Journal articles: 'Lutein ester'

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Granado, Fernando, Begoña Olmedilla, Enrique Gil-Martínez, and Inmaculada Blanco. "Lutein ester in serum after lutein supplementation in human subjects." British Journal of Nutrition 80, no. 5 (November 1998): 445–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114598001512.

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Lutein, one of the major carotenoids present in serum, is also widely consumed by most populations. For the purpose of testing the potential health benefits of several carotenoids, lutein was supplied as part of an intervention trial to test whether the consumption of these food constituents reduces oxidative damage to human tissue components. Lutein from a natural source (15 mg/d as mixed ester forms) was supplied for 4 months to eighteen non-smoking, apparently healthy volunteers (nine men, nine women) aged 25–45 years. The serum carotenoid profile was analysed at baseline and monthly thereafter. On average, lutein concentrations increased 5-fold after the first month of supplementation (mean 1·34 (range 0·6–3·34) μmol/l). On reviewing the results, in those volunteers whose lutein levels surpassed 1·05 μmol/l (fourteeen of seventeen), we tentatively identified lutein monopalmitate along with another unidentified ester (possibly from a monoketocarotenoid) in serum. Lutein levels returned to baseline values and ester forms were not present 3 months after supplementation was discontinued. Their concentrations did not correlate with, and represented less than 3% of, lutein levels achieved in serum. They were observed before development of, and despite the presence of, carotenodermia. To our knowledge, this is the first time xanthophyll esters have been described in human serum. In view of the fact that xanthophyll esters have not been previously reported in serum and chylomicrons, it seems unlikely that these ester forms would be a reflection of the contents of the capsule. They may indicate a ‘ceiling effect’ on or saturation of the transport capacity for xanthophylls, and may have been re-esterifiedin vivobecause of the unusual dietary conditions. The determination of the physiological importance of this finding will require further investigation, although neither haematological nor biochemical changes were detected.

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Harikumar, Kuzhuvelil Bhaskarannair, Chittikappil Venugopal Nimita, Korengath Chandran Preethi, Ramadasan Kuttan, Madapura Lingappiah Shankaranarayana, and Jayant Deshpande. "Toxicity Profile of Lutein and Lutein Ester Isolated From Marigold Flowers (Tagetes erecta)." International Journal of Toxicology 27, no. 1 (January 2008): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10915810701876265.

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Lutein is a carotenoid with antioxidant properties and is commonly present in many fruits, vegetables, and egg yolk. Lutein affords protection against the development of the two common eye diseases of aging: cataract and macular degeneration. As the dietary lutein concentration is much lower compared to the actual requirement to reduce macular degeneration, supplementation of lutein is under consideration. There are very few data on the toxicity of lutein. In the present study, the authors have evaluated the short-term and long-term toxicity profile of lutein and its esterified form isolated from marigold flowers ( Tagetes erecta) in young adult male and female Wistar rats. Lutein and its ester form administered orally at doses of 4, 40, and 400 mg/kg body weight for 4 weeks for short-term toxicity study and 13 weeks for a subchronic toxicity study did not produced any mortality, change in body weight, food consumption pattern, organ weight, and other adverse side reactions. Administration of lutein and ester form did not alter the hepatic and renal function, and did not produce any change in the hematological parameters and in lipid profile. Histopathological analysis of the organs supported the nontoxicity of lutein and its ester form.

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Mares, Daryl J., Judy Cheong, Shashi N. Goonetilleke, and Diane E. Mather. "Lipoxygenase in Wheat: Genetic Control and Impact on Stability of Lutein and Lutein Esters." Foods 10, no. 5 (May 20, 2021): 1149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10051149.

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Preservation of lutein concentrations in wheat-based end-products during processing is important both for product quality and nutritional value. A key constituent involved in lutein degradation is endogenous lipoxygenase. Lutein and lutein ester concentrations were compared at intervals during storage of noodle sheets prepared from flour of wheat varieties representing a range in lipoxygenase activity, as well as in different mill streams and in different grain tissues. Higher lipoxygenase concentration was associated with an increased loss of free lutein and lutein mono-esters whereas lutein diesters appeared to be more resistant to degradation. Lutein degradation was reduced in the presence of a lipoxygenase inhibitor, when noodle sheets were heated to destroy enzyme activity or when pH was increased. In addition, three populations were used to investigate the genetic control of lipoxygenase. A previously reported mutation of Lpx-B1.1 was associated with a reduction in activity from high to intermediate whilst a new locus on chromosome 4D was associated with variation between intermediate and near-zero. The gene underlying the 4D locus is a putative lipoxygenase. Stability of lutein could be improved by deployment of the mutations at the 4B and 4D loci and/or by post-harvest storage of grain under conditions that promote esterification.

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Granado-Lorencio, Fernando, Carmer Herrero-Barbudo, Begoña Olmedilla-Alonso, Inmaculada Blanco-Navarro, and Belén Pérez-Sacristán. "Lutein bioavailability from lutein ester-fortified fermented milk: in vivo and in vitro study." Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 21, no. 2 (February 2010): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2008.12.002.

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Piccaglia, Roberta, Mauro Marotti, and Silvia Grandi. "Lutein and lutein ester content in different types of Tagetes patula and T. erecta." Industrial Crops and Products 8, no. 1 (March 1998): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0926-6690(97)10005-x.

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Kan, Juntao, Junrui Cheng, Jun Guo, Liang Chen, Xue Zhang, and Jun Du. "A Novel Botanical Combination Attenuates Light-Induced Retinal Damage through Antioxidant and Prosurvival Mechanisms." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2020 (March 14, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7676818.

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The prevalence of light-induced eye fatigue is increasing globally. Efficient regimen for mitigating light-induced retinal damage is becoming a compelling need for modern society. We investigated the effects of a novel combination of lutein ester, zeaxanthin, chrysanthemum, goji berry, and black currant extracts against retinal damage. In the current work, both in vitro and in vivo light-induced retinal damage models were employed. Animal study showed that under strong light exposure (15000 lx for 2 hours), the a-wave and b-wave from electroretinogram were significantly decreased. Treatment with the combination significantly restored the decrease for b-wave under high- and low-stimulus intensity. Histological analysis reported a substantial decrease in the outer nuclear layer (ONL) thickness in the model group, while the supplementation with the combination significantly improved the ONL thickness. To further explore the underlying mechanism of the protective effects, we utilized ARPE-19 retinal pigment epithelial cell line and found that strong light stimulation (2900 lx for 30 minutes) significantly increased phosphorylation of p38 and JNK and decreased HIF expression. Intriguingly, chrysanthemum, black currant extracts, lutein ester, and zeaxanthin significantly decreased the phosphorylation of p38 and JNK, while chrysanthemum, goji berry, black currant extracts, and lutein ester restored HIF expression. The botanical combination can alleviate light-induced retina damage, potentially through antioxidant and prosurvival mechanisms.

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Pavelková, Petra, Aleš Krmela, and Věra Schulzová. "Determination of carotenoids in flowers and food supplements by HPLC-DAD." Acta Chimica Slovaca 13, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acs-2020-0002.

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AbstractMarigold flowers (Tagetes patula and Calendula officinalis) were chosen for analysis because they are the most often used source of lutein and its isomer zeaxanthin for the production of food supplements on the Czech market. Direct extraction and extraction with alkaline hydrolysis were compared to detect free or bound carotenoids. For carotenoid separation, C18 and C30 columns were used. A new method for determination of carotenoid content in food supplements in form of capsules has been developed and validated. All matrices were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). It has been found that alkaline hydrolysis is required for both Marigold flowers and food supplements to release lutein from ester bonds to fatty acids. In Calendula officinalis lutein in the concentration of 807—1472 mg·kg−1 of dry matter was detected. Tagetes patula has been identified as a better lutein source with the content of 5906—8677 mg·kg−1 of dry matter. It has been found that the content of lutein and zeaxanthin in commercial food supplements (Lutein Complex Premium and Occutein Brillant) is consistent with the declared quantity. Linearity of the HPLC-DAD method ranged from 0.1—20 μg·mL−1 with the limit of quantification (LOQ) of 1.7 mg·kg−1 for lutein in Marigold flowers and 200 mg·kg−1 in food supplements. Repeatability was 2.3 % for lutein in all tested matrices.

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Lombeida, Wagner O., Fernando Rubio, and Luis W. Levy. "Determination of Lutein and Zeaxanthin Esters and Their Geometric Isomers in Carotenoid Ester Concentrates Used as Ingredients in Nutritional Supplements: Validation of a Combined Spectrophotometric-HPLC Method." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 99, no. 6 (November 1, 2016): 1459–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.16-0186.

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Abstract A combined spectrophotometric-LC method is described for the determination of total lutein and zeaxanthin ester content in carotenoid ester concentrates, including their main geometrical isomers. The concept of composite-specific absorbance is introduced for this purpose. The method is applicable to carotenoid ester concentrates used as ingredients in oil suspensions and dosage forms. The sample is dissolved in a hexane–2-propanol mixture (95 + 5, v/v) for spectrophotometric measurement at a maximum absorption of ~445 nm. Subsequently, in parallel, a sample is saponified and chromatographed on a normal-phase HPLC column to determine the relative percentage profile of the main geometrical isomers of both carotenoid esters. This, in turn, is used to calculate the composite-specific absorbance of the sample for the final calculation of results. The method, which solely uses reference standards to validate chromatographic conditions, avoids the common error of applying the specific absorbance of only the trans isomer for the calculation of total carotenoid content when cis isomers are present.

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Rodríguez-deLeón, Eloy, Moustapha Bah, J. Oscar C. Jiménez-Halla, José Bonilla-Cruz, Miriam Estévez, and José E. Báez. "Synthesis and characterization of segmented poly(ester-urethane)s (PEUs) containing carotenoids." Polymer Chemistry 10, no. 48 (2019): 6580–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9py01487j.

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A series of three different xanthophylls such as lutein, zeaxanthin, and astaxanthin were used as chain extender agents in the synthesis of a new family of segmented poly(ester-urethane)s (PEUs) derived from poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL).

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Berendschot, Tos T. J. M., Jogchum Plat, Ariënne de Jong, and Ronald P. Mensink. "Long-term plant stanol and sterol ester-enriched functional food consumption, serum lutein/zeaxanthin concentration and macular pigment optical density." British Journal of Nutrition 101, no. 11 (November 6, 2008): 1607–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114508111448.

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Observational epidemiological studies have shown that low carotenoid intake and/or low carotenoid blood levels increase the risk of degenerative diseases like age-related macular degeneration. Functional foods enriched with plant sterol or stanol esters may lower serum concentrations of fat-soluble carotenoids. Theoretically, as a result the macular pigment optical density (MPOD), a marker for eye health, may change. We carried out a double-blind placebo-controlled human intervention trial with a duration of 18 months to evaluate the possible effects of plant stanol and sterol esters on serum lutein/zeaxanthin concentration in relation to the MPOD. Forty-seven subjects were randomly assigned to one of the three treatment groups: margarine without added plant sterols or stanols, plant sterol-enriched margarine, or plant stanol-enriched margarine. Serum cholesterol and lutein/zeaxanthine concentrations and the MPOD were evaluated at baseline and at study end. Changes in lipid-adjusted serum lutein/zeaxanthine concentrations between baseline and study end differed significantly between the three groups (P = 0·001). We found no differences in the MPOD between the three treatment groups, despite the differences in both absolute and cholesterol-standardized serum lutein/zeaxanthine concentrations. This shows that the observed reduction in serum carotenoid concentrations during 18 months consumption of these functional foods does not affect MPOD.

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Muangnoi, Chawanphat, Rianthong Phumsuay, Nattapong Jongjitphisut, Pasin Waikasikorn, Monsin Sangsawat, Paitoon Rashatasakhon, Luminita Paraoan, and Pornchai Rojsitthisak. "Protective Effects of a Lutein Ester Prodrug, Lutein Diglutaric Acid, against H2O2-Induced Oxidative Stress in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 9 (April 29, 2021): 4722. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22094722.

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Oxidative stress-induced cell damage and death of the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE), a polarized monolayer that maintains retinal health and homeostasis, lead to the development of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Several studies show that the naturally occurring antioxidant Lutein (Lut) can protect RPE cells from oxidative stress. However, the poor solubility and low oral bioavailability limit the potential of Lut as a therapeutic agent. In this study, lutein diglutaric acid (Lut-DG), a prodrug of Lut, was synthesized and its ability to protect human ARPE-19 cells from oxidative stress was tested compared to Lut. Both Lut and Lut-DG significantly decreased H2O2-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and protected RPE cells from oxidative stress-induced death. Moreover, the immunoblotting analysis indicated that both drugs exerted their protective effects by modulating phosphorylated MAPKs (p38, ERK1/2 and SAPK/JNK) and downstream molecules Bax, Bcl-2 and Cytochrome c. In addition, the enzymatic antioxidants glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) and non-enzymatic antioxidant glutathione (GSH) were enhanced in cells treated with Lut and Lut-DG. In all cases, Lut-DG was more effective than its parent drug against oxidative stress-induced damage to RPE cells. These findings highlight Lut-DG as a more potent compound than Lut with the protective effects against oxidative stress in RPE cells through the modulation of key MAPKs, apoptotic and antioxidant molecular pathways.

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Abdel-Aal, El-Sayed M., and Iwona Rabalski. "Composition of Lutein Ester Regioisomers in Marigold Flower, Dietary Supplement, and Herbal Tea." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 63, no. 44 (October 30, 2015): 9740–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5b04430.

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Lara-Abia, Sara, Gloria Lobo-Rodrigo, Jorge Welti-Chanes, and M. Pilar Cano. "Carotenoid and Carotenoid Ester Profile and Their Deposition in Plastids in Fruits of New Papaya (Carica papaya L.) Varieties from the Canary Islands." Foods 10, no. 2 (February 17, 2021): 434. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10020434.

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The carotenoid profile of non-saponified and saponified extracts of different tissues (pulp and peel) of fruits of three new papaya varieties, Sweet Mary, Alicia, and Eksotika, was characterized for the first time, and almost all carotenoid compounds were quantified. Carotenoids and carotenoid esters were analyzed and characterized using HPLC-photo diode array (PDA-MS with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization with positive ion mode (APCI+) with a C30 reversed-phase column. The carotenoid deposition in collenchyma and chlorenchyma cells of papaya pulp and peel tissues was assessed by optical microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The most abundant carotenoids in the fruit of the three papaya varieties (pulp and peel) were (all-E)-lycopene (230.0–421.2 µg/100 g fresh weight), (all-E)-β-carotene (120.3–233.2 µg/100 g fresh weight), and (all-E)-β-cryptoxanthin laurate (74.4–223.2 µg/100 g fresh weight. Moreover, high concentrations of (all-E)-lutein (922.5–1381.1 µg/100 g fresh weight) and its esters, such as (all-E)-lutein-3-O-myristate and (all-E)-lutein dimyristate, were found in peel extracts. The optical microscopy study of papaya pulps showed that carotenoid deposition in all papaya varieties, including Maradol, was mainly localized close to the cell walls, showing the presence of some crystalloids and round-shaped structures, with different sizes and distribution due to the different carotenoid content among varieties. No crystalloids or globular depositions were found in any of the peel sections, and no remarkable differences were found in the papaya peel microstructure of the different papaya varieties.

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Ragoobir, J., DR Abayasekara, KR Bruckdorfer, and AE Michael. "Stimulation of progesterone production in human granulosa-lutein cells by lipoproteins: evidence for cholesterol-independent actions of high-density lipoproteins." Journal of Endocrinology 173, no. 1 (April 1, 2002): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1730103.

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Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) have been consistently reported to stimulate ovarian steroidogenesis, apparently by the provision of cholesterol as a steroidogenic substrate. Recent studies suggest that high-density lipoproteins (HDL) can also deliver cholesterol to support progesterone synthesis in human granulosa-lutein cells. Therefore, this study investigated the contributions of (i) cholesterol delivery, (ii) cyclic AMP and (iii) protein kinase C (PKC) in the steroidogenic responses of human granulosa-lutein cells to HDL and LDL. Over a 24-h treatment incubation, HDL stimulated a larger increase in progesterone output than did LDL at equivalent cholesterol concentrations. Moreover, at equal protein concentrations (100 microg protein/ml), HDL doubled progesterone production by cells co-treated with a maximally effective concentration of 22R-hydroxycholesterol, whereas LDL had no effect on the progesterone response to this membrane-permeable sterol. These observations indicate that the progesterone response to HDL is not solely due to the delivery of cholesterol as a steroidogenic substrate. Over 24 h, the stimulation of progesterone synthesis by HDL was additive with the response to a maximally effective concentration of dibutyryl-cAMP, but was unaffected by the down-regulation of PKC activity (by chronic pre-treatment with a tumour-promoting phorbol ester). We have concluded that HDL appears to stimulate progesterone production in human granulosa-lutein cells by a mechanism not solely reliant on cholesterol delivery.

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Li, Wei, Yanxiang Gao, Jian Zhao, and Qi Wang. "Phenolic, Flavonoid, and Lutein Ester Content and Antioxidant Activity of 11 Cultivars of Chinese Marigold." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 55, no. 21 (October 2007): 8478–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf071696j.

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Khalil, Mahmoud, Jens Raila, Mostafa Ali, Khan M. S. Islam, Regina Schenk, Jens-Peter Krause, Florian J. Schweigert, and Harshadrai Rawel. "Stability and bioavailability of lutein ester supplements from Tagetes flower prepared under food processing conditions." Journal of Functional Foods 4, no. 3 (July 2012): 602–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2012.03.006.

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Ramya, S., M. Chandran, Immanuel J. King, R. Jayakumararaj, T. Loganathan, G. Pandiarajan, P. Kaliraj, et al. "Phytochemical Screening, GCMS and FTIR Profile of Bioactive Compounds in Solanum lycopersicum Wild Fruits collected from Palani Hill Ranges of the Western Ghats." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 12, no. 6 (November 15, 2022): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v12i6.5665.

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Tomatoes are consumed worldwide as fresh vegetables because of their high contents of essential nutrients and antioxidant-rich phytochemicals. Tomatoes contain minerals, vitamins, proteins, essential amino acids (Leucine, Threonine, Valine, Histidine, Lysine, Arginine), monounsaturated fatty acids (Linoleic and Linolenic Acids), Carotenoids (Lycopene and β-Carotenoids) and Phytosterols (β-Sitosterol, Campesterol and Stigmasterol). GCMS analysis revealed the presence of 3-methylheptane, Ethylcyclohexane, 2-Methyl-4,6-octadiyn-3-one, 5,6-Dimethylundecane, (3E)3-Hexen-2-one, 2,2-Dimethylbutane, 1,2-Diphenyl-1-butanone, Isopropylbenzene (2-phenylpropane), 3,5-Dimethyloctane, 2-Phenyl-3-buten-1-ol, 2,4,4-Trimethylhexane, Benzoylcarboxaldehyde (Phenylglyoxal), Cis-3-Methyl-Endo-Tricyclo [5.2.1.0(2.6)] Decane, 2,4-Dimethylhexan-3-One, Benzene acetic acid,2-phenylethyl ester, Cyclopentacycloheptene, 2,3-Heptanedione, 1,6-Methano[10] annulene, 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid, methyl ester, N,N-Dimethylmethanesulfonamide, Methyl tridecanoate, Cis 9-Octadecanoic acid, Methyl 15-methylheptadecanoate, 9-Octadecenoic acid, Methyl (Z)-octadec-9-enoate, (Z)-octadec-9-enamide, Methyl 2-ethyl-2-methylicosanoate, 1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,12a-tetradecahydrobenzo [10] annulene Caffeic acid, Catechin, Chlorogenic acid, Chrysin, Cinnamic acid, Epicatechin, Ferulic acid, Kaempferol, Luteolin, Lycopene, Naringenin, P-coumaric acid, Phloretic acid, Quercetin, Resveratrol, Rutin, Sinapic acid, Vanillic acid. Lycopene, the main dietary carotenoid in tomato and tomato-based food products and lycopene consumption by humans has been reported to protect against Cancer, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cognitive function and Osteoporosis. Among phenolic compounds present in tomato, Quercetin, Kaempferol, Naringenin, Caffeic Acid and Lutein are the most common. These compounds have significant antioxidant properties and are effective in protecting human body against oxidative stress-related diseases. Keywords: Solanum lycopersicum; Phytochemical Screening; GCMS; FTIR

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Dave, Shilpa, David P. Farrance, and Saffron A. Whitehead. "Evidence that Nitric Oxide Inhibits Steroidogenesis in Cultured Rat Granulosa Cells." Clinical Science 92, no. 3 (March 1, 1997): 277–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0920277.

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1. A few studies have shown that nitric oxide may exert cytotoxic and/or steroidogenic effects on cultured ovarian cells but the source of this factor within the ovary remains equivocal. 2. In this study we have investigated the effects of nitric oxide on progesterone secretion, cell viability and cell morphology of cultured rat granulosa/ lutein cells and examined whether granulosa cells are an important source of nitric oxide. 3. Only very low or undetectable levels of nitrites were measured in granulosa/lutein-cell-only cultures, although there was a small but significant increase in nitrite release observed in granulosa/lutein cells obtained from oestrous rats compared with those obtained from proestrous rats. 4. There was a concentration-dependent inhibition of progesterone synthesis in the presence of the nitric oxide donors sodium nitroprusside and S-nitroso-N-acetyl-penicillamine which corresponded with an increased concentration of nitrite accumulation in the culture medium. 5. High concentrations of nitrites were measured in the medium of granulosa/lutein cells co-cultured with peritoneal macrophages and progesterone synthesis was inhibited. This effect of the macrophages was partially reversed by inhibitors of nitric oxide synthesis, aminoguanidine, NG-methyl-l-arginine and NG-l-arginine-methyl-ester, and the reversal of inhibition was inversely proportional to the concentration of nitrites measured in the medium. Dose—response curves for the three drugs on the inhibition of nitrite accumulation in macrophage cultures were obtained. 6. The nitric oxide scavenger c-PTIO [2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide.potassium salt] partially reversed the effects of S-nitroso-N-acetyl-penicillamine and macrophages on progesterone synthesis in granulosa/ lutein cells. 7. With the exception of the high dose of sodium nitroprusside, there was no evidence that any of the drugs reduced cellular viability, as assessed by measurement of cellular dehydrogenases and Trypan Blue exclusion, although high concentrations of nitrite in the culture medium derived either from the nitric oxide donors or macrophages were associated with a loss of morphological luteinization. 8. Based on the available evidence, we suggest that nitric oxide can inhibit steroidogenesis and that in vivo the source of nitric oxide may be from macrophages, which invade the ovary during the periovulatory period, and/or from endothelial cells of ovarian blood vessels.

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Kurniawan, Jovine Marcella, Melisa Megawati Yusuf, Sherly Salsabila Azmi, Katarina Purnomo Salim, Monika Nur Utami Prihastyanti, Renny Indrawati, Heriyanto, Yuzo Shioi, Leenawaty Limantara, and Tatas Hardo Panintingjati Brotosudarmo. "Effect of drying treatments on the contents of lutein and zeaxanthin in orange- and yellow-cultivars of marigold flower and its application for lutein ester encapsulation." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 509 (May 3, 2019): 012060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/509/1/012060.

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Kan, Juntao, Min Wang, Ying Liu, Hongyue Liu, Liang Chen, Xue Zhang, Chengrong Huang, Bryan Y. Liu, Zhensheng Gu, and Jun Du. "A novel botanical formula improves eye fatigue and dry eye: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 112, no. 2 (June 15, 2020): 334–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqaa139.

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ABSTRACT Background With the frequent use of video display units, eye fatigue is becoming more common globally. An alternative nutritional strategy is needed to prevent the aggravation of eye fatigue symptoms. Objectives The objective was to evaluate the protective effect of a novel botanical combination of lutein ester, zeaxanthin, and extracts of blackcurrant, chrysanthemum, and goji berry on adults with eye fatigue in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Methods We randomly allocated 360 participants into 4 groups to receive placebo and 3 doses of our formula (chewable tablets, containing 6 mg, 10 mg, or 14 mg of lutein) once daily for 90 d. Each participant had 3 visits at baseline (V1), 45 d (V2), and 90 d (V3) during the study. Results Intervention with the formula improved individual scores of eye fatigue symptoms, including eye soreness, blurred vision, dry eye, foreign body sensation, and tearing. Compared with placebo, the formula at all 3 doses significantly decreased the total score of eye fatigue symptoms and increased the visuognosis persistence time at both V2 and V3. According to the Schirmer test, both 10-mg and 14-mg lutein formula groups had improved tear secretion at V3 compared with the placebo. The keratography results indicated that the first tear break-up time, average tear break-up time, and tear meniscus height were significantly increased after formula intervention. The formula at all 3 doses significantly increased the macular pigment optical density at V2 and V3 compared with the placebo, whereas optical coherence tomography showed no significant difference in retinal thickness and retinal volume across all groups at both visits. Conclusions Our botanical formula improves eye fatigue, dry eye, and macular function without changing the retinal structure, and thus it could serve as an effective nutritional strategy in improving eye fatigue without causing serious side effects. Clinical Trial Registry: chictr.org.cn (ChiCTR1800018987).

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Saini, Ramesh Kumar, Parchuri Prasad, Veeresh Lokesh, Xiaomin Shang, Juhyun Shin, Young-Soo Keum, and Ji-Ho Lee. "Carotenoids: Dietary Sources, Extraction, Encapsulation, Bioavailability, and Health Benefits—A Review of Recent Advancements." Antioxidants 11, no. 4 (April 18, 2022): 795. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11040795.

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Natural carotenoids (CARs), viz. β-carotene, lutein, astaxanthin, bixin, norbixin, capsanthin, lycopene, canthaxanthin, β-Apo-8-carotenal, zeaxanthin, and β-apo-8-carotenal-ester, are being studied as potential candidates in fields such as food, feed, nutraceuticals, and cosmeceuticals. CAR research is advancing in the following three major fields: (1) CAR production from natural sources and optimization of its downstream processing; (2) encapsulation for enhanced physical and chemical properties; and (3) preclinical, clinical, and epidemiological studies of CARs’ health benefits. This review critically discusses the recent developments in studies of the chemistry and antioxidant activity, marketing trends, dietary sources, extraction, bioaccessibility and bioavailability, encapsulation methods, dietary intake, and health benefits of CARs. Preclinical, clinical, and epidemiological studies on cancer, obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D), cardiovascular diseases (CVD), osteoporosis, neurodegenerative disease, mental health, eye, and skin health are also discussed.

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Dhepe, Aarti, and Komal Joshi. "Role of the antioxidant system in the regulation of the chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway in the vascular plant Cucumis sativus." Functional Plant Biology 45, no. 4 (2018): 464. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp16393.

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In this study, the role of the antioxidant system has been examined in the regulation of the chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway in the vascular plant Cucumis sativus L. To generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), etiolated (E) and green (G) cucumber cotyledons were treated with methyl viologen (MV) or were exposed to high light (HL, 400–500 µE m–2 s–1). ROS generation was confirmed by measuring proline and H2O2 concentrations. With the effects of the MV- and HL-induced oxidative stress, it was observed that the chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway was severely affected in the HL-treated etiolated cotyledons (E-HL), MV-treated etiolated cotyledons (E-MV) and in MV-treated green cotyledons (G-MV) at 5-amino levulinic acid (ALA) as well as at protoporphyrin IX and Mg-protoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester levels. The antioxidant assays conducted showed that the ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity had decreased in the E-HL, E-MV and G-MV cotyledons along with the levels of ascorbate and lutein. A decrease in the NADPH-dependent thioredoxin reductase (NTRC) was also observed in the MV-treated cotyledons with a significant impairment of the catalase activity in the E-HL cotyledons. Conversely, in the HL-treated green i.e. G-HL cotyledons, where the accumulation of H2O2 and the inhibition of chlorophyll biosynthesis were not observed, an increase in the levels of APX, NTRC, peroxiredoxin, ascorbate, glutathione and lutein was noted. Thus, the results obtained suggested that the antioxidant system could influence the flow of the chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway through maintaining the levels of H2O2.

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Kan, Juntao, Zhensheng Gu, and Jun Du. "Efficacy Evaluation and Dose Prediction of a Novel Botanical Formula on Eye Fatigue and Dry Eye to Provide a Personalized Nutrition Solution." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa041_016.

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Abstract Objectives With the frequent use of video display units, eye fatigue is more and more common globally. We aimed to evaluate the protective effect of a novel botanical combination of lutein ester, zeaxanthin, extracts of black currant, chrysanthemum and goji berry on adults with eye fatigue in a randomized controlled trial, and predict personalized dose for each individual in real-life consumption. Methods 360 participants were randomized to receive our formula with 3 different doses (containing 6 mg, 10 mg, and 14 mg of lutein, respectively) or placebo once daily for 90 days. Each participant had a total of 3 visits at baseline (V1), 45 days (V2) and 90 days (V3) throughout the study. Results The formula intervention improved individual score of eye fatigue symptoms, including eye soreness, photophobia, blurred vision, dry eye, foreign body sensation and tearing. Compared with placebo, the formula with all 3 doses significantly decreased the total score of eye fatigue symptoms and increased the visuognosis persistence time at both V2 and V3. For Schirmer test, the formula with 10 mg and 14 mg of lutein improved the tear secretion at V3. For Keratography, first tear break time, average tear break time and tear meniscus height were significantly increased after formula intervention. The intervention of formula with all 3 doses significantly increased macular pigment optical density at V2 and V3, while optical coherence tomography showed that there was no significant difference in retinal thickness and retinal volume among all groups at both visits. Different machine-learning algorithms were used to predict personalized dose based on the eye-related indexes and other features, such as anthropometrics, physical activity, dietary habit, and blood biomarkers under 3 different dosages. Among them, XGBoost performed best with R = 0.649 for training set, R = 0.638 for test set, and R = 0.685 for external validation set. Conclusions The formula improves eye fatigue, dry eye, and macular function without changing the structure, providing a nutritional alternative strategy. XGBoost could successfully predict dose to provide a personalized nutrition solution. Funding Sources This study was supported by National Key R&D Program of China and Nutrition Research Foundation of Chinese Nutrition Society.

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Ninčević Grassino, Antonela, Suzana Rimac Brnčić, Marija Badanjak Sabolović, Jana Šic Žlabur, Roko Marović, and Mladen Brnčić. "Carotenoid Content and Profiles of Pumpkin Products and By-Products." Molecules 28, no. 2 (January 15, 2023): 858. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28020858.

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The goal of this review is to provide an overview of the current findings on the major carotenoids and their content in pumpkin products and by-products. The content of total carotenoids and the composition of carotenoids in pumpkins depend mainly on the species and cultivar, pedoclimatic conditions, the part of the plant (pulp, peel or seed), extraction procedures and the type of solvent used for extraction. The major carotenoids identified in pumpkins were β-carotene, α-carotene, lutein and zeaxanthin. β-Carotene is the major carotenoid in most pumpkin species. The number and content of total carotenoids are higher when minor carotenoids and ester forms are considered. The use of carotenoids in the development of functional foods has been the topic of many versatile studies in recent years, as they add significant value to foods associated with numerous health benefits. In view of this, pumpkin and pumpkin by-products can serve as a valuable source of carotenoids.

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El-Baz, Farouk K., Abeer Salama, Sami I. Ali, and Rania Elgohary. "Haematococcus pluvialis Carotenoids Enrich Fractions Ameliorate Liver Fibrosis Induced by Thioacetamide in Rats: Modulation of Metalloproteinase and Its Inhibitor." BioMed Research International 2021 (February 11, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6631415.

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Hepatic fibrosis is a consequence of chronic liver diseases. Metalloproteinase and its inhibitor have crucial roles in the resolution of liver fibrosis. The current relevant study is aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effect of Haematococcus pluvialis (H. pluvialis) extract, astaxanthin-rich fraction, astaxanthin ester-rich fraction, and β-carotene-rich fraction as well as their mechanisms of action in curing hepatic fibrosis induced by thioacetamide (TAA). Liver fibrosis was induced using TAA (intraperitoneal injection, two times a week for 6 weeks), in a rat model and H. pluvialis extract (200 mg/kg), and other fractions (30 mg/kg) were orally administered daily for 4 weeks after the last TAA injection. Based on HPLC analysis, H. pluvialis extract contains β-carotene (12.95 mg/g, extract) and free astaxanthin (10.85 mg/g, extract), while HPLC/ESI-MS analysis revealed that H. pluvialis extract contains 28 carotenoid compounds including three isomers of free astaxanthin, α or β-carotene, lutein, 14 astaxanthin mono-esters, 5 astaxanthin di-esters, and other carotenoids. H. pluvialis and its fractions reduced liver enzymes, nitric oxide, collagen 1, alpha-smooth muscle actin, and transforming growth factor-beta as well as elevated catalase antioxidant activity compared to the TAA group. Also, H. pluvialis extract and its fractions exceedingly controlled the balance between metalloproteinase and its inhibitor, activated Kupffer cells proliferation, and suppressed liver apoptosis, necrobiosis, and fibrosis. These findings conclude that H. pluvialis extract and its fractions have an antifibrotic effect against TAA-induced liver fibrosis by regulating the oxidative stress and proinflammatory mediators, suppressing multiple profibrogenic factors, and modulating the metalloproteinase and its inhibitor pathway, recommending H. pluvialis extract and its fractions for the development of new effective medicine for treating hepatic fibrosis disorders.

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Wiczkowski, Wiesław, Justyna Góraj-Koniarska, Marian Saniewski, and Marcin Horbowicz. "THE EFFECT OF FLURIDONE ON ACCUMULATION OF CAROTENOIDS, FLAVONOIDS AND PHENOLIC ACIDS IN RIPENING TOMATO FRUIT." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus 18, no. 6 (December 17, 2019): 36–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24326/asphc.2019.6.4.

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We examined the response of maturing tomato fruit exposed for 7 days to fluridone (1-methyl-3-phenyl-5-[3-trifluoromethyl(phenyl)]-4(1H)-pyridinone). Fluridone was applied in lanolin paste in the form of a 2–3 mm wide strip from the top to the base of the fruit. As a control, a similar stripe of lanolin was applied in the same way on the opposite side of the same fruit. The content of major carotenoids, as well as flavonoids, and free and bound phenolic acids were determined using a HPLC and HPLC-MS-MS methods. Fluridone almost completely blocked the biosynthesis of lycopene and substantial declined content of ß-carotene and lutein in the tomato fruit. The fluridone caused a decreased content of quercetin, rutin and naringenin, and increased level of epicatechin. The herbicide did not affect the content of p-coumaric acid, but reduced the level of caffeic acid, both free and ester form, and declined the content of free ferulic and chlorogenic acids. Changes in phenolics composition observed for the first time indicate that fluridone interferes with the biosynthesis of further products of the metabolism of p-coumaric acid, both flavonoids and phenolic acids.

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Tyssandier, Viviane, Georges Choubert, Pascal Grolier, and Patrick Borel. "Carotenoids, Mostly the Xanthophylls, Exchange Between Plasma Lipoproteins." International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 72, no. 5 (October 1, 2002): 300–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831.72.5.300.

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Carotenoids are exclusively transported by lipoproteins; in vitro studies suggest that they might protect these particles against oxidation. Little is known about the factors that govern the distribution of these micronutrients among lipoproteins. The objective of this study was to assess whether carotenoids are exchanged between lipoproteins and what factors, if any, were involved. In the first experiment, different groups of trout were fed for five days with either a carotenoid-free diet or with diets containing 80 mg pure carotenoid per kilogram of feed. Lipoproteins were separated by ultracentrifugation and carotenoid-rich, high-density lipoproteins (HDL) were incubated for two hours at 37°C with carotenoid-free, very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), and vice versa. After incubation, lipoproteins were re-separated and carotenoids were quantified to measure the transfer. The same experiments were done in the presence of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) and lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) inhibitors. In a second experiment, the exchange was measured between human VLDL and HDL. In trout, incubation of carotenoid-rich HDL with carotenoid-free VLDL resulted in the appearance of carotenoids in VLDL, and inversely. The higher the hydrophobicity of a carotenoid, the lower its proportion in HDL after incubation. CETP and LCAT inhibitors significantly increased the proportion of carotenoids in HDL after incubation. Results obtained with human lipoproteins showed that the xanthophyll lutein transferred between lipoproteins, but could not show any carotenes (alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, and lycopene) transfer. We conclude that carotenoids, chiefly the xanthophylls, exchange between lipoproteins. The transfer depends on plasma factor(s) sensitive to CETP and/or LCAT inhibitors.

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Gombač, Zala, Ilja Gasan Osojnik Črnivec, Mihaela Skrt, Katja Istenič, Andreja Knez Knafelj, Igor Pravst, and Nataša Poklar Ulrih. "Stabilisation of Lutein and Lutein Esters with Polyoxyethylene Sorbitan Monooleate, Medium-Chain Triglyceride Oil and Lecithin." Foods 10, no. 3 (February 26, 2021): 500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10030500.

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Lutein is a challenging compound to incorporate into food, as it is poorly soluble and unstable in aqueous solutions. In this study, the aim was to prepare stable encapsulates of lutein and lutein esters using feasible and straightforward techniques. Fine suspensions based on polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate and medium-chain triglyceride oil micelle-like units with 3.45% lutein esters or 1.9% lutein equivalents provided high encapsulation efficiencies of 79% and 83%, respectively. Lutein encapsulated in fine suspensions showed superior stability, as 86% was retained within the formulation over 250 days at 25 °C in the dark. Under the same storage conditions, only 38% of lutein remained in corresponding formulations. Higher encapsulation efficiencies were achieved with lecithin emulsions, at up to 99.3% for formulations with lutein, and up to 91.4% with lutein esters. In lecithin emulsions that were stored for 250 days, 17% and 80% of lutein and lutein esters, respectively, were retained within the formulations.

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Stein, Wolfgang, Siegbert Anhut, H. Dietmar, Rüdiger Mues, Wolfgang Barz, and Johannes Köster. "New Flavone Glucoside Malonylesters from Bryum capillare." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 40, no. 7-8 (July 1, 1985): 469–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1985-7-802.

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Abstract From Bryum capillare Hedw. a variety of flavone glucosides and their 6″ malonyl esters were isolated. Diosmetin 7-O-β-D-glucoside-6″-malonylester, luteolin 7-O-β-D-glucoside-6″-malonyl-ester and 6-OH-luteolin 7-O-β-D-glucoside-6″-malonylester are new flavone malonyl esters. This is the first report of flavone glucoside malonylesters in a non vascular plant. The flavonoid pattern of the gametophyte is different from that of the sporophyte. The chemotaxonomic relevance of these results is discussed.

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van den Berg, H., and T. van Vliet. "Effect of simultaneous, single oral doses of beta-carotene with lutein or lycopene on the beta-carotene and retinyl ester responses in the triacylglycerol-rich lipoprotein fraction of men." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 68, no. 1 (July 1, 1998): 82–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/68.1.82.

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Mattera, M. G., D. Hornero-Méndez, and S. G. Atienza. "Lutein ester profile in wheat and tritordeum can be modulated by temperature: Evidences for regioselectivity and fatty acid preferential of enzymes encoded by genes on chromosomes 7D and 7Hch." Food Chemistry 219 (March 2017): 199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.09.133.

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Jiang, Xin-yu, Long-shen Chen, and Chun-shan Zhou. "Lutein and lutein esters in marigold flowers by high performance chromatography." Journal of Central South University of Technology 12, no. 3 (June 2005): 306–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11771-005-0150-6.

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Ávila, C. M., M. C. Palomino, D. Hornero-Méndez, and S. G. Atienza. "Identification of candidate genes for lutein esterification in common wheat (Triticum aestivum) using physical mapping and genomics tools." Crop and Pasture Science 70, no. 7 (2019): 567. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp18531.

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A high carotenoid content is important for the production of pasta from durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) and yellow alkaline noodle from common wheat (T. aestivum L.). Carotenoid esters are more stable than free carotenoid during storage and processing, and thus they allow a higher retention through the food chain. Chromosome 7D carries gene(s) for lutein esterification. The aim of this study was the physical mapping of the gene(s) for lutein esterification on chromosome 7D and the identification of candidate genes for this trait. We developed crosses between a set of deletion lines for chromosome 7D in Chinese Spring (CS) background and the CS–Hordeum chilense substitution line CS(7D)7Hch. The F2 progeny derived from the deletion line 7DS4 produced a lower amount of lutein esters, which indicates that the main gene for lutein esterification is in the region of chromosome 7D lacking in 7DS4. Other gene(s) are contributing to lutein esterification because small amounts of lutein esters are produced in 7DS4. Genotyping by DArTSeq revealed that 7DS4 lacks a 127.7 Mb region of 7DS. A set of 10 candidate genes for lutein esterification was identified by using the wheat reference genome sequence along with the Wheat Expression Browser. This region contains the Lute locus previously identified in a different genetic background. Four genes with acyltransferase or GDSL esterase/lipase activity were identified in the vicinity of Lute. Our results indicate that the gene TraesCS7D01G094000 is a likely candidate for Lute but the gene TraesCS7D01G093200 cannot be ruled out. The candidate genes reported in this work are worthy for further investigation.

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Sowell, A. L., D. L. Huff, P. R. Yeager, S. P. Caudill, and E. W. Gunter. "Retinol, alpha-tocopherol, lutein/zeaxanthin, beta-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, alpha-carotene, trans-beta-carotene, and four retinyl esters in serum determined simultaneously by reversed-phase HPLC with multiwavelength detection." Clinical Chemistry 40, no. 3 (March 1, 1994): 411–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/40.3.411.

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Abstract We describe the use of HPLC with multiwavelength detection to measure retinol, alpha-tocopherol, lutein/zeaxanthin, beta-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, alpha-carotene, trans-beta-carotene, beta-carotene, and the linoleate, oleate, palmitate, and stearate esters of retinol in a single 200-microL serum sample. The method is sensitive enough to detect individual retinyl esters in fasting serum from a nonhyperlipidemic population and requires only 12 min for each sample. Serum concentration ranges and means are reported for retinol, alpha-tocopherol, lutein/zeaxanthin, beta-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, alpha-carotene, trans-beta-carotene, and the sum of the retinyl esters from serum analyses of 3480 participants from several different studies.

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Amar, Idit, Abraham Aserin, and Nissim Garti. "Solubilization Patterns of Lutein and Lutein Esters in Food Grade Nonionic Microemulsions." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 51, no. 16 (July 2003): 4775–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf026222t.

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SUBAGIO, Achmad, Hiroko WAKAKI, and Naofumi MORITA. "Stability of Lutein and Its Myristate Esters." Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 63, no. 10 (January 1999): 1784–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/bbb.63.1784.

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Rodrigues, Daniele Bobrowski, Adriana Zerlotti Mercadante, and Lilian Regina Barros Mariutti. "Marigold carotenoids: Much more than lutein esters." Food Research International 119 (May 2019): 653–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2018.10.043.

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Amar, Idit, Abraham Aserin, and Nissim Garti. "Microstructure transitions derived from solubilization of lutein and lutein esters in food microemulsions." Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 33, no. 3-4 (February 2004): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2003.08.009.

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Yoshizako, Hiroko, Katunori Hara, Yasuyuki Takai, Sachiko Kaidzu, Akira Obana, and Akihiro Ohira. "Comparison of macular pigment and serum lutein concentration changes between free lutein and lutein esters supplements in Japanese subjects." Acta Ophthalmologica 94, no. 6 (June 8, 2016): e411-e416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aos.13106.

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Young, J. Christopher, El-Sayed M. Abdel-Aal, Iwona Rabalski, and Barbara A. Blackwell. "Identification of Synthetic Regioisomeric Lutein Esters and Their Quantification in a Commercial Lutein Supplement." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 55, no. 13 (June 2007): 4965–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf070357n.

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Goutx, M., C. Guigue, J. F. Ghiglione, M. Pujo-Pay, V. Raybaud, M. Duflos, and L. Prieur. "Short term summer to autumn variability of dissolved lipid classes in the Ligurian sea (NW Mediterranean)." Biogeosciences 6, no. 7 (July 21, 2009): 1229–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-1229-2009.

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Abstract. Changes in concentration and composition of Iatroscan-measured dissolved lipids were examined at a daily to month scale, in relation to the hydrological and biological context at a central site of the Ligurian sea, NW Mediterranean during the PECHE-DYNAPROC 2 experiment (14 September to 17 October 2004). Lipid concentrations (excluding hydrocarbons) (TLd-HC) and TLd-HC to DOC ratios in the 0–1000 m water column, varied from 5.3 to 48.5 μg l−1 and 0.01 to 0.09, respectively. The highest TLd-HC concentration values were found in the 0–50 m surface layer, coinciding with phytoplankton biomass. Significant correlations (p<0.01, n=87) between glycolipids from chloroplast membranes, namely the monogalactosyldiacylglycerols, a major component of dissolved lipids (25.1±10.8% of TLd-HC, n=166), and various phytoplankton pigments (chlorophyll cs-170, violaxanthin, diadinoxanthin, zeaxanthin, and lutein), suggested that picoeucaryote phytoplankton were a major source of dissolved lipids. Lipid metabolites (free fatty acids, alcohols, diacylglycerols and monoacylglycerols), an other important component of TLd-HC (37.6±11.1%, n=166), showed a greater degree of degradation of lipids in this transitional period than previously observed earlier in the year. Zooplankton wax and steryl ester biomarkers (WSE) and triacylglycerols showed a distinct periodicity in the mesopelagic layer throughout the period investigated. Concentrations of WSE (5.5–13.6 μg/l) increased in the 0–150 m surface layer, mid-way through the cruise (4–6 October), before the winter mixing. WSE were observed later and deeper in the mesopelagic layer (6–11 October), accompanied by rebounds in hydrocarbons (6–8 October) and phospholipid concentrations (12 October) in the 400–1000 m depth layer. Zooplankton migration and/or fecal pellet egestion, followed by DOM release from POM, were likely responsible for the appearance of these lipid signatures in the mesopelagic layer. Because we observed these signatures during low wind period only (<15 knots: 28 September–12 October), it may indicate that this organic matter transfer to depth was related to undisturbed trophic web in the water column above. The low salinity water lenses that appeared twice during the cruise in the 40–80 m surface layer had little effect on dissolved lipid concentrations. Lower concentrations in phosphoglycerides and hydrocarbons (HC) than in nearby sea water suggested different microbial assemblages and different level of HC contamination in this low salinity water.

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Xavier, Ana Augusta Odorissi, Irene Carvajal-Lérida, Juan Garrido-Fernández, and Antonio Pérez-Gálvez. "In vitro bioaccessibility of lutein from cupcakes fortified with a water-soluble lutein esters formulation." Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 68 (May 2018): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2017.01.015.

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Czeczuga, Bazyli. "Characteristic carotenoids in some phytobenthos species in the coastal area of the Adriatic Sea." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 55, no. 4 (2014): 601–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1986.049.

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The author investigated the presence of various carotcnoids in some phytobenthos species (20 species representative of Chlorophytn, Phaeophyta and Rhodophyta) from the coast of the Adriatic Sea. The presence of following carotenoids has been determined 1) in Chlorophyta lycopene, α-, β-, γ- , ε-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein, lutein epoxide, zeaxanthin, antheraxanthin, neoxanthin, violaxanthin, siphonein and astaxanthin esier; 2) in Phorophyta: α-, β-, γ- , ε- carotene, zeaxanthin, antheraxanthin, diataxanthin, fucoxanthin, fucoxanthol, neoxanthin, violaxanthin and rhodoxanthin-like: 3) in Rhodophyta α-, β-, γ-carotene,α-, β-,cryptoxanthin, lutein lutein epoxide, zeaxanthin, anthcraxanthin, mutatoxanthin, fucoxanthin neoxanthin and violaxanthin The total carotenoid content ranged from 1.197 ( Cystoseira corniculata) to 16 748 mg g-1 dry weight (Chaetomorpha aerea).

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Shangguan, Huijuan, Shan Zhang, Xin Li, Qi Zhou, Jie Shi, Qianchun Deng, and Fenghong Huang. "Synthesis of lutein esters using a novel biocatalyst of Candida antarctica lipase B covalently immobilized on functionalized graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets." RSC Advances 10, no. 15 (2020): 8949–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra00563k.

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The functionalized graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets (g-C₃N₄-Ns) as the immobilized carrier for the accommodation of Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB), which obtains the highest esterification rate (92%) in lutein esters synthesis.

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Bone, Richard A., and John T. Landrum. "Dose-dependent response of serum lutein and macular pigment optical density to supplementation with lutein esters." Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 504, no. 1 (December 2010): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.abb.2010.06.019.

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Requena-Ramírez, María Dolores, Dámaso Hornero-Méndez, Cristina Rodríguez-Suárez, and Sergio G. Atienza. "Durum Wheat (Triticum durum L.) Landraces Reveal Potential for the Improvement of Grain Carotenoid Esterification in Breeding Programs." Foods 10, no. 4 (April 2, 2021): 757. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10040757.

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Carotenoids are essential in the human diet for their important functions in health. Besides, they are responsible for the yellow pigments desirable for industrial quality in durum wheat. The remarkable carotenoid content of durum wheat endosperm is mostly due to lutein. However, lutein esters have not been previously detected in durum wheat as in other cereals such as common wheat, tritordeum or Hordeum chilense. Esterification increases carotenoid stability and allows greater retention and accumulation through the food chain. Therefore, carotenoid esterification is revealed as a new key target in breeding. We characterized the carotenoid profile of 156 accessions of the Spanish durum wheat collection, searching for landraces with esterification ability. Interestingly, four accessions produced lutein monoesters and diesters. Also, traces of lutein monoesters were detected in eleven accessions. The identification of the first durum wheat accessions with esterification ability reported herein is a remarkable advance for carotenoid biofortification. Furthermore, variation for the relative content of zeaxanthin, α-carotene and β-carotene was also observed. This diversity for the β,ε and β,β branches of the carotenogenic pathway also represents a new opportunity for breeding for specific carotenoids in biofortification programs.

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Stein, Wolfgang, and H. Dietmar Zinsmister. "New Flavonoids from the Moss Bryum pseudotriquetrum." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 45, no. 1-2 (February 1, 1990): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1990-1-206.

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Abstract Fifteen flavonoids have been isolated from the moss Bryum pseudotriquetrum . The new natural products kaempferol 3-O-galactoside-4 ′-O-glucoside, scutellarein 7-O-glucoside-6′′-malonyl ester, pigenin 7-O-neohesperidoside-6′′-malonyl ester and luteolin 7-O -neohesperi-doside-6″-malonyl ester were amongst them . Flavonols were found for the first time in mosses.

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Tiwary, Bipransh Kumar, Anil Kumar, Ashis Kumar Nanda, and Ranadhir Chakraborty. "A study on optimization of marigold petal yield, pure lutein, and formulation of free-flowing lutein esters." Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology 17, no. 3 (September 2014): 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12892-014-0049-6.

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Terencio, Mari Carmen, María Jesús Sanz, María Luisa Fonseca, Salvador Máñez, and José Luis Ríos. "Phenolic Compounds from Lactuca viminea L." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 47, no. 1-2 (February 1, 1992): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1992-1-204.

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Abstract The aerial part of Lactuca viminea L. was examined for the presence of phenolic compounds. Six different flavonoids were isolated and identified by UV spectra, TLC, HPLCDAD , 1H NMR and 13C NMR. They were identified as apigenin, luteolin, quercetin, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-glucoside and luteolin-7-O-glucuronide-6″methyl ester. Three phenolic acids were also detected: caffeic, ferulic and chlorogenic acid.

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Ziegler, Jochen U., Sabine Wahl, Tobias Würschum, C. Friedrich H. Longin, Reinhold Carle, and Ralf M. Schweiggert. "Lutein and Lutein Esters in Whole Grain Flours Made from 75 Genotypes of 5TriticumSpecies Grown at Multiple Sites." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 63, no. 20 (May 15, 2015): 5061–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01477.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Lutein ester'

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