Journal articles: 'Lupinosis'

1

MACKIE, JT, RS RAHALEY, and R. BENNETT. "Lupinosis in yearling cattle." Australian Veterinary Journal 69, no. 7 (July 1992): 172–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1992.tb07507.x.

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2

White, CL, DG Masters, DI Paynter, JMC Howell, SP Roe, MJ Barnes, and JG Allen. "The effects of supplementary copper and a mineral mix on the development of lupinosis in sheep." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 45, no. 2 (1994): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9940279.

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Lupinosis in grazing sheep is often associated with a potentially deleterious increase in the concentration of copper in the liver. Siromin�, a mineral mix developed by CSIRO for sheep on dry herbage and containing Cu at 116 mg/kg, was tested for its suitability for use with sheep consuming toxic lupin stubble, taking particular regard for dangers of Cu toxicity. There were three dietary treatments applied at two levels (either present or absent) to 40 Merino wethers for 8 weeks. Treatments consisted of adding Cu (10 mg Cu as CuS04/kg), minerals (25 g/kg as Siromin�) and toxic lupin stubble (50 g/kg) to a basal diet consisting of oaten hay and lupin seed and containing 3 mg/kg of Cu. Toxic lupin stubble decreased feed intake and growth, increased plasma activities of liver enzymes and increased plasma concentrations of protein, globulin, bilirubin, Cu and Zn. It also decreased concentrations of Zn and Fe in liver, but had no effect on Cu. The mineral mix had no adverse effects on any signs of lupinosis, and it did not increase liver Cu concentration at either level of dietary Cu. The mineral mix prevented the inappetence caused by lupinosis in sheep fed the low Cu basal diet. Cu treatment resulted in increased concentrations of Cu and Fe in liver, and exacerbated some signs of lupinosis. The results show that the mineral mix is safe to feed to sheep grazing toxic lupin stubble, and it may provide a practical means of supplying additional Zn. The exacerbation of signs of lupinosis by the addition of only 10 mg Cu/kg as CuS04 suggests that under field conditions the supply of Cu in the absence of suitable amounts of molybdenum and sulfur should be kept to a minimum.

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3

Peterson, Carl. "Development of a lupinosis vaccine." Australian Veterinary Journal 77, no. 1 (January 1999): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1999.tb12429.x.

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4

Barnes, A. L., K. P. Croker, J. G. Allen, and N. D. Costa. "Lupinosis and reproduction reduce the wool growth of Merino ewes." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 37, no. 5 (1997): 515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea97004.

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Summary. Lupinosis was induced in Merino ewes by subcutaneous injections of phomopsins. Liver damage and impairment of liver function was measured by increases in plasma activities of glutamate dehydrogenase and gamma glutamyl transferase, plasma concentrations of bilirubin, and plasma clearance of bromosulfthalein. The wool growth of the ewes during and after exposure to phomopsins at different periods relative to mating was measured, and the impact of lupinosis on annual wool production assessed. Phomopsin administration decreased the length of staple grown during, and for at least 6 weeks after, exposure to phomopsins. Mean fibre diameter of wool grown during this time was also reduced. Annual wool production of the ewes was affected by exposure to phomopsins, with effects noted on fleece weight, yield, fibre diameter, strength and position of break. These effects were minor and varied between experiments. The adverse effects of reproduction on annual wool production were more significant than those of phomopsins.

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5

PEET, RL, TM ELLIS, and KG ELLIOT. "Adenoviral intranuclear inclusions in lupinosis-damaged sheep livers." Australian Veterinary Journal 67, no. 5 (May 1990): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1990.tb07756.x.

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6

Barnes, AL, KP Croker, JG Allen, and ND Costa. "Lupinosis of ewes around the time of mating reduces reproductive performance." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 47, no. 8 (1996): 1305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9961305.

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Lupinosis was induced in Merino ewes by subcutaneous injections of phomopsin toxins, given for 2 weeks before and up to 2 weeks after the start of joining, and the reproductive performance of the injected ewes was compared with untreated control ewes. Two experiments were conducted in consecutive years, with similar results. The liver damage and impairment of liver function due to lupinosis were measured by increases in plasma activities of glutamate dehydrogenase and gamma glutamyl transferase, plasma concentration of bilirubin, and plasma clearance of bromosulfthalein. Ovulation rate was depressed by phomopsin administration (1.11 v. 1.33 for the combined phomopsin-treated and control ewes, P < 0.001), and fewer phomopsin-treated ewes were pregnant (70.4% for the combined phomopsin-treated ewes v. 93.8% for the combined control ewes, P < 0.01). Thus, fewer lambs were born to the phomopsin-treated ewes compared with the control ewes (66.0 v. 109.3% for the combined years, P < 0.01). These results indicate that there may be severe detrimental effects of phomopsin intoxication on reproductive performance of ewes.

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7

Morcombe, PW, KP Croker, and JG Allen. "Liver damage and the liveweight changes in Merino wether weaners grazing mixed crops of oats and sweet narrow-leafed lupins." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 27, no. 1 (1987): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9870019.

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Merino wether weaners were grazed on mixed crops of oats and sweet lupins at 3 stocking rates (15, 30 and 60 sheep/ha), pure lupins (60 sheep/ha) or pastures (7.5 sheep/ha) with and without an ad libitum ration of an oat-lupin grain mix in 2 experiments. Changes in liveweights and liver damage due to lupinosis were measured. In experiment 1, when grazing commenced in late January 1982, the weaners grazed on the mixed crops at 15, 30 and 60 sheep/ha gained 4.8 kg over 91 days, 2.9 kg over 43 days and 1.2 kg over 43 days, respectively, while those on the pure lupins gained 0.7 kg over 14 days. These liveweight gains were all less (P<0.05) than the 10 kg increase over 70 days by the weaners on pasture which received the ad libitum supplement of oat-lupin grain (about 2.2% N). Liver damage developed at a slower rate in the sheep on the mixed crops. In experiment 2, when grazing commenced in late November 1983, the weaners grazed on the mixed crops at 15,30 and 60 sheep/ha gained 1 1.3 kg over 70 days, 6.2 kg over 42 days and 3.5 kg over 28 days, respectively, while those on the pure lupins gained 3.4 kg over 28 days. These liveweight gains compared with a 12.5 kg gain over 84 days by the weaners on pasture which received the ad libitum supplement of oat-lupin grain (about 2.60%N). There was less Phomopsis leptostromiformis on the lupin stems in this experiment and the sheep livers were not as badly damaged as in the previous experiment. The development of liver damage was again delayed in the weaners grazed on the mixed crops. It was concluded that Merino wether weaners can increase liveweights when grazed on mixed crops of oats and sweet lupins. The amount of increase depends on the grain available to the sheep and the degree of lupinosis-associated liver damage suffered by the sheep. Grazing mixed crops reduces the development of lupinosis.

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8

Morcombe, PW, WJ Ryan, and JG Allen. "Sandplain lupins (Lupinus cosentinii) as a summer feed for yearling steers." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 26, no. 1 (1986): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9860013.

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The response of 9-month-old Angus steers, grazing sandplain lupins during summer and autumn and fed oat and oat plus urea supplements, or grazing hay made from the lupins and fed no supplement, was studied in two experiments. In the first experiment there were 3.3 t DM/ha present at the start of grazing. Average daily weight changes over 84 days were -0.548, -0.274 and 0.333 kg/day (P<0.05) for steers fed 0, 1 and 2 kg oats/steer.day respectively. The steers grazing lupin hay averaged -0.417 kg/day. There were 8.4 t DM/ha present at the start of the second experiment and the daily weight changes by steers fed 0, 2 and 6 kg oats plus urea/head.day were - 0.012, 0.524 and 0.952 kg/day (P<0.05), respectively. The steers grazing lupin hay gained 0.215 kg/day. No obvious clinical signs of lupinosis were observed in either experiment. However, in the first experiment the lupins were toxic, liver damage occurred and lupinosis may have contributed to the lower growth rates. In both experiments steers not fed a supplement made compensatory weight gains during winter and spring, when all steers were run together on mixed clover-grass pasture.

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9

Williamson, P. M., A. S. Highet, W. Gams, K. Sivasithamparam, and W. A. Cowling. "Diaporthe toxica sp. nov., the cause of lupinosis in sheep." Mycological Research 98, no. 12 (December 1994): 1364–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0953-7562(09)81064-2.

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10

CROKER, KP, and JG ALLEN. "Treating lupin stubbles with alkali is unlikely to prevent lupinosis." Australian Veterinary Journal 67, no. 6 (June 1990): 230–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1990.tb07770.x.

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11

ALLEN, JG, and AG RANDALL. "The clinical biochemistry of experimentally produced lupinosis in the sheep." Australian Veterinary Journal 70, no. 8 (August 1993): 283–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1993.tb07975.x.

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12

Cowling, WA, JG Allen, and PM Wood. "Resistance to Phomopsis stem blight reduces the lupinosis toxicity of narrow-leafed lupin stems." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 28, no. 2 (1988): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9880195.

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To determine if resistance to Phomopsis stem blight reduced the lupinosis toxicity of stems in sheep, we tested mature, dry stems of several selected lines of Lupinus angustifolius L. (narrow-leafed lupin). Resistance was defined as a significant reduction in Phomopsis stem blight symptoms on mature, dry stems compared with susceptible cultivars. Six experiments were conducted at 4 sites in Western Australia in 1983 and 1984. Mature, dry stems were collected from field plots of resistant and susceptible lines for assessment of the frequency of isolation of Phomopsis leptostromiformis (Knhn) Bubak from stem tissue and toxicity to sheep 0 and 14 weeks after the normal time for seed harvest. In both years, P. lepto-stromiformis was isolated with high frequency from susceptible cultivars but with reduced frequency from only some resistant lines. Similarly, toxicity was significantly reduced in some but not all resistant lines. The variation in toxicity among lines could not be fully explained by their relative resistance or frequency of isolation of P. leptostromiformis. Symptoms of Phomopsis stem blight, frequencies of isolation of P. leptostromiformis, and toxicity increased from 0 to 14 weeks after normal harvest time. New lupin lines resistant to Phomopsis stem blight will require testing in field grazing experiments at several sites and for many seasons to confirm their potential for reducing the occurrence of lupinosis.

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13

Williamson, PM, K. Sivasithamparam, and WA Cowling. "Increased calcium concentration in narrow-leafed lupin epidermal tissue reduces infection by Diaporthe toxica." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 34, no. 3 (1994): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9940381.

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This study examines the effect of calcium (Ca) supply on infection of narrow-leafed lupins (Lupinus angustifolius) by Diaporthe toxica the cause of lupinosis in animals. Susceptible cv. Yandee and resistant breeding lines CE2:435 and 75A:258 were grown in solution culture at varying levels of Ca supply. Epidermal Ca concentration increased with increased Ca supply in both resistant and susceptible narrow-leafed lupins. There was an inverse relationship between the concentration of epidermal Ca and the frequency of infection by the fungus.

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14

ALLEN, J. G., K. P. CROKER, G. R. HANCOCK, and I. N. SOUTHEY. "Control of ovine lupinosis: The treatment of lupin stubble materials with alkali." Australian Veterinary Journal 63, no. 10 (October 1986): 350–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1986.tb02892.x.

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15

Battilani, P., A. Gualla, C. Dall'Asta, C. Pellacani, G. Galaverna, P. Giorni, A. Caglieri, et al. "Phomopsins: an overview of phytopathological and chemical aspects, toxicity, analysis and occurrence." World Mycotoxin Journal 4, no. 4 (January 1, 2011): 345–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2011.1302.

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Phomopsis leptostromiformis, and its teleomorph Diaporthe toxica, is a lupin pathogen that causes stem blight in young lupins and, as a saprophyte, has been detected on dead lupine material. Under favourable conditions, the fungus produces phomopsins (PHOs), a family of macrocyclic hexapeptide mycotoxins capable of binding tubulin through the tripeptide side chain. The toxic effects appear largely confined to the liver. In particular, the ingestion of PHO contaminated lupin stubble has been linked to lupinosis, a debilitating disease of sheep (the most sensitive animal) characterised by disorientation, blindness, lethargy, and eventually death. The chemical structures of PHO A, B and D have been identified. Analytical methods to determine PHOs are mainly enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays or chromatographic separations, in combination with ultraviolet and mass spectrometric detection. The data about the PHOs occurrence are limited to Australia, restricted to lupin seed. Only one survey has been carried out on lupin seeds and flours from the Swiss market. Not many strategies have been developed to limit lupin seed contamination. Efforts devoted to control lupinosis in Australia focused on the development of cultivars resistant to Phomopsis infection. There are few examples in literature of decontamination or detoxification of PHOs; moreover, they have been shown to be resistant to extensive processing, including cooking. Australia and New Zealand are the only countries that included PHOs in their mycotoxin regulations, with a limit of 5 µg/kg in lupin seeds and derived products. Phomopsins are poorly studied mycotoxins and risk assessment on PHOs has not been done at the European level. The collection of all available scientific data was requested by EFSA in a specific project and partners involved considered it of general interest preparing this review to highlight the limited available information, which indicate that the assessment of potential risk related to PHOs is currently not feasible.

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16

Hancock, GR, P. Vogel, and DS Petterson. "A high performance liquid chromatographic assay for the mycotoxin phomopsin A in lupin stubble." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 27, no. 1 (1987): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9870073.

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An assay using high performance liquid chromatography to measure phomopsin A, the principal mycotoxin responsible for lupinosis is described. Samples of lupin stubble are extracted with methanol: water and purified by partitioning between n-butanol and water, chromatography on Amberlite XAD-2 and by cation exchange chromatography. The analysis is performed on a reverse phase C18 column using a methanol:water gradient and UV detection. The limit of detection for this procedure is 0.5 mg phomopsin A per kg stubble. Improvements to the extraction and purification procedures were made and total analysis time was reduced to 2 days. The mean (� s.d.) recovery for the purification procedure was 64.3 � 4.5% over a wide range of concentrations.

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17

ALLEN, JG, P. STEELE, HG MASTERS, and WJ LAMBE. "A lupinosis-associated myopathy in sheep and the effectiveness of treatments to prevent it." Australian Veterinary Journal 69, no. 4 (April 1992): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1992.tb15554.x.

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18

SMITH, GM, and JG ALLEN. "Effectiveness of α-tocopherol and selenium supplements in preventing lupinosis-associated myopathy in sheep." Australian Veterinary Journal 75, no. 5 (May 1997): 341–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1997.tb15707.x.

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19

Nakamura, Ken-Ichi, Naotaka Izumiyama, Koh-Ichiro Ohtsubo, Yukiko Koiso, Shigeo Iwasaki, Ryouichi Sonoda, Yoshikatsu Fujita, Hiroshi Yaegashi, and Zenji Sato. "“Lupinosis”-Like lesions in mice caused by ustiloxin, produced byUstilaginoieda virens: A morphological study." Natural Toxins 2, no. 1 (1994): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nt.2620020106.

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20

Petterson, DS, JE Peterson, LW Smith, PM Wood, and CCJ Culvenor. "Bioassay of the contamination of lupin seed by the mycotoxin phomopsin." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 25, no. 2 (1985): 434. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9850434.

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Samples of seed from commercial crops of Lupinus spp. in three States were tested for the presence of phomopsin, the causative agent of lupinosis. Each of 43 samples was tested in one of two laboratories using a nursling rat bioassay, and 12 of these were tested in both. Factors that could affect reproducibility of the assay were examined. There was good agreement in assessments of toxicity between laboratories. The efficiency of extraction was found to vary from about 15% at low concentrations of phomopsin to no more than 60%. Phomopsin was detected in 17 of the 43 samples, at levels ranging from < 6 �g/kg to 360 �g/kg. Phomopsis leptostromiformis infection was detected in 25 of 31 samples of seed from Western Australia, the highest infection level being 18%. The highest levels of phomopsin were found in samples with more than 8% infection.

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21

NAKAMURA, K., N. IZUMIYAMA, K. OHTSUBO, Y. KOISO, S. IWASAKI, R. SONODA, Y. FUJITA, H. YAEGASHI, and Z. SATO. "Lupinosis in mice caused by ustiloxin and a crude extract of fungal culture of Ustilaginoidea virens." Mycotoxins 1992, no. 35 (1992): 41–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2520/myco1975.1992.41.

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22

Morcombe, PW, JG Allen, GR Hancock, RH Jacob, and DL Hopkins. "Monitoring the toxicity of lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) stubbles has limited value in the prevention of lupinosis." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 32, no. 6 (1992): 707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9920707.

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Lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) stubbles at 3 'sentinel' sites in the Midlands Region of Western Australia were monitored throughout the summer of 1985-86 to assess the level of infection of the stems by the fungus Phomopsis leptostromiformis, and to measure the concentration of its toxic product, phomopsin A. These parameters were found to have little value as predictors of fungal infection and of the toxicity of lupin stubbles on farms in surrounding districts. It was found also that visual rating of the level of P. leptostromiforrnis infection of lupin stems was unrelated to the concentration of phomopsin A in those stems or to the liver damage in sheep grazing stubble from which the stems were sampled. It is suggested that these ratings should not be used to advise farmers on the 'lupinosis risk' of a lupin stubble. Monitoring the phomopsin A concentration in lupin stems collected throughout a summer confirmed that rain, associated with cloudy days, was the primary environmental stimulus to a significant increase in the phomopsin A concentration.

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23

Croker, KP, JG Allen, PM Wood, and S. Dhaliwal. "Treatment of sweet narrow-leafed lupin crops to reduce phomopsin-induced liver damage (lupinosis) in Merino wether weaners." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 34, no. 2 (1994): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9940139.

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An experiment was carried out with 4 methods of utilising sweet narrow-leafed lupin crops (unharvested, stubble, cut before leaf drop, cut and conserved as rolls), to compare the development of lupinosis in wether weaners at 2 stocking rates while they were growing during the summer period. Growth of weaners grazed on the cut lupin treatments was greater than on lupin stubbles at both 25 and 50 weaners/ha (grazing period 98 and 63 days, respectively). Weaners grazed on unharvested lupin crops gained the most liveweight at the lower stocking rate; at 50/ha, weaners on unharvested lupin grazed for longer than those in the other 3 treatments (98 v. 63 days). After 63 days of grazing over all lupin treatments, weaners at 50ka had more (P<0.05) liver damage than did those at 25ka. Amongst lupin treatments, weaners given fodder rolls had the least liver damage, whereas those on the stubbles had the most (P<0.05). After 98 days, the weaners grazed at 50ka on the unharvested crop and 25ka on stubble had the most liver damage. Those grazed at 25ka on the unharvested crop or on lupin fodder rolls had very little liver damage. Although fodder rolling of lupins did offer some protection against development of liver damage associated with the intake of phomopsins in lupins, larger liveweight gains were obtained on unharvested lupin crops. Therefore, greater flexibility would be available to farmers by leaving lupin crops to mature before deciding how to use them. This would avoid the cost of preparing fodder rolls, which provided no marked advantage in this experiment.

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24

Książkiewicz, Michał, Sandra Rychel-Bielska, Piotr Plewiński, Maria Nuc, Witold Irzykowski, Małgorzata Jędryczka, and Paweł Krajewski. "The Resistance of Narrow-Leafed Lupin to Diaporthe toxica Is Based on the Rapid Activation of Defense Response Genes." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 2 (January 8, 2021): 574. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22020574.

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Narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) is a grain legume crop that is advantageous in animal nutrition due to its high protein content; however, livestock grazing on stubble may develop a lupinosis disease that is related to toxins produced by a pathogenic fungus, Diaporthe toxica. Two major unlinked alleles, Phr1 and PhtjR, confer L. angustifolius resistance to this fungus. Besides the introduction of these alleles into modern cultivars, the molecular mechanisms underlying resistance remained unsolved. In this study, resistant and susceptible lines were subjected to differential gene expression profiling in response to D. toxica inoculation, spanning the progress of the infection from the early to latent phases. High-throughput sequencing of stem transcriptome and PCR quantification of selected genes were performed. Gene Ontology term analysis revealed that an early (24 h) response in the resistant germplasm encompassed activation of genes controlling reactive oxygen species and oxylipin biosynthesis, whereas in the susceptible germplasm, it comprised induction of xyloglucan endotransglucosylases/hydrolases. During the first five days of the infection, the number of genes with significantly altered expressions was about 2.6 times higher in resistant lines than in the susceptible line. Global transcriptome reprogramming involving the activation of defense response genes occurred in lines conferring Phr1 and PhtjR resistance alleles about 4–8 days earlier than in the susceptible germplasm.

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25

Książkiewicz, Michał, Sandra Rychel-Bielska, Piotr Plewiński, Maria Nuc, Witold Irzykowski, Małgorzata Jędryczka, and Paweł Krajewski. "The Resistance of Narrow-Leafed Lupin to Diaporthe toxica Is Based on the Rapid Activation of Defense Response Genes." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 2 (January 8, 2021): 574. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22020574.

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Narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) is a grain legume crop that is advantageous in animal nutrition due to its high protein content; however, livestock grazing on stubble may develop a lupinosis disease that is related to toxins produced by a pathogenic fungus, Diaporthe toxica. Two major unlinked alleles, Phr1 and PhtjR, confer L. angustifolius resistance to this fungus. Besides the introduction of these alleles into modern cultivars, the molecular mechanisms underlying resistance remained unsolved. In this study, resistant and susceptible lines were subjected to differential gene expression profiling in response to D. toxica inoculation, spanning the progress of the infection from the early to latent phases. High-throughput sequencing of stem transcriptome and PCR quantification of selected genes were performed. Gene Ontology term analysis revealed that an early (24 h) response in the resistant germplasm encompassed activation of genes controlling reactive oxygen species and oxylipin biosynthesis, whereas in the susceptible germplasm, it comprised induction of xyloglucan endotransglucosylases/hydrolases. During the first five days of the infection, the number of genes with significantly altered expressions was about 2.6 times higher in resistant lines than in the susceptible line. Global transcriptome reprogramming involving the activation of defense response genes occurred in lines conferring Phr1 and PhtjR resistance alleles about 4–8 days earlier than in the susceptible germplasm.

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26

Morcombe, PW, and JG Allen. "Improving production from September-born Merino lambs with a lupin grain supplement and phomopsis-resistant lupin stubbles." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 33, no. 6 (1993): 713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9930713.

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As a means of providing nutrition on dry pasture in the wheatbelt of Western Australia, supplements of lupin grain were fed to late-born Merino lambs and their dams before weaning onto lupin stubble. Each ewe-lamb pair consumed an average 19.5 kg lupin grain over the 46 days before weaning. This produced an extra 3.6 kg (P<0.01) liveweight gain by these lambs compared with their unsupplemented cohorts at weaning. The growth of the weaned lambs grazing phomopsis-resistant lupin stubbles was primarily influenced by the amount of residual lupin grain available to each sheep and liver injury caused by ingestion of phomopsins. In the first 69 days of stubble grazing, sheep stocked at 10ha gained 7.3 kg while those stocked at 20ka gained 2.1 kg (P<0.001). In the first 13 months of life, lambs supplemented with lupin grain before weaning grew more (P<0.05) clean wool by 0.17 kg than the unsupplemented lambs. However, the value of this extra wool would not have covered the cost of the lupin grain eaten. Wool staples produced by sheep grazed at 10/ha on lupin stubble were stronger (P<0.001) than those produced by sheep grazed at 20ha (24.4 v. 17.7 N/ktex). The position of greatest weakness in the staple coincided with weight loss prior to removal from the stubble. Singleton lambs born in September and weaned onto a phomopsis-resistant lupin stubble reached liveweights consistent with survival over the summer and good productivity in their first year of life. The effects of lupinosis and reductions in wool staple strength may have been avoided by monitoring liveweight change and taking the sheep off the stubbles when they were near peak liveweight.

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27

Marasas, W., W. Gelderblom, G. Shephard, and H. Vismer. "Mycotoxicological research in South Africa 1910-2011." World Mycotoxin Journal 5, no. 1 (February 1, 2012): 89–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2011.1322.

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The British mycologist, I.B. Pole-Evans, was appointed as the first South African government mycologist in 1905 following the Anglo-Boer War (1899-1902). The Onderstepoort Veterinary Research Institute was founded in 1908 with the Swiss veterinarian, Arnold Theiler, as the first director. Thus, the stage was set for the commencement of mycotoxicological research when the Union of South Africa came into being in 1910. The first accounts of this pioneering research appeared in the 'Seventh and eight reports of the Director of Veterinary Research, Union of South Africa. 1918' in which D.T. Mitchell reported on the experimental reproduction of the neurotoxic syndrome, diplodiosis, in cattle with pure cultures of Stenocarpella maydis (= Diplodia zea) isolated by P.A. Van der Bijl and grown on sterile maize kernels. This is the first report of the experimental reproduction of a veterinary mycotoxicosis with a pure culture of a fungus in South Africa and possibly in the world. This seminal research was followed by a great deal of multidisciplinary research on veterinary mycotoxicoses as well as human syndromes in which fungal toxins are suspected to be involved, taxonomy of mycotoxigenic fungi and chemistry of mycotoxins in South Africa. The mycotoxicoses studied in South Africa include the following (more or less in chronological order): diplodiosis, Paspalum staggers, aflatoxicosis, human hepatocellular carcinoma, ochratoxicosis, lupinosis, facial eczema, tremorgenic mycotoxicosis, hyperoestrogenism, stachybotryotoxicosis, ergotism, leukoencephalomalacia and human oesophageal cancer. A major breakthrough in mycotoxicological research was made in South Africa in 1988 with the isolation and chemical characterisation of the carcinogenic fumonisins produced by Fusarium verticillioides in maize. Current research at the PROMEC Unit of the South African Medical Research Council on the risk assessment of fumonisins and intervention methods to reduce fumonisin intake by rural populations on a maize staple diet is highlighted. This paper concludes with a selected list of mycotoxicological publications by South African mycologists/plant pathologists, veterinarians and chemists/biochemists.

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28

Masters, D. G., G. J. Judson, C. L. White, J. Lee, and N. D. Grace. "Current issues in trace element nutrition of grazing livestock in Australia and New Zealand." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 50, no. 8 (1999): 1341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar99035.

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Improving trace element nutrition of grazing animals, in a way that is cost effective and that meets consumer perceptions and preferences, is a continuing challenge. This review focuses on research over the past 10 years, addressing issues and perspectives on the roles, risks of inadequacy, and supplementary remedies of key trace elements, both essential and deleterious, which have an impact on the productivity and product quality of grazing livestock throughout Australia and New Zealand. The emphasis is on copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), iodine (I), selenium (Se), and, to a lesser extent, zinc (Zn) — the trace elements most frequently found to be deficient in parts of Australia and New Zealand. Research continues to elucidate new roles for trace elements in the animal, and as this leads to a better understanding of requirements, diagnostic criteria and supplementation strategies need re-evaluation. Newer perspectives on marginal deficiency for Cu, I, Se, and Zn are given and issues for risk management discussed. Advances in sustained delivery of trace elements such as Co (as vitamin B12), I, and Se are reported. The diagnosis and management of marginal Cu deficiency continue to be difficult, especially in New Zealand where recent work has shown that dietary antagonists [iron (Fe), molybdenum (Mo), and sulfur (S)] may impair Cu absorption at lower intakes than previously thought. There is still a dearth of scientific data on the advantages of using so-called organic trace element supplements (metals complexed or chelated with amino acids or peptides). Nevertheless their usage continues to increase. There is increasing evidence that trace elements influence the pathophysiology arising from the ingestion of toxins. This review summarises recent work on the role of Co in annual ryegrass toxicity; Cu, Se, and Zn in lupinosis; Cu and alkaloid toxicity; Zn and facial eczema; and Co and white liver disease. Trace elements are required to support immune function (e.g. as imposed parasite infection) and marginal deficiencies may be exacerbated by an immunological challenge. The roles of Cu, Co, Mo, Se, and, to a lesser extent, chromium and Zn have attracted attention and under conditions of stress there may be an additional need for these elements. Diversification in farming has led to the introduction of species such as deer (Cervus), alpacas (Camilids), emus, and ostriches (Ratites) and the paucity of information on trace element requirements for these species, and also for horses, indicates the need for further work. The effect of supplementation on trace element composition of meat, milk, and wool is also reviewed, both in terms of product characteristics and human health. Of the deleterious elements, cadmium has attracted the most interest and concern because of its introduction into the pastoral system from phosphate-based fertilisers.

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Soler, F., L. García, R. Avila, and M. R. Miguez. "Plasma biochemical changes in lupine straw-induced lupinosls in sheep." Toxicology Letters 74 (August 1994): 81–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4274(94)90431-6.

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Kozhukhova, E. V. "PEAS DIFFERENT MORPHOTYPES ANALYSIS BY LODGING IN THE KRASNOYARSK FOREST-STEPPE." Scientific Life 15, no. 7 (July 31, 2020): 932–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.35679/1991-9476-2020-15-7-932-940.

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Resistance to lodging is one of the important factors in increasing manufacturability, which is one of the priority tasks for breeding peas. In connection with the morphotypes variety expansion, studies aimed at determining their resistance to lodging and the influence of various factors on it are relevant. The research was carried out in the conditions of the Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe, in the breeding nursery of the initial material. The article presents the results of a three-year study (2017–2019) of the following morphotypes: lamellar, with a baleen type of leaf, chameleons, with dissected leaflets, multiple odd-pinnate, lupinoids. Three samples of each morphotype were analyzed for the study. The aim of the work was to determine the proportion of various factors’ influence on the lodging of peas. The objectives of the study included calculating the lodging coefficients for each morphotype and identifying the effect on lodging of the following parameters: weight of seeds per plant, length of plants, weight of green mass during the flowering period, the number of unproductive nodes. In the course of the lodging coefficients analysis, it was found that the samples of the chameleon morphotype and the samples with the baleen type of leaf were less lodged, with a coefficient of 0.7. The lamellar and multiply odd-pinnate specimens became the most lodged: their lodging coefficient was 0.5. For all morphotypes, a strong relationship was found between the score for lodging resistance and the lodging coefficient. The lodging of all samples in the total sample was more influenced by the weight of seeds per plant (64.7%) and the weight of green mass in bloom (35.3%). When analyzing each of the morphotypes from the studied parameters, the weight of green mass prevailed in the effect on the lodging of samples of dissected leafy (88.4%), multiple-pinnate (41.3%) and mustachioed (83.7%) morphotypes. The weight of seeds from plants had a greater effect on lodging of samples of lupinoid (50.0%) and lamellar (36.8%) morphotypes; the length of plants was relevant for chameleons (32.4%) and leafy (36.8%) specimens, and the number of unproductive nodes was relevant for chameleons (32.4%).

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Özer, Harun. "BROILER CİVCİV VE PİLIÇLERDE DENEYSEL LUPİNOSISDE İÇ ORGANLARDA ŞEKILLENEN DEGTŞIKLLKLER." Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 50, no. 1 (1990): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1501/vetfak_0000002194.

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Botner, V. S., H. A. Senkevych, and L. Yu Lichman. "ARTISTIC TIME AND SPACE POETICS IN G. LUPINOS’ LYRICS." Тrаnscarpathian Philological Studies, no. 16 (2021): 270–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.32782/tps2663-4880/2021.16.49.

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Dey, Debleena, Bikash C. Pal, Tanushree Biswas, Sib Sankar Roy, Arun Bandyopadhyay, Swapan Kumar Mandal, Bir Bhanu Giri, and Samir Bhattacharya. "A Lupinoside prevented fatty acid induced inhibition of insulin sensitivity in 3T3 L1 adipocytes." Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 300, no. 1-2 (December 6, 2006): 149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11010-006-9378-1.

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Guinel, Frédérique C. "Getting around the legume nodule: I. The structure of the peripheral zone in four nodule types." Botany 87, no. 12 (December 2009): 1117–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b09-074.

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Nodules in the family Leguminosae come in many different shapes and forms, depending partly on the host that bears them. This review focuses on the peripheral tissues that surround the infected tissues of four anatomically distinct classes of nodules: nodules with indeterminate meristems (from the Trifolieae and Fabeae tribes); desmodioid nodules with determinate meristems (from the Phaseoleae and Loteae tribes); aeschynomenoid nodules ( Arachis hypogaea L., peanut); and lupinoid nodules ( Lupinus sp. L., lupine). I have especially stressed the importance of the three-dimensionality of the organ, because not all nodules display a radial symmetry as it is often assumed. The goal of this review is to provide a strong base of nodule structure so that forthcoming molecular studies can integrate this information into their approach.

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Valdés-Miramontes, Elia Herminia, Antonio López-Espinoza, Ramón Rodríguez-Macías, Eduardo Salcedo-Pérez, and Mario Alberto Ruiz-López. "Efecto del tratamiento térmico sobre la composición química y minerales en semillas de lupinos silvestres." Revista chilena de nutrición 42, no. 2 (June 2015): 186–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0717-75182015000200011.

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González-Sama, Alfonso, Teodoro Coba de la Peña, Zoltan Kevei, Peter Mergaert, M. Mercedes Lucas, María R. de Felipe, Eva Kondorosi, and José J. Pueyo. "Nuclear DNA Endoreduplication and Expression of the Mitotic Inhibitor Ccs52 Associated to Determinate and Lupinoid Nodule Organogenesis." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 19, no. 2 (February 2006): 173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-19-0173.

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Lotus japonicus determinate nodules differ greatly from indeterminate nodules in their organogenesis and morphological characteristics, whereas Lupinus albus lupinoid nodules share features of determinate and indeterminate nodules. The mitotic inhibitor Ccs52A is essential for endoreduplication and ploidy-dependent cell enlargement during symbiotic cell differentiation in Medicago truncatula indeterminate nodules. ccs52A homolog genes were isolated from lupin and lotus nodules; the deduced Ccs52A proteins showed high sequence similarity with other Cdh-1-type activators of the anaphase-promoting complex and were grouped with A-type Ccs52 proteins from different plants. In lupin, ccs52A expression was restricted to the earlier stages of nodule development, whereas ccs52A transcripts accumulated in lotus nodule primordia and, to a lesser extent, in mature nodules. Nodule development in Lupinus albus involved a progressive increase in nuclear and cellular size and ploidy level; similarly, Lotus japonicus nodules contained polyploid nuclei and enlarged cells in the infected zone. Nevertheless, in situ hybridization experiments showed the highest ccs52A expression in the inner cortex cells of the lupin nodule primordium, probably associated to the increased size of these cells in mature nodules. In view of our results, Ccs52A-mediated endoreduplication appears to be a universal mechanism required for nodule cell differentiation during the establishment of nitrogen-fixing symbioses.

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Sinjushin, Andrey, Elena Semenova, and Margarita Vishnyakova. "Usage of Morphological Mutations for Improvement of a Garden Pea (Pisum sativum): The Experience of Breeding in Russia." Agronomy 12, no. 3 (February 22, 2022): 544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12030544.

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The improvement of pea as a crop over many decades has been employing the use of mutants. Several hundreds of different mutations are known in pea (Pisum sativum subsp. sativum), some of which are valuable for breeding. Breeding strategies may be diverse in different countries depending on different obstacles. In Russia, numerous spontaneous and induced mutations have been implemented in breeding. To our knowledge some of these, are not used in pea breeding beyond Russia. This review describes the use of mutations in pea breeding in Russia. The paper provides examples of cultivars created on the basis of mutations affecting the development of seeds (def), inflorescence (det, deh), compound leaves (af, af unitac), and symbiotic nitrogen fixation (various alleles of Sym and Nod loci). Novel mutations which are potentially promising for breeding are currently being investigated. Together with numerous cultivars of dry and fodder pea carrying commonly known mutations, new ‘chameleon’ and ‘lupinoid’ morphotypes, both double mutants, are under study. A cultivar Triumph which increases the effectiveness of interactions with beneficial soil microbes, was bred in Russia for the first time in the history of legume breeding.

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Seisdedos, Lina, and Ana M. Planchuelo. "Morfoanatomía de las plántulas de dos especies de lupinos graníferos: Lupinus albus y L. angustifolius (Fabaceae, Faboideae)." Lilloa 55, no. 1 (June 8, 2018): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.30550/j.lil/2018.55.1/6.

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Yates, R. J., J. G. Howieson, W. G. Reeve, K. G. Nandasena, I. J. Law, L. Bräu, J. K. Ardley, H. M. Nistelberger, D. Real, and G. W. O’Hara. "Lotononis angolensis forms nitrogen fixing, lupinoid nodules with phylogenetically unique, fast-growing, pink-pigmented bacteria, which do not nodulate L. bainesii or L. listii." Soil Biology and Biochemistry 39, no. 7 (July 2007): 1680–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2007.01.025.

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Ma, Sheng-mei. "Sino-Anglo-Euro Wolf Fan(g)s from Jiang Rong to Annaud // Fans lupinos sino-anglo-europeos de Jiang Ring a Annaud." Ecozon@: European Journal of Literature, Culture and Environment 7, no. 1 (June 15, 2016): 76–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.37536/ecozona.2016.7.1.980.

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Fans of Jiang Rong’s Wolf Totem could arguably shapeshift into a wolf’s fangs, the sharp tips of China’s Social Darwinism today. Jiang mourns the killing of Mongolian wolves, erecting a literary totem there after wolves are gone. An elegy for the wild comes to justify the growing of fangs amid the jungle of the socialist-capitalist market. Wolf totem becomes a phallic symbol for power. A Sino-Anglo-Euro morphing materializes in global cinema as Annaud transforms the novel into The Last Wolf. Annaud’s romantic film downplays Jiang’s nationalistic tenor, avoiding to bare “red [in] tooth and claw” to the world.Resumen Los fans de Wolf Totem de Jiang Rong podrían discutiblemente transformarse en los colmillos de un lobo, las afiladas puntas del darwinismo social en China hoy en día. Jiang lamenta la muerte de los lobos mongoles, erigiendo un tótem literario allí tras la marcha de los lobos. Una elegía a los salvaje llega a justificar el crecimiento de colmillos en medio de la jungla del mercado socialista-capitalista. El tótem del lobo se convierte en un símbolo fálico de poder. Un Changling sino-anglo-europeo de algún tipo se materializa en el cine global cuando Annaud transforma la novela en El último lobo. La romántica película de Annaud resta importancia al tono nacionalista de Jiang, evitando mostrar "rojo [en] diente y garra" al mundo.

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"alkaloidal lupinosis in sheep." CABI Compendium CABI Compendium (January 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.95315.

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"lupinosis-associated myopathy in weaner sheep." CABI Compendium CABI Compendium (January 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.76792.

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Martín-Páez, Mario. "Liminaridad y licantropía: sobre los ritos de paso y la ascendencia en «Vǫlsunga Saga»." Memoria y Civilización, June 16, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15581/001.24.018.

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Vǫlsunga Saga es una de las fuentes de mayor riqueza literaria producidas en el contexto nórdico medieval. El objetivo del artículo es demostrar las formas en las que se configura la identidad dentro de la familia de los Volsungos durante la representación de un rito de paso. Durante este proceso, varios personajes adoptan comportamientos lupinos. Se argumentará que la metamorfosis es determinada por la presión estructural ejercida sobre el cuerpo y afecta no solo al individuo transformado, sino también al grupo enemigo que se convertirá en su presa. Previamente, mostramos las condiciones y el desarrollo del rito de paso, en el que se otorga a los ancestros el poder de influir sobre su descendencia. Asimismo, demostraremos que las definiciones y obligaciones que se desprenden de la estructura de parentesco tienen la capacidad de caracterizar al grupo enemigo como un «otro» y legitimar los actos de violencia cometidos en su contra.

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Zamora Natera, Juan Francisco, Isidro Zapata Hernández, and Alejandra Villalvazo Hernández. "Fijación biológica del nitrógeno en tres especies silvestres del género Lupinus (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae) en México." Acta Botanica Mexicana, no. 126 (July 9, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.21829/abm126.2019.1543.

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Antecedentes y Objetivos: La fijación biológica del nitrógeno (FBN) en leguminosas nativas de México ha sido poco estudiada; particularmente en especies del género Lupinus no se tiene información al respecto. En este sentido, el objetivo de esta investigación fue cuantificar la acumulación de biomasa y nitrógeno (N) en tres lupinos silvestres del estado de Jalisco, México (Lupinus exaltatus, L. rotundiflorus y L. mexicanus), así como evaluar la FBN en términos de cantidad de N fijado (kg ha-1) y proporción de N derivado de la atmósfera (% Ndda).Métodos: Las especies en estudio al igual que la cebada, una especie conocida como no fijadora de N y usada de referencia, fueron cultivadas en suelos agrícolas de Zapopan, Jalisco, en el periodo otoño-invierno de 2015-2016. Durante el crecimiento de las especies en estudio se realizaron muestreos destructivos a los 93, 108 y 122 días después de la siembra (Dds). En cada muestreo se cuantificó el número de nódulos por planta, contenido de materia seca (Ms) y % de N. Con estos valores se estimó mediante el método de la diferencia de N, la proporción de N derivado de la atmósfera (% Ndda) y cantidad de N fijado (kg ha-1).Resultados clave: A los 93, 108 y 122 Dds, L. exaltatus fijó 87.4, 86.9 y 187 kg de N ha-1, lo cual fue equivalente a 71.0, 70.9 y 83.8% de Ndda, respectivamente. Las especies L. rotundiflorus y L. mexicanus solamente mostraron valores significativos de N fijado hasta los 122 Dds.Conclusiones: Bajo las condiciones de este estudio se puede concluir que L. exaltatus se caracterizó por ser la especie más eficiente en la fijación de N atmosférico, debido a una favorable simbiosis entre las raíces y las bacterias nativas del suelo fijadoras de N atmosférico.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Lupinosis'

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