Journal articles on the topic 'Lutein esterification'

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1

Xie, Yuxiao, Xiaochao Xiong, and Shulin Chen. "Challenges and Potential in Increasing Lutein Content in Microalgae." Microorganisms 9, no. 5 (May 15, 2021): 1068. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9051068.

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Research on enhancing lutein content in microalgae has made significant progress in recent years. However, strategies are needed to address the possible limitations of microalgae as practical lutein producers. The capacity of lutein sequestration may determine the upper limit of cellular lutein content. The preliminary estimation presented in this work suggests that the lutein sequestration capacity of the light-harvesting complex (LHC) of microalgae is most likely below 2% on the basis of dry cell weight (DCW). Due to its nature as a structural pigment, higher lutein content might interfere with the LHC in fulfilling photosynthetic functions. Storing lutein in a lipophilic environment is a mechanism for achieving high lutein content but several critical barriers must be overcome such as lutein degradation and access to lipid droplet to be stored through esterification. Understanding the mechanisms underlying lipid droplet biogenesis in chloroplasts, as well as carotenoid trafficking through chloroplast membranes and carotenoid esterification, may provide insight for new approaches to achieve high lutein contents in algae. In the meantime, building the machinery for esterification and sequestration of lutein and other hydroxyl-carotenoids in model microorganisms, such as yeast, with synthetic biology technology provides a promising option.
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2

Ávila, C. M., M. C. Palomino, D. Hornero-Méndez, and S. G. Atienza. "Identification of candidate genes for lutein esterification in common wheat (Triticum aestivum) using physical mapping and genomics tools." Crop and Pasture Science 70, no. 7 (2019): 567. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp18531.

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A high carotenoid content is important for the production of pasta from durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) and yellow alkaline noodle from common wheat (T. aestivum L.). Carotenoid esters are more stable than free carotenoid during storage and processing, and thus they allow a higher retention through the food chain. Chromosome 7D carries gene(s) for lutein esterification. The aim of this study was the physical mapping of the gene(s) for lutein esterification on chromosome 7D and the identification of candidate genes for this trait. We developed crosses between a set of deletion lines for chromosome 7D in Chinese Spring (CS) background and the CS–Hordeum chilense substitution line CS(7D)7Hch. The F2 progeny derived from the deletion line 7DS4 produced a lower amount of lutein esters, which indicates that the main gene for lutein esterification is in the region of chromosome 7D lacking in 7DS4. Other gene(s) are contributing to lutein esterification because small amounts of lutein esters are produced in 7DS4. Genotyping by DArTSeq revealed that 7DS4 lacks a 127.7 Mb region of 7DS. A set of 10 candidate genes for lutein esterification was identified by using the wheat reference genome sequence along with the Wheat Expression Browser. This region contains the Lute locus previously identified in a different genetic background. Four genes with acyltransferase or GDSL esterase/lipase activity were identified in the vicinity of Lute. Our results indicate that the gene TraesCS7D01G094000 is a likely candidate for Lute but the gene TraesCS7D01G093200 cannot be ruled out. The candidate genes reported in this work are worthy for further investigation.
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3

Requena-Ramírez, María Dolores, Dámaso Hornero-Méndez, Cristina Rodríguez-Suárez, and Sergio G. Atienza. "Durum Wheat (Triticum durum L.) Landraces Reveal Potential for the Improvement of Grain Carotenoid Esterification in Breeding Programs." Foods 10, no. 4 (April 2, 2021): 757. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10040757.

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Carotenoids are essential in the human diet for their important functions in health. Besides, they are responsible for the yellow pigments desirable for industrial quality in durum wheat. The remarkable carotenoid content of durum wheat endosperm is mostly due to lutein. However, lutein esters have not been previously detected in durum wheat as in other cereals such as common wheat, tritordeum or Hordeum chilense. Esterification increases carotenoid stability and allows greater retention and accumulation through the food chain. Therefore, carotenoid esterification is revealed as a new key target in breeding. We characterized the carotenoid profile of 156 accessions of the Spanish durum wheat collection, searching for landraces with esterification ability. Interestingly, four accessions produced lutein monoesters and diesters. Also, traces of lutein monoesters were detected in eleven accessions. The identification of the first durum wheat accessions with esterification ability reported herein is a remarkable advance for carotenoid biofortification. Furthermore, variation for the relative content of zeaxanthin, α-carotene and β-carotene was also observed. This diversity for the β,ε and β,β branches of the carotenogenic pathway also represents a new opportunity for breeding for specific carotenoids in biofortification programs.
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4

Mattera, M. G., A. Cabrera, D. Hornero-Méndez, and S. G. Atienza. "Lutein esterification in wheat endosperm is controlled by the homoeologous group 7, and is increased by the simultaneous presence of chromosomes 7D and 7Hch from Hordeum chilense." Crop and Pasture Science 66, no. 9 (2015): 912. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp15091.

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The high carotenoid content in tritordeum (×Tritordeum Ascherson et Graebner) grains is derived from its wild parent, Hordeum chilense Roem. et Schulz. Phytoene synthase 1 (Psy1) is located on chromosome 7HchS and plays a major role in this trait. This study investigates the impact of the introgression of chromosome 7Hch into common wheat background on carotenoid composition, including xanthophylls esterified with fatty acids (monoesters and diesters). All of the genetic stocks carrying Psy1 from H. chilense increased their carotenoid content relative to common wheat. In addition, significant changes in the carotenoid profile were detected in different genetic stocks. The most relevant was the increase in content of lutein diesters when both 7Hch and 7D were present, which indicates the existence of genes involved in the esterification of xanthophylls in both chromosomes. Furthermore, our results suggest that 7Hch genes preferentially esterify lutein with palmitic acid, whereas 7D is either indifferent to the fatty acid or it prefers linoleic acid for lutein esterification. The involvement and complementarity of 7Hch and 7D are highly significant considering the scarcity of previous results on lutein esterification in wheat.
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5

Ahmad, Fauziah Tufail, Robert E. Asenstorfer, Imelda R. Soriano, and Daryl J. Mares. "Effect of temperature on lutein esterification and lutein stability in wheat grain." Journal of Cereal Science 58, no. 3 (November 2013): 408–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2013.08.004.

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6

Bowen, Phyllis E., Suzanne M. Herbst-Espinosa, Erum A. Hussain, and Maria Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis. "Esterification Does Not Impair Lutein Bioavailability in Humans." Journal of Nutrition 132, no. 12 (December 1, 2002): 3668–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/132.12.3668.

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7

Shangguan, Huijuan, Shan Zhang, Xin Li, Qi Zhou, Jie Shi, Qianchun Deng, and Fenghong Huang. "Synthesis of lutein esters using a novel biocatalyst of Candida antarctica lipase B covalently immobilized on functionalized graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets." RSC Advances 10, no. 15 (2020): 8949–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra00563k.

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The functionalized graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets (g-C3N4-Ns) as the immobilized carrier for the accommodation of Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB), which obtains the highest esterification rate (92%) in lutein esters synthesis.
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8

Mares, Daryl J., Judy Cheong, Shashi N. Goonetilleke, and Diane E. Mather. "Lipoxygenase in Wheat: Genetic Control and Impact on Stability of Lutein and Lutein Esters." Foods 10, no. 5 (May 20, 2021): 1149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10051149.

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Preservation of lutein concentrations in wheat-based end-products during processing is important both for product quality and nutritional value. A key constituent involved in lutein degradation is endogenous lipoxygenase. Lutein and lutein ester concentrations were compared at intervals during storage of noodle sheets prepared from flour of wheat varieties representing a range in lipoxygenase activity, as well as in different mill streams and in different grain tissues. Higher lipoxygenase concentration was associated with an increased loss of free lutein and lutein mono-esters whereas lutein diesters appeared to be more resistant to degradation. Lutein degradation was reduced in the presence of a lipoxygenase inhibitor, when noodle sheets were heated to destroy enzyme activity or when pH was increased. In addition, three populations were used to investigate the genetic control of lipoxygenase. A previously reported mutation of Lpx-B1.1 was associated with a reduction in activity from high to intermediate whilst a new locus on chromosome 4D was associated with variation between intermediate and near-zero. The gene underlying the 4D locus is a putative lipoxygenase. Stability of lutein could be improved by deployment of the mutations at the 4B and 4D loci and/or by post-harvest storage of grain under conditions that promote esterification.
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9

SUBAGIO, Achmad, and Naofumi MORITA. "Preparation of Lutein from Marigold Flowers and Esterification to Their Myristates." Analytical Sciences 13, no. 6 (1997): 1025–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2116/analsci.13.1025.

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10

Ahmad, Fauziah Tufail, Diane E. Mather, Hai-Yunn Law, Ming Li, Sana Abdul-Jabbar Yousif, Ken J. Chalmers, Robert E. Asenstorfer, and Daryl J. Mares. "Genetic control of lutein esterification in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain." Journal of Cereal Science 64 (July 2015): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2015.05.007.

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11

Zafar, Javaria, Amna Aqeel, Fatima Iftikhar Shah, Naureen Ehsan, Umar Farooq Gohar, Marius Alexandru Moga, Dana Festila, Codrut Ciurea, Marius Irimie, and Radu Chicea. "Biochemical and Immunological implications of Lutein and Zeaxanthin." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 20 (October 9, 2021): 10910. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222010910.

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Throughout history, nature has been acknowledged for being a primordial source of various bioactive molecules in which human macular carotenoids are gaining significant attention. Among 750 natural carotenoids, lutein, zeaxanthin and their oxidative metabolites are selectively accumulated in the macular region of living beings. Due to their vast applications in food, feed, pharmaceutical and nutraceuticals industries, the global market of lutein and zeaxanthin is continuously expanding but chemical synthesis, extraction and purification of these compounds from their natural repertoire e.g., plants, is somewhat costly and technically challenging. In this regard microbial as well as microalgal carotenoids are considered as an attractive alternative to aforementioned challenges. Through the techniques of genetic engineering and gene-editing tools like CRISPR/Cas9, the overproduction of lutein and zeaxanthin in microorganisms can be achieved but the commercial scale applications of such procedures needs to be done. Moreover, these carotenoids are highly unstable and susceptible to thermal and oxidative degradation. Therefore, esterification of these xanthophylls and microencapsulation with appropriate wall materials can increase their shelf-life and enhance their application in food industry. With their potent antioxidant activities, these carotenoids are emerging as molecules of vital importance in chronic degenerative, malignancies and antiviral diseases. Therefore, more research needs to be done to further expand the applications of lutein and zeaxanthin.
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12

Watkins, Jacinta L., Ming Li, Ryan P. McQuinn, Kai Xun Chan, Heather E. McFarlane, Maria Ermakova, Robert T. Furbank, et al. "A GDSL Esterase/Lipase Catalyzes the Esterification of Lutein in Bread Wheat." Plant Cell 31, no. 12 (October 1, 2019): 3092–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1105/tpc.19.00272.

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13

Subagio, A., and N. Morita. "No effect of esterification with fatty acid on antioxidant activity of lutein." Food Research International 34, no. 4 (January 2001): 315–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0963-9969(00)00169-1.

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14

Kaneko, Shigenobu, Takashi Nagamine, and Toshiaki Yamada. "Esterification of Endosperm Lutein with Fatty Acids during the Storage of Wheat Seeds." Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 59, no. 1 (January 1995): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/bbb.59.1.

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15

Mellado-Ortega, Elena, and Dámaso Hornero-Méndez. "Lutein Esterification in Wheat Flour Increases the Carotenoid Retention and Is Induced by Storage Temperatures." Foods 6, no. 12 (December 11, 2017): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods6120111.

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16

Kaneko, Shigenobu, and Atsushi Oyanagi. "Varietal Differences in the Rate of Esterification of Endosperm Lutein during the Storage of Wheat Seeds." Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 59, no. 12 (January 1995): 2312–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/bbb.59.2312.

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17

Mellado-Ortega, Elena, and Dámaso Hornero-Méndez. "Effect of lutein esterification on the differential distribution of carotenoids in germ and endosperm fractions from tritordeum grains." Journal of Cereal Science 79 (January 2018): 462–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2017.12.006.

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18

Pinheiro-Sant’Ana, Helena Maria, Pamella Cristine Anunciação, Clarice Silva e. Souza, Galdino Xavier de Paula Filho, Andrea Salvo, Giacomo Dugo, and Daniele Giuffrida. "Quali-Quantitative Profile of Native Carotenoids in Kumquat from Brazil by HPLC-DAD-APCI/MS." Foods 8, no. 5 (May 16, 2019): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods8050166.

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In this study the native carotenoids composition in kumquat (Fortunella margarita) (peel + pulp) from Brazil was determined for the first time by a HPLC-DAD-APCI/MS (high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization/mass spectrometry), methodology. Eleven carotenoids were successfully identified and quantified in kumquat: four carotenoids in the free form and seven carotenoids in the esterified form. β-citraurin-laurate was the carotenoid found in the highest content (607.33 µg/100 g fresh matter), followed by β-cryptoxanthin-laurate (552.59 µg/100 g). The different esterified forms of β-citraurin and β-cryptoxanthin represented 84.34% of the carotenoids found, which demonstrates the importance of esterification in natural fruits. β-carotene and free xanthophylls (β-cryptoxanthin, lutein and zeaxanthin) represented 5.50% and 14.96%, respectively, of total carotenoids in kumquat. The total carotenoid content of kumquat from Brazil was very high (2185.16 µg/100 g), suggesting that this fruit could contribute significantly to the intake of important bioactive compounds by the population.
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19

Boonnoun, Panatpong, Pemika Tunyasitikun, Weerawat Clowutimon, and Artiwan Shotipruk. "Production of free lutein by simultaneous extraction and de-esterification of marigold flowers in liquefied dimethyl ether (DME)–KOH–EtOH mixture." Food and Bioproducts Processing 106 (November 2017): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fbp.2017.10.002.

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20

Li, Peirong, Sirui Lv, Deshuang Zhang, Tongbing Su, Xiaoyun Xin, Weihong Wang, Xiuyun Zhao, et al. "The Carotenoid Esterification Gene BrPYP Controls Pale-Yellow Petal Color in Flowering Chinese Cabbage (Brassica rapa L. subsp. parachinensis)." Frontiers in Plant Science 13 (May 3, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.844140.

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Carotenoid esterification plays indispensable roles in preventing degradation and maintaining the stability of carotenoids. Although the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway has been well characterized, the molecular mechanisms underlying carotenoid esterification, especially in floral organs, remain poorly understood. In this study, we identified a natural mutant flowering Chinese cabbage (Caixin, Brassica rapa L. subsp. chinensis var. parachinensis) with visually distinguishable pale-yellow petals controlled by a single recessive gene. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) demonstrated that the chromoplasts in the yellow petals were surrounded by more fully developed plastoglobules compared to the pale-yellow mutant. Carotenoid analyses further revealed that, compared to the pale-yellow petals, the yellow petals contained high levels of esterified carotenoids, including lutein caprate, violaxanthin dilaurate, violaxanthin-myristate-laurate, 5,6epoxy-luttein dilaurate, lutein dilaurate, and lutein laurate. Based on bulked segregation analysis and fine mapping, we subsequently identified the critical role of a phytyl ester synthase 2 protein (PALE YELLOW PETAL, BrPYP) in regulating carotenoid pigmentation in flowering Chinese cabbage petals. Compared to the yellow wild-type, a 1,148 bp deletion was identified in the promoter region of BrPYP in the pale-yellow mutant, resulting in down-regulated expression. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants harboring beta-glucuronidase (GUS) driven by yellow (BrPYPY::GUS) and pale-yellow type (BrPYPPY::GUS) promoters were subsequently constructed, revealing stronger expression of BrPYPY::GUS both in the leaves and petals. Furthermore, virus-induced gene silencing of BrPYP significantly altered petal color from yellow to pale yellow. These findings demonstrate the molecular mechanism of carotenoid esterification, suggesting a role of phytyl ester synthase in carotenoid biosynthesis of flowering Chinese cabbage.
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21

Requena-Ramírez, María Dolores, Sergio G. Atienza, Dámaso Hornero-Méndez, and Cristina Rodríguez-Suárez. "Mediation of a GDSL Esterase/Lipase in Carotenoid Esterification in Tritordeum Suggests a Common Mechanism of Carotenoid Esterification in Triticeae Species." Frontiers in Plant Science 11 (December 17, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.592515.

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Carotenoids are essential in human diet, so that the development of programs toward carotenoid enhancement has been promoted in several crops. The cereal tritordeum, the amphiploid derived from the cross between Hordeum chilense Roem. et Schulz. and durum wheat has a remarkable carotenoid content in the endosperm. Besides, a high proportion of these carotenoids are esterified with fatty acids. The identification of the gene(s) responsible for xanthophyll esterification would be useful for breeding as esterified carotenoids show an increased ability to accumulate within plant cells and have a higher stability during post-harvest storage. In this work, we analyzed five genes identified as candidates for coding the xanthophyll acyltransferase (XAT) enzyme responsible for lutein esterification in H. chilense genome. All these genes were expressed during grain development in tritordeum, but only HORCH7HG021460 was highly upregulated. Sequence analysis of HORCH7HG021460 revealed a G-to-T transversion, causing a Glycine to Cysteine substitution in the protein of H290 (the only accession not producing quantifiable amounts of lutein esters, hereinafter referred as zero-ester) of H. chilense compared to the esterifying genotypes. An allele-specific marker was designed for the SNP detection in the H. chilense diversity panel. From the 93 accessions, only H290 showed the T allele and the zero-ester phenotype. Furthermore, HORCH7HG021460 is the orthologue of XAT-7D, which encodes a XAT enzyme responsible for carotenoid esterification in wheat. Thus, HORCH7HG021460 (XAT-7Hch) is a strong candidate for lutein esterification in H. chilense and tritordeum, suggesting a common mechanism of carotenoid esterification in Triticeae species. The transference of XAT-7Hch to wheat may be useful for the enhancement of lutein esters in biofortification programs.
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22

Patel, Alok, Ulrika Rova, Paul Christakopoulos, and Leonidas Matsakas. "Microalgal lutein biosynthesis: Recent trends and challenges to enhance the lutein content in microalgal cell factories." Frontiers in Marine Science 9 (October 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.1015419.

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Photosynthetic organisms such as eukaryotic microalgae and prokaryotic cyanobacteria synthesize a wide range of valuable chemicals. They are predicted to become efficient and renewable sources for valuable products in the future due to their high biomass synthesis using CO2 and solar energy. Microalgae are producers of several carotenoids including lutein, which is a xanthophyll carotenoid with several health advantages, including the prevention of age-related macular degeneration. Currently, it is extracted on commercial scale from marigold flower petals, however, production from plant sources is highly affected by seasonal variations, requires arable land, and has high production cost. Microalgae, on the other hand, are an ideal alternative for lutein synthesis due to their rapid growth and high biomass and lutein yield. It is, however, necessary to further improve lutein productivity, for a successful transition to commercial production. This article describes lutein biosynthesis in microalgae by using their native biochemical pathways, as well as possible target genes for genetic engineering to enhance lutein production. Understanding the processes behind lipid droplet synthesis in chloroplasts, as well as carotenoid transport across chloroplast membranes and carotenoid esterification, might lead to novel ways to boost lutein levels in microalgae.
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23

Metličar, Valentina, and Alen Albreht. "Esterification of Lutein from Japanese Knotweed Waste Gives a Range of Lutein Diester Products with Unique Chemical Stability." ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, April 28, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c01241.

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