Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Lycaon pictus'
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Rasmussen, Gregory. "Anthropogenic factors influencing biologicalprocesses of the Painted Dog Lycaon Pictus." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.504459.
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Cloutier, Tammy. "Anthropogenic Impacts and Influence On African Painted Dogs (Lycaon Pictus)." Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1597420032227308.
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Edwards, Janet Marguerite. "Conservation genetics of African wild dogs Lycaon pictus (Temminck, 1820) in South Africa." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/29439.
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The African wild dog Lycaon pictus is Africa’s second most endangered carnivore. Only 14 out of 39 countries in Africa still have wild dogs present. This makes the populations of wild dogs in South Africa very valuable with respect to the entire species. Kruger National Park (Kruger) has the only self-sustaining and viable population of wild dogs in South Africa, making Kruger the core area of conservation for South African wild dogs. It is of vital importance to know the numbers of wild dogs present in Kruger. In chapter 2 of this dissertation I monitored and gathered demographic information from as many southern Kruger wild dog packs and individuals as possible over a three month period. I used real time text messaging to collect the information. A wild dog hotline number was used for tourists to contact immediately after they sighted a pack, noting location, time and number of wild dogs sighted. This new technique resulted in more than 300 reported wild dog sightings in three months enabling a count of individuals and packs. This also created an opportunity to take identification photographs and to collect DNA samples. In 1997 it was decided to establish and manage several small wild dog populations in various geographically isolated reserves in South Africa as one large managed metapopulation. In order to simulate the natural dispersal patterns of wild dogs, individuals are translocated between the managed metapopulation reserves, imitating natural gene flow and hopefully preventing inbreeding. To date, all decisions have been made using demographic data only. This in time is likely to result in a loss of genetic diversity and subsequent inbreeding. The aim of chapter 3 was to obtain genetic information from wild dogs in the managed metapopulation and Kruger (chapter 2) to provide a basis for sound population management including monitoring of inbreeding and maintaining levels of genetic diversity similar to those found in large self-sustaining populations (such as Kruger). This study included both mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and nuclear microsatellite loci to determine the genetic structure of South Africa’s wild dogs specifically with regards to genetic diversity, population structure and relatedness. The results showed a difference in historical and recent diversity between the managed metapopulation and Kruger. Two genetic clusters were evident in South Africa, however one was due to wild dogs from Botswana being translocated into the managed metapopulation. After the Botswana influence was removed from the analysis, three genetic clusters were observed in the South African wild dogs. These three genetic clusters comprise too few wild dogs to manage them as separate units. Relatedness between and within populations, reserves and packs were estimated and can in future be used to guide translocations of wild dogs to maximise their genetic variability. It is suggested that due to the low numbers, and historical and recent trends in genetic structure of South Africa’s wild dogs, they should be managed as one unit, allowing movements to and from neighbouring countries. All translocations should follow an isolation-by-distance pattern.Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Animal and Wildlife Sciences
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Mottram, Phoebe. "Landscape utilisation by an introduced pack of African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) in eastern Botswana." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29831.
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African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) are one of the most endangered carnivores in southern Africa. Direct persecution, prey decline and habitat loss and fragmentation all contributed to a rapid decline in this species’ population size and distribution during the 20th century. Following a thorough population viability analysis in the late 1990s the decision was taken to manage the South African population as a metapopulation. This involved the reintroduction of packs to small, fenced protected areas and the subsequent transfer of individuals or small groups between reserves to avoid inbreeding. A key component of successful metapopulation management is post-release monitoring to provide data on the determinants of reintroduction success and failure, particularly when establishing new populations. This study aimed to provide information on the post-release behaviour and movements of a pack of eight African wild dogs introduced to the Northern Tuli Game Reserve in eastern Botswana in February 2017. Two individuals from the introduced pack were fitted with GPS collars. A total of 933 GPS locations were recorded between February 2017 and October 2017. Movement data was used to analyse home range, habitat resistance and resource utilisation by this pack across a range of spatial and temporal scales. Monthly 95% kernel density estimations revealed a mean home range of 330.02 km2 . A reduction in home range size to 37% of the average monthly 95% kernel density estimations revealed that the pack commenced denning in May 2017. However, this denning attempt failed, as shown by the home range size increasing only a month after it initially contracted, which is less than the expected contraction period required to produce a successful litter. Habitat resistance analysis revealed that the pack readily crossed fences but not rivers, with the Limpopo river serving as a very hard barrier that consistently deflected pack movement parallel to its course. Resource utilisation functions showed a preference for sites far from riverine areas, with low elevation and rough and rocky terrain. I propose that this may reflect a predator avoidance pattern, with lions (Panthera leo) in particular preferring riverine habitat with a less rough terrain in this area. The persistence of this pack in the landscape nine months post-release indicates that this reintroduction has been a partial success. Large perennial rivers provide important barriers to the movement of this pack and may thus be important for mitigating local human-wild dog conflict. Fences, however, were readily traversed and therefore communities outside of fenced areas are likely to experience conflict with this pack and any future packs re-introduced to this area.
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Potgieter, Katherine. "Pup provisioning and artificial pack formation in African wild dog Lycaon pictus in South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/6161.
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Includes abstract.Includes bibliographical references.
Wild dog Lacaon pictus are obligate cooperative breeders with nulliparous helpers contributing to the rearing of a dominant pair's young through pup-provisioning and defence agianst predators. Despite the importance of allo-parental care to the survival of pups and the persistance of packs, few studies have addressed the group or individual level factors that influence helping in wild dogs. In this study we use data collected as part of a long-term project in the Kruger National Park (KNP) to provide the first detailed analysis on the relative contribution to pup rearing of dogs both within and between packs in the KNP.
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Moueix, Charlotte Henriette Marie. "Genetic verification of multiple paternity in two free-ranging isolated populations of African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus)." Diss., Electronic thesis, 2006. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-05042007-170551/.
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Ash, Amanda. "Parasites of the African painted dog (Lycaon pictus) in captive and wild populations: Implications for conservation." Thesis, Ash, Amanda ORCID: 0000-0001-8218-7048 (2011) Parasites of the African painted dog (Lycaon pictus) in captive and wild populations: Implications for conservation. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2011. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/10519/.
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The African painted dog (Lycaon pictus) is a highly endangered carnivore of sub- Saharan Africa, which in the last century has suffered a population decline of almost 99%. With only 3,000-5,500 animals remaining in the wild it is imperative to understand all threatening processes to which these animals may be exposed. The impact that parasites and other infectious agents have on wildlife has been increasingly recognized within conservation programs. Stressors such as human encroachment and habitat destruction are altering the incidence and effect that these pathogens have on wildlife populations, especially those endangered and under stress.
A parasitological study was conducted on captive and wild populations of the African painted dog over a three year period. Collaborations with three captive animal facilities and three in situ conservation groups within Africa allowed for a broad sample base from which variation in parasite prevalence and diversity could be identified. A combination of traditional microscopy techniques and molecular characterisation of parasite species were employed to obtain comprehensive data on the prevalence and diversity of gastrointestinal parasites observed in faecal samples collected from painted dogs.
Parasite prevalence within wild populations was 99% with a similar parasite community composition observed among all three wild populations. Five of the seven parasite genera observed in this study have not been reported before in this host. Additionally, molecular characterisations identified the potentially zoonotic species Giardia duodenalis, Ancylostoma braziliense and an ambiguous species of taeniid, all of which have also not been previously reported in this host.
The prevalence of parasites within captive populations was 15% with Giardia duodenalis being the dominant of the only two parasite species observed. The overall lack of prevalence and diversity of parasites observed in captive populations could be of significance for facilities involved in reintroduction programs. Particularly as immunologically naïve captive animals may be unable to cope with exposure to a ‘natural’ parasite load in the wild environment, leading to an ultimate decrease in reintroduction success.
Gastrointestinal parasites detected in faecal samples from wild and captive populations of the African painted dog during this study
Parasite Taxon observed
Wild Captive
Taeniid Giardia
Ancylostoma Spirometra
Spirometra
Giardia
Coccidia
Sarcocystis
Filaroides
This study has obtained detailed baseline data of parasitism within populations of the African painted dog in captive and wild environments. The large proportion of new discoveries in this study demonstrates the paucity of information currently available on parasitism within this host species. It is hoped this information will assist in conservation efforts by a) recognising the challenges of parasite control in captive populations, particularly those involved in reintroduction and/or translocation programs, and b) being able to identify deviations from baseline parasite levels in wild populations which could be indications for emerging exotic and/or zoonotic disease.
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Leigh, Kellie A. "The ecology and conservation biology of the endangered African wild dog (Lycaon pictus) in the Lower Zambezi, Zambia." University of Sydney, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1545.
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Doctor of PhilosophyThe African wild dog (Lycaon pictus) is one of Africa’s most endangered carnivores. Previous research into this species has focussed on the largest extant populations in Africa. However, there are a large number of relatively small populations (20 to 50 dogs) distributed across Africa, which represent an important component of the diversity of the species and its remaining habitat. This study investigated the status of a small population of wild dogs in the Lower Zambezi area in Zambia. Objectives focussed on assessing population dynamics and identifying causes of decline. Research was carried out over a broad range of topics in an effort to provide comprehensive information for conservation management of the population. The scope of the project was divided into five sections: 1) Demography and pack dynamics were assessed to identify the structure and status of the population, and the main causes of mortality. 2) An assessment of habitat types and related ecological factors was carried out to determine wild dog habitat utilisation in relation to vegetation type, prey densities and hunting success in each area. 3) The effects of interpredator competition on wild dog population dynamics was investigated, specifically, the effects of lions (Panthera leo) and spotted hyaenas (Crocuta crocuta). 4) Genetic analyses were carried out to assess the historic and contemporary genetic variability of the population, and to define patterns of geographic structuring and population differentiation. 5) Results were combined to assess the viability of the population and recommend conservation management strategies. Snaring was identified as the most important cause of adult mortality, and a threat to wild dog population persistence. Inbreeding avoidance led to the emigration of adult males and females from the area and appeared to be a substantial contributor to population decline. Limited mate selection corresponded with neither sex displaying philopatry and large dispersal distances effectively removed adults from the population. This result has important implications for the management of small populations, whereby lack of mate choice may increase dispersal distances and thereby increase edge effects on populations, regardless of home range sizes. Home range sizes were related to den locations in remote areas of the Zambian Escarpment, which was used as a breeding refuge area. The Zambezi River and Zambian Escarpment appeared to be effective barriers to wild dog home range movements. The study area contained a diversity of habitats on the alluvial terraces of the river valley floor. There was a high density of impala (Aeypceros melampus), which formed the main prey base for the wild dog population. Studies of other populations have found that wild dogs often avoided areas with high competing predator densities, which corresponded with high prey density areas. In contrast to those findings, the Lower Zambezi wild dog population showed a strong preference for high prey density areas. This population also showed only temporal avoidance of high lion density areas. Low lion density areas were preferred during breeding periods, while moderate to high lion density areas were preferred during non-breeding periods. Direct predation of adult wild dogs by lion and spotted hyaenas was rare. Kleptoparasitism of wild dog kills by either competing predator species was also rare. Predator competition was not considered to be an important determinant of population decline. The Lower Zambezi population suffered from a loss of heterozygosity, low allelic richness, and there was significant evidence of a recent population bottleneck. The population did not contain any new mtDNA haplotypes, nor any unique alleles on the commonly used microsatellite loci, but was differentiated from African wild dog populations in other regions. There was evidence of historical and recent gene flow between the Lower Zambezi and the neighbouring southern African populations of Hwange and Okavango. This was the first study to show a loss of genetic variability in a free-ranging African wild dog population. Although more immediate anthropogenic and demographic factors were the critical determinants of population decline, the loss of genetic variability has important implications for the conservation of the remaining small and fragmented wild dog populations in Africa. Results showed that due to its small size the population is likely to have suffered from inverse density dependence and Allee effects on dispersal and reproductive success. Management recommendations focussed on mitigating anthropogenic causes of mortality, and improving connectivity with a larger, potential source population to increase the probability of successful dispersal and to restore genetic diversity. The high density prey base, small home range sizes and low levels of interpredator competition detected in this study suggest that the area has the capacity to support a large and potentially viable population of wild dogs if appropriate management strategies are implemented.
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Tighe, Emily Jayne. "The effects of captivity on display-based communication and social interaction in the captive African wild dog (Lycaon pictus)." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Biological Sciences, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8676.
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The obligate cooperative nature of African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus), unique among social canids, is thought to be driven by high levels of interspecific competition and intra-guild predation with other large socially-organised predators. Research exploring how wild dogs maintain social bonds through social communication, while avoiding detection from potential competitors, is therefore vital for understanding this species. While olfactory and vocal communications are well represented in the literature concerning L. pictus, these channels of communication pose significant risks to wild dog survival, as they are inherently susceptible to eavesdropping by unintended receivers. In comparison, display communication, which requires visual contact between the signaller and receiver, poses comparatively less risk of attracting the attention of eavesdroppers. In spite of this, few studies have explored the use of display communication in wild dogs, leaving its potential significance in maintaining social bonds within packs unexplored. Using video analysis, I investigate how display communication and subsequent social interaction are affected by several pressures of the captive environment. Captivity did not appear to affect the presence of many social display types also used by free-ranging wild dogs. However, sexual behaviour was absent from the study groups, likely due to the use of contraception and pack sex composition. The effects of pack sex composition (single-sex versus mixed-sex) revealed that while the frequencies and durations of many social behaviours were not affected by sex composition, the distribution of social interactions did differ depending on group structure. Here, a highly related, single-sex group was more stable than a highly related, mixed-sex group of the same size. Differences in the captive management strategies, specifically enclosure size and feeding regime, of the two packs, may explain the behavioural differences observed. The death of a pack member permitted investigation of the effects of death on social interactions. While many of the social interactions were unaffected by the death, behaviours relating to the formation and maintenance of social dominance and social hierarchy increased after the dog’s death. The distribution of social interactions was non-random, suggesting that individuals were reorganising the social structure of the pack during this period. Finally, a small study into the effects of simultaneously added enrichments in the pack (post death) revealed that enrichment reduced the frequencies of dominance behaviours and allowed for a more even distribution of social interaction within the pack. This demonstrates how enrichment may potentially be used to reduce aggression within captive animals. Overall, this research reveals that display-based communication is important for the maintenance of sociality in captive African wild dogs. To better understand this endangered species, future studies in free-ranging populations should include this channel of communication.
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Newell-Fugate, Annie Elizabeth. "The effects of two formulations of deslorelin on the reproduction of male African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus)." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/30381.
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The African wild dog (Lycaon pictus) is the second most endangered carnivore in Africa. Although several high-profile endangered species are imperiled due to poor fertility, inadequate genetic diversity, and a reliance on specific niches, the wild dog is threatened by decreasing land space and human hunting practices. Wild dogs are highly fertile with an average litter size of nine at De Wildt Cheetah and Wildlife Centre. Wild dog males have 3 million to 900 million sperm per ejaculate and 45-75% progressive motility during the breeding season. Wild dogs released into small nature reserves in South Africa experience increased survival rates due to sizeable litters, abundant prey, and increased hunting success along fence lines. Furthermore, the current demand for captive-bred wild dogs is low due to lack of demand by overseas zoos and the inability of nature reserves to accommodate more dogs. Long-acting GnRH analogues have been used for fertility control in many wildlife species. However, dosing and efficacy differ among species and individual animals. This study assessed the efficacy of the GnRH analogue, deslorelin, on reproductive parameters of male African wild dogs. Seasonal effects on reproduction were also evaluated. Captive male African wild dogs housed at the De Wildt Cheetah and Wildlife Centre were administered either a 4.7 mg deslorelin implant (Suprelorin,® Peptech Animal Health (Pty) Ltd, Sydney, Australia; n = 10), an experimental 9.4 mg deslorelin injection (n = 11) or a placebo injection (n = 6). Treatment was administered during the non-breeding season (Month 0), and dogs were assessed at Months 3, 5, 6, and 7. Reproductive parameters evaluated before and after treatment included: serum testosterone, testicular and prostatic volume, and semen quality. Serum testosterone was assessed with a previously validated double antibody DSL testosterone radioimmunoassay kit (Diagnostic Systems Laboratories, Inc, Webster, TX). Testicular volume was calculated from testicular dimensions measured with a calliper and prostatic volume from dimensions obtained by trans-cutaneous ultrasound. Data were analyzed with ANOVA. Although the 4.7 mg deslorelin implant was safe for use in male wild dogs, there was wide variation in efficacy among dogs. The serum testosterone of implant dogs did not decrease to baseline after treatment and only half the dogs administered an implant became azoospermic post-treatment. The experimental long-acting deslorelin injection was ineffective for contraception of male African wild dogs. All three groups of dogs experienced an improvement in reproductive parameters during the months of February through May, the rainy season in northern South Africa and the period during which female African wild dogs enter oestrus, suggesting that a breeding season not only exists in the female African dog but also in the male. Testis and prostatic volume increased, serum testosterone concentrations and semen quality improved during that time of year. Further studies of deslorelin in male wild dogs are warranted to determine the appropriate dose, pay-out pattern, delivery method, and season of delivery necessary for adequate contraception in this species.Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2008.
Production Animal Studies
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Pole, Alistair. "The behaviour and ecology of African wild dogs, Lycaon pictus, in an environment with reduced competitor density." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2000. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU602016.
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African wild dogs, Lycaon pictus, are competitively inferior to lion, Panthera leo, and spotted hyaena, Crocuta crocuta. Across ecosystems, lion have been shown to be the single most important cause of wild dog mortality and, although spotted hyaena do not appear to kill wild dogs as readily as lion, they act as kleptoparasites at wild dog kills. Many studies have highlighted the impact that interspecific competition has on wild dog populations. Some more recent studies have used models and computer simulations to suggest that high levels of interspecific competition may lead to local extinctions of wild dog populations. As wild dogs are highly endangered and largely restricted to the few protected wildlife reserves in Africa where lion and spotted hyaena typically dominate, a better understanding of the impact of interference competition from these two species on wild dog populations is important. A census of the wild dog, lion and spotted hyaena populations on Save Valley Conservancy (SVC) in the southeast lowveld region of Zimbabwe showed that its large predator guild had a unique structure. Typically, spotted hyaena are the most numerous large predator followed by lion, both of which outnumber wild dogs by a significant amount. On SVC, the wild dog population outnumbered the lion and spotted hyaena populations by a considerable amount. This was due to the lion and spotted hyaena populations occurring at densities that were significantly lower than other communities throughout Africa. These small populations of lion and spotted hyaena were unlikely to have had a significant competitive influence on the wild dog population on SVC. As a result, SVC provided a unique opportunity to study a population of wild dogs in an environment in which interspecific interference competition was significantly reduced. The wild dog population on SVC occurred at a mean estimated adult density of 0.014 km-2 during the study. This adult density was similar to other wild dog populations in Southern Africa and so contradicted the hypothesis that in the absence of competition wild dogs would occur at higher densities. Two possible reasons were given for this lower than expected density. First, the annual estimates of adult density increased in each year of the study so it was possible that the population was still growing. Second, the wild dog packs on SVC contained significantly fewer adults in them when compared to other populations. It was shown that wild dog packs occupy home ranges that are largely spatially exclusive. As the size of the wild dog pack home ranges were not significantly correlated with the density of interspecific competitors across ecosystems, a reduction in the adult pack size would lead to a corresponding reduction in the adult density. It was suggested that the small mean adult pack size on SVC was due to the absence of selective forces associated with interspecific competition that would act to increase adult pack size e.g. increased vigilance against predation and increased protection of kills. While the mean number of pups in the wild dog packs on SVC was not significantly different to other wild dog populations, the ratio of adults to pups was much lower on SVC than other populations. Again, this was thought to have been a direct result of the lack of interspecific competition on SVC. The positive relationship between the mean ratio of adults to pups in wild dog packs and the density of lion and spotted hyaena across ecosystems provided further evidence for this relationship. Recommendations are made to ensure the persistence of the wild dog population on SVC. These include monitoring the lion and spotted hyaena populations and, if necessary, preventing them from increasing to exceptionally high densities; To increase the efficiency of the vaccination programme for the domestic dog population in the communal lands surrounding SVC; To initiate dialogue with neighbouring commercial and communal livestock farmers in order to try and reduce the conflict between predators and livestock; To create greater awareness of wild dogs through education.
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Newell-Fugate, Annie E. "The effects of two formulations of deslorelin on the reproduction of male African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus)." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2008. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-02192009-154836/.
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Bogusch, Corinna. "Zum Sozialverhalten rudellebender Wildcaniden in Gefangenschaft vergleichende Untersuchungen an Canis lupus, Cuon alpinus, Lycaon pictus und Speothos venaticus /." [S.l. : s.n.], 2003. http://archiv.ub.uni-marburg.de/diss/z2003/0105/.
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Thomas, Maree. "Sign-tracking : a possibloe route to behavioural enrichment in a group of captive cape hunting dogs (Lycaon pictus) /." Title page, contents and introduction only, 1992. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09SPS/09spst459.pdf.
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Lyamuya, Richard Daniel. "Human-carnivore conflict over livestock in the eastern Serengeti ecosystem with special emphasis on African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus)." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for biologi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-13146.
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AbstractHuman-carnivore conflict is currently one of the main constraints to biodiversity conservation efforts outside many protected areas worldwide. A survey of livestock depredation caused by wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) and other wild carnivore species in the Maasai and Sonjo areas outside Serengeti National Park, Tanzania over two periods between 2007/09 and 2010 using different methodologies indicated a high level of conflict. The conflict related to African wild dogs proved the most significant conflict during both periods compared with that related to other carnivores. Wild dogs were found to cause more attacks in the Maasai area (n = 229, n = 18) than in the Sonjo area (n = 111, n = 9) over both observation periods. However, the difference in attack rates was attributed to a difference in the size of the livestock populations, as there were approximately 318,209 animals belonging to the Maasai tribe, while the Sonjo tribe had only 78,191 livestock. Therefore, wild dogs were found to exert a statistically significantly higher depredation rate (1.42 animals per 1000 per year) related to the Sonjo tribe compared with the Maasai tribe (0.72 animals per 1000 per year), as estimated only during the first period.African wild dogs were found to be the most common predator in both areas for both periods. However, in the second period, leopards (Panthera pardus) and spotted hyaenas (Crocuta crocuta) were also found to be quite common predators in both areas. Shoats (sheep & goats) were depredated more frequently than cattle/donkeys by wild dogs and other carnivores in the area. Livestock depredation was found to occur most frequently during evening. While shoats were found to be most frequently attacked during the wet season, cattle/donkeys were most frequently attacked during the dry season. The results of this study recommend that traditional livestock husbandry techniques should be improved, as should the use of non-lethal control measures. Prevention and control measures for diseases that can affect both livestock and wildlife should be instituted in the area to enhance the survival rate of young animals. If possible, herders should bring their livestock back to boma before 16:00 hrs in the evening. Shoats should be more attentively looked after during the wet season. Furthermore, eco-tourism activities should be encouraged in the area. To achieve these aims, the reinforcement of wild dogs conservation awareness programmes in the area is a possible way forward.
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Whittington‐Jones, Brendan Mark. "The dispersal of African wild dogs (Lycaon Pictus) from protected areas in the Northern KwaZulu‐Natal Province, South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013414.
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The number of African wild dogs Lycaon pictus in Northern KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa has increased substantially over the last six years. This is largely due to a managed metapopulation approach of introductions onto protected areas and private game reserves since 1998. Because of the increasing wild dog population, the likelihood of rural communities surrounding protected areas encountering dispersing wild dogs in northern KwaZulu‐Natal has also increased. Resident wild dog populations currently occur in Hluhluwe‐iMfolozi Park (HiP), Mkhuze Game Reserve (MGR) of Isimangaliso Wetland Park and Thanda Private Game Reserve (TPGR) all of which are bordered by a matrix of natural habitats and human settlements. Thus, land outside these protected areas could be utilized to expand wild dog distribution and provide connectivity between existing resident populations of wild dogs within KwaZulu‐Natal. To investigate the viability of such an approach, Maximum Entropy Modelling (Maxent) was used to characterize habitat niche selection of dispersing wild dogs, and to identify potential dispersal linkages between current wild dog metapopulation reserves. The model was calibrated using 132 location points collected from 2006 until 2009. From 2008 to 2009 I also conducted a survey of 247 community members in tribal authorities bordering HiP and MGR, to understand factors influencing attitudes towards wild dogs. A habitat suitability model with seven predictor variables had an AUC of 0.96 (SD = 0.02) and indicated four variables which best predicted probability of presence for dispersing wild dogs: elevation, road density, land cover and human density. The results suggest that elevation and land cover may be of greater influence for dispersing wild dogs than human density or activity. Elevation was the single most effective variable indicating a higher probability of presence for dispersing wild dogs in lower lying locations; peaking at approximately 200 – 300m a.s.l. Wild dogs also showed a preference for Woodland and Bushland habitats which in KwaZulu‐Natal tend to be found on lower lying topography. A preference for areas of lower human density and a highest probability of presence at road densities of approximately 0.7km/km2 or less would suggest that while wild dogs may show a tendency to avoid areas of high human activity, they can coexist in close proximity to humans. Respondent’s attitudes, knowledge of wild dogs and livestock husbandry were interpreted by the development of a set of indices. Attitudes were positively related to formal education levels and wild dog‐specific education, but were not influenced by demographic factors such as gender, age and employment status. Eighty three percent of respondents believed efforts to protect wild dogs should continue. Respondents with higher numbers of livestock tended to have more positive attitudes towards wild dogs despite generally incurring higher losses to carnivore depredation than those with less livestock. This appears to be because the financial burden of livestock losses to those with fewer livestock is perceived to be a loss of a greater proportion of total financial wealth. The study highlighted the substantial scope for improvement in livestock management. Theft (34 percent), drought (30 percent) and disease (14 percent) were ranked as the greatest problems facing livestock owners while predators were ranked as the greatest problem by only 4 percent of respondents. My findings suggest that wild dogs are generally viewed positively or with ambivalence. Concerns over the potentially increasing threat to livestock, as natural prey numbers outside protected areas decline and wild dogs disperse from natal packs, are likely to be manageable. However, wild dog population expansion within KwaZulu‐Natal will continue to rely on managed core populations on perimeter‐fenced metapopulation reserves with tolerant communities and landowners contributing to the connectivity of isolated reserves. Generation of tolerance can be instilled through continued advocacy and education, supported by conflict mitigation initiatives and rapid response to conflict reports. The implementation of incentive schemes for adjoining private landowners to co‐manage wild dog populations will need to be addressed in conjunction with managed metapopulation practices and law enforcement, to promote range expansion, and reduce potentially lethal edge effects and wild dog‐human conflict.
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Marnewick, Kelly. "Conservation biology of cheetahs Acinonyx jubatus (Schreber 1775) and African wild dogs Lycaon pictus (Temminck 1820) in South Africa." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/53519.
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Large carnivores play a key role in regulating terrestrial ecosystems and their removal can cause effects that cascade through the lower trophic levels. Despite this, the geographic range and density of most large carnivore species are declining globally due to anthropogenic factors. Large carnivores are particularly difficult to conserve because they often come into conflict with humans, have large ranges, normally occur at low densities and are not confined to protected areas. This is particularly true for Vulnerable cheetahs Acinonyx jubatus and Endangered African wild dogs Lycaon pictus that are two of the widest ranging carnivores and are threatened by killing due to conflict, habitat fragmentation and snaring. Wild dogs are further susceptible to being killed on roads and cheetahs are often traded into captivity. Conservation planning for cheetahs and wild dogs in South Africa is hampered by a lack of information on suitable habitat for conservation action and connectivity between these habitats. Ecological niche models show that there are 21 410km2 of suitable habitat for both species in South Africa, both inside and outside of their current distribution ranges. Key areas are identified for conflict mitigation work, reintroduction projects and range expansion. With the exception of the Kruger National Park, the current protected area network is inefficient in conserving cheetah and wild dog habitat. To supply relevant information for conservation action, the range use of cheetahs outside of protected areas was investigated. Male home ranges ranged from 121.5 km2 to 607 km2 while females ranged from 14.7 km2 to 703.3 km2. Cheetahs utilised several ranches and mean home ranges sizes were larger than mean ranch size. This provides valuable and relevant information on cheetahs and aids conservation practitioners in mitigating human-cheetah conflict on South African farmland. The Kruger National Park is a stronghold for cheetah and wild dog conservation in South Africa thus monitoring the status of these populations is important. Tourist photographic surveys were used to obtain data for photographic-based capture-recapture analysis for open populations. Results show that 412 (329-495; SE 41.95) cheetahs and 151 (144-157; SE 3.21) wild dogs occur in the Kruger National Park. Cheetah capture probabilities were affected by time (number of entries) and sex, whereas wild dog capture probabilities were affected by the region of the park. The cheetah population of Kruger appears to be healthy, while the wild dog population size and density are of concern. Because cheetahs and wild dogs have been extirpated from most of South Africa, reintroduction programmes have resulted in cheetahs and wild dogs being introduced into fenced reserves. These are fragmented from each other and populations need to be managed to ensure demographic and genetic integrity. The survival of cheetahs introduced into reserves from the free roaming population was examined using data from 29 reserves and 189 cheetahs: 92 adults: 59 males and 33 females, plus 94 cubs born on the reserves. The Kaplan-Meier (product limit) estimator with staggered entry (Pollock et al. 1989) was used and the mean annual survivorship for all cheetahs, including cubs born, was 82.8%. The final survivorship value for all adult cheetahs was 0.23 and for cubs was 0.04. Cubs had significantly higher survival on reserves where other competing predators were absent. The median survival time was 38 months for adult males and more than 53 months for adult females. Cheetah and wild dog conservation needs to be addressed in three key geographically areas due to the different challenges and management interventions required: 1) free roaming populations outside of protected areas, 2) the Kruger National Park and 3) reintroduced populations in fenced reserves. Each area provides unique opportunities and challenges for conservation of these species.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2015.
Animal and Wildlife Sciences
PhD
Unrestricted
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Van, Der Meer Ester. "L'herbe est-il plus verte de l'autre côté? : un test de l'hypothèse de piège écologique pour les lycaons (Lycaon pictus) dans et autour du parc national de Hwange." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00839251.
Full textAbstract:
Au cours du siècle dernier, de même que dans les autres pays africains, la population de lycaon (Lycaon pictus) du Zimbabwe a diminué. En particulier dans le parc national de Hwange, une zone qui autrefois abritait une population viable, une nette diminution de la population a été documentée. Une des principales raison de ce déclin, est qu'à mesure du temps, les lycaons soit se sont rapprochés, ou bien ont pénétré dans la zone tampon située le long de la lisière nord du parc national. Dans la zone tampon, les lycaons sont de plus en plus exposés aux activités humaines, aboutissant à de la mortalité, ceci étant aussi connu sous le nom d'effet-lisère. Le taux de mortalité est si élevé qu'il excède le taux de natalité. Au final il n'y a pas de recrutement biologique, et la taille du groupe d'individus décroît bien en deçà de la taille optimale de groupe, nécessaire au succès reproducteur. Lorsque des animaux montrent un choix préférentiel pour un habitat à effet puits, on dit alors qu'ils sont capturés par un piège écologique. La sélection de l'habitat est bénéfique dans les systèmes classiques de type source-puits, puisque les animaux vivant dans des habitats de haute qualité, choisissent de migrer vers des habitats de faible qualité, uniquement lorsqu'il n'y a pas suffisamment d'habitat de haute qualité disponible. A l'intérieur d'un habitat de type piège écologique le choix est dangereux, et peut conduire à l'extirpation rapide d'une espèce, puisque les animaux vivant dans des habitats de haute qualité choisissent de migrer vers des habitats de faible qualité, même lorsqu'il y a suffisamment d'habitat de haute qualité disponible. Les pièges écologiques ont lieu lorsque des changements naturels ou induits par l'homme se produisent rapidement et que des déterminants de la sélection de l'habitat qui étaient alors sélectionnés deviennent trompeurs, entraînant des choix d'habitats inadaptés de la part des animaux. Pour distinguer un habitat de type puits d'un piège écologique, des connaissances complémentaires sont nécessaires, sur la relation entre les préférences d'habitat et la qualité de l'habitat. Dans l'écosystème de Hwange, les lycaons semblent baser le choix d'habitat sur les déterminants écologiques améliorant la fitness. Ils ont une meilleure efficacité de chasse dans la zone tampon à l'extérieur du parc national de Hwange, une compétition moindre avec les lions (Panthera leo) et avec les hyènes (Crocuta crocuta), ainsi qu'un meilleur accès à des sites de terrier. En conséquence, à l'extérieur du parc national, les lycaons donnent naissance à des portées de chiots plus grandes. Cependant, la mortalité induite par l'homme, en raison de l'effet lisière, est si grande qu'elle excède la natalité. Néanmoins, du fait qu'ils sont incapables de juger avec justesse de la qualité de l'habitat, en intégrant la mortalité induite par l'homme, les lycaons font un choix d'habitat inadapté, et ils se déplacent vers le puits de mortalité, à l'extérieur de la sécurité de l'aire protégée. En d'autres mots, les lycaons de l'écosystème de Hwange sont capturés par le piège écologique, que constitue la zone tampon située à l'extérieur du parc national de Hwange. A l'intérieur d'un piège écologique, la sélection d'habitat est désavantageuse, et résulterait probablement en un rapide effondrement du système et à l'extirpation de l'espèce impliquée. Le rapide déclin de la population de lycaons, dans et aux alentours du parc national de Hwange, soutient l'idée que le système de Hwange agit comme un piège écologique. Afin d'assurer un rapide rétablissement de la population, il est recommandé d'étendre les efforts de conservation au delà de la lisière de l'aire protégée, en visant à réduire la mortalité induite par l'homme, dans la zone tampon entourant le parc national de Hwange.
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Marembo, Kudzanai Rosebud. "Identifying african wild dog (Lycaon pictus) corridors outside Gonarezhou National Park and Save Valley Conservancy using maxent species distribution modeling." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96893.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.ENGLISH ABSTRACT:The African wild dog (Lycaon pictus) is one of the most endangered large carnivores. Gonarezhou National Park (GNP) and Savè Valley Conservancy (SVC) that hold part of the few remaining viable populations report that wild dog populations continue to decline due to high rates of habitat loss and fragmentation. This leads to low pup survival rates due to predators and reduced formation of new packs as the wild dogs have become reluctant to leave the safety of their original packs in pursuit of mating partners in fragmented habitats where higher risks of danger exist. Consequently, this reduces population growth for Lycaon pictus. Therefore, the study sought to identify additional suitable habitat for wild dog outside GNP and SVC and a corridor connecting the two areas using the ecological niche theory. Wild dog satellite collar data from the African Wildlife Conservation Fund (AWCF) was used with spatial and climate data for GNP and SVC from PeaceParks and WorldClim. This data was used to firstly, identify dens using ArcGIS 10.1. Secondly, map geographic and temporal distributions using Time Local Convex Hull (T-LoCoH). Thirdly, to assess biotic and abiotic drivers of different packs and sexes movement and distribution patterns using ARCGIS 10.1 and lastly, map probability distributions (corridor and re-location sites) using Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt). Den locations are in areas away from predators and human settlements. Wild dog geographic distributions are smaller in the cold and dry seasons and differ according to sex whilst temporal distributions depend on their use of resources. The most influential biotic and abiotic variables within reserves were distance to human settlements and elevation whilst the least influential were roads and temperature. However, outside the reserves, the most influential variable was distance from reserve. Malilangwe is a potential corridor between GNP and SVC, whilst Masvingo, Beitbridge, and Mwenezi districts have suitable habitat for re-location sites.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Afrika-wildehond (Lycaon pictus) is een van die mees bedreigde groot karnivore. Gonarezhou Nationale Park (GNP) en Savè Vallei Conservancy (SVC) wat deel van die min oorblywende lewensvatbare bevolkings hou rapporteer dat wilde hond bevolkings voortgaan om te daal as gevolg van die verlies en fragmentering van habitat. Dit lei tot 'n lae pup oorlewingsyfer te danke aan predasie asook dalende vlakke van nuwe troppe. Omdat as die wilde honde het huiwerig geword om die veiligheid van hul oorspronklike troppe te verlaat in die soektog na paarmaats in gefragmenteerde habitatte waar hoër risiko van gevaar bestaan. Gevolglik verminder die bevolkingsgroei vir Lycaon pictus. Daarom onderneem die studie addisionele geskikte habitat vir wilde hond buite die GNP en SVC te vind en die stigting van 'n gang Om die twee gebiede te verbind met behulp van die ekologiese nis teorie te identifiseer. Wildehond satelliet kraag data van die African Wildlife Conservation Fund (AWCF) is gebruik met ruimtelike en klimaat data vir die GNP en SVC van PeaceParks en WorldClim. Hierdie data is gebruik om eerstens, kuile te identifiseer met behulp van ArcGIS 10.1. Tweedens, kartering van geografiese en temporale verspreiding met behulp van Time Local Convex Hull (T-LoCoH). Derdens, die ondersoek van biotiese en abioties dryfkragte van verskillende troppe pakke en geslagte bewegings en verspreidingspatrone met ArcGIS 10.1 te evalueer en laastens, kartering van waarskynlikheidsverdelings (korridor en hervestigingsgebiede) van die Maksimum Entropie (MaxEnt). Kuile is in gebiede weg van roofdiere en menslike nedersettings. Wildehond geografiese verspreiding is kleiner in die koue en droë seisoene en verskil volgens geslag, terwyl temporale verspreidings afhang van die gebruik van hulpbronne. Die mees invloedryke biotiese en abioties veranderlikes binne reserwes was die afstand vanaf menslike nedersettings en hoogte, terwyl paaie en temperatuur die laagste invloed gehad. Buite die reserwes was, die mees invloedryke veranderlike afstand vanaf reservaat. Malilangwe is 'n potensiële korridor tussen die GNP en SVC, terwyl Masvingo, Beitbridge en Mwenezi distrikte geskikte habitat bied vir hervestiging.
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Page, Samantha Karin. "The feasibility of reintroducing African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) into the Great Fish River Nature Reserve, Eastern Cape, South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1016078.
Full textAbstract:
With a declining population of roughly 3000-5000 individuals in Africa, African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) are one of the most endangered carnivores in the world. As the global human population expands, it is becoming increasingly unlikely that large portions of land will be set aside for conservation, especially in developing countries. Thus, recent wild dog conservation efforts in South Africa have concentrated on establishing a managed metapopulation. A metapopulation is a group of geographically isolated subpopulations of a species that are managed (using supplementation and harvesting) to mimic natural gene flow. The Great Fish River Nature Reserve (GFRNR) in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa has been identified as a potential reserve to become part of the national wild dog metapopulation. My research aimed to conduct a feasibility assessment of the long-term (~ 25 years) success of a wild dog reintroduction into the GFRNR. This assessment included biological modelling of wild dogs and their expected prey, and determining the potential anthropogenic threats to wild dogs on the private and communal land surrounding the reserve. I used VORTEX population modelling and determined that the GFRNR is likely to have a wild dog carrying capacity of ~22 individuals. Using a 25-year modelling simulation, the most appropriate wild dog reintroduction scenario would be to reintroduce six females and four males initially and supplement the population with one female and two males in years 3, 10, 15 and 23. In addition, the harvesting/removal of one male and one female in years 10 and 20 would be required to ensure 100% population persistence and adequate genetic diversity. Kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros) and bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus) are expected to be the two most important prey species for reintroduced wild dogs in the GFRNR. Furthermore, wild dogs are likely to prefer the north-western and south-western sectors of the reserve because of the relatively high prey densities in these areas. However, regular monitoring of both the potential prey and the wild dog populations is essential to ensure persistence of the wild dogs and to prevent prey populations decreasing precipitously. Using structured questionnaire interviews (n = 128), I found that while neighbouring land owners and local communities were generally positive about the potential wild dog reintroduction (56 % of all respondents), several threats to wild dogs were identified along the reserve boundary and on the adjoining unprotected land. Some private landowners and members of rural communities around the reserve (34 %) stated that they would kill any wild dogs that dispersed onto their land. In addition, some respondents (8 %) admitted to believing in traditional uses for wild dog products (e.g. fur) which could result in the illegal killing of wild dogs outside of the GFRNR for traditional purposes. Poaching and the presence of unvaccinated domestic dogs on neighbouring land were also identified as being potential threats to a reintroduced wild dog population. However, such anthropogenic threats appear to be localised to the western and southern boundaries of the reserve. Therefore, by implementing preventative measures (such as anti-snare collars, anti-poaching patrols and vaccination against rabies and canine distemper) the likelihood of such threats occurring can be reduced. I conclude that the GFRNR can sustain a population of wild dogs and successfully contribute to South Africa‘s national metapopulation. An additional reserve will benefit the country‘s metapopulation by increasing the number of wild dogs available for translocation, thereby increasing genetic diversity and overall resilience (to environmental change, disease etc.) of South Africa‘s wild dog population. This will contribute towards the future conservation of this endangered species.
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Straube, Anne Cathrine Strande. "The Role of Wildlife Education in Conservation Biology: Can awareness change Locals` Attitudes towards the Endangered African Wild Dog (Lycaon pictus) ?" Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for biologi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-21429.
Full textAbstract:
In this master thesis, I will concentrate on the increasing interest for the research field of conservation biology, and what it can do to contribute to turn the future development in a more sustainable direction for a local community. Conservation biology is the knowledge about how we can utilise nature in a sustainable way. The term is comprehensive, but this thesis will focus on a small part, namely to investigate the role of education and the impact it may have on people’s behaviour and attitudes towards the African wild dog (Lycaon pictus).
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Scharis, Inger. "Distinguishing Painted dog (Lycaon pictus) footprints from Domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris) and Hyaena (Crocuta crocuta) footprints in the field – in search of a quantitative method." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-67270.
Full textAbstract:
Population estimation is an important task in all wildlife conservation. Such estimations are often difficult in low-density species such as big carnivores. The painted dog (Lycaon pictus) is an endangered species and the first aim of IUCNs action plan is to assess the size and the distribution of the remaining population. This study is the first step towards a quantitative method to distinguish painted dog footprints from footprints of feral domestic dogs and hyaenas. Footprint photographs were collected and digitally processed and total pad area and angles between the digits and backpad of the paw were measured. Both the pad area and the angles show a statistically significant difference between the species. However, further analysis shows that there is no significant difference in pad area between painted dog females and domestic dog males. Size of the pads alone is therefore not suitable as a measure to determine the species from an unknown footprint. The angles between backpad and digits seem to be more suitable to distinguish between species. Therefore, a combination of pad size and the angle between backpad and digits might be useful to estimate the species from an unknown footprint in the field.
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Van, Der Meer Ester. "Is the grass greener on the other side? : testing the ecological trap hypothesis for African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) in and around Hwange National Park." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO10095/document.
Full textAbstract:
Lorsque des animaux montrent un choix préférentiel pour un habitat à effet puits, on dit alors qu’ils sont capturés par un piège écologique. La sélection de l’habitat est bénéfique dans les systèmes classiques de type source-puits, puisque les animaux vivant dans des habitats de haute qualité (natalité>mortalité), choisissent de migrer vers des habitats de faible qualité (natalitéWhen animals show a preferential choice for sink habitat they are said to have been caught in an ecological trap. Habitat choice behaviour is beneficial in classic source-sink systems, as animals living in high quality habitat (natality>mortality) only choose to migrate into low quality habitat (natality
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Fedderwitz, Frauke. "Protecting dogs against attacks by wolves (Canis lupus), with comparison to African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) and dholes (Cuon alpinus)." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-56817.
Full textAbstract:
In this thesis five different protection harnesses for hunting dogs against canidae attacks were assessed. Hunting dogs can be attacked and severely injured or killed by wolves (Canis lupus) when released during hunting. So far there is no effective protection method. Similar problems are reported with African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) and dholes (Cuon alpinus) with other domestic animals. In this study the experimental harnesses were presented on a dummy to lure the animals to attack them. The harnesses with physical (screws or spikes on the back) and ultrasound (immediate bite controlled and 19 second continuous ultrasound) deterrents were only assessed during wolf attacks, whereas the harness with electric shocks was also tested on the other two species. Neither physical nor ultrasound deterrents showed a large enough aversive response in the wolves. Electric shocks, given to the animals when biting the dummy, triggered an immediate release of the dummy in all three species. Long term effects differed between species and individuals. The exposed wolf did not touch the dummy again after a second exposure, whereas all except one African wild dog bit the dummy again in consecutive trials. Some individuals returned to bite a second time even in the same trial. An assessment of the long term effect on dholes was not possible, as the individuals were undistinguishable. Based on the data obtained in this study a harness with electric deterrent seems the most promising.
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Angwafo, Tsi Evaristus. "Status of wildlife and its utilisation in Faro and Benoué National Parks North Cameroon: case study of the Derby eland (Taurotragus derbianus gigas Gray, 1947) and the African wild dog (Lycaon pictus Temminck, 1840)." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://se6.kobv.de:8000/btu/volltexte/2006/11.
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Pretorius, Mariette Estelle. "Resource conflicts between humans and the African wild dog (Lycaon pictus)." Thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/23610.
Full textAbstract:
A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science, 2017The African wild dog (Lycaon pictus) is one of South Africa’s most endangered carnivores. The species has suffered massive range shrinkages in the past few decades and population numbers have dropped significantly. Along with other factors responsible for its decline, one of the most notable threats to the African wild dog is conflict with humans. These carnivores are often persecuted by farmers for their alleged depredation of livestock and captive-bred game species, although doubt exists as to whether wild dogs are the avid depredators as suggested. My research therefore aimed to investigate the conflict between people and African wild dog, focussing on livestock depredation. Due to heterogeneous farming landscapes, the history and location of protected areas and the endangered status of the African wild dog, South Africa provides many opportunities to study this particular type of human-carnivore conflict. Firstly, I conducted a meta-analysis of human-carnivore conflict using published literature about African wild dog depredation of livestock and game and compared these to other African carnivores as well as non-African carnivores. Results indicated that African wild dog were less avid depredators than other African species such as lion (Panthera leo) and spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta). Also evident was that high carnivore and livestock densities, coupled with poor communities with poor livestock husbandry practices, make people and carnivores in developing regions more vulnerable to human-carnivore conflicts. Secondly, I assessed actual African wild dog occurrence in relation to the location of farms, livestock density and several other anthropogenic and natural landscape features. This was achieved using GPS data from four collared African wild dog individuals from packs residing in the northeastern part of South Africa and resource selection functions. Results from these analyses suggested that, whilst African wild dog may occur in close proximity to farms, they established home ranges in areas of low livestock density and few farms, indicating predictive avoidance of areas where mortality may occur. Major roads were highlighted as a vulnerability for the African wild dog, whilst nature reserves and vegetation were also important predictors of wild dog occurrence. Other anthropogenic and natural landscape features varied in importance in determining wild dog occurrence. Knowledge about how the African wild dog selects its resources will enable us to identify vulnerabilities for these carnivores as well as areas where they are likely to occur, aiding in conservation planning. Though African wild dog have historically been reported to kill livestock such goats and cattle, my study seems to indicate that these carnivores are not avid stock-killers. Given the precarious survival status of the African wild dog and the food security needs of people in a developing region strongly suggests the need for cooperation of farmers and the education of communities to aid the recovery of this uniquely African carnivore.
XL2018
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Krüger, Sonja. "The feeding ecology of the African wild dog Lycaon pictus in Hluhluwe- Umfolozi Park." Thesis, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/10325.
Full textAbstract:
The small population size of wild dog Lycaon pictus (10) in Hluhluwe-Umfolozi Park (HUP)
and the decline in their numbers since 1992, has caused concern for their survival and
consideration of further introductions. In the light of many failed wild dog relocation and
reintroduction programmes, this study contributes towards an understanding of the ecology
of the HUP wild dog pack.
Wild dog prey preference was determined from scat analysis and personal
observations, and their potential impact on the primary prey species was modelled. The
choice of physical habitat features by wild dog and their ranging behaviour within the Park
were correlated with the distribution of their primary prey and other predators. To determine
the susceptibility of prey to predation in three reserves with different predator diversities and
densities, prey vigilance and prey response to playback recordings of predator calls were
recorded.
The results showed that wild dog preference for females, adult nyala Tragelaphus
angasi and juvenile impala Aepyceros melampus, was a function of prey abundance,
profitability calculated using a diet choice model, and ease of capture. Based on the overall
lack of association of wild dog and their primary prey species and predators, and the overall
lack of similarity of wild dog and prey choice of physical habitat features, predator presence
was the most important determinant of wild dog ranging behaviour. Prey vigilance differed
significantly between reserves and was inversely correlated with predator density. Prey
response to predator calls did not differ significantly between reserves but prey did, however,
react sooner to those calls unfamiliar to them. Nyala were more vigilant and responded
sooner to playbacks than impala suggesting that nyala may experience greater levels of predation pressure. There was no evidence to suggest that the prey preference, habitat
preference and ranging behaviour of the wild dog were influenced by the susceptibility of
prey to predation. Models of prey population dynamics determined that although the
introduction of an additional wild dog pack would result in a reduction of current prey
population growth rates and an increase in prey population extinction probabilities, their
predicted impact would be slight.
Since emigration and population viability were identified as the primary causes of the
HUP wild dog population decline, the introduction of two groups of wild dog individuals into
Hluhluwe was suggested to boost population numbers and stimulate breeding and dispersal
within the Park. The importance of future monitoring and proactive management was
stressed to ensure the survival of this valuable species in the Park.Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1996.
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Van, Wyk Dewald. "African wild dog (Lycaon pictus) area utilization in the northern Tuli game reserve, Botswana." 2013. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1000954.
Full textAbstract:
M. Tech. Nature ConservationThe influence of predation on ungulates is most commonly measured through the direct lethal effects of predators. However, indirect effects of predation risk may alter prey behaviour and survival. The introduction of a pack of African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) into the Northern Tuli Game Reserve, Botswana, allowed various indirect responses of ungulates to predation risk to be investigated. The study focused on predation pressure and its effects on ungulate activities during the denning period of the wild dogs, and on how the distribution and density of prey and lions influenced wild dog movement patterns in both the denning and non-denning period.
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Andreka, Gunther Emil. "Spatial utilisation, habitat selection and population status of the wild dog (Lycaon pictus) population in Hluhluwe Umfolozi Park." Thesis, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/10319.
Full textAbstract:
The African wild dog (Lycaon pictus) was reintroduced into Hluhluwe Umfolozi Park (HUP) in
1980/81 after an absence of over 50 years. A 'hands off' management approach was applied.
Although the reintroduction is regarded as successful, the population has not increased
significantly and still only consists of a single pack. Various aspects which may affect this
population were investigated to compile an active management strategy. Home range analyses
identified extensive use of a home range which covered only 22.7 % of HUP and was situated
entirely in Hluhluwe Game Reserve. The extensive movements of the dogs within their home
range were primarily dictated by the movements and distribution of their prey species, especially
nyala (Tragelaphus angasu) and impala (Aepyceros melampus). Forest habitats were preferred,
but all available habitat types were utilised extensively by the wild dogs. Space and habitat were
both considered to have no limiting effect on this population and HUP has sufficient space and
suitable habitat to support a larger population of L. pictus. A number of potentially pathogenic
antigens were identified in the population, indicating that it had been exposed to these at some
time. Domestic dogs in the areas surrounding HUP were identified as the most likely source of
these diseases which pose a threat to the wild dogs. Some genetic considerations are discussed
in terms of their effect on the population status and management of the wild dogs. A number of management proposals based on the results of the project were formulated. It is suggested that
an active management approach be adopted for the population. This includes managing it as part
of a metapopulation which primarily involves the exchange of genetic material among similar wild
dog populations on a regular basis. The immediate supplementation of the population with new
genetic material is proposed.Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1996.
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Spiering, Penny A. "Behavioural ecology, genetics and success of African wild dogs Lycaon pictus (Temminck, 1820) in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/30860.
Full textAbstract:
The African wild dog (Lycaon pictus) is one of Africa’s most endangered species, with
fewer than 5,000 individuals surviving in the wild. Most of the remaining populations
are increasingly fragmented and small, making loss of genetic diversity, reduced gene
flow and inbreeding depression major concerns for the species. Recent efforts to
conserve and increase severely declined numbers of wild dogs in South Africa have been
focused on reintroductions to small protected areas to form a large metapopulation. The
subpopulation in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) was the first created and is currently the second
largest population in the country with approximately 114 individuals. The overall goal for wild dog conservation in KZN is to establish a large, self-sustaining population within
the province. This study evaluated the genetics and behaviour of the wild dogs in the
province and explored how these factors influence long-term population health. An
assessment of the progress made through reintroduction efforts to date was conducted by
examining the current genetic diversity of the population and the pack and population
dynamics shaping it. These findings were also used to investigate strategies for
advancing the population to viable levels in the future.
The scope of the project was divided into five topics to address the most crucial
and intriguing aspects of African wild dog biology, conservation and management. First,
non-invasive faecal genetic techniques were refined for field sampling of wild dogs in
order to accurately genotype individuals and assess population heterozygosity. Second,
the influences of inbreeding and genetic heterozygosity on fitness traits were investigated
to determine if effects of inbreeding depression were apparent in the current population.
Third, reproductive sharing among dominant and subordinate wild dogs was evaluated
using genetic parentage analyses and long-term behavioural and demographic data.
Fourth, the extent of inbreeding avoidance in wild dog reproduction was examined and
the impact of this behaviour on future population persistence explored. Lastly, a
population viability assessment using genetic inputs and goals was conducted for the
current KZN wild dog population and strategies for the establishment of a viable future
population were suggested.
Genotyping and sampling errors were identified as significant sources of error in
non-invasive analyses using faecal samples from wild dogs. Software assessments and
replications were used to detect and correct genotyping errors. Sampling errors occurring in the field were corrected by evaluating multiple faecal samples from individual wild
dogs, comparing matching individual blood and faecal genotypes, and using a large
number of microsatellite loci to the identification of unique individuals in the dataset.
Results showed that although genotyping and sampling errors were significant in our
faecal DNA investigation of wild dogs, it is possible to correct these errors to generate
consistent and accurate genotypes. Whenever possible, future genetic studies on African
wild dogs and other endangered carnivores should apply these non-invasive techniques as
they avoid handling of these stress-sensitive animals and have proven to be a reliable
method of attaining good quality DNA.
Though some cases of incest have been observed in the KZN wild dog population,
the deleterious effects of inbreeding depression have only moderately begun to show on
the lifespans of inbred individuals. Compared to non-inbred individuals, inbred wild
dogs (f ≥ 0.25) had significantly shorter lifespans. However, this trend was limited to a
small number of packs, indicating that although this seems to be evidence of inbreeding
depression, a larger sample size is needed to confirm this. These results provide baseline
data on the genetic diversity and fitness of the population and highlight the importance of
tracking these characteristics in the future to ensure a healthy population.
Within the parentage analyses, a substantial portion of reproductive sharing
between dominants and subordinates was discovered in packs that contained siblings of
the alpha pair. Alpha females mated annually, whereas subordinate betas bred in over
half of all breeding years. Regardless of the number of adult males in the pack, litters of
mixed paternity occurred in over 50% of years. Alpha males sired just over half of pups
while one or two subordinate males sired the remaining pups in each pack. A skewed adult sex-ratio and frequent alpha mortalities for females and behavioural aggression in
males allowed most individuals to attain dominant status in their lifetime. These findings
suggest that more individuals than expected were able to contribute to reproduction in the
population. In addition, reproductive partitioning in wild dogs is mediated through a
combination of demographic, behavioural and hormonal factors.
Extensive behavioural and genetic data confirm that wild dogs largely avoid
mating with kin and suggest that avoidance is based on familiarity since only one
inbreeding pair had prior association with each other. Computer-simulated populations
revealed that preventing relatives from breeding could cause demographic declines and
extinction due to an absence of unrelated mates. Although stronger inbreeding avoidance
maintained significantly more genetic variation, small, isolated wild dog populations
could encounter potentially severe demographic impacts of these behavioural
mechanisms.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2011.
Centre for Wildlife Management
Unrestricted
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Van, den Berghe Femke. "A conservation management toolkit: developing assisted breeding and behavioural management tools for the African wild dog (Lycaon pictus)." Thesis, 2018. https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/54780/1/54780-van-den-berghe-2018-thesis.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
The African wild dog (AWD; Lycaon pictus) is endangered with the current population estimated at 6,600 animals, scattered over several subpopulations in Southern and Eastern Africa. They show a complex social structure including a separate male and female hierarchy and a cooperative breeding system where subdominants usually do not breed but help in raising the pups. To maintain a viable captive population and genetic diversity, animals are often translocated between institutions to form a new breeding pack. Similarly, a metapopulation management plan has been introduced in South Africa, involving the reintroduction of AWDs in small protected areas and regular translocations of individuals between subpopulations. However, due to their complex social structure, new pack formations can often lead to aggression between animals resulting in injury or even mortality.
Sperm freezing, and development of artificial insemination (AI) techniques, can aid species management and conservation of the AWD. The use of semen cryopreservation and AI could overcome problems of intra-pack aggression associated with new pack formations by supplementing genetic diversity without disrupting existing pack structure; and thereby facilitating captive breeding and metapopulation management. In addition, transporting spermatozoa instead of live animals reduces the risk of disease transmission and has ecological and economic benefits. Sperm from free-roaming males could be used to increase genetic diversity in captivity, avoiding the removal of animals from the wild. Lastly, establishing a sperm bank of genetically valuable animals will provide a genetic back-up of the remaining population, providing a buffer against possible threats. Therefore, the aim of this thesis was to develop assisted breeding and behavioural management techniques to enable the application of AI in this species, through the following objectives: (i) determine the effect of social rank on subordinate male fertility (Chapter 2); (ii) develop a sperm freezing protocol (Chapter 3); (iii) determine if Dog Appeasing Pheromone (DAP) can reduce stress and aggression associated with temporary pack separation (Chapter 4); and (iv) validate the use of behaviour and faecal steroid hormone profiles as a non-invasive way to time the fertile period in AWD females for timed AI (Chapter 5).
The study included n=15 males from 5 packs housed in zoological institutions in the US (ABQ, Albuquerque BioPark, Albuquerque, NM; TOP, Topeka Zoo, Topeka, KS; BRK, Brookfield Zoo, Chicago, IL; BIN, Binder Park Zoo, Battle Creek, MI; and OKC, Oklahoma City Zoo, Oklahoma City, OK) and n=13 males and n=3 females from 3 packs housed at Harnas Wildlife Foundation, Gobabis, Namibia (BRU, Brutus pack; PLA, Platform pack; SAN, San pack). Males were immobilised during the pre-breeding season (n=12; ABQ, BRK, BIN, TOP) and breeding season (n=24; ABQ, BRK, BIN, OKC, BRU, PLA, SAN) and male fertility parameters including hormones (faecal androgen - fAM and glucocorticoid metabolite - fGCM concentrations), prostate and testes volume, preputial gland size, semen collection success, and multiple measures of sperm quality were recorded (objective 1). Sperm samples of sufficient quality collected in the breeding season were split and frozen using 2 canine freezing protocols: Protocol 1: a one-step dilution in TRIS-20% egg yolk containing 8% glycerol; and Protocol 2: a two-step dilution in TRIS-20% egg yolk containing a final extender concentration of 5% glycerol and 0.5% Equex STM, coupled with a TRIS-citrate-fructose thawing solution (objective 2). In addition, males from US packs were treated topically either with DAP (n=11; 4 packs) or placebo solution (n=12, 4 packs), applied at the end of anaesthesia prior to reintroduction into the pack (objective 3). Behavioural interactions as well as fGCM and fAM were examined from 3 days before (objective 1) until 4-6 days after immobilisation (objective 3). Moreover, behavioural interactions, faecal progesterone (fPM) and estrogen (fEM) metabolite concentrations were examined for n=3 alpha females during their periovulatory period. Furthermore, each female was immobilised on 2 or 3 occasions at this time to evaluate vulvar size, and serum progesterone and oestrogen levels as well as perform vaginal cytology, vaginoscopy, and ovarian ultrasound (objective 4).
Semen could be collected successfully from all alpha males but from only half the subordinate males in the pre-breeding season, with higher urine contamination in lower ranking animals. Fertility parameters did not differ between social ranks, except for a lower sperm progressive motility and normal morphology in subordinates. In the breeding season, preputial gland size increased with social rank, but no difference between ranks was observed in any other parameter, including sperm quality (objective 1). Eight ejaculates of sufficient quality were frozen in the breeding season. Sperm motility persisted for up to 8h after thawing for Protocol 2, while it dropped to nearly 0% after 2h incubation for Protocol 1. In addition, viability and acrosome integrity of spermatozoa were higher for Protocol 2 throughout post-thaw incubation (objective 2). The application of DAP to males at the end of anaesthesia and prior to reintroduction, did not alter the rise in fGCM levels after intervention. However, fAM increased in placebo but was prevented in DAP treated animals. On the day of reintroduction, DAP treated packs tended to show lower rates of contact-dominance and active-submission behaviour, but higher rates of non-contact dominance behaviour (objective 3). In females, late oestrus (fertile period) could be clearly distinguished from early oestrus by an increase in frequency of certain types of behavioural interactions between the alpha male and female (affiliative behaviour, sexual follow, male initiating behaviour, ride-up, and copulation). One female exhibited an anovulatory cycle while the remaining 2 showed a significant 2.5- to 3-fold increase in fPM levels and similar declining fEM levels (after a rise in pro-oestrus) compared to baseline. However, vaginal cytology and vaginoscopy results deviated from patterns seen in domestic dogs, and blood progesterone showed lower levels. Moreover, ovarian structures were difficult to visualise by ultrasound. As such, without frequent sampling, these invasive diagnostic techniques are unsuitable to determine the fertile phase in wild canids such as the African wild dog (objective 4).
In conclusion, reproductive suppression of subordinate males appears to be behaviourally mediated, given that AWD males of all social ranks produce semen of similar quality during the breeding season, making them suitable candidates for sperm banking (objective 1). In addition, a two-step dilution in TRIS-egg yolk-glycerol extender containing Equex STM yields significantly improved post-thaw quality and longevity of AWD spermatozoa, making it appropriate for sperm banking and artificial insemination initiatives (objective 2). The observed effects of DAP on AWD hormones and behaviour could decrease the risk of agonistic interactions, making it a useful tool to help manage temporary pack separation, needed when performing semen freezing and AI (objective 3). Lastly, distinctive behaviours during late oestrus, together with an increase in faecal progesterone and decline in faecal oestrogen in AWD females, could potentially be used to determine the timing of the fertile period (objective 4). These results combined facilitate sperm banking and the application of AI in the African wild dog, thereby assisting management and conservation of the species.
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Lindsey, Peter Andrew. "Conserving wild dogs ( Lycaon pictus ) outside state protected areas in South Africa: ecological, sociological and economic determinants of success." Thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/27667.
Full textAbstract:
The restricted geographic range and tenuous conservation status of wild dogs in South Africa were the motivating factors behind this study. Wild dogs have been extirpated from most of their historic range in South Africa, and now occur in three limited distributions: a) one viable population in Kruger National Park; b) a protected meta-population, consisting of 1 packs in six sub-populations (four on state owned reserves – Hluhluwe-Umfolozi Park, Madikwe Game Reserve, Marakele National Park, Pilanesberg National Park, and two on privately owned reserves – Karongwe Game Reserve, and Venetia Limpopo Nature Reserve), and c) ` 76 unprotected individuals in 17 packs and dispersing groups occurring outside protected areas, primarily in the game ranching areas of the extreme north and north east. Prior to the establishment of the proposed transfontier parks, the best prospects for range expansion likely exist on private land. My study investigated some of the ecological, sociological and economic issues associated with wild dog conservation on private land under various scenarios. Over the last few years, the focus of conservation efforts and donor funding expenditure (72.6% of funding) has been the establishment of the meta-population. This been effective – the target size (nine packs) of the meta-population has been exceeded in six years, four years less than the targeted schedule (10 years). From here, there are two ways in which donor funding might be used to achieve further range expansion outside state protected areas, through expansion of the meta-population by reintroducing wild dogs onto private nature reserves, and through the conservation of wild dogs in situ on ranchland. For either strategy, an estimated minimum area of 158.5 km2 is required to support the predation requirements of a pack of 12 wild dogs in northern South Africa, 172.8 km2 in eastern South Africa, and 354.2 km2 in north-eastern South Africa. Private reserve owners may not be willing to accept the costs of predation by wild dogs in the absence of compensation. Compensation for predation ($9,563 - $101,762/year) in addition to the high start up costs of wild dog reintroductions ($36,880) would increase annual donor funding requirements by 1.3 – 4 times, and reduce the cost efficiency of this strategy below that of alternative conservation options. However, there is potential to generate substantial revenue from wild dog-based ecotourism ($11,000 - $60,000/pack/year), and given careful reserve selection, tourism benefits can exceed the costs. Consequently, private reserve owners might be encouraged to reintroduce wild dogs at their own cost. In line with this, the Wild dog Advisory Group-SA has received enquiries from several private reserve owners interested in reintroducing wild dogs onto their properties. The expansion of the meta-population should be limited to state-owned reserves and private reserves willing to carry the costs. There are more wild dogs occurring outside protected areas than previously recognised. Potentially important founder populations occur in game ranching areas in eastern (1-3 resident packs and dispersing groups), northern (1-5 resident packs and dispersing groups) and western Limpopo (1-5 resident packs and dispersing groups), and large areas (88,750 km2) of potentially suitable habitat for range expansion are currently available. Persecution by landowners remains a significant problem, however, and until this is controlled, range expansion is unlikely to occur. Negative attitudes (47.7% of ranchers) are typically based upon perceived or real economic costs associated with wild dogs, and the removal of cost burdens from landowners is the most direct way in which attitudes might be improved. Despite the high annual costs associated with predation by wild dogs on ranchland ($11,942 - $115,761), the low logistical costs ($3,572 initially, and then $15,382 annually thereafter) associated with conserving wild dogs in situ on ranchland render this option more cost efficient than the reintroduction of wild dogs onto private reserves (14-27 packs conserve / $100,000 cf. 3-19 packs / $100,000). Furthermore, tourism revenue from wild dogs has the potential to offset the costs of their predation on ranchland under most scenarios, and promoting the conservation of wild dogs in situ on ranchland by assisting ranchers in establishing wild dog-ecotourism operations should be the focus of future conservation efforts. A substantial proportion of ranchers (52.3%) are positive towards wild dogs, and private landowners are potentially important facilitators in the conservation of the species in South Africa. The focus on future conservation efforts involving wild dogs in South Africa should be to establish wild dog populations in the proposed Limpopo/Shashi and Lubombo transfrontier conservation areas as soon as they are established, to encourage private reserve owners to reintroduce wild dogs at their own expense ,and to promote the conservation of naturally occurring wild dogs in situ on ranchland, by encouraging and assisting ranchers to establish wild dog-ecotourism programmes.Thesis (DPhil (Zoology))--University of Pretoria, 2006.
Zoology and Entomology
unrestricted
33
Bogusch, Corinna [Verfasser]. "Zum Sozialverhalten rudellebender Wildcaniden in Gefangenschaft : vergleichende Untersuchungen an Canis lupus, Cuon alpinus, Lycaon pictus und Speothos venaticus / vorgelegt von Corinna Bogusch." 2003. http://d-nb.info/975488996/34.
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Graf, Jan Andreas. "The spatial ecology of lion (Panthera leo) and spotted hyaena (Crocuta crocuta) in Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park : implications for the African wild dog (Lycaon pictus." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/4042.
Full textAbstract:
The ecological role of apex predators in ecosystems is increasingly recognized not only as a result of their affects on prey species, but also on the numbers and behaviour of other predator species within their guilds. In an African context, dominant apex predators such as lions (Panthera leo) and spotted hyaenas (Crocuta crocuta) have been implicated in limiting endangered intraguild species such as wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) via direct intraguild interactions, such as interference and predation. As a result of this it has been predicted that spatial and temporal refugia are critical for wild dogs to co-exist with lions and spotted hyaenas. Whether such refugia are actually present within small protected areas, such as Hluhluwe iMfolozi Park (HiP), within which these three species co-exist, has been questioned. For wild dogs, interference or predation refugia may be equated to areas or periods which contain a relatively low level of encounter probability with spotted hyaenas and lions respectively. By combining well established field research techniques, such as radio telemetry and audio playbacks, with novel geographic information system tools, I investigated the two key drivers of the probability of encounter with spotted hyaenas and lions, namely density and utilization intensity. Results from the analyses showed that substantial spatial and temporal variation existed in the utilization intensity of lions, as well as the density of both lions and spotted hyaenas, at short and intermediate time scales, in HiP. The spatial scale across which these patterns resolved appear to be well suited to the movement capabilities of wild dogs. This indicated that wild dogs may be able to exploit such areas of temporary lower density and/or utilization intensity, suggesting the dynamic nature of refugia involved in the interactions within these two species-pairs. Results from the lion analyses further suggest that groups rather than individuals are the basic units around which intraguild interactions of social predator and prey species should be investigated, and that social grouping in combination with predator territoriality may stabilize intraguild interactions. An important prediction emerging from this work is that wild dogs, or other subordinate African large predator species, may be forced to trade-off safety from hyaena interference vs. safety from lion predation.Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2009.
National Research Foundation, The Green Trust (WWF–SA), The Wildlands Conservation Trust, University of KwaZulu-Natal, The Endangered Wildlife Trust, Smithsonian Institution, Sichel Family Endowment, Friends of the National Zoo, THRIP, Wild about Cats, Hluhluwe Tourism Association, Bateleurs, Third World Academy of Science, The Wild Dog Foundation, and The Sally Club.
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Angwafo, Tsi Evaristus [Verfasser]. "Status of wildlife and its utilisation in Faro and Benoué National Parks North Cameroon: case study of the Derby eland (Taurotragus derbianus gigas Gray, 1947) and the African wild dog (Lycaon pictus Temminck, 1840) = Ist-Bestand der Wildtiere, deren Nutzung in den Nationalparks Faro und Benoué (Nord Kamerun): Fallstudie Riesenelen (Taurotragus derbianus gigas Gray, 1947) und Afrikanischer Wildhund (Lycaon pictus Temminck, 1840) / by Tsi Evaristus Angwafo." 2006. http://d-nb.info/982854323/34.
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