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Journal articles on the topic 'Lycaenids'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Fiedler, Konrad. "The ant associates of Lycaenidae butterfly caterpillars – revisited." Nota Lepidopterologica 44 (September 8, 2021): 159–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/nl.44.68993.

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Based on a global compilation of data on ant associates of 523 Lycaenidae species, a synthesis is attempted as to which ants participate in these interactions. Ants from 63 genera have thus far been observed as visitors of facultative myrmecophiles or as hosts of obligate myrmecophiles among the Lycaenidae. Over 98% of records come from nectarivorous and trophobiotic ants in just three subfamilies, viz. Formicinae, Myrmicinae and Dolichoderinae, with the genera Crematogaster and Camponotus occupying the top ranks. Accumulation analysis suggests that rather few ant genera remain to be added to the list of associates. The representation of ant genera as attendants of lycaenid immatures is related to their global species richness, but with some notable exceptions. Ants that form ecologically dominant, large, long-lived colonies are over-represented as hosts of obligate myrmecophiles. The taxonomic diversity of lycaenid-ant associations is highest in the Oriental and Australian region, and lowest in the Neotropical and Afrotropical region. Among tropical African lycaenids, this is due to two butterfly lineages (genus Lepidochrysops and subfamily Aphnaeinae) that have massively radiated in the Neogene, but mostly maintaining their general affiliations with either Camponotus or Crematogaster ants, respectively. Many tropical and subtropical lycaenids nowadays form associations also with invasive alien tramp ants, giving rise to novel mutualistic interactions.

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2

Mizuno, Hagiwara, and Akino. "Varied Effects of Tending Ant Species on the Development of Facultatively Myrmecophilous Lycaenid Butterfly Larvae." Insects 10, no. 8 (August 1, 2019): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10080234.

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Ants often tend and protect the larvae of various myrmecophilous lycaenid species, which influences the fitness of butterflies by altering their growth and developmental time. Tending produces diverse effects depending on lycaenid sex and the lycaenid/ant species combination. Effects are widely variable, especially in facultatively myrmecophilous lycaenids such as Plebejus argyrognomon praeterinsularis, because they are associated with several ant species and can survive without any ant tending. We studied the effects of ant tending on the adult body mass and larval developmental time of P. argyrognomon praeterinsularis. Female larvae grew significantly heavier as adults when tended by Camponotus japonicus rather than by either Lasius japonicus or no ant species. Ant tending did not affect the body mass of adult males or the developmental time of either male or female larvae. Thus, tending by C. japonicus could increase the fitness of P. argyrognomon praeterinsularis by increasing the mass of females without prolonging the duration of vulnerable immature stages, because larger females generally lay more eggs. This means that even facultatively myrmecophilous lycaenids might gain fitness benefits from particular ant species, which could be important in the conservation and management of at-risk species of facultatively myrmecophilous lycaenids.

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3

Fiedler, Konrad. "The Host Genera of Ant-Parasitic Lycaenidae Butterflies: A Review." Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2012 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/153975.

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Numerous butterfly species in the family Lycaenidae maintain myrmecophilous associations with trophobiotic ants, but only a minority of ant-associated butterflies are parasites of ants.Camponotus,Crematogaster,Myrmica, andOecophyllaare the most frequently parasitized ant genera. The distribution of ant-parasitic representatives of the Lycaenidae suggests that onlyCamponotusandCrematogasterhave multiply been invaded as hosts by different independent butterfly lineages. A general linear model reveals that the number of associated nonparasitic lycaenid butterfly species is the single best predictor of the frequency of parasitic interactions to occur within an ant genus. Neither species richness of invaded ant genera nor their ecological prevalence or geographical distribution contributed significantly to that model. Some large and dominant ant genera, which comprise important visitors of ant-mutualistic lycaenids, have no (Formica,Dolichoderus) or very few ant-parasitic butterflies (Lasius,Polyrhachis) associated with them.

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4

Schär, Sämi, Rodney Eastwood, Kimberly G. Arnaldi, Gerard Talavera, Zofia A. Kaliszewska, John H. Boyle, Marianne Espeland, David R. Nash, Roger Vila, and Naomi E. Pierce. "Ecological specialization is associated with genetic structure in the ant-associated butterfly family Lycaenidae." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1886 (September 12, 2018): 20181158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.1158.

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The role of specialization in diversification can be explored along two geological axes in the butterfly family Lycaenidae. In addition to variation in host-plant specialization normally exhibited by butterflies, the caterpillars of most Lycaenidae have symbioses with ants ranging from no interactions through to obligate and specific associations, increasing niche dimensionality in ant-associated taxa. Based on mitochondrial sequences from 8282 specimens from 967 species and 249 genera, we show that the degree of ecological specialization of lycaenid species is positively correlated with genetic divergence, haplotype diversity and an increase in isolation by distance. Nucleotide substitution rate is higher in carnivorous than phytophagous lycaenids. The effects documented here for both micro- and macroevolutionary processes could result from increased spatial segregation as a consequence of reduced connectivity in specialists, niche-based divergence or a combination of both. They could also provide an explanation for the extraordinary diversity of the Lycaenidae and, more generally, for diversity in groups of organisms with similar multi-dimensional ecological specialization.

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5

Islam, MA, N. Parven, MS Islam, and MA Bashar. "Butterfly abundance in relation to abiotic-biotic factors of forest ecosystem of the butterfly research park, Gazipur, Bangladesh." Bangladesh Journal of Zoology 41, no. 2 (May 13, 2015): 247–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjz.v41i2.23328.

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The pattern of butterfly abundance, their diversity with abiotic (temperature, humidity, rainfall, photoperiod) and biotic (plants) factors were studied in the Butterfly Research Park (BRP) at Bhawal National Park, Gazipur, Bangladesh. Total 2393 individuals per day comprising 44 species under 32 genera belonging to the families Danaidae, Nymphalidae, Pieridae, Papilionidae, Lycaenidae, Hesperiidae and Satyridae were recorded from January to December, 2012. The butterflies were more abundant in the months of May, November, December; and least abundant in August and September respectively. Danaidae showed a highest abundance over the other families. Hesperiidae and Pieridae were very common; Nymphalidae and Papilionidae were common; and Lycaenidae and Satyridae were few in number respectively. Papilionids, Pierids and Nymphalids were found highest in May and June. Danaids, Satyrids and Hesperiids were peak in November and Lycaenids in April. Danaids and Papilionids were lowest in August; Hesperiids and Satyrids in March; Nymphalids, Pierids and Lycaenids were in September, October and December respectively.Bangladesh J. Zool. 41(2): 247-255, 2013

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6

Priyadarshana, Tharaka Sudesh, Ishara Harshajith Wijewardhane, and Mithila Karunarathna. "A note on the distribution of two highly threatened butterflies in Sri Lanka (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Spindasis greeni and Rapala lankana), with a report on the range extension of S. greeni." Journal of Threatened Taxa 9, no. 11 (November 26, 2017): 10971. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.3274.9.11.10971-10973.

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The distribution records of Sri Lankan butterflies belonging to the families Lycaenidae is far from complete. The present paper reports recent sightings of two highly threatened lycaenids, Rapala lankana (Malabar Flash) and Spindasis greeni (Green’s Silverline) from Adam’s Peak (Samanala Nature Reserve), Sri Lanka. In addition, the new locality of S. greeni at Adam’s Peak, Ratnapura, Sri Lanka denotes a range extension for the species.

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7

Fiedler, Konrad, and Ulrich Maschwitz. "Functional Analysis of the Myrmecophilous Relationships between Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and Lycaenids (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)." Ethology 80, no. 1-4 (April 26, 2010): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1989.tb00730.x.

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8

Fiedler, Konrad, and Ulrich Maschwitz. "Functional analysis of the myrmecophilous relationships between ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and lycaenids (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)." Oecologia 75, no. 2 (March 1988): 204–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00378598.

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9

Akand, S., MA Bashar, and HR Khan. "Status of lycaenid butterflies in some selected forests of Bangladesh." Journal of Biodiversity Conservation and Bioresource Management 5, no. 2 (January 14, 2020): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbcbm.v5i2.44911.

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A field investigation was carried out from January 2015 to December 2017 to study the status of some lycaenid butterflies in some selected forest areas of Bangladesh. A total of 6,724 lycaenids was recorded from Butterfly Research Park at Bhawal National Park, Gazipur; Madhupur National Park, Tangail; Satchori National Park and Rema-Kalenga Wildlife Sanctuary of Habigonj. The dominant species was Arhopala pseudocentaurus with 21.85% relative frequency and the least abundant species was Rathinda amor with 0.75% relative frequency. Butterfly Research Park showed the maximum number of butterfly individuals with a covariance of 40% followed by Madhupur National Park (37%), Rema-Kalenga Wildlife Sanctuary (13%), and Satchori National Park (10%). A significant difference (F = 3.52, p-value = 0.02) has been assessed using „One-way ANOVA‟ test. The difference in the availability of butterflies in different habitats indicated the differences in plant diversity among the forests. Lycaenid butterflies displayed highest abundance (13.19%) in December and lowest (5.38%) in October. There was no significant difference (F = 0.72, p-value = 0.71) among different months throughout the study period in overall species abundance though highest number was recorded in December. The abiotic factors (viz. temperature and relative humidity etc.) influence the presence of butterflies. Lycaenid butterflies demonstrated the highest abundance (887) in 26.9°C along with 64% relative humidity whereas the least abundance (362) has been recorded at 31.7°C with 77% relative humidity. The significant negative correlation was found in between lycaenid abundance and temperature (r = ─ 0.45, pvalue = 0.14), and between lycaenid abundance and relative humidity (r = ─ 0.19, p-value = 0.54). The butterfly population increased with decreasing average temperature and relative humidity during the study period. This investigation reveals the differences in the availability of lycaenid butterflies in relation to the differences in plant population and also the effect of abiotic factors in the forest areas. J. Biodivers. Conserv. Bioresour. Manag. 2019, 5(2): 19-32

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10

Wahlberg, Niklas, Michael F. Braby, Andrew V. Z. Brower, Rienk de Jong, Ming-Min Lee, Sören Nylin, Naomi E. Pierce, et al. "Synergistic effects of combining morphological and molecular data in resolving the phylogeny of butterflies and skippers." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 272, no. 1572 (July 11, 2005): 1577–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2005.3124.

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Phylogenetic relationships among major clades of butterflies and skippers have long been controversial, with no general consensus even today. Such lack of resolution is a substantial impediment to using the otherwise well studied butterflies as a model group in biology. Here we report the results of a combined analysis of DNA sequences from three genes and a morphological data matrix for 57 taxa (3258 characters, 1290 parsimony informative) representing all major lineages from the three putative butterfly super-families (Hedyloidea, Hesperioidea and Papilionoidea), plus out-groups representing other ditrysian Lepidoptera families. Recently, the utility of morphological data as a source of phylogenetic evidence has been debated. We present the first well supported phylogenetic hypothesis for the butterflies and skippers based on a total-evidence analysis of both traditional morphological characters and new molecular characters from three gene regions ( COI , EF-1α and wingless ). All four data partitions show substantial hidden support for the deeper nodes, which emerges only in a combined analysis in which the addition of morphological data plays a crucial role. With the exception of Nymphalidae, the traditionally recognized families are found to be strongly supported monophyletic clades with the following relationships: (Hesperiidae+(Papilionidae+(Pieridae+(Nymphalidae+(Lycaenidae+Riodinidae))))). Nymphalidae is recovered as a monophyletic clade but this clade does not have strong support. Lycaenidae and Riodinidae are sister groups with strong support and we suggest that the latter be given family rank. The position of Pieridae as the sister taxon to nymphalids, lycaenids and riodinids is supported by morphology and the EF-1α data but conflicted by the COI and wingless data. Hedylidae are more likely to be related to butterflies and skippers than geometrid moths and appear to be the sister group to Papilionoidea+Hesperioidea.

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11

Kim, Min Jee, Ah Rang Kang, Heon Cheon Jeong, Ki-Gyoung Kim, and Iksoo Kim. "Reconstructing intraordinal relationships in Lepidoptera using mitochondrial genome data with the description of two newly sequenced lycaenids, Spindasis takanonis and Protantigius superans (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 61, no. 2 (November 2011): 436–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2011.07.013.

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12

Agounké, D., U. Agricola, and H. A. Bokonon-Ganta. "Rastrococcus invadens Williams (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), a serious exotic pest of fruit trees and other plants in West Africa." Bulletin of Entomological Research 78, no. 4 (December 1988): 695–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300015558.

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AbstractRastrococcus invadens Williams has been the most important polyphagous pest of horticultural crops since 1982 in some West African countries. It originated in South-East Asia and was probably introduced on infested plant material. The pest has been reported up to 150 km north of the coast of Benin and 500 km north from the coast in Togo. Although the species is polyphagous, mango, citrus, breadfruit, banana, frangipani (Plumeria alba) and species of Ficus are among the most attacked hosts. Several indigenous natural enemies were identified, but their ability to regulate the populations of R. invadens is very low. The most important among the predators were the coccinellids Chilocorus nigrita (F.), Exochomus promtus Weise and E. troberti Mulsant and the lycaenids Spalgis spp. In Togo, an indigenous parasitoid, Anagyrus sp. ?nr aurantifrons Compere, has become adapted to the pest.

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13

Michielsen, K., and D. G. Stavenga. "Gyroid cuticular structures in butterfly wing scales: biological photonic crystals." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 5, no. 18 (June 13, 2007): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2007.1065.

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We present a systematic study of the cuticular structure in the butterfly wing scales of some papilionids ( Parides sesostris and Teinopalpus imperialis ) and lycaenids ( Callophrys rubi , Cyanophrys remus , Mitoura gryneus and Callophrys dumetorum ). Using published scanning and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images, analytical modelling and computer-generated TEM micrographs, we find that the three-dimensional cuticular structures can be modelled by gyroid structures with various filling fractions and lattice parameters. We give a brief discussion of the formation of cubic gyroid membranes from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the scale's cell, which dry and harden to leave the cuticular structure behind when the cell dies. The scales of C. rubi are a potentially attractive biotemplate for producing three-dimensional optical photonic crystals since for these scales the cuticle-filling fraction is nearly optimal for obtaining the largest photonic band gap in a gyroid structure.

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14

Barbero, F., D. Patricelli, M. Witek, E. Balletto, L. P. Casacci, M. Sala, and S. Bonelli. "MyrmicaAnts and Their Butterfly Parasites with Special Focus on the Acoustic Communication." Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2012 (2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/725237.

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About 10,000 arthropod species live as ants' social parasites and have evolved a number of mechanisms allowing them to penetrate and survive inside the ant nests.Myrmicacolonies, in particular, are exploited by numerous social parasites, and the presence of their overwintering brood, as well as of their polygyny, contributes to make them more vulnerable to infestation. Butterflies of the genusMaculineaare among the most investigatedMyrmicainquilines. These lycaenids are known for their very complex biological cycles.Maculineaspecies are obligated parasites that depend on a particular food plant and on a specificMyrmicaspecies for their survival.Maculinealarvae are adopted byMyrmicaants, which are induced to take them into their nests by chemical mimicry. Then the parasite spends the following 11–23 months inside the ants' nest. Mimicking the acoustic emission of the queen ants,Maculineaparasites not only manage to become integrated, but attain highest rank within the colony. Here we review the biology ofMaculinea/Myrmicasystem with a special focus on some recent breakthrough concerning their acoustical patterns.

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15

Patnaik, Bharat, Hee-Ju Hwang, Se Kang, So Park, Tae Wang, Eun Park, Jong Chung, et al. "Transcriptome Characterization for Non-Model Endangered Lycaenids, Protantigius superans and Spindasis takanosis, Using Illumina HiSeq 2500 Sequencing." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 16, no. 12 (December 16, 2015): 29948–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms161226213.

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16

Cockayne, E. A. "VII. The condition of the scales in the leaden males of Agriades thetis, Rott., and in other Lycaenids." Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 65, no. 1 (April 24, 2009): 165–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1917.tb01407.x.

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17

Stadler, Bernhard, Pavel Kindlmann, Petr Šmilauer, and Konrad Fiedler. "A comparative analysis of morphological and ecological characters of European aphids and lycaenids in relation to ant attendance." Oecologia 135, no. 3 (March 11, 2003): 422–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-003-1193-8.

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18

Bashar, MA, and HR Khan. "Vision on biodiversity: Indigenous techniques of biodiversity assessment of butterflies in some forests of Bangladesh." Journal of Biodiversity Conservation and Bioresource Management 8, no. 1 (October 30, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbcbm.v8i1.62217.

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In the present study few indigenous techniques of the biodiversity assessment of butterflies were practiced in some forest ecosystems of Bangladesh. Butterfly-plant interaction in a forest ecosystem is a dynamic key factor that determines the status of a forest. A research team of the Environmental Biology and Biodiversity Laboratory (EBBL) of the department of Zoology, Dhaka University worked successfully on a population census of butterflies in some forests by using their newly innovated method the “Biotic-epicntre technical model”. This method deals with two important points for practicing it in the field condition. These are ethological aspects of the butterflies and application of epicentre-spot-design. In total 202 butterfly species (belonging to seven different families) were studied in the forests experimental stations of Bangladesh. The families are Hesperiidae, Papilionidae, Nymphalidae, Pieridae, Danaidae, Lycaenidae and Satyridae. The „vulnerability status‟ comprises„Available (Av)‟, „Rare (Rr)‟, „Near Threatened (Nt)‟, „Threatened (Tr)‟, „Critically Threatened (Ct)‟ and „Endangered (En)‟. The study revealed that the highest number of host-plant families (25 families) was used by lycaenids (45 species). The family Satyridae had the lowest number hostplant families (only 2). The second highest number of host-plant families (24 families) was associated with the family Nymphalidae (34 butterfly species). 38 butterfly species of Hesperiidae were associated with only nine families of the host-plants. The family Papilionidae (19 species) was related to only five host plant families. The butterflies (23 species) of the family Pieridae were found to depend on ten host-plant families. The members of the family Danaidae (12 species) were found on four host-plant families. More than 35 forest-areas of Bangladesh were included in the present investigation. Out of the total studied species (202), six species were found and declared „Endangered‟. Among the examined butterflies, 12, 13, 9, 64 and 98 species hold the status of Critically Threatened, Threatened, Near Threatened, Rare and Available respectively. The population census of the butterflies was carried out in three major forest areas of Bangladesh. The biodiversity assessment methods practiced in the various experimental fields have been illustrated with their respective different figures. J. Biodivers. Conserv. Bioresour. Manag. 2022, 8(1): 1-14

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19

MUNGUIRA, MIGUEL L., JOSÉ MARTÍN, ENRIQUE GARCÍA-BARROS, GAYANEH SHAHBAZIAN, and JUAN PABLO CANCELA. "Morphology and morphometry of Lycaenid eggs (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)." Zootaxa 3937, no. 2 (March 25, 2015): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3937.2.1.

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20

Osborn, F., and K. Jaffe. "Cooperation vs. exploitation: interactions between lycaenid (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) larvae and ants." Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 34, no. 1-4 (1997): 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/p.266561.

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21

Tsvetkov, E. V. "Caucasian subspecies of Lycaenid butterfly Lycaena virgaureae (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)." Caucasian Entomological Bulletin 6, no. 1 (2010): 99–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.23885/1814-3326-2010-6-1-99-100.

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22

Stradomsky, B. V., S. Schröder, and V. V. Tikhonov. "Identification of an enigmatic lycaenid specimen (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) from Sumatra, Indonesia." Caucasian Entomological Bulletin 13, no. 2 (2017): 247–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.23885/1814-3326-2017-13-2-247-248.

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23

Jeong, Su Yeon, Min Jee Kim, Sung-Soo Kim, and Iksoo Kim. "Complete mitochondrial genome of the endangered Lycaenid butterfly Shijimiaeoides divina (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)." Mitochondrial DNA Part A 28, no. 2 (December 29, 2015): 242–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/19401736.2015.1115860.

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24

Chapman, T. A. "VII. An undescribed Lycaenid Butterfly from Cyprus, Glaucopsyche paphos, sp. n. (Lycaenidae)." Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 68, no. 1-2 (April 24, 2009): 166–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1920.tb00211.x.

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25

Takeuchi, Tsuyoshi. "Early comers occupy popular territories in a lycaenid butterfly,Chrysozephyrus smaragdinus(Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)." Entomological Science 19, no. 1 (January 2016): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ens.12166.

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26

Callaghan, Curtis J. "Notes on the biology of a myrmecophilous african Lycaenid, Aphnaeus adamsi Stempffer (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae)." Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France 97, no. 4 (1992): 339–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/bsef.1992.17825.

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27

KOVANCI, ORKUN BARİS, NİMET SEMA GENCER, and BAHATTİN KOVANCI. "Lycaenid butterflies (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) of northwestern Turkey with notes on their ecology and current status." Revista Colombiana de Entomología 35, no. 2 (December 31, 2009): 275–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.25100/socolen.v35i2.9229.

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Between 1995 and 2006, a total of 3280 lycaenid adults belonging to 47 species were collected in order to study their distribution and current status in Bursa, northwestern Turkey. Of these, Tomares nogelii is a newly recorded species for northwestern Turkey. The following lycaenid species had not been seen since the 1860s: Aricia eumedon, Cupido osiris, Kretania eurypilus, Plebeius sephirus, and P. ripartii. The endemic water dock plant species Rumex olympicus was recorded as a new host for the larvae of Lycaena dispar. Both Aricia hyacinthus and the endemic Polyommatus ossmar olympicus are under threat of extinction. In contrast, the status of some Polyommatus species changed from local to widespread. The highest number of lycaenid species was recorded in July with a total of 40 species per month. Widespread lycaenid species were generally caught at altitudes higher than 1000 m. Altitudinal distribution and phenology of lycaenid species as well as their new host plants found are discussed.

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28

Akand, S., MA Bashar, S. Rahman, and HR Khan. "Morphometric variation in the species of two subfamilies of lycaenid butterflies (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) of Bangladesh." Journal of Biodiversity Conservation and Bioresource Management 3, no. 1 (May 22, 2018): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbcbm.v3i1.36756.

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A laboratory examination was done on the morphometric variation of lycaenid butterflies. Identifying characteristics, viz. forewing length (FWL), hind wing length (HWL), body length (BdL) and antennal length (AntL) were used for the analysis. A total of 514 individuals of lycaenid butterflies was identified under two subfamilies Polyommatinae and Theclinae. Among them 265 individuals were placed under 19 species of Polyommatinae and 249 individuals under 25 species of Theclinae. ANOVA tests were conducted to find differences between the butterfly species of the two subfamilies through identifying characters like FWL (F=10.37, P=0.005), HWL (F=3.81, P=0.067), BdL (F=5.78, P=0.027) and AntL (F=2.77, P=0.114). A linear regression analysis of FWL, HWL, BdL and AntL of the species under the two subfamilies showed significant differences between Polyommatinae and Theclinae. These differences stand among the species of both the subfamilies and produced good results to identify the species more correctly.J. Biodivers. Conserv. Bioresour. Manag. 2017, 3(1): 9-16

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29

Sáfián, Szabolcs. "Iridana languyi sp. nov., a new Liptenine lycaenid species from Liberia (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Poritiinae, Liptenini)." Annales Musei historico-naturalis hungarici 113 (2021): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.53019/annlsmushistnathung.2021.113.83.

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Capture of the first female in the Nimba Mountains, Liberia reveals new identity to an Iridana Aurivillius, 1920 species (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Poritiinae), previously identified from the male as I. agneshorvathae Collins, Larsen & Sáfián, 2008. The male and the matching female represent an undescribed species and is named as I. languyi sp. nov. The newly described species is known only from the upland forest zone of two mountainous areas in Liberia. With 27 figures.

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30

Murata, Kouhei, and Morimasa Tsuchiya. "Structure of the food web including the endangered lycaenid butterfly Shijimiaeoides divinus asonis (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)." Entomological Science 20, no. 1 (January 2017): 224–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ens.12247.

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31

Burghardt, Frank, Konrad Fiedlert, and Peter Proksch. "Uptake of flavonoids from Vicia villosa (Fabaceae) by the lycaenid butterfly, Polyommatus icarus (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)." Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 25, no. 6 (September 1997): 527–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0305-1978(97)00057-4.

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SAMSON, P. R. "MORPHOLOGY AND BIOLOGY OF ACRODZPSAS ZLLZDGEZ (WATERHOUSE AND LYELL), A MYRMECOPHAGOUS LYCAENID (LEPIDOPTERA: LYCAENIDAE: THECLINAE)." Australian Journal of Entomology 28, no. 3 (August 1989): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-6055.1989.tb00874.x.

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33

Miah, Md Kowser, Sajeda Akand, Nousheen Parven, and MA Bashar. "Developmental stages of Lampides boeticus (Lepidoptera : Lycaenidae) and their association with the host plant Lupinus nanus (Fabaceae)." Dhaka University Journal of Biological Sciences 24, no. 1 (January 15, 2015): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujbs.v24i1.46307.

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Developmental stages in the life cycle of lycaenid butterfly, Lampides boeticus (Lepidoptera : Lycaenidae) and their association with the host plant (Lupinus nanus) (Fabaceae) were examined both in the laboratory under 29 ± 3ºC temperature with RH 78 ± 2% and field conditions. The oviposition behaviour, incubation and larval‐pupal period of the butterfly and its association with L. nanus were studied. The host plant association and duration of developmental stages were given importance. Duration of life cycle (egg to adult) was 19 ‐ 21 days. Eggs, four larval instars and pupal stages were distinct. Lampides boeticus was found deeply associated with L. nanus to complete its life cycle. This association with host plant was characterized and evidenced by the use of host leaves, flowers, buds and seeds ( pods) both in the larval (11 ‐ 13 days) and pupal (4 ‐ 6 days) stages. The incubation period, different larval instars and pupal stage were found to be associated deeply with the phenological phases of the host plant. Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 24(1): 43-52, 2015 (January)

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OBREGON, Rafael, Juan FERNANDEZ HAEGER, and Diego JORDANO. "Adaptive significance of the prolonged diapause in the western Mediterranean lycaenid butterfly Tomares ballus (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)." European Journal of Entomology 114 (March 14, 2017): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.14411/eje.2017.018.

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35

Vargas, Héctor A. "Lycaenid caterpillars (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae) eating flowers of Dalea pennellii var. chilensis (Fabaceae) in the northern Chilean Andes." Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 58, no. 3 (September 2014): 309–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0085-56262014000300015.

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36

Ikenaga, Nobuhiro, Yoshifumi Touyama, Takeshi Kameyama, and Fuminori Ito. "Effects of Argentine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on myrmecophilous lycaenid butterfly, Narathura bazalus (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae), in western Japan." Entomological Science 23, no. 1 (January 22, 2020): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ens.12396.

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Hsu, Yu‐Feng, and Chih‐Chien Lu. "A new lycaenid butterfly exclusively associated with the subalpine sclerophyllous oak forests in Taiwan (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Theclinae)." Journal of Natural History 39, no. 5 (February 2005): 377–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930410001708623.

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Korb, S. K. "CONTRIBUTION TO THE SYSTEMATICS AND DISTRIBUTION OF LYCAENID BUTTERFLIES OF THE GENUS GLAUCOPSYCHE SCUDDER, 1872 (LEPIDOPTERA: LYCAENIDAE)." Amurian Zoological Journal 5, no. 2 (2013): 177–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.33910/1999-4079-2013-5-2-177-179.

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Bálint, Zsolt, and Thi Hong Nguyen. "A catalogue of Californian lycaenid butterfly specimens of historical interest deposited in the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae)." Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France 111, no. 4 (2006): 489–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/bsef.2006.16364.

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40

Cancela, Juan Pablo, Miguel L. Munguira, and Enrique García-Barros. "Immature stages and adult morphology as a contribution to the phylogeny of the West Palaearctic lycaenid butterflies (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)." Annales de la Société entomologique de France (N.S.) 50, no. 3-4 (October 2, 2014): 418–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00379271.2014.986258.

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Sáfián, Szabolcs, and Jadwiga Lorenc-Brudecka. "Unique genitalic structure in a West African lycaenid butterfly, Liptena seyboui Warren-Gash & Larsen, 2003 (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Poritiinae: Liptenini)." Metamorphosis 31, no. 1 (March 16, 2022): 4–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/met.v31i1.2.

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Gardiner, A. J., and R. F. Terblanche. "A Suggested Terminology for the Ground Plan of the Lycaenid Wing Pattern Using the GenusErikssoniaTrimen (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) as an Example." African Entomology 18, no. 1 (March 2010): 166–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4001/003.018.0113.

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Nayanathara, J., and R. Narayana. "Mango: A new host plant for the lycaeinid Anthene lycaenina lycaenina (R. Felder, 1868)." ENTOMON 45, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 237–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33307/entomon.v45i3.556.

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44

HIYAMA, Atsuki, Masaki IWATA, and Joji M. OTAKI. "Rearing the pale grass blue Zizeeria maha (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae): Toward the establishment of a lycaenid model system for butterfly physiology and genetics." Entomological Science 13, no. 3 (September 26, 2010): 293–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1479-8298.2010.00387.x.

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45

Siewert, Ricardo Russo, Eduardo José Ely Silva, and Lívia Leivas Marques. "Catálogo do acervo de borboletas (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) depositadas no Museu de História Natural da Universidade Católica de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil." EntomoBrasilis 3, no. 3 (November 22, 2010): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v3i3.71.

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O material de Papilionoidea (Lepidoptera) das Irmãs Figueiredo encontra-se depositado no Museu de História Natural da Universidade Católica de Pelotas possuindo 166 espécies distribuídas em Papilionidae, Pieridae, Nymphalidae, Lycaenidae e Riodinidae. Registraram-se novas ocorrências de Lycaenidae e Riodinidae para a região fisiográfica da Encosta do Sudeste do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Catalog of the collection of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) deposited on Museu de História Natural from Universidade Católica de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Abstract. The collection of Papilionoidea (Lepidoptera) from Irmãs Figueiredo is deposited on the Universidade Católica de Pelotas and have 166 species distributed in Papilionidae, Pieridae, Nymphalidae, Lycaenidae and Riodinidae. There were registered first occurrence from Lycaenidae and Riodinidae to physiographic region Encosta do Sudeste from Rio Grande do Sul State.

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Duffey, Eric. "Butterflies: Lycaenidae." Biological Conservation 48, no. 3 (1989): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(89)90125-0.

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Cajé, Suianne Oliveira dos Santos, Jefferson Duarte de Melo, Erlande Lins da Silva, and Iracilda Maria de Moura Lima. "First record of the association of a species of Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera) with Zornia latifolia Sm. (Fabaceae), and its parasitoid (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) in Brazil." EntomoBrasilis 13 (November 26, 2020): e916. http://dx.doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v13.e916.

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The family Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera) comprises over 6,000 described and widely distributed species. However, studies on interactions with other insects such as ants, parasitoids, and with food plants in the Neotropical region, are still scarce, even though such information are fundamental for better understanding the natural history of this taxonomic group. This study reports a new food plant to larvae of Lycaenidae species in the neotropics, as well as its parasitoid. A Lycaenidae larva was found and collected for immature stage observation under laboratory conditions. The larva fed on petals and seeds of Zornia latifolia Sm. (Fabaceae). Nineteen days after pupation in laboratory a larvipupal parasitoid of the genus Conura (Chalcididae) had egressed. This is the first report of tritrophic relationship amongst Z. latifolia, a Lycaenidae larva and its larvipupal parasitoid of the genus Conura in a periurban area near remnants of the Atlantic Forest, in Northeastern Brazil.

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Sondhi, Sanjay. "First record of the White Tufted Royal Pratapa deva lila Moore, [1884] (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Theclinae) from Himachal Pradesh, extending its known range westwards." Journal of Threatened Taxa 12, no. 9 (June 26, 2020): 16177–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.4223.12.9.16177-16179.

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Schwanwitsch, B. N. "WING-PATTERN IN LYCAENID LEPIDOPTERA." Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London. Series A, General Entomology 20, no. 7-9 (April 2, 2009): 97–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3032.1945.tb01073.x.

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HINTON, H. E. "Lycaenid pupae that mimic anthropoid heads." Journal of Entomology Series A, General Entomology 49, no. 1 (April 2, 2009): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3032.1974.tb00069.x.

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