Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Lycaenidae'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Lycaenidae.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 47 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Lycaenidae.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Kaliszewska, Zofia. "Evolution of Parasitism in the Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera)." Thesis, Harvard University, 2015. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:23845507.
Full textAbstract:
Of the four most diverse insect orders, the Lepidoptera contain remarkably few predatory and/or parasitic taxa, and while species with carnivorous life histories have evolved independently numerous times in moths and butterflies, this has rarely led to diversification. As a rule, aphytophagous taxa seem prone to extinction. In this dissertation, I explore the ecological and evolutionary consequences of entomophagy in the butterfly family Lycaenidae using several approaches: natural history observation, phylogenetics, population genetics and stable isotope chemistry.
A striking exception to the lack of radiation and persistence in aphytophagous lineages is the lycaenid subfamily Miletinae, which with 13 genera and 190 species is among the largest and most diverse groups of aphytophagous Lepidoptera. Most miletines eat Hemiptera, although some consume ant brood or are fed by trophallaxis from their host ant. I inferred the higher-level phylogeny of this group using data from one mitochondrial and six nuclear genes sampled from representatives of all genera and nearly half the described species. Biogeographic analyses indicate that Miletinae likely diverged from an African ancestor near the start of the Eocene, and four lineages dispersed between Africa and Asia. Phylogenetic constraint in prey selection is apparent at two levels: related miletine species are more likely to feed on related Hemiptera and are also more likely to associate with closely related ants species, either directly by eating the ants, or indirectly by eating hemipteran prey attended by those ants.
I then examined the influence of diet on the population structure of lycaenid butterflies, and more specifically, I investigated whether particular feeding habits are correlated with traits that might make species vulnerable to extinction. To do this, I compared the phylogeography and population genetics of two endemic lycaenid species of roughly similar age from southern Africa: Chrysoritis chrysaor, whose caterpillars are strictly herbivorous, and Thestor protumnus, whose cuckoo-like caterpillars survive by soliciting regurgitations from their host ants. I sampled both species from populations throughout their entire known ranges, and found that in contrast to C. chrysaor, T. protumnus has exceedingly small effective population sizes and individuals disperse poorly. With its aphytophagous life history, T. protumnus exhibits a high degree of host dependence and specialization. Although these results are correlative and based on only a single comparison, it seems likely that small population sizes and extreme ecological specialization make populations of T. protumnus more susceptible to disturbance and prone to extinction.
Having focused in detail on the population biology of just one species, I then analysed the evolution of Thestor as a whole. This genus is exceptional because all of its 27 described species are thought to be entomophagous, and all are thought to be predators or parasites of a single species of ant, Anoplolepis custodiens. Using representatives sampled from all known species and populations of Thestor as well as 15 outgroup species, I inferred the phylogeny of the genus in two ways: first by using characters from mitochondrial and nuclear genes, and second by analyzing genome-wide SNPs generated for each species using double digest RADseq. I also sequenced the ants associated with each of these taxa using ddRADseq. This investigtion showed that all 24 of the species in the Western Cape utilize Anoplolepis custodiens, while T. protumnusand T. dryburghi (the two species that are found in the north-western part of South Africa) use a closely related, but different species of Anoplolepis, and T. basutus (the species found in the eastern part of South Africa) utilizes yet a third species. Thus factors driving diversity in the genus Thestor may have initially involved ant associations and/or geographic isolation, but other forces are likely to be responsible for generating and maintaining the more recent diversity in the group. Flight time may have separated the “black” and “yellow” groups of Thestor: the black group fly predominantly in the summer months, while the yellow group fly predominantly in the spring. And while species spread across the genus fly in the spring and summer months, only members of the yellow group fly during the winter and fall months. Despite these broad scale differences, species in the genus Thestor show little evidence of niche partitioning, especially those in the Western Cape, and represent an extreme example of the coexistence of 24 species apparently utilizing a single food resource.
While working on the previous three projects, I was surprised by the number of species of South African Lycaenidae with incomplete life histories despite decades of work by avid lepidopterists in the region. For example, in the genus Thestor, although all 27 species are assumed to be aphytophagous, partial life histories have been described for only four species. In part the paucity of data is due to the difficult terrain occupied by these butterflies, and the fact that those whose caterpillars associate with ants often spend significant portions of their lives hidden in ant nests in crevices of rock that are intractable for excavation and observation. To deepen our understanding of South African lycaenid life histories, I used nitrogen and carbon stable isotopic methods to survey a large number of species and their potential food sources. With these methods, I confirmed some known or suspected life histories and showed that in any one area, a species can have a highly variable diet. I also discovered that some of the nitrogen stable isotope values are much higher than expected for land animals, implying longer than average food chains and/or extreme environmental conditions.
Together, these studies shed light on how carnivorous life histories affect the evolution of lycaenid butterflies, and help to explain why entomophagous lineages appear to be an evolutionary “dead end” in contrast to their herbivorous counterparts.Biology, Organismic and Evolutionary
2
Schmidt, Daniel J. "Congeneric Phylogeography of Australian Ogyris Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)." Thesis, Griffith University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366723.
Full textAbstract:
This study investigated spatial genetic structuring of two groups of Australian Ogyris butterflies (Lycaenidae). Ogyris represents one of several Australian endemic butterfly radiations that is well characterised in terms of basic biology but lacking in data useful for discriminating among the potential factors promoting divergence and speciation. A phylogeographic approach was used to document structuring in mitochondrial DNA markers (mtDNA) across the geographic range of two groups of closely related taxa. These include a pair of sister species: Ogyris zosine and O. genoveva, and the polytypic species O. amaryllis which is comprised of four subspecies. Topological relationships among recognised taxonomic units were tested and polyphyletic patterns investigated as a potential source of information relating to divergence and speciation.
Sister species Ogyris zosine and O. genoveva were found to exhibit a polyphyletic relationship based on mtDNA. The deepest divergence within the group separated allopatric populations of O. zosine in northern Australia which do not correspond to a recognised taxonomic entity. The distribution of O. zosine and O. genoveva is parapatric along the east coast and additional sampling in this area along with evidence from allozyme markers revealed that the polyphyletic pattern can be explained by past mtDNA introgression at the current contact zone. The two species engage in an obligate mutualistic association with different suites of Camponotus ant species. It is hypothesised that this association may be involved in maintaining differentiation between the taxa through ant-mediated selection against hybrids. The distribution of a blue/purple wing colour polymorphism in female O. zosine is consistent with the role of wing colour as a prezygotic isolating mechanism in the contact zone although other explanations cannot be excluded.
Genetic relationships were examined among four nominal taxa of the polytypic species Ogyris amaryllis which have a combined distribution spanning most of mainland Australia. Mitochondrial sequence data recovered a putatively ancestral and polyphyletic inland subspecies with several peripheral subspecies showing reduced variation within this topology. Analysis of spatiotemporal patterns of variation for the inland subspecies indicated a recurrent history of restricted gene flow and range expansion through the Pleistocene, while peripheral subspecies are characterised by higher levels of population structure and a history of population fragmentation. High levels of variation and population differentiation observed for allozyme markers were not consistent with subspecies boundaries. Partitioning of allozyme variation was explained better by arranging populations according to their larval host plant. Genetic data, combined with information on distribution and ecology, are consistent with a pattern of peripheral isolation associated with host plant specialisation of coastal populations in the O. amaryllis complex.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Environmental Science
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
Full Text
3
Bächtold, Alexandra. "A comunidade de licenídeos de uma área de cerrado: especificidade de dieta, interações ecológicas e seleção de plantas hospedeiras." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59131/tde-05012015-140826/.
Full textAbstract:
Borboletas neotropicais, como os licenídeos, são conhecidas pela notável diversidade, entretanto aspectos ecológicos fundamentais desse grupo taxonômico, particularmente dos imaturos, como informações sobre suas plantas hospedeiras e interações mirmecófilas são praticamente desconhecidos para a maioria das comunidades neotropicais. Além do que, o conhecimento limitado da história natural desses insetos, impede uma melhor compreensão do seu papel ecológico-evolutivo. Com isso, a presente tese teve como objetivo inicial caracterizar a comunidade de imaturos de licenídeos florívoros em uma área de cerrado descrevendo o padrão de sazonalidade, identificando as plantas hospedeiras, a amplitude de dieta e interações com formigas e inimigos naturais. A partir dessa base de informações, o objetivo seguinte foi avaliar a ocorrência de licenídeos florívoros no cerrado de acordo com fatores ligados à disponibilidade de alimento nas plantas e à presença de formigas. Adicionalmente, foram estudados diferentes sistemas de interação licenídeos-plantas-formigas com o intuito de inferir o papel da formiga sobre a seleção de plantas hospedeiras. Em suma, nosso estudo mostrou uma comunidade composta por 31 espécies de Lycaenidae registradas em 41 espécies (17 famílias) de plantas hospedeiras e caracterizada pela marcante sazonalidade, cuja ocorrência de imaturos foi maior durante a estação seca. De forma geral, a comunidade de licenídeos apresentou variação de acordo com a oferta temporal de alimento, acompanhando a fenologia de suas plantas hospedeiras disponíveis no campo. Contudo, a comunidade estudada aqui, formada por licenídeos oligófagos e polífagos teve uma tendência em utilizar plantas com menor quantidade de botões e também selecionar plantas que possuem nectários extraflorais e plantas ocupadas por formigas. Particularmente, nosso estudo revelou que a seleção de plantas hospedeiras mediadas por formigas pode variar de acordo com o sistema estudo. Licenídeos como Allosmaitia strophius e Rekoa marius utilizaram a xi presença de formigas como pista durante a seleção de plantas Heteropterys byrsonimifolia, porém os ovos presentes em ramos com formigas sofreram maior ação de parasitóides. Enquanto que Leptotes cassius mostrou selecionar inflorescências de Bionia coriacea independente da presença de Camponotus, formigas as quais mantém associações facultativas.The Lycaenidae butterflies are known for their remarkable diversity in the Neotropics; however basic ecological features of this group, especially of the immature stages, such as information about host plants and ant-interactions (myrmecophily) are barely known for most species. Therefore the limited knowledge of lycaenids natural history restrains a better understanding of important ecological-evolutionary aspects. In this thesis we initially characterized the community of florivorous lycaenids in a Brazilian Savanna area, describing the seasonal occurrence of immatures, identifying host plants, the diet breadth and interactions with ants and natural enemies. Then, we evaluated the occurrence of the lycaenids according to factors related to resource availability (host plants) and the presence/absence of ants. In summary, we sampled 31 species of Lycaenidae in 41 plant species (17 families). Immatures were more abundant in the dry season indicating a seasonal pattern of occurrence; in addition lycaenids were related to the temporal availability of food resource, following the phenology of the host plants in the field. The oligophagous and polyphagous species were found predominately in plants which produce few flowers buds. The presence of immatures in extrafloral nectaried plants was commonplace, which was expected given that larvae can benefit from living with ants. A further detailed experimental study revealed that ant presence is a cue for female oviposition in two facultative myrmecophilous lycaenid species Allosmaitia strophius and Rekoa marius, but contrary to our predictions, ants failed to protect lycaenid eggs from parasitoids. In other study system, Leptotes cassius did not discriminate between plants with or without ants, despite the fact that larvae had stable association with ants. Our study indicates that there can be striking differences among lycaenid species with regard to association with ants and the benefits granted from these associations. So generalizations about lycaenid ant associations should be avoided and every study system must be examined with detail.
4
Carey, David Brennan. "Factors determining host plant range in two lycaenid butterflies." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185907.
Full textAbstract:
Components of host plant affiliation for two, small, blue butterflies were examined and compared. The two butterflies, Glaucopsyche lygdamus and Plebijus icariodes (Lycaenidae), are superficially quite similar but differ in host range. Oviposition preferences were determined for each butterfly species by following individual butterflies in the field and recording butterfly behavior, host plant availability and host plant characteristics. Where preferences for one host species or one plant part over another were found, potential explanations were pursued by assessing and comparing larval performance on those plant species and parts in question. Larval performances were measured in terms of survival, growth, and ant attendance in the field, and survival, growth, and pupal mass in the laboratory. All foods were also analyzed for alkaloid content, and larvae were raised on plants known to differ in alkaloid content. Individuals of both butterfly species preferred to oviposit on those host species with which they had had recent experience; nevertheless, individual butterflies of both species frequently oviposited on multiple host species during the course of a single follow bout. For G. lygdamus the availability of flower buds was critical for ovipositing adults and feeding larvae. Flower buds of any one host species were unpredictable, however, and G. lygdamus consequently utilized different host species at different times. This observation predicted a positive relationship between butterfly population density and host species diversity. This prediction was tested and supported by two large-scale surveys of hostplant patches. P. icariodes differed from G. lygdamus in that both ovipositing adults and feeding larvae preferred old leaves to flower buds. The two species also differed in diapause stage, growth rates and reaction to alkaloids. Results predicted a relationship between diapause stage, oviposition site on the plant, and host range. The prediction was tested and upheld by a general survey of temperate lycaenid butterflies. The relationship was significant even when phylogenetic relationships were included in the analysis, and diapause stage was suggested as the characteristic evolutionarily most constrained.
5
Eastwood, Rodney Gordon, and N/A. "Ant Association and Speciation in Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera): Consequences of Novel Adaptations and Pleistocene Climate Changes." Griffith University. Australian School of Environmental Studies, 2006. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20071130.134932.
Full textAbstract:
The butterfly family Lycaenidae (including the Riodinidae) contains an estimated 30% of all butterfly species and exhibits a diverse array of life history strategies. The early stages of most lycaenids associate with ants to varying degrees, ranging from casual facultative coexistence through to obligate association where the long-term survival of the butterfly is dependent on the presence of its attendant ants. Attendant ants guard the butterflies against predators and parasites during their vulnerable period of larval growth and pupation. The caterpillars, in return, reward the ants by providing attractive secretions from specialized glands in their cuticle. The prevalence of caterpillar-ant associations in the species rich Lycaenidae is in contrast with other Lepidoptera, where ant association appears only as isolated cases in otherwise non ant-associated lineages. This has led to the proposal that ant association may have influenced lycaenid diversification or even enhanced the rates of speciation in the group. In contrast, facultative ant-associated butterflies exhibit high levels of host plant integrity, so it is reasonable to assume that host plants may have played a significant role in their diversification. Since the influence of ants (or plants) on diversification is independent of geographic speciation modes such as vicariance or peripheral isolates, there is an underlying inference of sympatric speciation. Certain prerequisites thought to be important for sympatric speciation, such as mating on the host plant (or in the presence of the appropriate ant) as well as ant dependent oviposition preferences are characteristic of many obligate myrmecophiles. Not surprisingly, it has been suggested that evidence for sympatric speciation is more likely to be found in the Insecta since this additional mode of diversification could account for the large numbers of insect species. This thesis tested the diversification processes in obligate and facultative ant associated lycaenids using comparative methodologies in hierarchical molecular phylogenetic analyses. First, several hypotheses relating to the influence of ants on diversification in obligately ant associated lycaenid butterflies were tested in a phylogeographic analysis of the Australian endemic Jalmenus evagoras. The phylogeographic analysis revealed that regional isolation of butterfly subpopulations coincident with locally adapted ant taxa could generate a phylogenetic pattern in which related lycaenids would be seen to associate with related or ecologically similar ants. Likewise, ecological shifts in habitat preferences by lycaenids could lead to co-diversification with habitat specialist ants, even though in both cases, the ants may play only an incidental role in the diversification process. A comparative methodology was then applied in a molecular phylogenetic analysis of the genus Jalmenus to test for a signal of diversification consistent with shifts in ant partners, and to infer the processes by which ants could influence speciation. Several other specific hypotheses relating to monophyly and taxonomy were also examined. Comparative analysis of the Jalmenus phylogeny found that attendant ant shifts coincided with high levels of sympatry among sister species. This pattern could be explained by sympatric speciation; however, data suggested it was more likely that ant shifts occurred during butterfly population expansions as a result of vegetation and climate changes in the Pleistocene. Fragmentation of populations associating with novel ants could promote rapid ecological and behavioural changes and this could result in reproductive isolation of conspecifics when in secondary contact. Diversification would then continue in sympatry. In contrast, secondary contact of populations associating with the same ant species would result in homogenisation of the two lycaenid lineages or the extinction of one. A phylogeographic analysis of the facultative myrmecophiles, Theclinesthes albocincta/T. hesperia, was then undertaken to infer the evolutionary processes (such as the effects of host plant shifts) that could result in extant demographics. Species-specific questions of taxonomy, relative population ages and dispersal routes in arid Australia were also addressed. Results from the analysis suggested the two taxa were conspecific and had diversified in the late Pleistocene as a consequence of isolation in refugia in and around the arid areas of mainland Australia. However, as was the case in the J. evagoras population analysis in which attendant ant shifts were not detected, host plant shifts were not detected in the population analysis of T. albocincta/hesperia. Host plant or attendant ant shifts manifest more frequently at the species level, thus it was necessary to test the influence of host plant shifts at this higher level. The comparative methodology was then applied to a molecular phylogenetic analysis of the facultative ant-associated section Theclinesthes (comprising Theclinesthes, Sahulana and Neolucia) to test for modes of diversification consistent with host plant shifts. The relative importance of other influences on diversification was also assessed. Akin to the Jalmenus analysis, the prediction that sister species ranges should broadly overlap when a shift in host plants had taken place was upheld in the comparative analysis. Species in the genera Jalmenus and Theclinesthes were found to have diversified in the Pleistocene so were subject to the same climatic oscillations that influenced patterns of vegetation expansion and contraction across much of Australia. Thus, the similarity and predictability of relationships in the comparative analyses based on biological data suggested that host plant shifts have influenced diversification in facultative myrmecophiles by inhibiting gene flow in secondary contact in similar fashion to that of attendant ant shifts identified in the Jalmenus phylogeny. Interpretation of data in these analyses suggested that allopatric diversification was the most common mode of speciation. Isolation was inferred to be the result of fragmentation following long distance dispersal across wide expanses of marginal habitat, or vicariance following the closing of biogeographical barriers. However, attendant-ant and host-plant shifts clearly played an important role in the diversification process, and in the maintenance of species integrity among lycaenid butterflies. Furthermore, exceptions to the predicted patterns of range overlap and ecological shifts provided clues to additional modes of diversification including shifts in habitat preferences and an unusual temporal shift following changes in specific host plant phenology resulting in allochronic diversification. Inferring modes of diversification using comparative methods based on range overlap and biological traits in a phylogenetic context is not new; however, the interpretation presented in this thesis is in contrast with contemporary methods. It is clear that the patterns of species range overlap and the ecological preferences of sister taxa are intimately related among lycaenid species that diversified during the Pleistocene. As a result, different influences on diversification can be highlighted in phylogenies when applying existing comparative methodologies but without necessarily drawing the same conclusions about modes of diversification. A more inclusive explanation for patterns of range overlap among sister taxa is detailed, a consequence of which is a method for estimating rates of extinction in a phylogeny where comprehensive distributional, biological and taxonomic data are available. These patterns and predictions may be applicable to a range of taxa, especially those that have diversified in the Pleistocene. Plans for future studies are outlined.
6
Eastwood, Rodney Gordon. "Ant Association and Speciation in Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera): Consequences of Novel Adaptations and Pleistocene Climate Changes." Thesis, Griffith University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365668.
Full textAbstract:
The butterfly family Lycaenidae (including the Riodinidae) contains an estimated 30% of all butterfly species and exhibits a diverse array of life history strategies. The early stages of most lycaenids associate with ants to varying degrees, ranging from casual facultative coexistence through to obligate association where the long-term survival of the butterfly is dependent on the presence of its attendant ants. Attendant ants guard the butterflies against predators and parasites during their vulnerable period of larval growth and pupation. The caterpillars, in return, reward the ants by providing attractive secretions from specialized glands in their cuticle. The prevalence of caterpillar-ant associations in the species rich Lycaenidae is in contrast with other Lepidoptera, where ant association appears only as isolated cases in otherwise non ant-associated lineages. This has led to the proposal that ant association may have influenced lycaenid diversification or even enhanced the rates of speciation in the group. In contrast, facultative ant-associated butterflies exhibit high levels of host plant integrity, so it is reasonable to assume that host plants may have played a significant role in their diversification. Since the influence of ants (or plants) on diversification is independent of geographic speciation modes such as vicariance or peripheral isolates, there is an underlying inference of sympatric speciation. Certain prerequisites thought to be important for sympatric speciation, such as mating on the host plant (or in the presence of the appropriate ant) as well as ant dependent oviposition preferences are characteristic of many obligate myrmecophiles. Not surprisingly, it has been suggested that evidence for sympatric speciation is more likely to be found in the Insecta since this additional mode of diversification could account for the large numbers of insect species. This thesis tested the diversification processes in obligate and facultative ant associated lycaenids using comparative methodologies in hierarchical molecular phylogenetic analyses. First, several hypotheses relating to the influence of ants on diversification in obligately ant associated lycaenid butterflies were tested in a phylogeographic analysis of the Australian endemic Jalmenus evagoras. The phylogeographic analysis revealed that regional isolation of butterfly subpopulations coincident with locally adapted ant taxa could generate a phylogenetic pattern in which related lycaenids would be seen to associate with related or ecologically similar ants. Likewise, ecological shifts in habitat preferences by lycaenids could lead to co-diversification with habitat specialist ants, even though in both cases, the ants may play only an incidental role in the diversification process. A comparative methodology was then applied in a molecular phylogenetic analysis of the genus Jalmenus to test for a signal of diversification consistent with shifts in ant partners, and to infer the processes by which ants could influence speciation. Several other specific hypotheses relating to monophyly and taxonomy were also examined. Comparative analysis of the Jalmenus phylogeny found that attendant ant shifts coincided with high levels of sympatry among sister species. This pattern could be explained by sympatric speciation; however, data suggested it was more likely that ant shifts occurred during butterfly population expansions as a result of vegetation and climate changes in the Pleistocene. Fragmentation of populations associating with novel ants could promote rapid ecological and behavioural changes and this could result in reproductive isolation of conspecifics when in secondary contact. Diversification would then continue in sympatry. In contrast, secondary contact of populations associating with the same ant species would result in homogenisation of the two lycaenid lineages or the extinction of one. A phylogeographic analysis of the facultative myrmecophiles, Theclinesthes albocincta/T. hesperia, was then undertaken to infer the evolutionary processes (such as the effects of host plant shifts) that could result in extant demographics. Species-specific questions of taxonomy, relative population ages and dispersal routes in arid Australia were also addressed. Results from the analysis suggested the two taxa were conspecific and had diversified in the late Pleistocene as a consequence of isolation in refugia in and around the arid areas of mainland Australia. However, as was the case in the J. evagoras population analysis in which attendant ant shifts were not detected, host plant shifts were not detected in the population analysis of T. albocincta/hesperia. Host plant or attendant ant shifts manifest more frequently at the species level, thus it was necessary to test the influence of host plant shifts at this higher level. The comparative methodology was then applied to a molecular phylogenetic analysis of the facultative ant-associated section Theclinesthes (comprising Theclinesthes, Sahulana and Neolucia) to test for modes of diversification consistent with host plant shifts. The relative importance of other influences on diversification was also assessed. Akin to the Jalmenus analysis, the prediction that sister species ranges should broadly overlap when a shift in host plants had taken place was upheld in the comparative analysis. Species in the genera Jalmenus and Theclinesthes were found to have diversified in the Pleistocene so were subject to the same climatic oscillations that influenced patterns of vegetation expansion and contraction across much of Australia. Thus, the similarity and predictability of relationships in the comparative analyses based on biological data suggested that host plant shifts have influenced diversification in facultative myrmecophiles by inhibiting gene flow in secondary contact in similar fashion to that of attendant ant shifts identified in the Jalmenus phylogeny. Interpretation of data in these analyses suggested that allopatric diversification was the most common mode of speciation. Isolation was inferred to be the result of fragmentation following long distance dispersal across wide expanses of marginal habitat, or vicariance following the closing of biogeographical barriers. However, attendant-ant and host-plant shifts clearly played an important role in the diversification process, and in the maintenance of species integrity among lycaenid butterflies. Furthermore, exceptions to the predicted patterns of range overlap and ecological shifts provided clues to additional modes of diversification including shifts in habitat preferences and an unusual temporal shift following changes in specific host plant phenology resulting in allochronic diversification. Inferring modes of diversification using comparative methods based on range overlap and biological traits in a phylogenetic context is not new; however, the interpretation presented in this thesis is in contrast with contemporary methods. It is clear that the patterns of species range overlap and the ecological preferences of sister taxa are intimately related among lycaenid species that diversified during the Pleistocene. As a result, different influences on diversification can be highlighted in phylogenies when applying existing comparative methodologies but without necessarily drawing the same conclusions about modes of diversification. A more inclusive explanation for patterns of range overlap among sister taxa is detailed, a consequence of which is a method for estimating rates of extinction in a phylogeny where comprehensive distributional, biological and taxonomic data are available. These patterns and predictions may be applicable to a range of taxa, especially those that have diversified in the Pleistocene. Plans for future studies are outlined.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Australian School of Environmental Studies
Full Text
7
Martins, Ananda Regina Pereira. "Sistemática da Seção Atlides sensu Robbins (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae, Theclinae, Eumaeini)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/38/38131/tde-09112014-013405/.
Full textAbstract:
A criação de seções em Eumaeini contribuiu significativamente para a classificação de uma tribo ainda com tantos problemas taxonômicos. No entanto, estudos ainda devem ser realizados no intuito de esclarecer relações filogenéticas entre gêneros e espécies das seções, além de reconstruir a história evolutiva de caracteres biologicamente relevantes (p. ex. órgãos sexuais secundários), fornecendo assim subsídios para a compreensão dos processos de especiação que contribuem para a diversidade do grupo. Dessa forma, o principal objetivo do presente trabalho é estabelecer uma classificação mais estável para seção Atlides, inferindo relações filogenéticas entre os gêneros e espécies da seção. Como desdobramentos desse objetivo, pode-se: testar o monofiletismo do gênero Theritas Hübner, com base em caracteres morfológicos; propor grupos monofiléticos dentro de Theritas, para posterior revisão das espécies; descrever nova espécie listada como sp. #128 na checklist do Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera; e fornecer subsídios pra o entendimento da evolução dos caracteres sexuais secundários encontrados na seção Atlides. Foram levantados 82 caracteres morfológicos: dois de cabeça, 65 de asas, dois de tórax, um de abdômen (externo), oito de genitália masculina e quatro de genitália feminina. As relações filogenéticas foram estudadas de acordo com o método cladístico. Testes assumindo pesos iguais e diferentes dos caracteres foram realizados. A pesagem dos caracteres seguiu o método de pesagem implícita com constante de concavidade (k) com valores iguais a 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 25, 50, 250 e 1000. Foram resultadas três árvores mais parcimoniosas no estudo com pesagem uniforme de caracteres (L=296, Ci= 50, Ri= 78). Como resultado do estudo cladístico tem-se que a seção Atlides não constitui um grupo monofilético da forma como havia sido proposta; o gênero Theritas Hübner não constitui um grupo monofilético, sendo desmembrado em três gêneros: Theritas Hübner, 1818 (sensu stricto), Denivia Johnson, 1992, revalidado e Margaritheclus Bálint, 2002, revalidado. A espécie listada como sp. #128 pertence à Denivia Johnson e foi descrita como Denivia silma Martins & Robbins, espécie nova. São propostas três novas combinações, uma em Margaritheclus Bálint e duas em Denivia Johnson, além de um sinônimo novo em Theritas Hübner. Os órgãos sexuais secundários mostraram-se homoplásticos, tendo a regulação gênica como uma explicação plausível para o padrão evolutivo apresentado.The establishment of sections in Eumaeini contributed significantly to the classification of this tribe, which still has many taxonomic problems. However, many studies have yet to be performed, aiming to understand phylogenetic relationships of genera and species, and to reconstruct the evolutionary history of biologically relevant characters (ex. secondary sexual organs), providing supports for understanding speciation processes that contribute to the diversity of the group. Thus, the main objective of the present study is to establish a more stable classification for the Atlides section. As consequences of this objective, it was possible to test the monophyly of the genus Theritas Hübner, based on morphological characters; proposing monophyletic groups within Theritas, for further review of the species; describing a new species listed as sp. # 128 in checklist of the Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera; and providing guide lines for understanding the evolution of secondary sexual characters found in the Atlides section. A total of 82 morphological characters were collected: two from head, 65 from wings, two from thorax, one from external abdomen, eight from male genitalia and four from female genitalia. Phylogenetic relationships were studied according to the cladistic method. Tests assuming equal and different characters\' weights were performed. The characters\' weights were established using the implicit weighting method with values of 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 25, 50, 250 and 1000 for the constant of concavity (k). Three most parsimonious trees were obtained with equal characters weights analyses (L=296, Ci= 50, Ri= 78). Cladistics results showed that Atlides section does not constitute a monophyletic group as it had been proposed; Theritas Hübner, 1818 does not constitute a monophyletic group and it has being dismembered into three genera: Theritas Hübner, 1818 (sensu stricto), Denivia Johnson, 1992, revalidated and Margaritheclus Bálint, 2002, revalidated. The new species listed as sp. # 128 belongs to Denivia Johnson and it was described as Denivia silma Martins & Robbins, new species. It was proposed three new combinations, one in Margaritheclus Bálint and two in Denivia Johnson, and one new synonym in Theritas Hübner. The secondary sexual organs proved to be homoplastic, with gene regulation as a plausible explanation for the evolutionary pattern presented.
8
Bártů, Nikola. "Porovnání populačních parametrů modrásků rodu Phengaris ve víceletém časovém horizontu." Master's thesis, Česká zemědělská univerzita v Praze, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-315933.
Full textAbstract:
There where evaluated the changes in abundance of overall metapopulations and abundace of butterflies on surveyed areas occupied by Phengaris nausithous (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). It ran on two long-term monitored locations in the Czech Republic : Slavíkovy ostrovy u Přelouče a Dolní Labe u Děčína. Data for this comparison was obtained by longterm monitoring of the abundance of butterflies on these locations. The method of reverse capture of labeled specimens was used and then statisticall processing of marking results in program MARK. In final number of the target species has been found significant fluctuation , after our evaluation. Abudance of total metapopulation in Přelouč in years from 2004 till 2016is variable from 148 up to 1 369 butterflies, numbers in Děčín between 2008 and 2016 has vacillated from 273 to 1952 individuals. Growth of abudance of metapopulation on these two locations are obvious from crossing both diagrams (in years 2006, 2010-11 and 2014-2015). However, observing time-lime is not so long, this is very strong argument to support this hypothesis: ,,From aged time sequence there is noticable graduation periodicity. Than has been compared progression of population of individual locations compare to metapopulation of both locations together and it has discovered this observation is a real picture of aged progress. Most of places of research copying trend of metapopulation. If there are any differences, for example total metapopulation grows, but population of individual location declines, it could be explain as a change of familiar location related on mamagement, in this case on the wrong one. Contrariwise, rising of individual colony against the trend of metapopulation, mostly shows a positive changes in maintenance of site. Long therm researching is highly recommented for rating of impact of management.
9
Štěpánková, Anežka. "Stav populace modráska Phengaris nausithous na vybraných loukách na Broumovsku." Master's thesis, Česká zemědělská univerzita v Praze, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-315903.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this thesis entitled Population Status checkered blue butterfly Phengaris nausithous (Bergsträsser, 1779) on selected meadows in Broumov area was to find and evaluate the situation regarding the size and structure of populations of the butterfly Phengaris nausithous, on a recently selected location within the territory of the Czech Republic. A used monitoring method was a Capture-Recapture method at 13 locations in the PLA Broumovsko, where the occurrence of the food plant Sanguisorba officinalis, which is an integral part of the species evolution, was the key for choosing the location. The ant of the genus Myrmica is also important for the evolution of the P. nausithous. The results were evaluated using the program MARK and Statistika and then transferred into graphs and tables. In 2016 it was marked 687 of the P. nausithous and the sum for the overall metapopulation totaled 1,487 individuals. Most of the P. nausithous occurence with the number of (fixed catches) 149 was registered at the Hynčice 2 (H2) area, which was the third largest area of all studied habitats. The least number of 15 of the P. nausithous has been marked at the Hynčice 1 (H1) area. Maximum estimates of numbersfor patches were determined with the program MARK with the highest number of 367 individuals in the H2 area, whereas the lowest number of 38 individuals at the H1 area.The numbers of P. nausithous determined by the application MARK were significantly higher than those of fixed catches, indicating good aplication of methodology. It was captured a total of 49 migrations. Overall 31 % of individuals migrated and 18 % of individuals migrated within assumed total number. Most flyovers were between the areas H2 and H4 (11 flyovers) and between areas V1 and H4 was recorded flyover at a distance of 5.3 km, which can be considered as one of the longest flyovers. The average distance of migration of P. nausithous was 1.46 km. The number of immigrants for solid flyovers was set to 49 individuals and the number of immigrants to 58 individuals. The hypothesis of this work was: All the examined areas communicates using flyovers of butterflies and the system can be considered as a single metapopulation and was confirmed given on the basis of the results. Target species dependence on the density of host plant vegetation was not crucial according to the graphic representation. The first T-test found that there is no association between P. nausithous abundance and between the length of the migration between particular areas. The second T-test found that with increasing number of flyovers the length of those flyovers gradually decreased.
10
Forister, Matthew Lewis. "Components of reproductive isolation within the Mitoura (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) species complex of Northern California /." For electronic version search Digital dissertations database. Restricted to UC campuses. Access is free to UC campus dissertations, 2004. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.
Full text
11
Jeratthitikul, Ekgachai. "Phylogeographic and morphometric studies on the Fischer's blue Tongeia fischeri (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) in Japan." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/180527.
Full text
12
Silva, Neuza Aparecida Pereira. "Biologia de lagartas de Lycaenidae em inflorescências de plantas no cerrado do Brasil Central." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2011. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/8918.
Full textAbstract:
Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, 2011.Submitted by claudia teixeira (claudiadtx@gmail.com) on 2011-07-01T17:34:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_NeuzaAparecidaPereiradaSilva.pdf: 8709241 bytes, checksum: 46b99fe16e376ff82f283fc009a87032 (MD5)
Approved for entry into archive by Elna Araújo(elna@bce.unb.br) on 2011-07-04T21:07:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_NeuzaAparecidaPereiradaSilva.pdf: 8709241 bytes, checksum: 46b99fe16e376ff82f283fc009a87032 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2011-07-04T21:07:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_NeuzaAparecidaPereiradaSilva.pdf: 8709241 bytes, checksum: 46b99fe16e376ff82f283fc009a87032 (MD5)
Lycaenidae é a segunda família de borboletas em riqueza de espécies e nos Neotrópicos é representada por três subfamílias: Lycaeninae, Polyommatinae e Theclinae, contudo estes grupos ainda são pouco conhecidos nesta região, especialmente em relação a dieta e biologia. A proposta deste estudo foi associar lagartas de Theclinae a inflorescências de diferentes famílias de plantas em cerrado típico do Distrito Federal (Brasil) (Capítulo 1) e apresentar características biológicas de algumas das espécies encontradas (Capítulo 2). As coletas e observações foram realizadas em áreas de cerrado sensu stricto e campo sujo na APA Gama Cabeça de Veado e em fragmentos de cerrado no campus da Universidade de Brasília. Os levantamentos quantitativos de lagartas e suas plantas hospedeiras foram realizados entre 1999 e 2010. Foram coletadas ou examinadas 11.445 inflorescências em 89 espécies de 31 famílias de plantas. A partir da criação das larvas em laboratório foram obtidos 202 adultos de Eumaeini (Theclinae) de 29 espécies em 42 espécies de plantas, além de mais duas espécies utilizando outros recursos (flor caída e folhas). Os resultados indicaram um alto esforço de amostragem para obtenção dos imaturos na vegetação de cerrado. Em algumas famílias de plantas a riqueza e a abundancia de lagartas foi alta, Araliaceae, Vochysiaceae e Proteaceae, enquanto em Rubiaceae a freqüência de lagartas foi baixa. No geral, as espécies encontradas na área de estudo têm ampla distribuição geográfica e são localmente polífagas ou oligófagas. As observações das características das lagartas (Capítulo 2) foram realizadas através da vistoria de inflorescências no campo e a criação de lagartas em laboratório, entre março de 2009 e dezembro de 2010. Nesse período foram obtidas 217 lagartas de 23 espécies, sendo 22 espécies de Theclinae e uma de Polyommatinae. Cerca de 10% do total de lagartas estava parasitada principalmente por Hymenoptera e 12% não completaram o desenvolvimento resultando em 170 adultos. O maior número de indivíduos encontrados foi representado por Allosmaitia strophius (Godart) em espécies de Malpighiaceae (n=66) e Strymon mulucha (Hewitson) (n=37), espécie polífaga. Cinco larvas da primeira e uma da segunda espécie foram observadas em interação com formigas no campo. O canibalismo foi observado em A. strophius e as pupas desta e de outras três espécies produziram sons audíveis. Paiwarria aphaca (Hewitson) se destacou por sua grande diferença entre os primeiros e os últimos ínstares e pela marcada diferença com a larva de P. umbratus (Geyer), ilustrada para a Costa Rica. Calycopis mimas (Godman & Salvin) foi a única espécie entre os Eumaeini observada com comportamento de "bungee jumping" quando estimulada. O hábito alimentar detritívoro foi observado em duas espécies: Electrostrymon endymion (Fabricius) e Kisutam syllis (Godman & Salvin). Em todo o trabalho, foram examinadas mais de 13 mil inflorescências e as larvas criadas em laboratório resultaram em 319 adultos de 37 espécies de licenídeos, presentes em 54 espécies de plantas (Anexo 2). Esses resultados representam o primeiro registro de plantas hospedeiras para sete espécies de Eumaeini e o primeiro registro de ocorrência de outras cinco espécies no Distrito Federal. A importância da APA Gama Cabeça de Veado como área de preservação no Distrito Federal é ressaltada neste estudo. _________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
Lycaenidae constitutes the second family of butterflies in species richness, and in the Neotropics is composed for three subfamilies: Polyommatinae, Theclinae, and Lycaeninae. Although, their high significance they still little known in the Neotropical region, especially in relation to their diet and biology. The aim of this study was to associate the caterpillars of Theclinae to the inflorescences of several plant families in the cerrado of Distrito Federal (Brazil) (Chapter 1), and to present the biological characteristics of some species (Chapter 2). Observations and collections of caterpillars and inflorescences were carried out in areas of cerrado sensu stricto and campo sujo, in the APA Gama Cabeça de Veado and in the fragments of cerrado close to the campus of the Universidade de Brasília. Quantitative surveys of caterpillars and their hostplants were conducted between 1999 and 2010. It was collected or examined 11,445 inflorescences in 89 species of 31 families of plants. All the caterpillars collected were reared in the laboratory. From them were obtained 202 adults of Eumaeini (Theclinae) of 29 species reared in 42 species of hostplants, plus two species using other resources (soil fallen flower and leaves). The results pointed to a necessity of a huge sampling effort to obtain caterpillars of Lycaenidae in cerrado vegetation. In Araliaceae, Vochysiaceae and Proteaceae families there were a high species richness and abundance of caterpillars while in Rubiaceae the frequency of caterpillars was low. In general, the species of Lycaenidae found in the study area have broad geographical distribution, and their caterpillars are poliphagous or oligophagous. Observations and the description of the characteristics of the caterpillars (Chapter 2) were conducted through the inspection of inflorescences in the field and the rearing of caterpillars in laboratory, between March 2009 and December 2010. During this period 217 caterpillars of 23 species were found being 22 species of Theclinae and one of Polyommatinae. Nearly 10% of the total number of caterpillars was parasitized mainly by Hymenoptera, 12% did not complete their development, and 170 adults emerged in the laboratory. Allosmaitia strophius (Godart) found on species of Malpighiaceae (n=66) was the species with the highest number of individuals followed by a polyphagous species Strymon mulucha (Hewitson) (n=37). vi In the field we observed five caterpillars of the first species mentioned above and one of the second species interacting with ants. Cannibalism was observed in A. strophius, and its pupae and pupae of three others species produced audible sounds. Paiwarria aphaca (Hewitson) was highlighted because of the great difference observed between the first and last instares, and by the marked difference with the caterpillars of P. umbratus (Geyer) found in Costa Rica. Calycopis mimas (Godman & Salvin) was the only species observed, among the Eumaeini, displaying the "bungee jumping" behavior when stimulated. The food habit scavenger was observed in two species: Electrostrymon endymion (Fabricius) and Kisutam syllis (Godman & Salvin). Throughout this work, more than 13 thousand inflorescences have been examined, and 319 adults of 37 species of licenids emerged in the laboratory from the immature reared on 54 species of plants (Annex 2). The results show the first record of host plants for seven species of Eumaeini, and the first record of five species for Distrito Federal. This study also highlights the importance of the APA Gama Cabeça de Veado as a preservation area in the Distrito Federal.
13
Oliver, Jeffrey Catlin. "Population, Phylogenetic, and Coalescent Analyses of Character Evolution in Gossamer-Winged Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194227.
Full textAbstract:
To understand the processes responsible for the diversity of life, one must consider evolutionary history. By incorporating a phylogenetic approach to studies of character evolution and species interactions, we may better understand the mechanisms governing this tangled bank. This work addresses fundamental questions regarding morphological and behavioral evolution, using gossamer-winged butterflies (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) as model systems.By investigating the pattern of genetic variation in a group of closely related species of copper butterflies (Lycaena), I show morphological divergence occurred in the absence of gene flow between Lycaena xanthoides and L. editha. Additionally, genetic divergence between populations of L. xanthoides has occurred without considerable morphological divergence. These findings highlight the utility of genetic data for inferring species boundaries and identification of cryptic lineages.Inferring evolutionary relationships among closely related species should benefit from multiple sources of information, e.g., unlinked genetic markers. Here I extend a method of reconstructing species relationships based on multiple reconstructed gene trees, using the number of incomplete lineage sorting events ('deep coalescences') as the objective function. This approach provides a more complete understanding of species' histories by accommodating population-level processes which may lead to discordance between gene genealogies and species phylogenies. The approach is evaluated with simulated and empirical data, and I discuss conditions which may result in misleading inferences.Finally, incorporating data from multiple gene trees, I investigate the evolution of association in a lycaenid-ant interaction. Lycaenid butterfly caterpillars are often involved in mutualisms with ant hosts: these larvae use volatile signals and provide carbohydrate rewards from the dorsal nectary organ (DNO) to associated ants to gain protection from natural enemies. However, larvae of some lycaenid species, such as L. xanthoides, do not possess the reward-producing organ, yet are still found in association with ants. Evaluating the relationship in a phylogenetic framework, I show that L. xanthoides likely evolved from a non-ant-associated ancestor. This suggests that L. xanthoides has 'cracked the code' that other, honest-signaling lycaenid larvae use to communicate to ants. Evolution of mutualisms between honest-signaling larvae and ants will likely be affected by the impact of illicit-signaling larvae.
14
Mota, Luísa Lima e. 1989. "Ant-treehopper associations as visual cues for egg-laying Parrhasius polibetes (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae), a facultative myrmecophilous butterfly = Associações formiga-membracídeo como pistas visuais para oviposição em Parrhasius polibetes (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae), uma borboleta mirmecófila facultativa." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/316178.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Paulo Sérgio Moreira Carvalho de OliveiraDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T11:02:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mota_LuisaLimae_M.pdf: 2431693 bytes, checksum: af49f66454904ecb2d987348646ea0e0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014
Resumo: A escolha do local de oviposição tem grande influência na aptidão das fêmeas de Lepidoptera, uma vez que as larvas têm mobilidade restrita. Pistas químicas, visuais e/ou táteis provindas da planta hospedeira costumam ser utilizadas, mas também são importantes a presença de inimigos naturais ou parceiros mutualistas. No caso de espécies mirmecófilas, a oviposição pode ser mediada pelas formigas atendentes, mas pouco se sabe sobre como as borboletas percebem as formigas e as utilizam como sinal. Parrhasius polibetes, um licenídeo polífago que apresenta mirmecofilia facultativa, é comumente encontrada em Schefflera vinosa (Araliaceae), uma planta que também pode abrigar agregações do membracídeo Guayaquila xiphias. P. polibetes e G. xiphias podem ser atendidas pelas mesmas formigas, e larvas de P. polibetes tem sua sobrevivência aumentada quando ocorrem próximas às associações G. xiphias + formigas, e as borboletas adultas preferem ovipositar em ramos onde a associação está presente, embora não se conheça qual sinal é utilizado para essa escolha. Este trabalho teve por objetivo investigar se P. polibetes reconhece visualmente a associação e a utiliza como pista para oviposição. Foram feitos experimentos com formigas e membracídeos secos montados em ramos pareados de S. vinosa, entre os quais a borboleta poderia escolher. Fêmeas de P. polibetes preferiram ovipositar em ramos contendo a pista visual de formigas + membracídeos ou apenas de formigas, não havendo preferência quando apenas membracídeos estavam presentes. O número de ovos foi maior apenas quando a pista visual de formigas + membracídeos estava presente. Isso revela a importância da visão para a escolha do local de oviposição por P. polibetes, embora não se descarte o uso de pistas químicas ou táteis. A imagem de formigas deve ser recorrente em muitas espécies de plantas hospedeiras utilizadas por P. polibetes, e fêmeas capazes de utilizá-la na hora da oviposição teriam vantagem dada a importância das formigas para a sobrevivência das larvas. As pistas utilizadas por borboletas com diferentes níveis de mirmecofilia para escolha do local de oviposição representam um campo de estudo pouco explorado, que poderá revelar novos aspectos sobre a interação entre lepidópteros e formigas
Abstract: Because the larvae have restricted mobility, the location chosen for oviposition and immature development may have a crucial effect on Lepidoptera fitness. Chemical, visual and/or tactile cues from the host plant are usually utilized during host plant selection, but the presence of natural enemies or mutualistic partners is also important. In the case of myrmecophilous species, oviposition can be mediated by the tending ants, but little is known about how the female perceive ants, and use them as cues. Parrhasius polibetes, a poliphagous lycaenid that presents facultative myrmecophily, is commonly found in Schefflera vinosa (Araliaceae), a bush commonly hosting aggregations of the treehopper Guayaquila xiphias. P. polibetes and G. xiphias can be tended by the same ants, and P. polibetes larvae have their survivorship increased when they occur close to associations of G. xiphias + ants. Female butterflies prefer to oviposit on branches where the association is present, even though the signal used in this choice is unknown. The objective of this study was to investigate whether P. polibetes visually recognize ant-treehopper associations and use them as clue for oviposition. Behavioral trials consisted of dried ants and treehoppers mounted on paired S. vinosa branches, between which the butterfly could choose. P. polibetes females preferred to oviposit on branches containing ants + treehoppers or only ants, and showed no preference when only treehoppers were present. The number of eggs was greater only when both ants and treehoppers were present on a branch. These results reveal the importance of vision during the oviposition process in P. polibetes, even though chemical and tactile clues may also be used. The image of ants is probably recurrent in many host plant species used by P. polibetes, and females capable of perceiving them during oviposition would have an advantage, given the importance of ants for larval survival in this species. So far, the cues used during egg-laying by butterflies with different levels of myrmecophily have not been explored in detail; and further investigations might reveal new aspects about the behavioral interface of butterfly-ant interactions
Mestrado
Ecologia
Mestra em Ecologia
15
Morton, A. C. G. "The population biology of an insect with a restricted distribution : Cupido minimus Fuessly (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.355653.
Full text
16
Lelievre, Thierry. "Phylogénie des polyommatinae et structure génétique de six espèces du genre Lysandra, Hemming (Lépidoptères lycaenidae)." Aix-Marseille 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992AIX11008.
Full textAbstract:
Une étude phylogénétique de 47 espèces de polyommatinae (lépidoptères, lycaenidae) a été réalisée en France et en Espagne. Elle repose sur l'examen electrophoretique de 26 systèmes enzymatiques. Ces données sont traitées par les méthodes uni- et multidimensionnelles : classifications hiérarchiques, acp, afc et afd. Si certains aspects de la systématique classique des polyommatinae sont confirmes par nos résultats, le regroupement des taxa sous le genre polyommatus ne demeure pas pertinent. Le mérite de la classification proposée est sa parcimonie au niveau de la nomenclature. Par ailleurs, une étude descriptive et interprétative de la structure génétique de 75 populations de lysandra a été réalisée sur le même secteur géographique. Elle repose sur les mêmes systèmes enzymatiques et son exploitation sur les mêmes méthodes d'analyse. Sur les 26 systèmes enzymatiques étudies, 9 sont polymorphes, la plupart étant multialleliques. Les coefficients d'heterozygotie mettent à part l. Bellargus, moins polymorphe que les autres espèces. Les statistiques f de wright démontrent l'ampleur des échanges géniques entre les populations. Les histogrammes de fréquences alleliques ainsi que les acp, afc et afd montrent la différence existant entre les lysandra blancs (hispana, semperi et albicans) et les bleus (coridon et caelestissima). Aucune ordination géographique n'est claire dans les populations étudiées, mise a part une separation entre les hispana francais et espagnols. Les classifications hierarchiques confirment ce fait mais aussi la séparation entre les lysandra blancs et les bleus. Il nous semble raisonnable de considérer qu'il existe deux entités taxonomiques nettement séparées et d'ailleurs partiellement sympathiques: l. Coridon et l'ensemble hispana l. Albicans. La structure de la deuxième entité est moins claire. Nous penchons pour deux semispecies qui n'ont toujours pas révèle de zone de contacts précises. En revanche, il nous parait indubitable que semperi appartienne a albicans et non a hispana
17
Wiemers, Martin. "Chromosome differentiation and the radiation of the butterfly subgenus Agrodiaetus (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Polyommatus) a molecular phylogenetic approach /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2003. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=969293437.
Full text
18
Heffernan, Emily V. "Symbiotic relationship between Anthene emolus (Lycaenidae) and Oecophylla smaragdina (Formicidae) an obligate mutualism in the Malaysian rainforest /." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2004. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0004770.
Full text
19
Edge, David Alan. "Ecological factors influencing the survival of the Brenton Blue butterfly Orachrysops niobe (Trimen) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) / David A. Edge." Thesis, North-West University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/990.
Full textAbstract:
The Brenton Blue butterfly, Orachrysops niobe (Trimen) is currently only known to be extant at
one locality in the southern Cape (the Brenton Blue Butterfly Reserve = BBBR), and currently
globally Red Listed as "Critically Endangered". This research investigates the life history and
ecological interactions of o. niobe and recommends management techniques for the BBBR.
Adult nectar sources and female oviposition behaviour are described. The first two larval instars
feed on the leaflets of the host plant Indigofera erecta Thunb., and the 3rd and 4th instar larvae feed
on this plant's woody rootstock, attended by ants Camponotus baynei Arnold. Cannibalism takes
place in the early larval stages. Adults emerge from late October - early December, from late
January to early March, and occasionally there is a third brood in April. Morphological and
behavioural features of the larvae are described, and larval growth patterns are compared to other
polyommatines. The nature of the myrmecophilous behaviour is assessed and the phylogenetic
relationships between Orachrysops, Euchrysops, Lepidochrysops, and other polyommatine genera
are discussed.
Ant assemblages at the BBBR are described from pitfall trap sampling and field observations of
interactions between O. niobe larvae and ants. The ant assemblages at the BBBR, Nature's Valley
Fynbos Reserve (NVFR) and Uitzicht 216/ 40 are compared. The potential impact of the
Argentine ant at the BBBR is discussed.
Adult and egg counts are used to study the population dynamics of O. niobe, leading to an
estimate of the adult butterfly population and its fluctuations. A population dynamics model is
constructed, and several factors impacting fecundity and mortality are assessed. Population studies
on other polyommatines are compared and discussed.
The morphology, reproductive biology and autoecology of the papilionoid legume I. erecta are
described. An explanation is offered why the larvae of O. niobe are monophagous on this plant.
Microhabitat variations cause changes in its vegetative morphology and this further explains the
restricted range of O. niobe. The population dynamics of I. erecta is investigated and the effects of
biotic and abiotic factors (including fire) assessed.
Braun Blanquet methodology is used to sample and classify the vegetation communities at the
BBBR. Ordination techniques are used to confirm the classification and to diagnose for
environmental gradients. Hypotheses are generated about the ecological processes functioning at
the site, and the environmental niche occupied by I. erecta. Correlations between the occurrence
xxii
of vegetation types and other plant species and I. erecta are sought and a strong association with
Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus is demonstrated.
Three study sites are described and the ecological history of the region is reconstructed.
Ecosystems are no longer fully functional because natural fire regimes and megaherbivores are
absent. It is suggested that O. niobe currently inhabits an interglacial refugium under stress from
the current global warming trend. The remaining suitable habitat is threatened by coastal property
development and environmental degradation. An increased population of o. niobe at the BBBR,
and establishment of new populations is essential to avoid extinction. Management techniques are
evaluated and a management strategy for the BBBR is proposed.Thesis (Ph.D. (Environmental Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.
20
Monteiro, Ricardo Ferreira. "Aspectos ecologicos de teclineos (Lep.: lycaenidae) com referencia especial a coloração criptica de duas especies de Rekoa (Kaye)." [s.n.], 1990. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/316000.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: João Vasconcellos NetoTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-13T23:03:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Monteiro_RicardoFerreira_D.pdf: 6328791 bytes, checksum: 397ab48d6316cf8a81a12abd0664c1fd (MD5) Previous issue date: 1990
Resumo: Foram estudados aspectos ecológicos de 13 espécies de teclíneos (Lep.: Lycaenidae) na restinga de Barra de Maricá, RJ, durante o período de 1986 1989: Rekoa marius, R. palegon, Allosmaitia strophius, Evenus regalis, Iaspis talayra, Michaelus jebus, M. thordesa, Ministrymon zilda, Ocaria ocrysia, Pseudolycaena marsyas, Strymon basilides, S. mulucha e Tmolus echion. De duas destas espécIes, Rekoa marius e R. palegon, foram obtidos dados de cIclo de vida, período de reprodução, plantas hospedeiras, comportamento alImentar e Interações parasítIcas e mutualísticas. Embora larvas de ambas as espécies de borboletas alimentem-se de botões florais de um grande número de espécies de plantas hospedeiras (de cores diferentes) elas sempre apresentam coloração críptica com seu substrato alimentar. Larvas de R. marius foram encontradas alimentando-se de 30 espécies de hospedeiras pertencentes a 11 famílIas, todas dicotiledôneas, enquanto que R. palegon alimenta-se de 12 espécies de plantas, sendo 11 da família Asteraceae ... Observação: O resumo, na íntegra, poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital
Abstract: Ecological aspects of 13 techline species (Lep.: Lycaenldae) were studied at restinga of Barra de Maricá, RJ, during 1986 1989: R. marius, R. palegon, Allosmaitia strophius, Evenus regalis, Iaspis talayra, Michaelus jebus, M. thordesa, Ministrymon zilda, Ocaria ocrysia, Pseudolycaena marsyas, Strymon basilides, S. mulucha e Tmolus echion. Data concerning to life - cycle, reproduction, host plants, feeding behavior, and parasitic and mutualistic interactions were obtained from Rekoa marius and R. palegon. Both butterflies feed upon flower bud of a great number of host species. However their larvae always presented cryptic coloration with their substrate. R. marius larvae were found feeding on 30 host species belonging to 11 families, all dicot, and R. Palegon on 12 species all but one Asteraceae ... Note: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic digital thesis or dissertations
Doutorado
Ecologia
Doutor em Ciências Biológicas
21
McManus, Valerie C. "The biology of the eastern pygmy blue butterfly, Brephidium pseudofea (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) physiological adaptations to an intertidal environment /." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0024617.
Full text
22
Knüttel, Helge. "Flavonoidinduzierte phänotypische Plastizität in der Flügelfärbung des Bläulings Polyommatus icarus (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) und ihre Bedeutung für Partnerwahl und Arterkennung." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2003. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=968874231.
Full text
23
Silva, Neuza Aparecida Pereira da. "Diversidade e variação na abundância de recursos e biologia de imaturos de Eumaeini (Lycaenidae, Tcheclinae) em plantas do cerrado." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2016. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/22877.
Full textAbstract:
Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, 2016.Submitted by Camila Duarte (camiladias@bce.unb.br) on 2017-01-20T20:40:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_NeuzaAparecidaPereiradaSilva.pdf: 6004071 bytes, checksum: 4c7f347ab3012bfb345e6f33384f7447 (MD5)
Approved for entry into archive by Ruthléa Nascimento(ruthleanascimento@bce.unb.br) on 2017-03-13T15:59:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_NeuzaAparecidaPereiradaSilva.pdf: 6004071 bytes, checksum: 4c7f347ab3012bfb345e6f33384f7447 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-13T15:59:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_NeuzaAparecidaPereiradaSilva.pdf: 6004071 bytes, checksum: 4c7f347ab3012bfb345e6f33384f7447 (MD5)
Eumaeini (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae) é uma tribo rica em espécies de borboletas na região Neotropical. A coloração críptica e interações simbióticas com formigas são atributos ecológicos de defesa das lagartas desses lepidópteros. Contudo, sabe-se pouco da história de vida e da relação entre recursos, abundância e interações desses licenídeos. Os objetivos desse estudo foram avaliar os efeitos da diversidade e abundância dos recursos (inflorescências) e a presença de formigas sobre a abundância de imaturos de Eumaeini; fornecer informações sobre a história natural e características morfológicas de Paiwarria venulius (Cramer) e Paiwarria aphaca (Hewitson) comparando-as com lagartas aposemáticas de Parides Hübner (Papilionidae), sugeridas como possíveis modelos miméticos, e apresentar a biologia e morfologia dos imaturos de Strymon crambusa (Hewitson), uma espécie rara em levantamentos. As amostragens ocorreram em mata de galeria, cerrado sensu stricto e campo sujo. Os resultados indicaram que a abundância de inflorescências afetou positivamente a abundância dos licenídeos, mas a composição de espécies não foi afetada pela composição florística. A presença de formigas no total das plantas também exibiu efeito sobre a abundância dos imaturos. Lagartas das duas espécies de Paiwarria apresentam escolos e coloração conspícua sobre folhas das plantas hospedeiras. P. venulius possui órgão nectário dorsal enquanto P. aphaca não, além disso, o padrão de coloração da primeira exibe maior convergência fenotípica com o encontrado nas lagartas de Parides spp.. P. venulius é registrada também em áreas de mata, enquanto P. aphaca ocorre em áreas de cerrado. As diferenças morfológicas entre elas podem estar relacionadas aos caracteres adaptativos na transição do ambiente de mata para o savânico ou vice versa. Lagartas de S. crambusa são crípticas e são localmente especializadas em Oxalidaceae. Esta tese fornece informações inéditas sobre padrões e processos ecológicos e evolutivos que podem estar atuando em diferentes escalas nas comunidades de Lycaenidae no Cerrado.
In the Neotropics Eumaeini (Lycaenidae) is a very species rich tribe. Their caterpillar cryptic coloration and symbiotic interactions with ants (myrmecophily) are ecological attributes recognized as defense strategies. Little is known about the life history and the relation between resources, abundance and interactions of these lepidopterans. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of diversity and abundance of inflorescences and the presence of ants on the plants on the abundance of immature stages of Eumaeini, furnish informations on the natural history and morphological characteristics of Paiwarria venulius (Cramer) and Paiwarria aphaca (Hewitson), making comparisons with aposematic caterpillars of Parides Hübner (Papilionidae), suggested as possible mimetic models, also presents the biology and morphology of immatures Strymon crambusa (Hewitson), a species that is infrequently registered. Sampling was conducted in gallery forest, cerrado sensu stricto and campo sujo. The results indicated that the abundance of inflorescences positively affected the abundance of Eumaeini immatures, but the species composition were not affect by floristic composition. The presence of ants on the plants also had an effect on the immatures abundance. Caterpillar of both species of Paiwarria have scoli and a conspicuous coloration on the leaves of their food plants. P. venulius presents the dorsal nectary organ while P. aphaca does not, and the first has a higher phenotypic convergence with caterpillars of Parides spp.. P. aphaca occurs in savanna areas, while P. venulius is also in forest areas. Morphological differences between the two species of Paiwarria may be relate to adaptive characteristics in the transition from the gallery forest to the cerrado or vice versa. S. crambusa have cryptic caterpillars and are locally specialized in Oxalidaceae. This thesis provides new information on patterns and ecological and evolutionary processes that may be acting in different scales in communities of Lycaenidae in the Cerrado.
24
Jansson, Camilla. "Habitat selection and oviposition of the endangered butterfly Scolitantides orion in Sweden." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-94649.
Full textAbstract:
Detailed knowledge about the habitat requirements of butterflies is vital for successful conservation. The aim of the present study was to examine the habitat requirements of the endangered butterfly Scolitantides orion on 15 sites in Östergötland, Sweden. The requirements of adults and ovipositing females were studied with regard to several environmental variables measured at three scales; small, transect and large scale. The probability of finding adults increased with decreasing tree cover at the small scale, and adult numbers increased with the proportion of bare rock at the large scale. In contrast, ovipositing females mainly responded to the small scale. The main finding was that females oviposited in areas with higher tree cover (< 70 %) than that preferred by dwelling adults (< 20 %). However, there was a greater probability of finding eggs when tree cover was less than 50 %. Furthermore, egg numbers on host plants increased with the number of leaves on the stem and with the proportion of surrounding bare rock or bare ground. At the transect scale, females oviposited in areas with a higher density of host plants. To conclude, S. orion predominately inhabits open areas with warm microclimatic conditions for dwelling and oviposition. To conserve this species, suitable areas containing nectar plants and high densities of host plants with large leaf numbers and surrounded by large proportions of bare rock or bare ground, should be preserved. The areas should be maintained by selective clearing at regular intervals to uphold canopy openness and heterogeneity.
25
Alonso, Regina de Azevedo Soares. "Analise espaço-temporal de uma comunidade de Riodininae (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) no Parque Estadual de Vassununga, Gleba Pe de Gigante (SP)." [s.n.], 2005. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/316042.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Keith S. Brown JrDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T03:09:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alonso_ReginadeAzevedoSoares_M.pdf: 1248393 bytes, checksum: 8854fd83a8685cfeea84be1d3fd65500 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005
Resumo: Borboletas são bastante usadas como indicadores em programas conservacionistas devido a fácil e rápida amostragem, biologia e ecologia conhecidas, e sensibilidade a alterações ambientais. A subfamília Riodininae é diversificada e facilmente encontrada em ambiente neotropical. Ocorre em condições bastante particulares no tempo e no espaço, e devidamente estudada poderia ser um interessante grupo para monitoramento ambiental. O cerrado apresenta heterogeneidade de habitats, proporcionando uma grande variedade de microambientes para a distribuição desta subfamília. Neste trabalho, foi estudada a distribuição no tempo e no espaço de borboletas da subfamília Riodininae na Gleba Pé de Gigante do Parque Estadual de Vassununga, Estado de São Paulo. Durante um ano, foram realizados censos visuais ao longo de três trilhas longas de cerca de 1800 m, e uma trilha curta de 350 m, em amostragens quinzenais de três dias de duração. Registrou-se o número de indivíduos observados de cada espécie. Foram observados 1297 indivíduos, de 42 espécies, das quais seis contribuíram com 75% das observações. A comunidade adequou-se a uma distribuição de série logarítimica, com poucas espécies dominantes e um grande número de raras. Estas borboletas distribuíram-se em períodos de baixa e alta concentração de indivíduos observados, denominados, respectivamente, baixa e alta estação. Durante a alta estação observou-se um maior número de indivíduos concentrados principalmente de março a maio. A distribuição temporal sofreu ação direta de temperatura, umidade e chuvas proporcionando condições mais favoráveis para a ocorrência da subfamília, e indireta através da influência destes fatores na vegetação, que fornece alimento adequado às larvas destas borboletas no período pós-chuvas. As espécies mirmecófilas Theope nycteis e Ematurgina axena parecem estar sujeitas também a outros fatores, provavelmente relacionados à presença de formigas na área. A análise espacial mostrou heterogeneidade; cada trilha contribuiu com uma parcela da riqueza e diversidade total da área. Alguns pontos das trilhas com características peculiares mostraram alta concentração de indivíduos. Algumas espécies pareceram estar restritas a determinadas fisionomias vegetais: Calephelis brasiliensis ocorreu em áreas mais abertas de cerrado sensu stricto, enquanto Mesosemia levis e M. melpia foram encontradas predominantemente em áreas de cerradão. Fatores como abertura de dossel e estrutura da vegetação influenciaram a preferência por habitat. Uma investigação mais profunda dos processos que originam estas distribuições no tempo e no espaço pode fornecer o conhecimento necessário a permitir a utilização de algumas espécies deste grupo em estudos ambientais
Abstract: Butterflies are often used as bioindicators in conservation programs due to features such as rapid census, well known biology and ecology, and high sensitivity to environmental change. Species in the subfamily Riodininae are diversified and easily found at any neotropical site. They occur under very particular conditions in time and space; properly studied, they should be interesting indicators for conservation monitoring. The Brazilian savanna (cerrado) shows a high heterogeneity, providing a vast range of microhabitats in which this subfamily could be spread out. In this work, I studied the distribution of the subfamily Riodininae in time and space in a savanna remnant: Gleba Pé de Gigante, Parque Estadual de Vassununga, São Paulo State. For one year, I took fortnightly visual census counts along three long transects (1800m), and a short one (350m), during three days. I took note of the position, time, activity, and number of individuals for each species seen in the area. I observed 1297 individuals, in 42 species; six were responsible for 75% of the individuals present in the area. The community fits a log-series distribution, showing few abundant species and many rare ones. Depending on the number of individuals observed, these butterflies occur in low and high seasons, the latter presenting many more individuals especially from March to May. The distribution in time is influenced by temperature, humidity and rain, directly through favorable microclimatic conditions and indirectly through the influence of these climatic factors on the vegetation, which provides specialized nutrients to the larvae during the post-rainy period. The myrmecophilous species Theope nycteis and Ematurgina axena were also influenced by other factors related to the presence of ants in the area. The spatial analysis showed a heterogeneous distribution pattern; each transect contributed a part of the total richness and diversity of species in the area. There is a high concentration of individuals at a few specific points along transects with special characteristics. Some species were restricted to certain vegetation physiognomies: Calephelis brasiliensis occurred only in open savanna areas, while Mesosemia levis and M. melpia occurred mainly in more forested areas. Factors such as canopy openness and vegetation structure influenced the preferences for habitat. A closer investigation of the processes that originate these distributions in time and space should provide important knowledge for the use of some species of the group in environmental studies
Mestrado
Ecologia
Mestre em Ecologia
26
Kaminski, Lucas Augusto. "Mirmecofilia em Parrahasius polibetes (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) = historia natural, custos, seleção de planta hospedeira e beneficios da co-correncia com hemipteros mirmecofilos." [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/315760.
Full textAbstract:
Orientadores: Andre Victor Lucci Freitas, Paulo Sergio Moreira Carvalho de OliveiraTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T21:52:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Kaminski_LucasAugusto_D.pdf: 5366154 bytes, checksum: ed93bc172265e9ea406a60744f12536a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010
Resumo: Formigas constituem um dos mais proeminentes grupos de organismos terrestres em termos de diversidade, abundância relativa e biomassa animal. Sua importância se deve principalmente ao comportamento eusocial aliado a complexos sistemas de comunicação. A vegetação de áreas tropicais é rica em fontes de alimentos renováveis que induzem a visitação freqüente de formigas às plantas. Sobre a vegetação, as formigas podem atuar como predadoras e acarretar um forte efeito sobre a comunidade de insetos herbívoros. A presença de formigas sobre plantas pode afetar insetos herbívoros basicamente de duas formas: (1) limitando sua ocorrência na folhagem através de interações antagônicas (ex. agressão, predação) ou (2) propiciando espaços livres de inimigos naturais para herbívoros mirmecófilos (que mantêm associações simbióticas com formigas). Em Lepidoptera, a mirmecofilia é amplamente difundida em apenas duas famílias de borboletas (Lycaenidae e Riodinidae). Devido a grande importância da interação com formigas para a morfologia e biologia destas borboletas, acredita-se que grande parte da história evolutiva desses organismos, incluindo eventos de diversificação seja explicada pela mirmecofilia. No entanto, a maior parte da informação sobre borboletas mirmecófilas é baseada no conhecido para espécies das faunas Paleártica, Oriental e Australiana. Enquanto que a rica fauna de borboletas mirmecófilas Neotropicais permanece praticamente desconhecida. Dentre as cerca de 1.200 espécies de Lycaenidae Neotropicais, Parrhasius polibetes (Stoll) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) foi reportada recentemente co-ocorrendo espaço-temporalmente com hemípteros mirmecófilos em Schefflera vinosa (Araliaceae). Neste trabalho são descritos novos aspectos relacionados à morfologia e história natural dos estágios imaturos de P. polibetes, incluindo custos da mirmecofilia, seleção de planta hospedeira, e benefícios da co-ocorrência com hemípteros trofobiontes. O ciclo de desenvolvimento de ovo a adulto é de aproximadamente 36 dias, e o estágio larval compreende quatro instares. Os ovos são depositados exclusivamente em tecidos reprodutivos (botões florais) das plantas hospedeiras. As larvas são polífagas, sendo registradas em 28 espécies em 16 famílias de plantas. A maioria da plantas hospedeiras de P. polibetes (78.57%) apresenta algum tipo de fonte de alimento líquido que promovem a visitação por formigas, sejam nectários extraflorais e/ou hemípteros produtores de exudatos. A partir do terceiro instar, as larvas são atendidas facultativamente por mais de quinze espécies de formigas em três subfamílias (Formicinae, Myrmicinae e Ectatomminae), principalmente formigas do gênero Camponotus Mayr. Assim como em outros Lycaenidae, as interações entre larvas e formigas são mediadas principalmente por uma glândula especializada (dorsal nectar organ) no sétimo segmento abdominal que produz recompensas calóricas para as formigas. Nesse sentido, é esperado que a produção dessas secreções acarrete em custos para as larvas. Para P. polibetes, é demonstrado que as formigas Camponotus crassus e Camponotus melanoticus apresentam diferentes intensidades de atendimento. C. melanoticus atende mais intensamente as larvas que C. crassus em condições de laboratório. Por sua vez, essa diferença pode acarretar em diferentes custos para as larvas. Por exemplo, quando atendidas por C. melanoticus demoram mais tempo para empupar. No entanto, o peso pupal e o tamanho dos adultos não são afetados pela diferença de atendimento, sugerindo que P. polibetes possui mecanismos compensatórios para minimizar os custos da mirmecofilia. Esta é a primeira demonstração de que diferenças específicas de intensidade de atendimento podem afetar parâmetros de desempenho de um inseto trofobionte. Em campo, é demonstrado através de experimentos pareados que o padrão previamente detectado de co-ocorrência espacial entre larvas de P. polibetes e hemípteros mirmecófilos é provocado por dois fatores: 1) fêmeas são capazes de detectar e ovipositar em plantas com associação membracídeos-formigas; 2) larvas que se desenvolvem perto da associação membracídeos-formigas sobrevivem melhor que larvas em plantas sem associação. Tal efeito ocorre porque a presença da interação entre membracídeos e formigas reduz a abundância de potenciais inimigos naturais das larvas (aranhas e vespas parasitóides). Além disso, as larvas são mais facilmente encontradas e atendidas pelas formigas que são recrutadas pelos membracídeos. Ou seja, a presença da associação membracídeos-formigas gera um "espaço livre de inimigos" sobre a planta hospedeira, que é explorado por P. polibetes. Esses resultados mostram que o enfoque tradicional no estudo de mutualismo, baseado em pares de espécies, é inapropriado para entender as pressões seletivas operando em sistemas multitróficos
Abstract: Ants are one of the most prominent groups of terrestrial organisms in terms of diversity, relative abundance and biomass. Their importance is due primarily to eusocial behavior combined with complex communication systems. Tropical foliage is rich in renewable feeding sources that promote ant foraging. As some of the most important predators on plants, ants strongly affect the herbivorous insects. The presence of ants on foliages may affect herbivores by two ways: (1) decreasing herbivore individual numbers due to antagonistic interactions (e.g., aggressiveness, predation); (2) providing an enemy-free space for myrmecophilous herbivores (i.e. those living in close associations with ants). The symbiotic interaction between Lepidoptera and ants is widespread but only among two butterfly families (Lycaenidae and Riodinidae). Due to the great importance of myrmecophily for the morphology and biology of these butterflies, it is supposed that much of the evolutionary history of organisms, including diversification, would be explained by their interactions with ants. However, most of the knowledge about the evolutionary ecology of lycaenids is based on studies of well known Palaearctic, Oriental, and Australian species while little is known about the rich Neotropical fauna, which contains nearly 1,200 species. Larvae of Parrhasius polibetes (Stoll) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) co-occur spatially and temporally with honeydew-producing hemipterans on the host plant Schefflera vinosa (Araliaceae). This study describes new aspects of morphology and natural history of immature stages of P. polibetes, including costs of myrmecophily, host plant selection, and benefits of co-occurrence with hemipteran trophobionts. The development cycle from egg to adult is approximately 36 days, and includes four larval instars. The eggs are laid exclusively on reproductive tissues (flower buds) of the host plants. The larvae are polyphagous, and have already been recorded on 28 plant species from 16 families. Most of the observed host plants of P. polibetes present some kind of liquid reward potentially used by ants (78.57%), either honeydew-producing hemipterans and/or extrafloral nectaries. From the third instar on, the larvae are facultatively tended by more than fifteen ants species in three subfamilies (Formicinae, Myrmicinae, and Ectatomminae), especially ants of the genus Camponotus Mayr. As in other Lycaenidae, interactions between larvae and ants are mediated by a specialized gland (dorsal nectar organ) on the seventh abdominal segment, which produces caloric liquid rewards for ants. Therefore it is expected that the production of these secretions entail costs for the larvae. For P. polibetes, it is shown that Camponotus crassus and Camponotus melanoticus ants differ in the intensity of tending levels to larvae, with C. melanoticus presenting increased tending rates compared to C. crassus. This difference can lead to different costs for the larvae. For instance when tended by C. melanoticus, larvae take longer to pupate. However, the pupal weight and size of adults are not affected by ant tending, suggesting that P. polibetes has compensatory mechanisms to minimize the costs of myrmecophily. This is the first demonstration that specific differences in ant tending may affect performance parameters in an insect trophobiont. In the field, experiments involving the manipulation of ant-treehopper associations on host plants demonstrated that the spatial co-occurrence between P. polibetes caterpillars and honeydew-producing hemipterans is caused by two factors: 1) females are able to detect ant-treehopper associations on foliage before oviposition, and lay eggs in their vicinity; 2) larvae that develop near ant-tended treehoppers survive better than larvae on plants without such association. This effect occurs because the presence of ant-treehopper associations reduces the abundance of potential natural enemies (spiders and parasitoid wasps) of the caterpillars. Moreover, the larvae are more easily found by prospective tending ants that are recruited to nearby honeydew-producing treehoppers. That is, the presence of ant-treehopper associations creates an "enemy-free space" on the host plant, which is exploited by P. polibetes. These results show that a traditional pairwise approach is obviously inappropriate to assess the selective pressures operating within such multi-species systems
Doutorado
Ecologia
Doutor em Ecologia
27
Cirino, Thaís Carolina Silva 1993. "Efeito da indução floral no controle biológico e químico da broca-do-fruto do abacaxizeiro, Strymon megarus (Godart, 1824) (Lepidoptera : Lycaenidae) /." Botucatu, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/153385.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Aloísio Costa SampaioCoorientador: Regiane Cristina Oliveira de Freitas Bueno
Banca: Marco Antiono Tecchio
Banca: Paulo Cesar Bogorni
Resumo: O controle biológico é uma das táticas do manejo de pragas disponíveis aos produtores agrícolas, entretanto, não é empregado em grande escala no cenário da fruticultura nacional. Buscando incrementar as informações desse setor, especificamente na cultura do abacaxizeiro, em que o Brasil é um dos maiores produtores mundiais, objetivou-se avaliar a eficácia de parasitoides da família Trichogrammatidae no controle da broca-do-fruto do abacaxizeiro, Strymon megarus (Godart) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae), em condições de campo. O trabalho foi realizado em dois anos, sendo que no ano de 2016 foram liberadas as espécies Trichogramma pretiosum Riley e Trichogrammatoidea annulata De Santis (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) na dose de 200 mil parasitoides por hectare, sendo 50% de cada espécie. Ambos os controles foram aplicados em áreas de indução floral artificial e indução floral natural, deste modo, os tratamentos foram realizados em esquema fatorial 2x2. No ano de 2017, foi liberada apenas T. pretiosum na dose de 400 mil parasitoides por hectare, também em áreas de indução artificial e natural. Para complementar os resultados de campo, foram realizados testes de laboratório para a avaliação da seletividade de produtos formulados utilizados na produção do abacaxi. Os experimentos seguiram a padronização da "International Organization of Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious Animal and Plants" (IOBC). Os testes foram divididos em quatro etapas: seletividade dos produtos as fases d... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Biological control is one of the pests management tactics available to farmers, however, is not used on a large scale in the fruticulture. In order to supplement information of this sector, specifically in the pineapple crop, the present study evaluated the effect of parasitoids of the Trichogrammatidae family in the control of pineapple fruit borer, Strymon megarus (Godart) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) under field conditions. The work was carried out in two years, in 2016 Trichogramma pretiosum Riley and Trichogrammatoidea annulata De Santis (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) were released in a dose of 200 thousand insects per hectare in the percentage of 50% each species and, at the same time to the biological control, was held the conventional chemical control of the producer. Both controls were applied in areas of artificial floral induction and areas of natural floral induction, thus, the treatments were performed in 2x2 factorial scheme. In 2017, the methodology was different and only a specie T. pretiosum was released at dose of 400 thousand insects per hectare, in areas of artificial and natural induction. To complement the field results, bioassays were performed to evaluate the selectivity of formulates products used in the pineapple production. The bioassays followed the standardization of "International Organization of Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious Animal and Plants" (IOBC). The tests were divided into four stages, selectivity of the products to adults and pupal stage, and sub lethal effect of products on adults and sub lethal effect in the pupal stage. Based on a survey with producers and resellers, 10 products were chosen for the tests. In 2016 the biological control carried out by T. pretiosum and T. annulata was similar to conventional chemical control in areas with plants induced and in areas with no induced plants. The difference was in relation to the same type of ...
Mestre
28
Bubová, Terezie. "Vliv lučního managementu na migrační chování vybraných druhů motýlů." Doctoral thesis, Česká zemědělská univerzita v Praze, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-261406.
Full textAbstract:
Migrations are the key process and one of the basic biological features, which allow survival of endangered species in fragmented landscape. In the last decades, agriculture intensification, industry and urbanization caused that number of natural butterfly habitats has significantly decreased. The localities originally suitable for butterflies are currnetly converted to farmland or building plots. This PhD thesis aimed to find a compromise solution of meadow management, which should allow a commercial use and concurrently do not jeopardize the continued existence of endangered or threatened species. The main idea of this study was in the intentional emigration causing in the middle of flight period, which should lead into resettlement of the population to another (potentially more suitable) locality. Possibility of aimed manipulation with butterfly emigrations would be considered as a major breakthrough in their protection.
The investigated species Phengaris nausithous (Bergsträsser, 1779) and Phengaris teleius (Bergsträsser, 1779) are both considered to be flagship species for protection of European butterflies at open meadows. This study is based on research, which was carried out in 2013-2015 at 17 patch in localities Dolní Labe, Czech Republic. In above mentioned years, one selected meadow was mowed in the middle of flight season and the emigrations were then monitored using mark-release-recapture method. Results of population and migration characteristics were calculated in MARK 8.1 software. Subsequently, the effect of mowing on emigration (comparison of emigrations from the meadow before and after mowing) was evaluated using Statistica 13.
The hypotheses of this study were based on the assumption, that the loss of resources after well-timed mowing should increase the activity of adult butterflies. During the monitoring, number of emigrations was increased only in flight season 2015. Unfortunately, the statistical evaluation did not show significant effect of mowing on migrations. On the other hand, the hypothesis dealing with colonization of nearest meadows was confirmed.
Effect of intentional emigration caused by management interventions was unfortunately not proved. However, we found out, that even though the population at one mowed meadow decreased clearly, the metapopulation size at the locality remained more or less stable.
At investigated (mowed) meadow, there was observed a sharp decline of P. nausithous abundance. On the other hand, P. teleius population was only slightly reduced. It is therefore conceivable, that P. teleius are not as susceptible to innapropriate term of mowing. The results obtained in our research conclusively displayed no possible positive effect of mowing in the middle of flight season and a necessity of suitable management maintenance at localities inhabited by Phengaris butterflies.
29
Jonsson, Emma. "Den violetta guldvingens (Lycaena helle) äggläggningsplatser : - En fältstudie i Norrbottens kustlandskap." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-174799.
Full textAbstract:
The violet copper (Lycaena helle) is one of Europe’s most endangered butterflies as a result of loss and fragmentation of its habitat. In order to further understand the habitat requirements of this species it is important to observe the specific characteristics of the oviposition sites. There is little research on L. helle in Sweden and the least in the northern parts. In this study I searched for eggs and larvae along a seashore meadow in Norrbotten County where a substantial number of L. helle recently had been found. The area differed from the species’ usual habitat in that the host plant Bistorta vivipara was scarce in large parts. The coastline was split into two areas for comparison according to vegetation type and direction of the shore, one seemingly more suitable for L. helle and the other less so. The results showed that oviposition sites had a lower coverage of, and average height, of the surrounding vegetation than potential oviposition sites without eggs. The coverage of the host plant did not differ between oviposition sites and sites without eggs. Most of the eggs were found on the first area where, surprisingly, a few Bistorta vivipara had up to eight eggs on a single leaf. The sometimes complete lack of eggs on the second area, while still containing a reasonable amount of Bistorta vivipara, confirms that the presence of the host plant is not enough for the females to lay eggs and that any host plant will not be chosen as an oviposition site. The amount of eggs found in the first area together with its structure and east-facing shore further confirms that this species is dependent on lower and more sparse vegetation together with high solar radiation.
30
Rozier, Yves. "Contribution à l'étude de la biologie de la conservation de Maculinea sp (lepidoptera, lycaenidae) dans les zones humides de la vallée du haut-Rhône." Lyon 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LYO10173.
Full textAbstract:
La fragmentation et la modification des habitats, essentiellement d'origine anthropique, entrainent le declin de nombreuses especes animales et vegetales. Ainsi, la disparition progressive des zones humides de la vallee du haut-rhone a provoque la rarefaction des papillons du genre maculinea. La maintien de ces lepidopteres, au cycle complexe puisque dependant d'une plante-hote et d'une fourmi-hote specifiques, passe alors par une gestion raisonnee des ecosystemes. Cette etude s'integre dans le cadre theorique de la biologie de la conservation. Ces dernieres annees, differents concepts ont ete developpes pour proteger, gerer ou restaurer la diversite biologique. Nous avons etudie particulierement ceux qui peuvent etre applique aux maculinea. Parallelement, nous avons developpe toute une serie de protocoles de suivi pour estimer la densite et la structure spatiale des differentes composantes du systeme maculinea - plante-hote - myrmica. En particulier, nous avons applique et adapte une methode d'estimation de la densite des populations jusque la essentiellement utilisee chez les vertebres : le line transect. Les principaux resultats montrent que la variabilite spatiale et temporelle de la densite des plantes-hotes n'a pas un effet majeur sur la densite des papillons. Par contre, leur repartition spatiale est determinante. Nous avons mis en evidence qu'il n'y a pas de correlation spatiale entre les plantes et les fourmilieres-hotes. La densite et la structure spatiale des fourmilieres-hotes doivent alors etre telles que les ouvrieres puissent explorer l'integralite de leur biotope. Enfin, nous avons souligne l'importance de la structure spatiale des populations (i. E. Populations fragmentees, metapopulations, role de la dispersion) et des microhabitats dans la caracterisation des modes de gestion les plus appropries au maintien des maculinea.
31
Jaschinsky, Sylvia [Verfasser], Jeremy Gutachter] Thomas, Josef [Gutachter] [Settele, and Robin F. A. [Gutachter] Moritz. "Are there really cryptic species within the myrmecophilous butterfly species Phengaris (Maculinea) teleius and P. (M.) nausithous (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)? : analyses across Eurasian distribution ranges, confusing effects of the endosymbiotic bacterial parasite Wolbachia, and implications for Phengaris (Maculinea) conservation / Sylvia Jaschinsky ; Gutachter: Jeremy Thomas, Josef Settele, Robin F. A. Moritz." Halle (Saale) : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1226762026/34.
Full text
32
Baylis, Mathew. "The role of nutrition in an ant - lycaenid - host plant interaction." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.235992.
Full text
33
Nash, David Richard. "Cost-benefit analysis of a mutualism between lycaenid butterflies and ants." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.253401.
Full text
34
Henning, Stephen Frank. "Chemical communication between lycaenid larvae (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) and ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/16772.
Full text
35
Yin-Ting, Lo, and 羅尹廷. "Preliminary ecological studies on Sibataniozephyrus kuafui (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)." Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/09281811804086596892.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣師範大學
生物研究所
89
The development of the immature stages of the S. kuafui was investigated, with no significance found among the three study areas Peichatienshan, Lalashan, and Tungshan. The temperature was positively correlated with the body sizes of the immatures or adult, and negatively correlated with the period the butterfly intakes to complete development. The threshold for development of immature stage was approximately 0 ℃, and the total effective accumulated temperature was approximately 600 day-degree. According to this result we concluded that the lycaenid was a rapid-development species and the fly period ought be from late May to early June. While marked-released and recaptured method was performed to estimate the population size, Bailey and Seber’s adjustments showed the same population size at approximately 3500 individuals per day. The relative population index was also calculated during 1998 and 1999 years. The active period of adult butterfly was observed to begin at 10 o’clock and continued to 12 o’clock a.m., then sharply declined after noon. In adult behavioral study, the females preferred laying eggs on the lower surfaces of the small beech twigs, and the attached spots were mostly 3-5 meters above the ground. The oviposition site was located near the dormancy buds, to presumably reduce the risk of failure in finding food by hatched larvae. The immature intaking habit showed the larva takes little soft, probably imposing little damage to the relict endemic host-plant, Fagus hayatae. Adults of S. kuafui are probably of high vagility as one marked male was retrieved 8.5 km away from the releasing site. The distribution of S. Kuafui is widening, as a few additional sites were recognized during this research. The survivorship of immatures was found to be reflected the weather condition and the pressure of other predator. Although the Taiwan beech was protected in the natural preserve area the rare butterfly id still subject to disturbances such as over-collecting and global warming. Our study suggests legislative protection to populations of this rare butterfly is indeed.
36
Śliwińska, Ewa. "Struktura genetyczna populacji myrmekofilnego motyla Maculinea teleius (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)." Praca doktorska, 2011. http://ruj.uj.edu.pl/xmlui/handle/item/41463.
Full text
37
BENEŠ, Jiří. "Genetická rozmanitost českých populací kriticky ohrožených modrásků (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae)." Master's thesis, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-376529.
Full textAbstract:
Butterfly family Lycaenidae is cosmopolitan. Some species of the family are common in the Czech Republic, but some are at the risk of extinction, which is caused either by lack of habitat or host plant deficiency. Among the most endangered species in the Czech Republic are the damon blue (Polyommatus damon (Denis a Schiffermüller, 1775)) and the turquoise blue (Polyommatus dorylas (Denis a Schiffermüller, 1775)). This thesis aims to review the biology of both species, causes of threat and possibilities of their practical conservation, and to describe genetic variability of Czech populations of two critically endangered Lycenids, the damon blue and the turquoise blue, and to compare them with European populations for potential import of alien individuals to Czech populations. Genetic assignment is important for possible reintroduction or revitalization of Czech populations from foreign sources. I detected in this thesis that the damon blue has more genetic variability than the turquoise blue and this pattern is not only geographical. I assume that Czech populations of both species experienced bottleneck and are under genetic drift. Furthermore, the Central European individuals genetically differ from Southern European and Baltic samples, and the number of haplotypes is high in Central Europe. The current distribution is not caused by colonization after the last glacial period. According to the results, it is appropriate to protect all current populations separately, rather than supplement them from other sources, because they can be genetically different. Finally, I discuss the management planned for the two species in the Czech Republic and connect it to my results.
38
Lan, po-lun, and 藍伯倫. "The Population Biology of Chilades pandava peripatria( Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)： The Fluctuation of Population." Thesis, 1999. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/91362092147732088428.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣師範大學
生物研究所
87
ABSTRACT Chilades pandava peripatria is native subspecies in Taiwan. Caterpillars feed on young leaves of Cycas taitungensis (native species) and Cycas revoluta (foreign species). During November 1997 to April 1999, we recorded the development of cycad leaf and the population size index of C. pandava peripatria once a month to study interaction between them. Sampling caterpillars from the experiment areas to feed in laboratory until emergence, then proceeded starch gel horizontal electrophoresis. We checked out 19 allozymes 26 loci, only Pgm-1 polymorphic. In the structure of C. pandava peripatria metapopulation, there are two long-persistent local areas were recognized as population centers therein: one is at Huang-yeh, Taitung, southern Taiwan; the other is at Chang-hua, central Taiwan. Evident heterozygosity in allozyme frequency was observed (Huang-yeh: p = 0.154; Chang-hua: p = 0.416). The estimated value of Wright’s F statistics FST was 0.176, indicating high degree of population differentiation. The differences and fluctuations of gene frequencies is correlated with environmental quality, which is composed of resource richness and local butterfly population sizes. Polymorphism in gene frequency of the butterfly population was not diminished due to frequent bottlenecking imposed by its host, such pattern is best explained by balancing selection rather than by genetic drift alone. From observations to population dynamics of C. pandava peripatria responding to the phenology of C. taitungensis, it was that C. pandava peripatria population dynamics was abviously regulated by intermittent budding of C. taitungensis. During the periods when the new bud was in short supply, C. pandava peripatria population was in dispersal mode, with individuals emigrated from source to sink and Pgm-1S gene was dominant,. Alternatively, Pgm-1F in C. pandava peripatria population increased when C. taitungensis began budding, C. pandava peripatria population was mainly in stay-at-home mode. This phenomenon evidently demonstrated reciprocal evolutionary interaction of coevolution between the butterfly and its host. Key words: Chilades pandava peripatria, Cycas taitungensis, allozymes, metapopulation, balancing selection, phenology, coevolution.
39
Lu, Sheng-Shan. "Biology and conservation of the threatened Karkloof blue butterfly Orachrysops ariadne (Butler) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)." Thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/10223.
Full textAbstract:
The Karkloof blue butt erfly, Orachrysops ariadne (Butler), is endemic to the
Mistbelt grassland of KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa, and is currently
Red-listed as 'Vulnerable' . O. ariadne is univoltine and on the wing in March and April, when it utilizes eight species of nectar plants. This study confirmed that the
larval hostplant is Indigofera woodii H. Bol. var. laxa H. Bol., an erect variety. It was
also confirmed that this butterfly is ant-dependent, with the young larva being taken
into the nest of Camponotus natalensis (F. Smith) where development continues, including pupation.
This study compares the ecological conditions at the four known locations so as to
make informed decision s regarding its conservation. A large proportion of the
grassland in KwaZulu-Natal has been aforested and cultivated, and at least 92% of the
Mistbelt has been transformed, with only about 1% in good condition remaining.
Predictions on the habitat and habit at requirements of this species are necessary for
developing a conservation strategy and action plan. Here , we propose O. ariadne as
an indicator species for Mistbelt grass land. Saving enough of the remaining Mistbelt
grassland is crucial, not just for the survival of the Karkloof blue, O. ariadne, but also
for the Mistbelt grassland community as a whole.
The population structure and movement of Orachrysops ariadne and O. subravus
were studied by mark-release-recapture methods in 1999. There were 290 O. ariadne
marked over 48 days between March and April, 124 (42 .8%) were recaptured at least
once. Of 631 O. subravus marked over two months between September and
November, 311 (49 .3%) were recaptured at least once. Both species exhibited
protandry, male appearance about one to two weeks earlier. The sex ratio of O.
ariadne is heavily male biased 5.6 :1 (246 males and 44 females), and the sex ratio of
O. subravus is 1.6:1 (387 males and 244 females). The Jolly-Seber model was used to estimate daily population numbers (N ᵢ), survival rates (Ø ᵢ), recruitment rates (B ᵢ),
proportion of marked animals in the total population (α ᵢ ), and the number of marked
animals at risk (M ᵢ) . Average residence times of male adults were generally similar in
both species in the range of 5.36-5.44 days, and were slightly longer for male than for
female O. subravus (by 4.09 days). 0. ariadne is a strong and rapid back and forth
flier, covering mean recapture distances of 157 m, almost twice that of 0. subravus,
principally in search of scarce nectar sources. The extreme rarity of 0. ariadne is not
so much to do with behaviour, survivorship or longevity, but rather the butterfly is
limited in distribution by suitable habitat for both larva and adult.
The aim of management is to optimize the habitat so that it best meets the present
and future needs of the butterfly. The effects of the current fire regime on the butterfly,
host plant and ant host were evaluated here. It is recommended that burning only take
place after the larvae have hatch ed and gone underground with the ant host. Using
GPS and GIS, core, quality habitat characteristics were defined. In cooperation with
the landowner at one site, alien invasive plants are being removed to increase the area
of quality habitat. Availability of host plants is limiting for success of the butterfly in
the field. Guidelines are provided for propagation and introduction of the host plant, so as to provide the butterfly with more oviposition sites.Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2002.
40
Hsieh, Feng-Ying, and 謝鳳櫻. "Effects of temperature on the development and population parameters of Chilades pandava peripatria Hsu ( Lepidoptera : Lycaenidae )." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/86326621550181618997.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立屏東科技大學
熱帶農業暨國際合作研究所
95
Fresh eggs were placed in a growth chamber under the conditions of 20, 25 and 30℃, 80±5% RH, and with a photoperiod of 12 h of light and 12 h of darkness. Hatching larvae were individually reared with new leaves of cycad for a series of observation on the development of the butterfly under different temperatures. Furthermore, we observed the longevity, fecundity and population parameters of Chilades pandava peripatria Hsu with the two-sex life table. The results showed that the developmental times of the egg, larva and pupa were 2.08-4.1, 7.0-15.2 and 5.29-13.76 days, respectively. The total developmental time from egg to adult was 14.34-32.96 days. The thermal summation was 249.17 degree-days and the temperature threshold was 12.71℃ as calculated by the linear model. At 20, 25 and 30℃, the longevities of adult males were 29.13, 10.71 and 8.69 days and those of females were 24.8, 14.64 and 8.36 days, respectively. Total fecundities at 3 temperatures were 34.30, 115.36 and 95.64 eggs, respectively. The intrinsic rate of increase (r) was 0.0466 at 20℃, 0.1305 at 25℃ and 0.2079/day at 30℃. The net reproductive rate (Ro) was 8.58 at 20℃, 40.37 at 25℃ and 52.60 at 30℃. The finite rate of increase (λ) was 1.0478 at 20℃, 1.1394 at 25℃ and 1.2311 at 30℃. The mean generation time (T) was 46.07 days at 20℃, 28.34 days at 25℃ and 19.06 days at 30℃. Accordingly, we concluded that the optimal temperature range for Chilades pandava peripatria population growth was 25-30℃.
41
Ravuiwasa, Kaliova Tavou, and 卡力歐. "Temperature-Dependent Demography of Two Cycad Pests, Aulacaspis yasumatsui (Hemiptera:Diaspididae) and Chilades pandava peripatria (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/57293301715952211707.
Full textAbstract:
博士國立中興大學
昆蟲學系所
100
Aulacaspis yasumatsui Takagi continues to threaten the extinction of the endemic and endangered Cycas taitungensis in Taiwan. Failure to understand its population demographic parameters in detail will continue to hinder the success of pest management practices. An in-depth knowledge of the development, survival, and fecundity of A. yasumatsui under different environmental conditions is necessary to understand its’ population growth. The demography of A. yasumatsui was studied in the laboratory based on the age-stage, two-sex life table at 20, 23, 25, 28, and 31℃, 70% RH, and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) h. The intrinsic rate of increase (r) under these temperatures was 0.0586, 0.0698, 0.0889, 0.1036, and 0.0783 d-1, respectively. The net reproductive rate (R0) was 46.27, 47.78, 69.50, 96.08, and 56.65 offsprings per individual and the mean generation time (T) was 65.60, 55.81, 47.82, 44.15, and 51.42 d, respectively. A. yasumatsui does well at warmer temperatures (25-28℃); however, its performance is disrupted at lower temperatures. This study provides insight on how to minimize growth and surpress the population of A. yasumatsui and conservation of Cy. taitungensis; new cycad reserves should be set up in cooler areas in Taiwan. In contrast to A. yasumatsui, Chilades pandava peripatria Hsu and its host plant Cycas taitungensis are both endemic species to Taiwan. Ch. pandava peripatria has a specific association with buds and soft leaves of cycad plants. The introduced species, Cy. revoluta, have prolonged budding periods and extensive auxiliary buds that extensively contribute to the outbreak of Ch. pandava peripatria. An in-depth knowledge of the development, survival and fecundity of Ch. pandava peripatria under different environmental conditions is necessary to understand the population growth of Ch. pandava peripatria. The demography of Ch. pandava peripatria was also studied based on the age-stage, two-sex life table at 20, 23, 25, 28, and 31℃, 70% RH, and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) h under laboratory conditions. Ch. pandava peripatria completed its development under tested temperatures but did not produce offspring at 23℃. Due to the high egg mortality at 20℃, the data at this given temperature were excluded from this study. Under 25, 28 and 31℃ the intrinsic rate of increase (r) was 0.1846, 0.2919 and 0.1412 d-1, respectively. The net reproductive rate (R0) was 165.47, 262.32, and 56.68 offspring per individual and the mean generation time (T) was 27.72, 19.10, and 28.67 d, respectively. Our results indicated that Ch. pandava peripatria is highly adaptable to environments where temperature ranges from 25 to 31℃.
42
Chang, Lein Hau, and 張連浩. "Studies on the occurence of Lampides boeticus Linnaeus (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) in central Taiwan and its artificial diet." Thesis, 1996. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/47566769885252968809.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中興大學
昆蟲學系
84
Lampides boeticus is a common butterfly, and the Dolichos lablab is its main host plant. From October to the comming February, the blooming season of Dolichos lablab, the population of L. boeticus in Taichung area remains growing. During June and July in the summer, Crotalaria becomes its host plant, and therefore, the population moves to mountain areas (500~1500 m A.S.L).When L. boeticus was reared in different temperatures, the developmental time was obviously shortened as temperatures increased. At 15℃, the days needed for the completion of development of eggs, larvae, pupae were 9.3, 40.4 and 28.0 days respectively; at 20℃, 7.5, 22.6 and 13.2 days respectively; at 25℃, 6.0, 16.4 and 9.7 days respectively; at 30℃, 5.0, 11.6 and 6.7 days respectively. While at 10℃, eggs would die. If larvae were moved to 10℃, they would develop slowly, eventually die.When 4th instar larvae were fed on 4 different artificial diets, its development time was longer than those fed on natural food. Among them, the diet B2 was most efficient; When reared at 25℃, male L. boeticus took 7.9 and 9.7 days for the development of 4th instar larvae to pupa, and a pupal weighed 60.6 mg; the female required 9.3 and 12.4 days respectively, weighing 68.1mg. Those 4 diets had no evident effect on the longevity of adults. On the condition that when larvae were fed on diet, and then after they became adults, they were fed on only water, the longevity of the male was 5.1 to 5.9 days and that of the female 5.6 to 10.2 days. If adults were fed on 5% honey solution, their longevity was apparently longer than those fed on only water; the longevity of the male was 6.8 to 7.7 days and that of the female 15.1 to 17.1 days. The intake of the different diets during the 4thlarvae stage did not influence the numbers of eggs in ovaries. The numbers of eggs were determined by the nutrition that adults took and their longevity. The longer they lived and more nutritious their diets were, the female had 9.8 to 14.0 developed eggs. However, If they were fed on 5% honey solution everyday, the numbers of eggs totaled 17.4 to 19.3.After the 4 different diets were storedfor 1 month, fed on Diet B2 had the highest pupation rate, 93.3%, and emergence rate, 93.3%, and the pupae weighed 49.7 mg. When they were stored for 2 months, those fed on them had much lower pupation rate. Diet B3 caused the lowest pupation rate 46.7%, lowest emergence rate 33.3% and the pupae weighed only 42.3 mg.
43
林佳宏. "Reconstruction of phylogeny within the tribe Theclini (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Theclinae) and the evolution of host plant use." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/49167417136586518487.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣師範大學
生命科學研究所
98
There are 186 species of the tribe Theclini (Lycaenidae, Theclinae) worldwide, with most of them distributed in eastern Asia. At present, the genera within the tribe are so far poorly defined, and different authors usually apply different generic concepts, which causes considerable controversies over the higher taxonomy of tribe Theclini. Therefore, the study intends to present a phylogeny and the evolution of host plant use. In this study, 107 samples were collected, including 60 species in 29 genera for the ingroup and 9 species in 6 genera for the outgroup. And I downloaded sequences of 10 species in 6 genera from National Center for Biotechnology Information ((NCBI). Characters from the mitochondrial genes for cytochrome oxidases I (COI) and II (COII) and from the nuclear gene for elongation factor 1α (Ef-1α) were used to reconstruct the phylogeny of the tribe Theclini using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic methods. The result indicated that the tribe Theclini is monophyletic composed of three monophyletic groups. Besides, 5 genera, Chrysozephyrus, Shirozuozephyrus, Teratozephyrus, Euaspa and Ussuriana, in 33 genera are not monophyletic groups. Based on the phylogenetic tree, I put the genus Shirozuozephyrus under the genus Chrysozephyrus and the genus Fujiokaozephyrus and genus Uedaozephyrus under the genus Teratozephyrus. Besides, the results suggested that the establishment of many new genera and monotypic genera seem to be necessary. At the species-level, based on the low genetic distance and the similarity of the wing patterns and the genitalia, I considered Cordelia comes and Cordelia wilemaniella and Chrysozephyrus hisamatsusanus and Chrysozephyrus splendidulus are the same species respectively. As for the evolution of host plant use, on the basis of the present results, it was possible to propose that the ancestral state of the tribe Theclini is the use of the family Fagaceae as host plants, and the use of other host plants derived from this family.
44
"Analise espaço-temporal de uma comunidade de Riodininae (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) no Parque Estadual de Vassununga, Gleba Pe de Gigante (SP)." Tese, Biblioteca Digital da Unicamp, 2005. http://libdigi.unicamp.br/document/?code=vtls000349185.
Full text
45
Wiemers, Martin [Verfasser]. "Chromosome differentiation and the radiation of the butterfly subgenus Agrodiaetus (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Polyommatus) : a molecular phylogenetic approach / vorgelegt von Martin Wiemers." 2003. http://d-nb.info/969293437/34.
Full text
46
Knüttel, Helge [Verfasser]. "Flavonoidinduzierte phänotypische Plastizität in der Flügelfärbung des Bläulings Polyommatus icarus (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) und ihre Bedeutung für Partnerwahl und Arterkennung / vorgelegt von Helge Knüttel." 2003. http://d-nb.info/968874231/34.
Full text
47
WU, YI-TING, and 吳易庭. "Night Roosts of Lycaenids at Rongyu Campus of National University of Tainan." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/10304718858079325591.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺南大學
生態科學與技術學系環境生態碩士班
105
Night roosts of Lycaenids at Rongyu campus of National University of Tainan Student：WU, YI-TING Advisor：WANG, YI-KUANG Master’s Program of Environment and Ecology, Department of Ecoscience and Ecotechnology, National University of Tainan ABSTRACT Night roosts are animal’s nighttime roosting habitats. For diurnal animals, nighttime can place them at disadvantage; hence, the way they roost and the quality of the night roosts are related to their safety at night. This research probes the nocturnal behavior of adult Lycaenidae at Rongyu campus, National University of Tainan, from November 2015 to May 2016. In each nighttime observation, specifically between 5 pm and 6 am, we placed ten 3m x 3m quadrats at the sample regions to visually inspect and record the count of each species. We also characterized the night roosts of adult Lycaenidae by studying the plant species, plant parts, and roost heights. The study aims to investigate lycaenid’s roost preferences on plants and parts and whether the selection of night roosts would be affected by weeding. The result of the study identified 5 and 1 unknown lycaenid species with a total of 1698 roost counts. Zizina otis riukuensis, among the species, poses the greatest number of roost counts, followed by Zizeeria maha okinawana. Roosting plants are divided into 17 species, with longstem tridax Tridax procumbens (Asteraceae) posing the largest number of roost counts. The 6 recorded species were found roosting on longstem tridax. Zizina otis riukuensis prefers to roost in longstem tridax, little ironweed(Vernonia cinerea), lilac tasselflower(Emilia sonchifolia) and forked fimbry(Fimbristylis dichotoma) at night. Zizeeria maha okinawana tends to choose longstem tridax, little ironweed and lilac tasselflower. Both species prefer roosting at the flowers and the fruits of longstem tridax, along with little ironweed’s flowers. Concerning roost preferences on plants species and parts, the flowers and the fruits of longstem tridax and little ironweed’s flowers were found the greatest number of lycaenids. The average height for the roosts is 24.19 ± 0.16 centimeters above the ground. Compared to areas being weeded, lycaenids favored the areas that have not been weeded. The result of this study indicates that weeding at campus has caused damage to habitats of lycaenids, which seriously affects their inhabitation. In order to get a balance between campus environmental management and lycaenids’ living environment, it is recommended that school’s managerial ways on campus green spaces must be changed so as to put lycaenids protection as the top priority, and make human and living organisms coexist in a sustainable campus. Keywords：lycaenid, night roost, night roost selection, campus, weeding