Journal articles: 'Lychee'

1

Huang, L. L., F. Qiao, G. Peng, and C. F. Fang. "Analysis for Difficulty during Freeze-Drying Feizixiao Lychees." Journal of Food Quality 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8359438.

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Compared to other cultivar lychees, volume density of Feizixiao lychee was higher due to serious shrinkage during freeze-drying (FD). Guiwei lychee and Nuomici lychee were used for comparison in order to illuminate the reason of the aforementioned phenomenon. Lower prefreezing temperature could not improve the volume density of Feizixiao lychee. Microstructure results show that pulp cell of Feizixiao lychee (tail) was smaller and more compact than Guiwei and Nuomici lychee pulp cell. In addition, there is a membrane around the surface of Feizixiao lychee pulp. And the microstructure of Feizixiao lychee tip pulp cell is different from tail pulp cell. Membrane and tip pulp cell are both smaller and more compact than tail pulp cell. These structure differences hinder the moisture removing of Feizixiao lychee during FD. Removing the membrane and tip pulp could not improve the volume density of Feizixiao lychee. Ultrasound treatment for 30 min could significantly enhance the volume density of Feizixiao lychee.

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Guo, Qiwei, Yayong Chen, Yu Tang, Jiajun Zhuang, Yong He, Chaojun Hou, Xuan Chu, Zhenyu Zhong, and Shaoming Luo. "Lychee Fruit Detection Based on Monocular Machine Vision in Orchard Environment." Sensors 19, no. 19 (September 21, 2019): 4091. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19194091.

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Due to the change of illumination environment and overlapping conditions caused by the neighboring fruits and other background objects, the simple application of the traditional machine vision method limits the detection accuracy of lychee fruits in natural orchard environments. Therefore, this research presented a detection method based on monocular machine vision to detect lychee fruits growing in overlapped conditions. Specifically, a combination of contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization (CLAHE), red/blue chromatic mapping, Otsu thresholding and morphology operations were adopted to segment the foreground regions of the lychees. A stepwise method was proposed for extracting individual lychee fruit from the lychee foreground region. The first step in this process was based on the relative position relation of the Hough circle and an equivalent area circle (equal to the area of the potential lychee foreground region) and was designed to distinguish lychee fruits growing in isolated or overlapped states. Then, a process based on the three-point definite circle theorem was performed to extract individual lychee fruits from the foreground regions of overlapped lychee fruit clusters. Finally, to enhance the robustness of the detection method, a local binary pattern support vector machine (LBP-SVM) was adopted to filter out the false positive detections generated by background chaff interferences. The performance of the presented method was evaluated using 485 images captured in a natural lychee orchard in Conghua (Area), Guangzhou. The detection results showed that the recall rate was 86.66%, the precision rate was greater than 87% and the F1-score was 87.07%.

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Amaral, I., L. G. Matta, and D. J. Andrade. "Population dynamics of Aceria litchii (Keifer) (Acari: Eriophyidae) reveals differential responses of lychee varieties." Systematic and Applied Acarology 25, no. 2 (February 12, 2020): 214–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.11158/saa.25.2.4.

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Lychee productivity (Litchi chinensis) has been decreasing since the appearance of the erinose mite Aceria litchii (Keifer) in the main producing regions. This mite causes erinose formation in leaflets, branches, and fruits, which affects fruit productivity and quality. This study referred to an assessment of the population dynamics of this mite associated with abiotic factors in different lychee varieties during 25 months. For the assessments, the germplasm bank of the Faculty of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, UNESP–Jaboticabal, state of São Paulo, with lychees in full production was used. The assessed varieties were Bengal, Americana, Brewster, Groff, and WB4. Aceria litchii occurred in lychee plants over the years, reaching the highest levels in October and November. These results are considered important for the establishment of a more adequate management program for A. litchii. In this study, we verified that the Bengal variety (widely commercialized) is one of the varieties more susceptible to the mite attack. The variety Americana showed resistance to the mite. Despite the occurrence records for the pest in this variety, the number of individuals and, consequently, the erinose was reduced. Information reported here on the relationships between lychee varieties and the main crop pest is essential to implement plant-breeding programs or even select resistant or tolerant varieties to the erinose mite.

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Trung, Nguyen Dinh, Dinh Tran Ngoc Huy, Nguyen Thi Hang, and Le Thu Ha. "Effective Management Via a Business Model of Food and Drink Processing from Lychee Products in the Northern Areas of Vietnam." Alinteri Journal of Agriculture Sciences 36, no. 1 (June 22, 2021): 406–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.47059/alinteri/v36i1/ajas21061.

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In this study, authors aim to figure out the effectiveness of the food and drink process in the case of making lychee juice and lychee-tea combination fruit juice in a tropical country such as Vietnam, via a business model, with inputs, process, and outputs. We used scientific methods such as: qualitative analysis, synthesis and inductive methods, with description and explanatory methods. We also build a typical quantitative business model to measure profits of our lychee project. We propose to buy lychee (red lychee) with black tea from Northern provinces such as Thai Nguyen city, Hai Duong and Ha Giang provinces, etc. Then we can have a business model of making fruit juice from lychee products (red lychee with green or black tea). This will shows effectiveness of delicious food and drink making from good agricultural products of Vietnam. Last but not least, we emphasizes positive and healthy aspects of lychee products and lychee fruit juice in our country, Vietnam. And also roles of banks in project financing is also a good way to support microfinancing for star-ups and our business model.

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Li, Xiang, Enli Lu, Huazhong Lu, Boyi Xiao, Jiaming Guo, and Pengfei Li. "Design and Testing of a Denucleation and Decortication Device for Lychee." Journal of the ASABE 65, no. 3 (2022): 531–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/ja.13778.

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Abstract. An automatic machine for lychee denucleation and decortication was designed to improve lychee processing efficiency and ensure the integrity of the lychee pulp. The main structure and operating parameters of this machine were determined by theoretical analysis and two orthogonal tests. The effects of the denucleation knife diameter, processing speed, and distance during denucleation and decortication were investigated. The denucleation rate, decortication rate, and juice loss rate were evaluated. The results of the processing tests showed that the denucleation rate was 94% when the diameter of the lychee fruit was between 29 and 33 mm, the diameter of the lychee seed was less than 10 mm, the diameter of the denucleation knife was 6 mm, and the processing speed of the denucleation knife was 0.5 m s-1. The decortication rate was 85% when the diameter of the baffle hole was 26 mm and there were eight grooves in the hole, yielding zero distance between the upper end of the decortication rod and the groove during operation. This machine is designed to perform automatic lychee processing, which includes the functions of denucleation, decortication, and lychee pulp separation. The processing speed of the machine is 600 kg d-1. This enhanced output is ten times greater than the output of conventional processing, and significant production costs are saved. Keywords: Decortication, Denucleation, Lychee, Processing, Pulp.

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6

Vilasachandran, T., and Steven A. Sargent. "Postharvest Quality of Lychee Fruit: Role of Relative Humidity and Panicle." HortScience 32, no. 3 (June 1997): 433D—433. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.433d.

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Pericarp browning, weight loss, and the associated quality deterioration are the unsolved postharvest problems of lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.). Freshly harvested fruits (`Brewster') were stored ± plastic wrap (99% and 84% relative humidity, RH, respectively) and ± panicle at 5°C for 18 days to simulate commercial handling scenarios. There were no significant losses in pericarp color (L*, hue angle, chroma value), total soluble solids, and total sugars from initial values for wrapped fruits. Wrapped lychees were 100% marketable, compared to 17% for unwrapped fruits. The former retained higher weight, moisture content and total titratable acidity (TTA, pulp), and lower pulp pH. Colletotrichum sp., Cladosporium sp., and Alternaria sp. caused decay in 56% of unwrapped fruits, whereas wrapped fruits were free of decay. Fruits with panicles had significantly higher weight loss (3%) than clipped fruits for both wrapped and unwrapped fruits. Pulp TTA tended to decrease and pH to increase more in fruits with panicle. Postharvest quality of lychee fruits was significantly extended by removing the panicle and maintaining nearly saturated RH during handling and storage.

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Ngoc-Huy, Dinh Tran, Nguyen Thi Hang, Le Thi Thanh-Huong, and Pham Van Hong. "FOOD AND DRINK PROCESSING FROM LYCHEE PRODUCTS IN THE NORTHERN PROVINCES OF VIETNAM - AND ROLES OF AGRICULTURE PROJECT FINANCING." Revista de Investigaciones Universidad del Quindío 33, no. 1 (July 21, 2021): 187–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.33975/riuq.vol33n1.555.

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The purpose of this study focuses on presenting the food and drink process in the case of making lychee juice and lychee-tea combination fruit juice in a tropical country such as Vietnam. We mainly use methods of qualitative analysis, synthesis and inductive methods, with description and explanatory methods. Authors also use a value chain approach from a material supply (lychee products) to production and market distribution.Research results show us that choosing good red lychee together with good green or black tea, esp. Lipton tea, which is produced from the region of material supplying in the Northern region of Vietnam, then mixed with sugar and ice, using little vegetables will be very good for everybody health, functioning as medical treatment to prevent heart disease, and helps men and women stronger.In the meantime, we also propose lychee and tea planting policies and capital financing policies in the country, esp. In the north of Vietnam. For instance, the nation needs to continue to negotiate with countries that have not yet allowed Vietnam’s fresh lychee to be imported into developed countries (such as Korea, ...); The state/province cooperates with donors and businesses in trade promotion activities in potential export markets for Vietnamese lychee and fruit products (Japan, Korea, US, EU, ASEAN…).

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Sharmin, Tajnuba, Shamim Reza, Md Azadul Islam, Shamim Hossain, Saddam Hossain, Abu Darda Masud, Asraful Alam, and Fahriha Nur A Kabir. "DEVELOPMENT OF LYCHEE PULPY DRINKS AND QUALITY ASSESSMENT DURING STORAGE." Sustainability in Food and Agriculture 2, no. 1 (January 6, 2021): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/sfna.01.2021.31.39.

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The experiment was concerned with developing of Lychee pulpy drinks to assess its prospect in respect to its marketability and food value. The fruits were collected and the pulp was extracted. Then the pulp was analyzed for proximate composition. Lychee pulpy drinks were prepared, analyzed the changes of TSS (Total soluble solid), acidity, pH, viscosity and gas volume and compared with carbonated lychee pulpy drinks and carbonated lychee drinks. Products were stored at room temperatures in PET (polyethylene terephthelate) bottles and changes during storage were observed at an interval of 1 month for a period of 7 months. A testing panel consisting 14 panelists studied the acceptability of the samples. The consumer’s preferences were measured by statistical analysis of the scores obtained from the response of the panel. Among the samples the following lychee pulpy drink was awarded the highest scores by the panelists.

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9

Chen, Wen-Shaw, and Mei-Lan Ku. "Ethephon and Kinetin Reduce Shoot Length and Increase Flower Bud Formation in Lychee." HortScience 23, no. 6 (December 1988): 1078. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.23.6.1078.

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Abstract In recent years, the market price of lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) has dropped steeply in the “on” year, depressing the incomes of farmers. If the flowering could be controlled, the problem could be alleviated. Normally flower bud formation of ‘Heh Yeh’ lychee occurs in late November and panicles emerge in mid-January of the next year. Nakata (3) and others obtained a flowering response in lychee with various concentrations of sodium naphthaleneacetate (SNA). Nakata indicated that blossoming of lychee in Hawaii is favored by dry autumn months followed by substantial rainfall from December to February. Under these conditions, SNA appeared to inhibit vegetative growth, which was a prerequisite for floral initiation. Attempts to induce flower bud formation with SNA and other chemical treatments have not been successful in Taiwan. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of ethephon and kinetin on shoot growth and flower bud formation of field-grown lychee in Taiwan.

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10

Chen, Weixin. "666 Lychee Production and Postharvest Technologies in China." HortScience 35, no. 3 (June 2000): 513C—513. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.513c.

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Lychee is a well-known subtropical fruit, much appreciated for its attractive red peel and excellent taste, but the fruit is very prone to postharvest peel browning and decay. China is the world leader in both acreage and yield of lychee production. Extensive research has been conducted to extend the fruit quality and shelf life. The talk presents a general review of the current research on postharvest physiology and shelf life preservation technologies of lychee in China.

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11

Kabir, J., R. Roychoudhury, S. K. D. Ray, and R. S. Dhua. "HARVESTING LYCHEE FRUITS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 665 (January 2005): 339–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2005.665.41.

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12

ATAIDE, LIVIA M. S., JAQUELINE F. DELLA VECHIA, PAUL E. KENDRA, RONALD OCHOA, JOHN HAMMOND, DANIEL CARRILLO, and ALEXANDRA M. REVYNTHI. "The lychee erinose mite (Aceria litchii), in the Context of the Mite-Plant Interaction." Zoosymposia 22 (November 30, 2022): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zoosymposia.22.1.48.

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The lychee erinose mite (LEM), Aceria litchii, is a serious pest of lychee. This tiny mite induces the formation of erinea, which are open galls with hypertrophic trichomes. Erinea can form on leaves, flowers, fruit, and other plant structures, hampering plant growth and yield. Four distinct types of erinea can be observed: light white (stage 01), white (stage 02), amber (stage 03), and dark erinea (stage 04). To date, it is unknown how and why A. litchii induces the formation of erinea on lychee plants.

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13

Andrade, Renata Aparecida de, Antonio Baldo Geraldo Martins, and Inez Vilar de Morais Oliveira. "Influence of the substrate in germination of lychee seeds." Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura 26, no. 2 (August 2004): 375–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-29452004000200049.

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The lychee is, all over the world, considered as the "queen of the fruits" due to the delicacy of its appearance and flavor. Although it was only recently that it started to have economical importance in Brazil, the lychee is already calling the attention of numerous farmers, mainly those who cultivate citric fruits and/or sugarcane in the State of São Paulo, due to the constant and at the same time growing necessity of finding new alternative crops. Considering that the commercial cultivation of lychee plants in the field requires the previous obtainment of rootstocks viewing to reduce the genetic variability and the length of the juvenile period displayed by plants resulting directly from the seeds, finding ways to improve the germination performance of lychee seeds for the production of rootstock plants is of considerable economic importance. Thus, the objective of this experiment was to test five substrates for the germination of lychee seeds: (1) vermiculite, (2) washed sand, (3) filter paper, (4) carbonized rice hull, and (5) sphagnum. The results showed that the period of time required by a lychee seed to germinate is a short one thus reinforcing the importance of providing a suitable substrate for the germination to take place. It was found that the substrates which apparently allowed the best combinations of water and oxygen availability for the seeds - washed sand and carbonized rice hull - were those leading to the fastest and highest germination values.

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Sharmin, Tajnuba, Masud Khan, Jamal Uddin, Md Kamruzzaman, Humayun Kabir, Prodip Barai, Liton Hossain, and Neaj Ahmed. "DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF SHELF LIFE AND SENSORY ACCEPTABILITY OF LYCHEE LOLLY ICE CREAM." Bacterial Empire 5, no. 1 (January 28, 2022): e344. http://dx.doi.org/10.36547/be.344.

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Background: Lolly ice cream is a frozen sweetened product made of heat treated mix, with or without other ingredients and permitted additives. The objectives of this study were to develop lychee flavored lolly ice cream, to determine the overall acceptance of lychee flavored ice cream (sensory evaluation) and to use accelerated shelf-life testing to study the changes in acidity, total soluble solid (TSS), total solid, microbiology, and sensory characteristics of lolly ice cream. Methods: The physical and chemical characteristics and the acceptance of lychee lolly ice cream flavored with lychee were evaluated and compared with lemon and orange lolly ice cream. A testing panel consisting 16 panelists studied the acceptability of the sample based on a 9-point hedonic scale. The consumer’s preferences were measured by statistical analysis of the scores obtained from the response of the panel. Result: Lychee flavored lolly ice cream showed overall acceptance than orange and lemon lolly ice cream. Our results suggest that the shelf life of lolly ice cream sample was 1 year at -20°C and set expiration date on ice cream might also contribute to effective management of ice cream characteristics in the retail chilled chain.

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NAN, LIN-HU, YI-SHENG CHEN, HUI-CHUNG WU, YU-CHING SU, MIN-CHIN LIAO, and FUJITOSHI YANAGIDA. "Distribution and antimicrobial activity of lactic acid bacteria associated with lychee fruits." Romanian Biotechnological Letters 25, no. 6 (October 18, 2020): 2079–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.25083/rbl/25.6/2079.2085.

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Lychee is a popular fruit in China and southeastern Asia. Although it is very popular, the microbiota of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) associated with lychee remains poorly described. Lychee samples from seven different markets located in three cities in Taiwan were collected and a total of 104 LAB were isolated. Through RFLP analyses of 16S rDNA and rpoA genes for grouping and 16S rRNA gene sequencing, these isolates were finally divided into 6 groups (A to F). The most common genera of LAB in lychee samples were Weissella and Leuconostoc. Weissella confusa strain E was found to produce a bacteriocin active against Listeria monocytogenes and some other Gram-positive bacteria. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed the bacteriocin mass to be approximately 3426.77 Da, which is different to other known Weissella bacteriocins. In addition, strain MB7 included in the genus Leuconostoc was identified as potential novel species or subspecies on the basis of phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA, rpoA and pheS gene sequences. Thus, this is the first report describing the distribution and varieties of LAB associated with lychee fruits. In addition, one potential novel LAB species or subspecies and one potential novel bacteriocin were also reported in this study.

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Goenaga, Ricardo, Angel Marrero, and Delvis Pérez. "Growth and Nutrient Concentration of Lychee Grown on an Acid Ultisol." HortTechnology 32, no. 6 (December 2022): 552–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech05120-22.

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Little is known about the adaptability of lychee (Litchi chinensis) to acidic soils high in aluminum (Al). A 2-year greenhouse study was conducted to determine the effects of various levels of soil Al on dry matter production, plant growth, and nutrient concentration in shoots of lychee cultivar rootstock seedlings (maternal half-sibs) of cultivars Brewster, Bostworth-3 (Kwai May Pink), and Kaimana. Soil Al treatments were statistically different for all variables measured in the study but not rootstock seedlings. Total leaf, stem, and root dry weights significantly decreased at soil Al concentrations ranging from 0.42 to 12.69 cmol·kg−1. Increments in soil Al resulted in a significant reduction in the concentration of leaf calcium and phosphorus and a significant increase in leaf Al in cultivar rootstock seedlings. The concentration of leaf potassium, magnesium, iron, zinc, and boron were in the optimum range for lychee, whereas leaf nitrogen and manganese concentrations were above optimum. The results of this study demonstrated no cultivar rootstock seedlings differences for dry matter production in lychee trees grown under Al stress and demonstrate that lychee is highly susceptible to acid soils.

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17

REVYNTHI, ALEXANDRA M., LIVIA M. S. ATAIDE, MARIA-ALEJANDRA CANON, JAQUELINE F. DELLA VECHIA, DANIEL J. ANDRADE, PAUL E. KENDRA, NURHAYAT TABANCA, JOHN HAMMOND, RONALD OCHOA, and DANIEL CARRILLO. "The lychee erinose mite (Aceria litchii): pest status and management in Florida." Zoosymposia 22 (November 30, 2022): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zoosymposia.22.1.46.

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The lychee erinose mite (LEM) (Aceria litchii) is an important pest of lychee. This minute mite prefers to feed on young new flush, causing the formation of hypertrophic trichomes, known as erinea. In Brazil, LEM has been reported to cause 80% yield reduction.

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Hu, Guibing, Junting Feng, Xu Xiang, Jiabao Wang, Jarkko Salojärvi, Chengming Liu, Zhenxian Wu, et al. "Two divergent haplotypes from a highly heterozygous lychee genome suggest independent domestication events for early and late-maturing cultivars." Nature Genetics 54, no. 1 (January 2022): 73–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41588-021-00971-3.

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AbstractLychee is an exotic tropical fruit with a distinct flavor. The genome of cultivar ‘Feizixiao’ was assembled into 15 pseudochromosomes, totaling ~470 Mb. High heterozygosity (2.27%) resulted in two complete haplotypic assemblies. A total of 13,517 allelic genes (42.4%) were differentially expressed in diverse tissues. Analyses of 72 resequenced lychee accessions revealed two independent domestication events. The extremely early maturing cultivars preferentially aligned to one haplotype were domesticated from a wild population in Yunnan, whereas the late-maturing cultivars that mapped mostly to the second haplotype were domesticated independently from a wild population in Hainan. Early maturing cultivars were probably developed in Guangdong via hybridization between extremely early maturing cultivar and late-maturing cultivar individuals. Variable deletions of a 3.7 kb region encompassed by a pair of CONSTANS-like genes probably regulate fruit maturation differences among lychee cultivars. These genomic resources provide insights into the natural history of lychee domestication and will accelerate the improvement of lychee and related crops.

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DE GIOSA, MARCELLO, LIVIA M. S. ATAIDE, RONALD OCHOA, ENRICO DE LILLO, DANIEL CARRILLO, and ALEXANDRA M. REVYNTHI. "Spit it out: extraction of saliva from the lychee erinose mite (Aceria litchi (Keifer) Acari: Eriophyidae)." Zoosymposia 22 (November 30, 2022): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zoosymposia.22.1.47.

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The Lychee Erinose Mite (LEM) (Aceria litchii (Keifer)) is a gall-making eriophyid that feeds exclusively on lychee trees (Litchi chinensis Sonnerat), inducing the development of open leaf galls called erinea. Erinea are structures formed of hypertrophic leaf trichomes where LEM seeks refuge, feeds and reproduces.

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Solo, N., N. P. Ramanankierana, E. Miasa, D. Donno, R. Baohanta, R. E. Rakotoniaina, T. Soifoini, C. Giacoma, and G. L. Beccaro. "Seasonal climatic change affects lychee (Nephelium lychee Cambess) phenology in Madagascar." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1267 (January 2020): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2020.1267.20.

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Teng, Y. S. "LYCHEE PRODUCTION IN TAIWAN." Acta Horticulturae, no. 665 (January 2005): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2005.665.3.

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Stern, Raphael A., and Shmuel Gazit. "Pollen Viability in Lychee." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 123, no. 1 (January 1998): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.123.1.41.

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The lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) has two types of pollen-releasing flowers—M1 and M2. We compared the morphology and viability of these two pollen types, mainly for the two commercial cultivars in Israel: `Mauritius' and `Floridian'. Observation by scanning electron microscope did not reveal any consistent morphological differences between the two pollen types. However, M2 pollen was found to have a consistent and significant advantage over M1 pollen in in vitro germination tests. M2 pollen from `Mauritius', `Floridian', `No Mai Chee', `Wai Chee', and `Early Large Red' had a much higher germination rate at 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 °C than M1 pollen from those same cultivars. The optimal incubation temperature for in vitro pollen germination was 30 °C for M2 pollen of all five cultivars studied; adequate germination rates were also found at 35 and 25 °C. The optimal temperature for M1 pollen germination was also 30 °C for `Mauritius' and `No Mai Chee', but was not well defined for the other three cultivars. No pronounced advantage of M2 pollen-tube growth could be discerned 48 h after hand pollination. However, final fruit set was consistently and significantly higher after hand pollination with M2 pollen, relative to M1 pollen. Hot (32/27 °C) and warm (27/22 °C) regimes during flower development had a pronounced detrimental effect on pollen viability compared to a cool (22/17 °C) regime. `Floridian' was much more susceptible than `Mauritius' in this respect.

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Menzel, C. M., and D. R. Simpson. "Lychee nutrition: A review." Scientia Horticulturae 31, no. 3-4 (May 1987): 195–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-4238(87)90046-x.

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Yapwattanaphun, C., and S. Subhadrabandhu. "LYCHEE CULTIVARS IN THAILAND." Acta Horticulturae, no. 558 (August 2001): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2001.558.11.

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Seidel, James S., and Marianne Gausche-Hill. "Lychee-Flavored Gel Candies." Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 156, no. 11 (November 1, 2002): 1120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.156.11.1120.

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Degani, C., A. Beiles, R. El-Batsri, M. Goren, and S. Gazit. "Identifying Lychee Cultivars by Isozyme Analysis." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 120, no. 2 (March 1995): 307–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.120.2.307.

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Leaf isozyme banding patterns were studied in 30 cultivars and selections of lychee (Litchi Chinensis Sonn.) by means of starch gel electrophoresis. Polymorphism in aconitase, aspartate aminotransferase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucomutase, shikimate dehydrogenase, superoxide dismutase and triosephosphate isomerase is demonstrated for the first time and observations are extended for the previously described polymorphism in phosphoglucose isomerase. In this study we found five groups of cultivars with identical electrophoretic genotypes. The 18 different cultivars were clustered by the UPGMA method into two large clusters and three pairs of similar cultivars. Three cultivars were relatively separate from the clusters. This study shows that isozyme polymorphism is a prevalent phenomenon in lychee, and that isozymes can provide useful genetic markers for lychee cultivar identification and parental analysis.

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Li, Yuncong, Tom Davenport, Renuka Rao, and Qi Zheng. "358 Nitrogen Fertilization and Lychee Flowering and Production in Southern Florida." HortScience 35, no. 3 (June 2000): 454A—454. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.454a.

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Despite the increasing popularity in American markets of the fruit of the illustrious lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.), unreliable flowering and yield has had serious impacts on lychee growers in southern Florida. Lychee flowering is normally induced by chilling temperatures. Unpredictable weather, high rainfall, and excessive nutrients cause unreliable flowering in southern Florida. Although growers have no control over the weather, they need to be able to manage the growth, vigor, and reproduction of trees through practices that optimize flowering. When excessively watered and fertilized, lychee trees grow vigorously with frequent vegetative flushes every 2 to 3 months. The lack of maturity of these late vegetative flushes prevents flower stimulation from mild temperatures in January and February, when flowering typically occurs on trees that have not experienced vegetative flushes in the late fall or early winter. Thus, by adopting nitrogen fertilizer management practice, growers should be able to induce abundant flowering even in mild winters. Our preliminary results demonstrated that timing and rates of applications of nitrogen fertilizer significantly affected concentrations of soil and leaf N. High nitrogen levels in the leaves induced more vegetative flushes and less flowering, and consequently less fruit yield.

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Fay, HAC, and KH Halfpapp. "Non-odorous characteristics of lychee (Litchi chinensis) and carambola (Averrhoa carambola) pertaining to fruitpiercing moth susceptibility." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 33, no. 2 (1993): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9930227.

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Lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) and carambola (Averrhoa carambola L.) fruit, either attacked by fruitpiercing moths or undamaged, were compared on a number of occasions for weight, moisture percentage, softness, colour, �Brix, and pH, to profile fruit susceptibility in North Queensland. Height at which fruit were damaged on a tree and the tree's position in an orchard were also considered. On average 88.8% of moths inflicting damage to all fruit were Othreis fullonia (Clerck). In both crops, fruit in outer rows were more prone to attack than elsewhere in an orchard, indicating that orchard layout, trap crops, and attractive baits could all be considered to counteract these pests. No other characteristic differed significantly (P>0.05) between damaged and adjacent undamaged lychees. In damaged lychees, �Brix ranged from 11.0 to 22.8 and pH varied from 3.3 to 4.8. Highly significant (P<0.001) differences in fruit weight, colour, �Brix, and pH were recorded between damaged and undamaged carambolas; riper fruit were attacked on any individual occasion. Total soluble solids ranged from 5.2 to 11.8 �Brix in damaged carambolas and pH varied from 2.5 to 4.4. Some comparisons between cultivars were undertaken in each crop.

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Johansen, K., and T. Raharjo. "MULTI-TEMPORAL ASSESSMENT OF LYCHEE TREE CROP STRUCTURE USING MULTI-SPECTRAL RPAS IMAGERY." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W6 (August 23, 2017): 165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w6-165-2017.

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The lychee tree is native to China and produce small fleshy fruit up to 5&thinsp;cm in diameter. Lychee production in Australia is worth >&thinsp;$20&thinsp;million annually. Pruning of trees encourages new growth, has a positive effect on fruiting of lychee, makes fruit-picking easier, and may increase yield, as it increases light interception and tree crown surface area. The objective of this research was to assess changes in tree structure, i.e. tree crown circumference, width, height and Plant Projective Cover (PPC) using multi-spectral Remotely Piloted Aircraft System (RPAS) imagery collected before and after pruning of a lychee plantation. A secondary objective was to assess any variations in the results as a function of various flying heights (30, 50 and 70&thinsp;m). Pre- and post-pruning results showed significant differences in all measured tree structural parameters, including an average decrease in: tree crown circumference of 1.94&thinsp;m; tree crown width of 0.57&thinsp;m; tree crown height of 0.62&thinsp;m; and PPC of 14.8&thinsp;%. The different flying heights produced similar measurements of tree crown width and PPC, whereas tree crown circumference and height measurements decreased with increasing flying height. These results show that multi-spectral RPAS imagery can provide a suitable means of assessing pruning efforts undertaken by contractors based on changes in tree structure of lychee plantations and that it is important to collect imagery in a consistent manner, as varying flying heights may cause changes to tree structural measurements.

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Nguyen, Tuan Anh. "Biocomposites Developed with Litchi Peel Based on Epoxy Resin: Mechanical Properties and Flame Retardant." Journal of Chemistry 2021 (August 27, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3287733.

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Bio-based composites are reinforced polymeric materials, which include one or two bio-based components. Biocomposites have recently attracted great attention for applications ranging from home appliances to the automotive industry. The outstanding advantages are low cost, biodegradability, lightness, availability, and solving environmental problems. In recent days, biodegradable natural fibers are attracting a great deal of interest from researchers to work on and develop a new type of composite material for diverse applications. The objective of this work is to evaluate fire resistance and mechanical properties of epoxy polymer composites reinforced with lychee peel (Vietnam), at 10 wt%, 20 wt%, and 30 wt% mass%. The study showed that the mechanical properties and flame retardancy tended to increase in the presence of lychee peel reinforcement. In the combined ratios, 20 wt% lychee rind gave a limiting oxygen index of 21.5%, with a burning rate of 23.45 mm/min. In terms of mechanical strength, in which the Izod impact strength increased by 26.46%, the compressive strength increased by 25.20% and the tensile strength increased by 20.62%. The microscopic images (SEM images) show that the particle distribution is quite good and the adhesion and wetting compatibility on the two-phase interface of lychee peel-epoxy resin are strong.

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Revynthi, Alexandra M., Rita E. Duncan, Catharine Mannion, Paul E. Kendra, and Daniel Carrillo. "Post-Harvest Paraffinic Oil Dips to Disinfest Lychee Fruit of Lychee Erinose Mite." Florida Entomologist 103, no. 2 (July 10, 2020): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1653/024.103.0224.

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Follett, Peter A., and Suzanne S. Sanxter. "Lychee Quality After Hot-water Immersion and X-ray Irradiation Quarantine Treatments." HortScience 38, no. 6 (October 2003): 1159–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.38.6.1159.

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Hot-water immersion and irradiation quarantine treatments are used to disinfest lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) of fruit flies and other pests before export from Hawaii to the U.S. mainland. In the first experiment, one day after harvest, `Kaimana' lychee fruit were subjected to 1) hot-water immersion at 49.0 °C for 20 minutes, 2) irradiation treatment at a minimum absorbed dose of 400 Gy, or 3) left untreated as controls. Fruit were then stored at 2 or 5 °C in perforated plastic bags, and quality attributes were evaluated after 8 days. Lychee fruit treated with hot-water immersion were darker (lower lightness) and less intensely colored (lower chroma) than irradiated or untreated fruits at both storage temperatures. Fruit stored at 2 °C were darker (lower lightness) than fruit stored at 5 °C, but fruit held at 5 °C had greater weight loss. External appearance of fruit treated with hot-water immersion was rated as unacceptable, whereas irradiated and nontreated fruit were rated as acceptable. Taste of fruit was rated as acceptable in all treatments. In the second experiment, lychee fruit were subjected to 1) hot-water immersion at 48, 48.5, or 49 °C for 20 minutes or 2) irradiation at 400 Gy, or 3) left untreated as controls. Fruit were then stored at 4 °C in perforated plastic bags, and external appearance of the pericarp was evaluated after 1, 2, 5, 7, 8, and 9 days. Pericarp darkening was more rapid for lychee fruit treated with hot-water immersion than irradiated or control fruit, and the degree of quality loss increased with increasing hot-water immersion temperature. Overall, under these experimental conditions, irradiation was superior to hot-water immersion as a quarantine treatment on the basis of fruit quality maintenance.

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Ahmed, Junaid, Musrat Ali, Huda M. Sheikh, Manal O. Al-Kattan, Farhana, Urooj Haroon, Masoumeh Safaeishakib, et al. "Biocontrol of Fruit Rot of Litchi chinensis Using Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesized in Azadirachta indica." Micromachines 13, no. 9 (September 3, 2022): 1461. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13091461.

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Lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) is a famous fruit species of tropical and subtropical regions of the world and many biotic and abiotic stresses affect its yield. In this study, lychee fruit rot has been observed and its incidence has been controlled by using zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs). Diseased lychee fruits were collected and diagnosed to identify disease-causing pathogens. Morphological appearance, microscopic observation, and sequence analysis of the amplified ITS region identified this isolated pathogen as Aspergillus niger. To control this problem, ZnO NPs were prepared in the leaf extract of Azadirachta indica. Before their antifungal activity, ZnO NPs were characterized using sophisticated approaches. FTIR revealed the presence of reducing and stabilizing molecules on ZnO NPs including alcohol, carboxylic acid, alkyl halide, amine, and alkyl halide. Crystalline nature and average size (29.024 nm) of synthesized ZnO NPs were described by X-ray diffraction. EDX analysis depicted the mass percentage of zinc (30.15%) and oxygen (14.90%). SEM analysis displayed the irregular shape of nanoparticles and confirmed the nano-size of ZnO NPs. Maximum mycelial growth inhibition (70.5%) was observed at 1.0 mg/mL concentration of ZnO NPs in vitro. In in-vivo disease-control analysis, maximum control of lychee fruit rot disease was observed at the same concentration. These results reveal the potential use of these ZnO NPs on a larger scale to replace hazardous chemical fungicides.

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Wang, Chenglong, and Zhifeng Xiao. "Lychee Surface Defect Detection Based on Deep Convolutional Neural Networks with GAN-Based Data Augmentation." Agronomy 11, no. 8 (July 28, 2021): 1500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11081500.

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The performance of fruit surface defect detection is easily affected by factors such as noisy background and foliage occlusion. In this study, we choose lychee as a fruit type to investigate its surface quality. Lychees are hard to preserve and have to be stored at low temperatures to keep fresh. Additionally, the surface of lychees is subject to scratches and cracks during harvesting/processing. To explore the feasibility of the automation of defective surface detection for lychees, we build a dataset with 3743 samples divided into three categories, namely, mature, defects, and rot. The original dataset suffers an imbalanced distribution issue. To address it, we adopt a transformer-based generative adversarial network (GAN) as a means of data augmentation that can effectively enhance the original training set with more and diverse samples to rebalance the three categories. In addition, we investigate three deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) models, including SSD-MobileNet V2, Faster RCNN-ResNet50, and Faster RCNN-Inception-ResNet V2, trained under different settings for an extensive comparison study. The results show that all three models demonstrate consistent performance gains in mean average precision (mAP), with the application of GAN-based augmentation. The rebalanced dataset also reduces the inter-category discrepancy, allowing a DCNN model to be trained equally across categories. In addition, the qualitative results show that models trained under the augmented setting can better identify the critical regions and the object boundary, leading to gains in mAP. Lastly, we conclude that the most cost-effective model, SSD-MobileNet V2, presents a comparable mAP (91.81%) and a superior inference speed (102 FPS), suitable for real-time detection in industrial-level applications.

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Alves, Ediane Conceição, João Emmanuel Ribeiro Guimarães, Camila Kauffmann Becaro Franco, and Antonio Baldo Geraldo Martins. "Number of leaflets on rooting of lychee herbaceous cuttings." Ciência Rural 46, no. 6 (June 2016): 1003–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20140435.

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ABSTRACT: Lychee is one of the most popular exotic fruits in Brazil, and has both in natura and industrial potential. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of the number of leaflets on lychee herbaceous cuttings treated with the indolebutyric acid (1000mg L-1). The experimental design was completely randomized, with 4 replications and 10 cuttings per experimental plot. Treatments consisted of cuttings with zero (0), one (1), two (2), three (3), and four (4) leaflets. After 180 days, the rooting and survival percentages and the number and length of roots were evaluated. The data were subjected to polynomial regression analysis. The increase in the number of leaflets was advantageus for all studied variables, with an increase in the survival, rooting of cuttings, and number and length of roots. The herbaceous cuttings of lychee tree are viable, provided that at least four leaflets remain in the herbaceous cutting.

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Leu, A. F. "ORGANIC LYCHEE AND RAMBUTAN PRODUCTION." Acta Horticulturae, no. 665 (January 2005): 241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2005.665.27.

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Dhua, R. S., R. Roychoudhury, S. K. D. Ray, and J. Kabir. "STAGGERING THE LYCHEE FRUIT HARVEST." Acta Horticulturae, no. 665 (January 2005): 347–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2005.665.42.

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38

Kroll, Paul W., and Elling O. Eide. "Zhang Jiuling and the Lychee." Tang Studies 30, no. 1 (2012): 9–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tan.2012.0002.

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Stern, Raphael A., and Shmuel Gazit. "Lychee Pollination by the Honeybee." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 121, no. 1 (January 1996): 152–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.121.1.152.

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Pollination of lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) by the honeybee was studied in Israel's two commercial cultivars, `Mauritius' and `Floridian'. Pollination rate, which was determined in a mixed `Mauritius' and `Floridian' plot, followed a consistent pattern: it was low at the first male (M,) `Mauritius' bloom and reached a high value only when the pseudohermaphroditic (M2) `Mauritius' bloom started. Pollen density on bees collected from `Mauritius' inflorescences was very low during the M, bloom and increased to very high values during the M2 bloom. These results indicate that the `Mauritius' M, bloom does not play an important role as a source of pollen for pollination. Pronounced, significant, and consistent differences in nectar volume per flower and sugar concentration in the nectar were found between M1, M2, and female (F) `Mauritius' flowers. Values were very high in F flowers, medium in M2 flowers, and low in M, flowers. Accordingly, the density of bees found on inflorescences was high during the F bloom, intermediate during the M2 bloom, and low during the M1 bloom. The positive correlation between bee density and sugar concentration in the nectar was highly significant for M2 and F `Mauritius' flowers. The nectar contained three sugars: glucose (43%), fructose (39%), and sucrose (18 %). This ratio was the same in nectar from M1, M2, and F `Mauritius' flowers.

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Johnson, G. I., A. W. Cooke, and U. Sardsud. "POSTHARVEST DISEASE CONTROL IN LYCHEE." Acta Horticulturae, no. 575 (April 2002): 705–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2002.575.83.

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Fontes, Patrícia Soares Furno, Alexandre Gomes Fontes, Emilly Lorenzutti Borghi, Poliana Daré Zampirolli Pires, Leandro Glaydson da Rocha Pinho, and André Assis Pires. "Alternative technique for lychee flowering." Científica 43, no. 3 (July 8, 2015): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.15361/1984-5529.2015v43n3p241-245.

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Kroll, Paul W. "ZHANG JIULING AND THE LYCHEE." Tang Studies 2012, no. 30 (December 2012): 9–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/0737503412z.0000000001.

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Menzel, C. M. "Propagation of lychee: A review." Scientia Horticulturae 25, no. 1 (January 1985): 31–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-4238(85)90074-3.

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Valsecchi, R., and P. Leghissa. "Contact Allergy due to Lychee." Acta Dermato Venereologica 93, no. 1 (2013): 90–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2340/00015555-1379.

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45

Robbertse, Hannes, Jaco Fivaz, and Chris Menzel. "A Reevaluation of Tree Model, Inflorescence Morphology, and Sex Ratio in Lychee (Litchi Chinensis Sonn.)." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 120, no. 6 (November 1995): 914–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.120.6.914.

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The architecture of the lychee tree and the structure of the inflorescence are described according to the terminology of Hallè et al. and Weberling. The lychee tree has rhythmic modular growth and the inflorescence is a heterocladic pleiothyrsoid. Additional paracladia may develop from a second serial bud below the first-order paracladia. Male and female flowers are borne at variable positions on the dichasia. The relation between the position and gender of the flowers on the partial inflorescences (dichasia) varied with cultivar and time.

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Wang, Zhineng, Guangxu Wu, Bin Shu, Fei Huang, Lihong Dong, Ruifen Zhang, and Dongxiao Su. "Comparison of the phenolic profiles and physicochemical properties of different varieties of thermally processed canned lychee pulp." RSC Advances 10, no. 12 (2020): 6743–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra08393f.

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Degani, Chemda, Jiusheng Deng, Avigdor Beiles, Ruth El-Batsri, Moshe Goren, and Shmuel Gazit. "Identifying Lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) Cultivars and their Genetic Relationships Using Intersimple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) Markers." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 128, no. 6 (November 2003): 838–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.128.6.0838.

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There is widespread confusion and uncertainty concerning the identity of lychee cultivars: the same cultivar may be known under different names and different cultivars may appear under the same name. In the present study, the potential of intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) for the identification of 66 lychee cultivars and accessions and a determination of their genetic relationships was evaluated, using 32 primers containing different simple sequence repeat motifs. Of the 194 bands produced, 124 (64%) were polymorphic. A set of six ISSR primers was sufficient to distinguish all cultivars and accessions. Thus, cultivars which are morphologically very similar and have identical isozyme profiles can be distinguished by ISSR analysis. However, seven pairs of accessions, each considered to be the same cultivar, were found to be identical by ISSR analysis. Nei and Li band-sharing distances and Nei genetic distances were calculated among the cultivars and two similarity dendrograms were generated using the neighbor-joining algorithm. Results showed that the ISSR technique is a valuable tool for identification of lychee cultivars and analysis of their genetic relationships.

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Carrillo, Daniel, Luisa F. Cruz, Alexandra M. Revynthi, Rita E. Duncan, Gary R. Bauchan, Ronald Ochoa, Paul E. Kendra, and Samuel J. Bolton. "Detection of the Lychee Erinose Mite, Aceria litchii (Keifer) (Acari: Eriophyidae) in Florida, USA: A Comparison with Other Alien Populations." Insects 11, no. 4 (April 9, 2020): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11040235.

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The lychee erinose mite (LEM), Aceria litchii (Keifer) is a serious pest of lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.). LEM causes a type of gall called ‘erineum’ (abnormal felty growth of trichomes from the epidermis), where it feeds, reproduces and protects itself from biotic and abiotic adversities. In February of 2018, LEM was found in a commercial lychee orchard on Pine Island, Florida. Infestations were recorded on young leaves, stems, and inflorescences of approximately 30 young trees (1.5–3.0 yrs.) of three lychee varieties presenting abundant new growth. Although LEM is present in Hawaii, this mite is a prioritized quarantine pest in the continental USA and its territories. Florida LEM specimens showed small morphological differences from the original taxonomic descriptions of Keifer (1943) and Huang (2008). The observed differences are probably an artifact of the drawings in the original descriptions. Molecular comparisons were conducted on the DNA of LEM specimens from India, Hawaii, Brazil, Taiwan, Australia and Florida. The amplified COI fragment showed very low nucleotide variation among the locations and thus, could be used for accurate LEM identification. The ITS1 sequences and partial 5.8S fragments displayed no nucleotide differences for specimens from any of the locations except Australia. Consistent differences were observed in the ITS2 and 28S fragments. The ITS1-ITS2 concatenated phylogeny yielded two lineages, with Australia in one group and Hawaii, India, Brazil, Florida and Taiwan in another. Specimens from Taiwan and Florida present identical ITS and rDNA segments, suggesting a common origin; however, analysis of additional sequences is needed to confirm the origin of the Florida population.

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Park, Chan Hum, Joo Young Lee, Min Yeong Kim, Sung Ho Shin, Seong-Soo Roh, Jae Sue Choi, Hae Young Chung, Yeong-Ok Song, Yu Su Shin, and Takako Yokozawa. "Oligonol, a low-molecular-weight polyphenol derived from lychee fruit, protects the pancreas from apoptosis and proliferation via oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats." Food & Function 7, no. 7 (2016): 3056–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6fo00088f.

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Xiao, Juan, Ruifen Zhang, Fei Huang, Lei Liu, Yuanyuan Deng, Zhencheng Wei, Yan Zhang, Dong Liu, and Mingwei Zhang. "The biphasic dose effect of lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) pulp phenolic extract on alcoholic liver disease in mice." Food & Function 8, no. 1 (2017): 189–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6fo01166g.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Lychee'

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