be bypassed by the soil water. Heterogeneities of soil hydraulic properties result into a network of flow channels that enhance the sampling efficiency of the lysimeter plates. Solute breakthrough into zero-tension lysimeter occurs slightly retarded as compared to the free soil, but concentrations in the collected water are similar to the mean flux concentration in the undisturbed soil. To validate the results from the numerical study, a dual tracer study with seven lysimeters of 1.25×1.25 m area was conducted in the field. Three lysimeters were installed underneath a 1.2 m filling of contaminated silty sand, the others deeper in the undisturbed soil. The lysimeters directly underneath the filled soil material collected water with a collection efficiency of 45%. The deeper lysimeters did not collect any water. The arrival of the tracers showed that almost all collected water came from preferential flow paths.
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Peters, A., and W. Durner. "Large zero-tension plate lysimeters for soil water and solute collection in undisturbed soils." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 6, no. 3 (June 30, 2009): 4637–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-6-4637-2009.
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Abstract. Water collection from undisturbed unsaturated soils to estimate in situ water and solute fluxes in the field is a challenge, in particular if soils are heterogeneous. Large sampling devices are required if preferential flow paths are present. We present a modular plate system that allows installation of large zero-tension lysimeter plates under undisturbed soils in the field. To investigate the influence of the lysimeter on the water flow field in the soil, a numerical 2-D simulation study was conducted for homogeneous soils with uni- and bimodal pore-size distributions and stochastic Miller-Miller heterogeneity. The collection efficiency was found to be highly dependent on the hydraulic functions, infiltration rate, and lysimeter size, and was furthermore affected by the degree of heterogeneity. In homogeneous soils with high saturated conductivities the devices perform poorly and even large lysimeters (width 250 cm) can be bypassed by the soil water. Heterogeneities of soil hydraulic properties result into a network of flow channels that enhance the sampling efficiency of the lysimeter plates. Solute breakthrough into zero-tension lysimeter occurs slightly retarded as compared to the free soil, but concentrations in the collected water are similar to the mean flux concentration in the undisturbed soil. To validate the results from the numerical study, a dual tracer study with seven lysimeters of 1.25×1.25 m area was conducted in the field. Three lysimeters were installed underneath a 1.2 m filling of contaminated silty sand, the others deeper in the undisturbed soil. The lysimeters directly underneath the filled soil material collected water with a collection efficiency of 45%. The deeper lysimeters did not collect any water. The arrival of the tracers showed that almost all collected water came from preferential flow paths.
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Cameron, KC, DF Harrison, NP Smith, and CDA Mclay. "A method to prevent edge-flow in undisturbed soil cores and lysimeters." Soil Research 28, no. 6 (1990): 879. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9900879.
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This study shows that edge-flow of water and solutes between soil samples and lysimeter or permeameter casings can result in significant errors in the measurement of hydraulic conductivity and leaching rates. A new lysimeter design and technique are described which prevent edge-flow from occurring. Liquefied petrolatum is injected into an annular gap between the soil and the lysimeter casing producing a watertight seal. Water and solute movement in the sealed lysimeter is therefore confined within the soil monolith and no edge-flow occurs. Hydraulic conductivity and solute leaching rates are significantly lower in sealed lysimeters compared with unsealed ones.
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Gazula, Aparna, Eric Simonne, Michael Dukes, George Hochmuth, Bob Hochmuth, and David Studstill. "OPTIMIZATION OF DRAINAGE LYSIMETER DESIGN FOR FIELD DETERMINATION OF NUTRIENT LOADS." HortScience 41, no. 3 (June 2006): 508D—508. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.3.508d.
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Collecting leachate from lysimeters installed in the field below vegetable fields may be used to quantify the amount of nitrogen released into the environment. Because limited information exists on the optimal design type and on the effect of design components on lysimeter performance, the objective of this study were to identify existing designs and their limits, assess cost of design, and test selected designs. Ideally, lysimeters should be wide enough to collect all the water draining, long enough to reflect the plant-to-plant variability, durable enough to resist degradation, deep enough to allow for cultural practices and prevent root intrusion, have a simple design, be made of widely available materials, and be cost-effective. Also, lysimeters should not restrict gravity flow thereby resulting in a perched water table. Previous study done with a group of free-drainage lysimeters (1-m-long, 45-cm-wide, installed 45-cm-deep) under a tomato-pumpkin-rye cropping sequence resulted in variable frequency of collection and volume of leachate collected (CV of load = 170%). Improving existing design may be done by increasing the length of collection, lining the lysimeter with gravel, limiting the depth of installation, and/or breaking water tension with a fiberglass wick. Individual lysimeter cost was estimated between $56 to $84 and required 9 to 14 manhours. for construction and installation. Costs on labor may be reduced when large numbers of lysimeters are built. Labor needed for sampling 24 lysimeters was 8 man-hr/sampling date. Because load may occur after a crop, lysimeter monitoring and sampling should be done year round.
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Kolupaeva, Victoria N., Ann А. Kokoreva, Alexandra A. Belik, and Pavel A. Pletenev. "Study of the behavior of the new insecticide cyantraniliprole in large lysimeters of the Moscow State University." Open Agriculture 4, no. 1 (October 23, 2019): 599–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opag-2019-0057.
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AbstractThe behaviour of cyantraniliprole was studied in a lysimetric experiment. The experiment was carried out at the lysimeters of the Soil Research Station of Moscow State University from June 2015 to December 2018. The soil of lysimeter is soddy-podzolic silt loam. The insecticide was applied at the recommended and tenfold rates in 2015 and 2016. The maximum depth of migration of cyantraniliprole in the soil profile was 35 cm in October 2015 and 40 cm in October 2016. Cyantraniliprole was found in the leachate of lysimeter water 2 weeks after its first application in 2015 and continued until the end of 2018, that is, 2 years after the last treatment. Cyantraniliprole was found in most of the water samples analyzed. The maximum concentrations of cyantraniliprole in the leachate were 12.5 and 2.6 μg L−1 in lysimeters with tenfold and recommended doses, with mean values of - 1.7 and 0.6 μg L−1, respectively.
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Gebler, S., H. J. Hendricks Franssen, T. Pütz, H. Post, M. Schmidt, and H. Vereecken. "Actual evapotranspiration and precipitation measured by lysimeters: a comparison with eddy covariance and tipping bucket." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 19, no. 5 (May 5, 2015): 2145–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-2145-2015.
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Abstract. This study compares actual evapotranspiration (ETa) measurements by a set of six weighable lysimeters, ETa estimates obtained with the eddy covariance (EC) method, and evapotranspiration calculated with the full-form Penman–Monteith equation (ETPM) for the Rollesbroich site in the Eifel (western Germany). The comparison of ETa measured by EC (including correction of the energy balance deficit) and by lysimeters is rarely reported in the literature and allows more insight into the performance of both methods. An evaluation of ETa for the two methods for the year 2012 shows a good agreement with a total difference of 3.8% (19 mm) between the ETa estimates. The highest agreement and smallest relative differences (< 8%) on a monthly basis between both methods are found in summer. ETa was close to ETPM, indicating that ET was energy limited and not limited by water availability. ETa differences between lysimeter and EC were mainly related to differences in grass height caused by harvest and the EC footprint. The lysimeter data were also used to estimate precipitation amounts in combination with a filter algorithm for the high-precision lysimeters recently introduced by Peters et al. (2014). The estimated precipitation amounts from the lysimeter data differ significantly from precipitation amounts recorded with a standard rain gauge at the Rollesbroich test site. For the complete year 2012 the lysimeter records show a 16 % higher precipitation amount than the tipping bucket. After a correction of the tipping bucket measurements by the method of Richter (1995) this amount was reduced to 3%. With the help of an on-site camera the precipitation measurements of the lysimeters were analyzed in more detail. It was found that the lysimeters record more precipitation than the tipping bucket, in part related to the detection of rime and dew, which contribute 17% to the yearly difference between both methods. In addition, fog and drizzle explain an additional 5.5% of the total difference. Larger differences are also recorded for snow and sleet situations. During snowfall, the tipping bucket device underestimated precipitation severely, and these situations contributed also 7.9% to the total difference. However, 36% of the total yearly difference was associated with snow cover without apparent snowfall, and under these conditions snow bridges and snow drift seem to explain the strong overestimation of precipitation by the lysimeter. The remaining precipitation difference (about 33%) could not be explained and did not show a clear relation to wind speed. The variation of the individual lysimeters devices compared to the lysimeter mean are small, showing variations up to 3% for precipitation and 8% for evapotranspiration.
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Gebler, S., H. J. Hendricks Franssen, T. Pütz, H. Post, M. Schmidt, and H. Vereecken. "Actual evapotranspiration and precipitation measured by lysimeters: a comparison with eddy covariance and tipping bucket." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 11, no. 12 (December 17, 2014): 13797–841. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-11-13797-2014.
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Abstract. This study compares actual evapotranspiration (ETa) measurements by a set of six weighable lysimeters, ETa estimates obtained with the eddy covariance (EC) method, and potential crop evapotranspiration according to FAO (ETc-FAO) for the Rollesbroich site in the Eifel (Western Germany). The comparison of ETa measured by EC (including correction of the energy balance deficit) and by lysimeters is rarely reported in literature and allows more insight into the performance of both methods. An evaluation of ETa for the two methods for the year 2012 shows a good agreement with a total difference of 3.8% (19 mm) between the ETa estimates. The highest agreement and smallest relative differences (<8%) on monthly basis between both methods are found in summer. ETa was close to ETc-FAO, indicating that ET was energy limited and not limited by water availability. ETa differences between lysimeter, ETc-FAO, and EC were mainly related to differences in grass height caused by harvesting management and the EC footprint. The lysimeter data were also used to estimate precipitation amounts in combination with a filter algorithm for high precision lysimeters recently introduced by Peters et al. (2014). The estimated precipitation amounts from the lysimeter data show significant differences compared to the precipitation amounts recorded with a standard rain gauge at the Rollesbroich test site. For the complete year 2012 the lysimeter records show a 16% higher precipitation amount than the tipping bucket. With the help of an on-site camera the precipitation measurements of the lysimeters were analyzed in more detail. It was found that the lysimeters record more precipitation than the tipping bucket in part related to the detection of rime and dew, which contributes 17% to the yearly difference between both methods. In addition, fog and drizzle explain an additional 5.5% of the total difference. Larger differences are also recorded for snow and sleet situations. During snowfall, the tipping bucket device underestimated precipitation severely and these situations contributed also 7.9% to the total difference. However, 36% of the total yearly difference was associated to snow cover without apparent snowfall and under these conditions snow bridges and snow drift seem to explain the strong underestimation of precipitation by the lysimeter. The remaining precipitation difference (about 33%) could not be explained, and did not show a clear relation with wind speed. The variations of the individual lysimeters devices compared to the lysimeter mean of 2012 are small showing variations up to 3% for precipitation and 8% for evapotranspiration.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Lysimeter study"
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Tirado-Corbala, Rebecca. "A Lysimeter Study of Vadose Zone Porosity and Water Movement in Gypsum Amended Soils." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1290111537.
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Kelemen, Julia C. "Effects of tree encroachment on the water balance of a Scottish raised mire : a lysimeter study." Thesis, University of Dundee, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.320593.
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Jebellie, Seyed J. "A lysimeter study to determine fate and transport of three agricultural herbicides under different water table management systems /." Thesis, McGill University, 1997. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=34649.
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Subirrigation systems are generally used in humid areas to provide suitable moisture conditions for plant growth. These systems can also be used to reduce pesticide loadings from agricultural lands, since they tend to keep the discharging waters within farm boundaries for extended periods of time. This allows for greater pesticide microbial and chemical degradation.A three-year field lysimeter study was initiated to investigate the role of subirrigation systems in reducing the risk of water pollution from the three most commonly used herbicides in Quebec, namely atrazine (2-chloro-4[ethylamino]-6[isopropylamino]-1,3,5-triazine), metribuzin (4-am ino-6(1,1-di meth yl eth yl)-3-(meth yl thio)-1,2,4-tria zin-5(4H)-one), and meto lach lor (2-chlo ro-N-(2-eth yl-6-methyl phen yl)-N-(2-meth oxy-1-meth yl eth yl)acet amide). Eighteen PVC lysimeters, 1 m tall x 0.45 m diameter, were packed with a sandy soil. Three water table management treatments, i.e. two subirrigation treatments with constant water table depths of 0.4 and 0.8 m, respectively, and a free drainage treatment in a completely randomized design with three replicates were used. Grain corn (Zea mays L.) and potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) were grown on lysimeters, and herbicides were applied each year at the locally recommended rates at the beginning of each summer. Soil and water samples were collected at different time intervals after each natural or simulated rainfall event. Herbicides were extracted from soil and water samples and were analyzed using Gas Chromatography.
From the three years results (1993--1995), it has been concluded that all three herbicides were quite mobile in this sandy soil, as they leached to the 0.85 m depth below the soil surface quite early in the growing season. This suggests that if the drainage effluent or seeping waters from sandy soils of agricultural lands in southern Quebec drain freely, they may be considered to be a serious non-point source of pollution to the water bodies. The results have also shown that herbicide concentration decreased with soil depth as well as with time, meaning that the higher herbicide residues were found at top layers, and soon after the herbicide application. The herbicide mass balance study revealed that when the drainage effluent was kept within the lysimeters under the subirrigation setup, there was a statistically significant reduction of atrazine and metribuzin residues (shorter half lives) in the adsorbed and liquid phases. However, the reduction in metolachlor concentration under the subirrigation system was not statistically significant. These findings suggest that subirrigation, combined with certain herbicides can significantly reduce the herbicide loadings from corn and potato farms in southwestern Quebec, and become environmentally beneficial.
A computer simulation model (PRZM2), was used to simulate atrazine, metribuzin, and metolachlor leaching in the lysimeters, under subsurface drainage conditions. The simulated values for all three chemicals in most of the cases followed the leaching pattern of observed data. But the model either under- or over-estimated the herbicide concentrations in the soil. This could have been caused by simplistic instantaneous linear adsorption/desorption of herbicides, and inadequacy of conventional Darcian approach for the treatment of matrix flow.
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Jebellie, Seyed Jalal. "A lysimeter study to determine fate and transport of three agricultural herbicides under different water table management systems." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ36990.pdf.
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Schoen, Robert. "Transferts de solutés dans un lysimètre en conditions controlées : expériences et simulations." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996GRE10212.
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Les etudes du transfert de solutes dans les sols realisees en laboratoire (colonnes de sol) ne sont pas totalement representatives des conditions de terrain (variabilite spatiale, structuration du sol). D'un autre cote, les etudes de terrain a grande echelle permettent difficilement de quantifier les flux et les mecanismes. Une approche intermediaire est proposee, avec un lysimetre (1,7 m#3) de sol peu remanie, sur lequel on controle les conditions aux limites imposees. On utilise un flux hydrique constant de l'ordre de 1mm/h. Des solutes sont introduits sous forme de creneaux de concentration. Les especes utilisees sont: #2h#2o, h#2#1#8o, i#-, cl#-, br#-, comme traceurs, et atrazine, k#+, nh#4#+, no#3#-, comme especes interactives et/ou reactives. L'analyse des courbes d'elution obtenues permet l'identification des mecanismes preponderants et le chiffrage des parametres pertinents. Les outils utilises pour cela sont les modeles fondes sur la convection-dispersion (cd et mim), le modele convectif a fonction de transfert lognormale (clt), et le modele couple transport-chimie impact. Les resultats montrent qu'une partie de l'eau ne participe pas a l'ecoulement. Ainsi, les hypotheses classiquement admises dans le modele cd sont dans ce cas invalidees. L'exclusion anionique provoque une sortie precoce des traceurs anioniques par rapport aux traceurs isotopiques. L'ammonium apporte est majoritairement nitrifie. Le potassium subit des echanges cationiques avec le calcium et le magnesium. Dans nos conditions d'essai, la restitution de l'atrazine a la sortie du monolithe est importante et sa degradation faible. La derniere experience est realisee en interrompant l'alimentation en eau avant l'apparition des solutes a la sortie. Le prelevement de 400 echantillons de sol au sein du lysimetre donne une image des distributions de teneur en eau et de concentration, qu'on peut comparer aux courbes d'elution. L'interpretation revele une forte variabilite spatiale et tend a suggerer l'occurence d'ecoulements preferentiels que l'utilisation de colonnes de petite taille peut occulter
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Steiner, Laure D. "A Study of the fate and transport of estrogenic hormones in dairy effluent applied to pasture soils." Diss., Lincoln University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1306.
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The disposal of waste from agricultural activities has been recognised as a source of environmental contamination by endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). The New Zealand dairy industry produces a large volume of dairy farm effluent, which contains EDCs in the form of estrogens. Most of this dairy farm effluent is applied onto the land for disposal. Groundwater and soil contamination by estrogens following waste application on the land have been reported overseas, but our understanding of the processes and factors governing the fate of estrogens in the soil is poor. Therefore the main goal of the present study was to better understand the fate and transport of estrogens, in particular 17β-estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1) in soil. In order to quantify E1 and E2 in drainage water and soil samples, chemical analysis by gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry (GC-MS) was carried out. This included sample extraction, sample clean-up through silica gel and gel permeation chromatography, and sample extract derivatisation prior to analysis. In order to develop a reliable method to extract estrogens from soil, research was conducted to optimise E1 and E2 extraction conditions by adjusting the number of sonication and shaking events, as well as the volume and type of solvent. Among five solvents and solvent mixtures tested, the best recovery on spiked and aged soil was obtained using an isopropanol/water (1:1) mix. A microcosm experiment was carried out to determine the dissipation rates of E2 and E1, at 8°C and at field capacity, in the Templeton soil sampled at two different depths (5-10 cm and 30-35 cm). The dissipation rates decreased with time and half-life values of 0.6-0.8 d for E1 and 0.3-0.4 d for E2 were found for the two depths studied. A field transport experiment was also carried out in winter, over three months, by applying dairy farm effluent spiked with estrogens onto undisturbed Templeton soil lysimeters (50 cm in diameter and 70 cm deep). The hormones were applied in dairy farm effluent at 120 mg m⁻² for E2 and 137 mg m⁻² for E1. The results of the transport experiment showed that in the presence of preferential/macropore flow pathways 0.3-0.7% of E2 and 8-13% of E1 was recovered in the leachate at the bottom of the lysimeters after 3 months, and 1-7% of the recovered E2 and 3-54% of the recovered E1 was leached within 2 days of application. These results suggest that leaching of estrogens via preferential/macropore flow pathways is the greatest concern for groundwater contamination. In the absence of preferential/macropore flow pathways, a significant amount (> 99.94%) of both hormones dissipated in the top 70 cm of soil, due to sorption and rapid biodegradation. Surprisingly, in all cases, estrogen breakthrough occurred before that of an inert tracer (bromide). This could not be explained by the advection-dispersion transport of estrogens, nor by their presence as antecedent concentrations in the soil. It was therefore suggested that colloidal enhanced transport of estrogens was responsible for the earlier breakthrough of estrogens and caused the leaching of a fraction of the applied estrogens to a soil depth of 70 cm. A two-phase model, adapted from a state-space mixing cell model, was built to describe the observed estrogen transport processes under transient flow. The model takes into account 3 transport processes namely, advection-dispersion, preferential/macropore flow and colloidal enhanced transport. This model was able to successfully describe the estrogen transport observed from the lysimeters.
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Jiang, Shuang. "Bacterial leaching from dairy shed effluent applied to a fine sandy loam under flood and spray irrigations." Lincoln University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/668.
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Land application of wastes has become increasingly popular, to promote nutrient recycling and environmental protection, with soil functioning as a partial barrier between wastes and groundwater. Dairy shed effluent (DSE), may contain a wide variety of pathogenic micro-organisms, including bacteria (e.g. Salmonella paratyphyi, Escherichia coli. and Campylobacter), protozoa and viruses. Groundwater pathogen contamination resulting from land-applied DSE is drawing more attention with the intensified development of the dairy farm industry in New Zealand. The purpose of this research was to investigate the fate and transport of bacterial indicator-faecal coliform (FC) from land-applied DSE under different irrigation practices via field lysimeter studies, using two water irrigation methods (flood and sprinkler) with contrasting application rates, through the 2005-2006 irrigation season. It was aimed at better understanding, quantifying and modelling of the processes that govern the removal of microbes in intact soil columns, bridging the gap between previous theoretical research and general farm practices, specifically for Templeton soil. This study involved different approaches (leaching experiments, infiltrometer measurements and a dye infiltration study) to understand the processes of transient water flow and bacterial transport; and to extrapolate the relationships between bacterial transport and soil properties (like soil structure, texture), and soil physical status (soil water potential ψ and volumetric water content θ). Factors controlling FC transport are discussed. A contaminant transport model, HYDRUS-1D, was applied to simulate microbial transport through soil on the basis of measured datasets. This study was carried out at Lincoln University’s Centre for Soil and Environmental Quality (CSEQ) lysimeter site. Six lysimeters were employed in two trials. Each trial involved application of DSE, followed by a water irrigation sequence applied in a flux-controlled method. The soil columns were taken from the site of the new Lincoln University Dairy Farm, Lincoln, Canterbury. The soil type is Templeton fine sandy loam (Udic-Ustochrept, coarse loamy, mixed, mesic). Vertical profiles (at four depths) of θ and ψ were measured during leaching experiments. The leaching experiments directly measured concentrations of chemical tracer (Br⁻ or Cl⁻) and FC in drainage. Results showed that bacteria could readily penetrate through 700 mm deep soil columns, when facilitated by water flow. In the first (summer) trial, FC in leachate as high as 1.4×10⁶ cfu 100 mL⁻¹ (similar to the DSE concentration), was detected in one lysimeter that had a higher clay content in the topsoil, immediately after DSE application, and before any water irrigation. This indicates that DSE flowed through preferential flow paths without significant treatment or reduction in concentrations. The highest post-irrigation concentration was 3.4×10³ cfu 100 mL⁻¹ under flood irrigation. Flood irrigation resulted in more bacteria and Br⁻ leaching than spray irrigation. In both trials (summer and autumn) results showed significant differences between irrigation treatments in lysimeters sharing similar drainage class (moderate or moderately rapid). Leaching bacterial concentration was positively correlated with both θ and ψ, and sometimes drainage rate. Greater bacterial leaching was found in the one lysimeter with rapid whole-column effective hydraulic conductivity, Keff, for both flood and spray treatments. Occasionally, the effect of Keff on water movement and bacterial transport overrode the effect of irrigation. The ‘seasonal condition’ of the soil (including variation in initial water content) also influenced bacterial leaching, with less risk of leaching in autumn than in summer. A tension infiltrometer experiment measured hydraulic conductivity of the lysimeters at zero and 40 mm suction. The results showed in most cases a significant correlation between the proportion of bacteria leached and the flow contribution of the macropores. The higher the Ksat, the greater the amount of drainage and bacterial leaching obtained. This research also found that this technique may exclude the activity of some continuous macropores (e.g., cracks) due to the difference of initial wetness which could substantially change the conductivity and result in more serious bacterial leaching in this Templeton soil. A dye infiltration study showed there was great variability in water flow patterns, and most of the flow reaching deeper than 50 cm resulted from macropores, mainly visible cracks. The transient water flow and transport of tracer (Br⁻) and FC were modelled using the HYDRUS-1D software package. The uniform flow van Genuchten model, and the dual-porosity model were used for water flow and the mobile-immobile (MIM) model was used for tracer and FC transport. The hydraulic and solute parameters were optimized during simulation, on the basis of measured datasets from the leaching experiments. There was evidence supporting the presence of macropores, based on the water flow in the post-DSE application stage. The optimised saturated water content (θs) decreased during the post-application process, which could be explained in terms of macropore flow enhanced by irrigation. Moreover, bacterial simulation showed discrepancies in all cases of uniform flow simulations at the very initial stage, indicating that non-equilibrium processes were dominant during those short periods, and suggesting that there were strong dynamic processes involving structure change and subsequently flow paths. It is recommended that management strategies to reduce FC contamination following application of DSE in these soils must aim to decrease preferential flow by adjusting irrigation schemes. Attention needs to be given to a) decreasing irrigation rates at the beginning of each irrigation; b) increasing the number of irrigations, by reducing at the same time the amount of water applied and the irrigation rate at each irrigation; c) applying spray irrigation rather than flood irrigation.
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Ford, Colleen D. "The fate of nitrogen in lactose-depleted dairy factory effluent irrigated onto land." Lincoln University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/837.
Full textAbstract:
A two-year lysimeter study was undertaken to compare the environmental effects (e.g. nitrate leaching and nitrous oxide emissions) of soil applied lactose-depleted dairy factory effluent (LD-DFE) with lactose-rich DFE. The aim of this experiment was to determine the fate of nitrogen from LD-DFE and dairy cow urine applied to a Templeton fine sandy loam soil (Udic Ustrochrept), supporting a herbage cover of ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and white clover (Trifolium repens). Measurements were carried out on the amount of nitrogen lost from the soil via leaching, lost by denitrification, removed by the pasture plants, and immobilized within the soil organic fraction. Further, a comparison between the fate of nitrogen in LD-DFE irrigated onto land under a "cut and carry" system, as opposed to a "grazed" pasture system was undertaken. Lactose-depleted dairy factory effluent was applied at three-weekly intervals during the summer months at rates of 25 and 50 mm, until nitrogen loading targets of 300 and 600 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ had been achieved. Measured leaching losses of nitrogen averaged 2 and 7 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ for Control 25 and Control 50 treatments; 21, 20 and 58 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ for 25 and 50 mm "cut and carry" treatments respectively; and 96 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ for the 25 mm "grazed" treatment. The range of nitrate-N leaching loss from LD-DFE plus urine is no different from the lactose-rich DFE nitrate leaching loss. Uptake of nitrogen by the growing pasture averaged 153, 184,340,352,483, and 415 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ for Control 25, Control 50, LD-DFE 25 and LD-DFE 50 mm "cut and carry" treatments, and the LD-DFE 25 mm "grazed" treatment, respectively. Denitrification losses were 0.06, 4.4, 1.69, 19.70, and 7.4 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ for Control 25, the LD-DFE 25 "cut and carry" treatments, the LD-DFE 25 mm "grazed" treatment, and calculated "paddock losses", respectively. Isotopic nitrogen studies found that 29.4 and 25.8% of applied LD-DFE nitrogen was immobilised in the LD-DFE 25 and LD-DFE 50 "cut and carry" treatments. The results of this experiment confirm the findings of the previous lactose-rich DFE study, in that the effects of grazing stock are of greater environmental concern than the removal of lactose from the effluent waste stream.
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Shaw, Shannon C. "Comparative mineralogical study of base metal mine tailings, with various sulfide contents, subjected to laboratory column oxidation and field lysimeter tests, Copper Cliff, Ontario." Thesis, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/4713.
Full textAbstract:
Since 1993, Inco Ltd. has been investigating the possiblity of using a flotation-derived low-sulfide
tailings as a means of providing a potentially inactive cover and dam construction material for their Copper
Cliff tailings area. The investigation involves open-air field lysimeter and laboratory oxidation column
tests of a low-sulfide tailings product produced by the Clarabelle mill; as well as, the evaluation of the
concurrent alteration of two tailings products, a main tailings (1.0 wt. % S), and a total tailings product
(2.5 wt. % S), to provide comparisons of oxidation rates and the geochemical evolutions that accompany
the sulfide-mineral oxidation in the different sulfide-bearing tailings. A pyrrhotite-rich tailings
(approximately 14 wt. % S) was also subjected to oxidation in the laboratory columns for the same period
of time and was also examined for comparison.
This project was undertaken to identify the solid phases that are the primary sources of potential or
known contaminants, and solid phases that provide potentially acid-neutralizing capacity to the tailings, as
well as to identify secondary precipitates that serve to control the pore-water concentrations of dissolved
ions in the various tailings types. The analytical methods employed to achieve these objectives include
powder x-ray diffractometry, optical and scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersion spectroscopy
and multi-element x-ray mapping techniques, electron probe microanalysis, and Debye-Scherrer x-ray film
methods.
In these tailings, the sulfide mineral of primary concern with respect to acid generation is
pyrrhotite. The oxidation of pyrrhotite is marked by replacement with iron oxyhydroxides, including
goethite and lepidocrocite, native sulfur, ferric iron sulfates, and covellite. Nickeliferous pyrrhotite is the
primary source of pore-water nickel, with minor contributions from the oxidation of pentlandite and
nickeliferous slag particles. Secondary goethite detected in the saturated zone of the tailings contains more nickel than the goethite from the unsaturated zone of the tailings and is the primary "sink" for dissolved
nickel. Pentlandite has oxidized to various degrees in the tailings and is demarcated by replacement with
iron oxyhydroxides. The oxidation of chalcopyrite is also evident contributing to pore-water concentrations
of dissolved copper. Alteration is most commonly seen as dissolution and subsequent precipitation of
secondary covellite, as well as replacement by iron oxyhydroxides. Slag particles, although volumetrically
of less importance than the sulfides, may be a source of metal contamination including Ni, Cu, Co, and Cr.
The oxidation of slag particles in the tailings is evident and is most intense in the total tailings resulting in
the formation of secondary covellite and iron oxyhydroxides. Other secondary phases detected in the
tailings include gypsum, jarosite, a venniculite-type clay mineral, and montmorillonite. The venniculite,
and most likely the montmorillonite, are products of biotite alteration which poses the greatest potential for
acid neutralization. Plagioclase is another source of neutralization potential in the tailings and shows some
evidence of dissolution.
The different tailings types show varying and progressive degrees of oxidation correlative with
their specific sulfur contents. The degree of oxidation is determined by the relative extent to which the
sulfides have reacted as well as the maximum depth to which oxidation is evident in the tailings. The low
sulfur tailings (0.4 wt. % S), show the least degree of oxidation, the main tailings (1.0 wt. % S), show
alteration intermediate between the low sulfur tailings and the total tailings (2.5 wt. % S), which have
reacted the most. Goethite, gypsum, and jarosite, which are present in abundance in the pyrrhotite-rich
tailings (14 wt. % S), have formed as secondary cements which, to all appearances, have impeded the
oxidation occuring in the pyrrhotite-rich tailings column. The column tests indicate much higher degrees of
oxidation and sharper demarcation boundaries between the oxidized and the unoxidized tailings. More
pronounced differences among the three chemically different tailings are seen in the column samples than in
the field lysimeters, and pyrrhotite in the tailings from the columns also show "leached" textures not seen in
the field lysimeters.
Book chapters on the topic "Lysimeter study"
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Hellpointner, E. "Lysimeter Study of Imidacloprid After Seed Treatment of Sugar Beet in Two Crop Rotations." In ACS Symposium Series, 40–51. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1998-0699.ch003.
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Führ, F., P. Burauel, W. Mittelstaedt, T. Pütz, and U. Wanner. "The Lysimeter Concept: A Comprehensive Approach to Study the Environmental Behaviour of Pesticides in Agroecosystems." In ACS Symposium Series, 1–29. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2003-0853.ch001.
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Abrahamsen, Gunnar, and Arne O. Stuanes. "Lysimeter Study of Effects of Acid Deposition on Properties and Leaching of Gleyed Dystric Brunisolic Soil in Norway." In Acidic Precipitation, 1919–32. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3385-9_186.
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Artiola, Janick F., and Wayne Crawley. "Long-Term Use of Glass Brick Lysimeters and Ceramic Porous Cups to Monitor Soil-Pore Water Quality in a Nonhazardous Waste Land Treatment Case Study." In Handbook of Vadose Zone Characterization & Monitoring, 617–27. CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203752524-33.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Lysimeter study"
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Kolupaeva, V. N., A. A. Belik, and A. A. Kokoreva. "Lysimeter Leaching Study of Cyantraniliprole." In The 3rd World Congress on Civil, Structural, and Environmental Engineering. Avestia Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.11159/awspt18.133.
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Gary W Feyereisen and Gordon J Folmar. "Development of a Lysimeter System to Simultaneously Study Runoff and Leaching Dynamics." In 2008 Providence, Rhode Island, June 29 - July 2, 2008. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.25088.
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Yokota, Hideharu, Yoichi Yamamoto, Keisuke Maekawa, and Minoru Hara. "A Study on Groundwater Infiltration in the Horonobe Area, Northern Hokkaido, Japan." In ASME 2010 13th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2010-40047.
Full textAbstract:
In the Horonobe area of northern Hokkaido, the Japan Atomic Energy Agency has been carrying out various hydrological observations to estimate the recharge rate. Subsurface earth temperature and soil moisture content have been observed at HGW-1 site (GL-0.7m to GL-2.3m, since 2005) and Hokushin Meteorological Station (GL-0.1m to GL-1.1m, since 2008). The results have revealed groundwater infiltration and recharge occurring throughout year, the shallow groundwater-infiltration velocity depending on the depth and the position of the Zero Flux Plane. For the estimation of boundary conditions in groundwater flow simulation, in this study, the shallow groundwater-flow system has been examined qualitatively on the basis of the variation of the subsurface earth temperature and the soil moisture content. In the future, it is necessary to quantitatively assess the shallow groundwater infiltration and recharge rate, the intermediate runoff, and the evapotranspiration based on the observed data of the weighing lysimeter, and the other measurement stations in the area.
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Qiu, Weihong, Jinshan Liu, and Chengxiao Hu. "Effects of N Fertilizer Application Rates on N2O Emissions from a Vegetable Field in Wuhan, China - A Lysimeter Study." In 2010 4th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering (iCBBE). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbbe.2010.5515422.
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GRYBAUSKIENE, Vilda, and Gitana VYČIENĖ. "EVAPOTRANSPIRATION-BASED IRRIGATION SCHEDULING FOR PICEA ABIES (SPRUCE) SEEDLINGS." In Rural Development 2015. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2015.062.
Full textAbstract:
The water balance of agro ecological systems is a key parameter for most physical and physiological processes with the system soil–crop–climate. Therefore it is of great importance to calculate the water budget parameters in the required scale. The field study was conducted in the period of 2002–2005. Seedlings were planted in Irrigation engineering department experimental fields at the Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Seedlings were grown under standard nursery cultural practices until being transplanted into new fields in mid April 2002 and 2004. The research site contains evaporators and 8 lysimeters in which spruce seedlings were grown and studied. Lysimeters amount 42 m2 and 30 m2. At 2002, field No.1 was irrigated 8 times, irrigation norm was 250 m3 ha-1 and seedling got 2000 m3 ha-1 water. Field No.2 was irrigated 6 times, irrigation norm – 1500 m3 ha-1. In 2003 fields No. 1 and No. 2 were irrigated 4 times and seedlings got 1000 m3 ha-1 water. At 2004, field No.1 was irrigated 8 times, irrigation norm was 250 m3 ha-1 and seedling got 2000 m3 ha-1 water. Field No.2 was irrigated 6 irrigation norm – 1500 m3 ha-1. The total evapotranspiration of the first year seedlings planted in the field No.1 in 2004 made up 323 mm. The total evapotranspiration of the seedlings growing in variant No. 2 was 307 mm in 2004 and it is by 16 mm less as compared to variant No.1.
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Molina, Gloria M., Ingrid Padilla, Miguel Pando, and Diego D. Pérez. "Field lysimeters for the study of fate and transport of explosive chemicals in soils under variable environmental conditions." In Defense and Security Symposium, edited by J. Thomas Broach, Russell S. Harmon, and John H. Holloway, Jr. SPIE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.666297.
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Melissa Cheatham, Ramesh Kanwar, Jeff Lorimor, Hongwei Xin, and Carl Pederson. "Using Lysimeters and Tile Drained Field Plots to Study the Leaching of Field Applied Poultry Manure and UAN into Tile Water." In 2002 Chicago, IL July 28-31, 2002. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.9631.
Full textReports on the topic "Lysimeter study"
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Murphy, C. E. Jr. Lysimeter study of vegetative uptake from saltstone. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6757736.
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