Journal articles: 'Lung conditions'

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Khoiroh, Ummul. "Marble Dust Exposure Relationship to Workers‘ Lung Conditions in Marble Industries." JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN 12, no. 4 (October 30, 2020): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jkl.v12i4.2020.285-291.

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Introduction: Marbel mining in Tulungagung caused air quality pollution of dust. The level of air pollution in the marble industrial mining area in Besole village, Tulungagung, was a high category. Air pollutions from dust cause fibrosis in the lungs if continuously inhaled. This marble dust belongs to the group of differentiative dust—pulmonary disorders due to dust in the form of restriction, obstruction, or mixture of the two. The study aims to analyze the internal factors related to lung conditions in one of the Besole Village industries, Tulungagung. Method: research that has been done using cross-sectional design through a quantitative approach. Determination of the sample size by simple random sampling. Twenty-four workers consisting of 12 exposed and 12 were not exposed to dust. Result and Discussion: The results of measurements of marble dust levels in the study area were 20,000 mg/m3, which exceeds the specified threshold value. Meanwhile, the statistical test value p= 0.000 means a relationship between dust levels and the condition of workers’ lungs in the exposed area. Most workers’ lung conditions in one of the Besole village industries are quite good. Conclusion: The condition of the lungs is closely related to dust levels that exceed the threshold value. The lungs’ condition is also influenced by work time and poor behavior, namely the habit of not wearing PPE and smoking habits, causing decreased lung function.

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Harding, R. "Sustained alterations in postnatal respiratory function following sub-optimal intrauterine conditions." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 7, no. 3 (1995): 431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd9950431.

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This paper reviews recent evidence from epidemiological, follow-up and experimental studies that sub-optimal conditions during gestation can cause alterations in respiratory function that persist during postnatal life. Several studies indicate that placental insufficiency, which can be associated with fetal substrate deprivation, hypoxia and low birthweight, may be followed by evidence of respiratory compromise in later life. Similarly, it is becoming evident that maternal smoking affects fetal lung development and that the effects can persist into postnatal life. A reduced period of fetal development, due to preterm birth, may be associated with prolonged postnatal respiratory consequences which are independent of factors operating during the early postnatal period. Disorders of pregnancy that compress the fetal lungs, or that cause the abolition of fetal breathing movements, commonly lead to lung hypoplasia. We have been interested in the prenatal causes and postnatal effects of fetal lung hypoplasia and have used an ovine model of lung hypoplasia induced by prolonged removal of amniotic fluid. This leads to a reduction in the expansion of the fetal lungs which appears to be a common underlying cause of fetal lung hypoplasia. Studies of lung function in lambs chronically exposed as fetuses to a lack of amniotic fluid showed that, although lung hypoplasia was apparently present throughout the 28-day postnatal study period, major alterations in respiratory function were attributable to changes in chest wall compliance. Thus, it is apparent that sub-optimal intrauterine conditions can have lasting effects on the structure and function of respiratory organs. Available evidence indicates that the degree to which these organs can recover postnatally may be restricted.

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Maulana, Rizal, Alfatehan Arsya Baharin, and Hurriyatul Fitriyah. "Classification of lung condition for early diagnosis of pneumonia and tuberculosis based on embedded system." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 10, no. 3 (June 1, 2021): 1262–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v10i3.3033.

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The lungs are the main organs in the respiratory system that have a function as a place for exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Due to the importance of lung function, indications of lung disorders must be detected and diagnosed early. Research on the classification of lung conditions generally uses chest x-ray image data. Where a time-consuming procedure is needed to obtain the data. In this research, an embedded system to diagnose lung conditions was designed. The system was made to be easy to use independently and provides real-time examination results. This system uses parameters of body temperature, oxygen saturation, fingernail color and lung volume in classifying lung conditions. There are three conditions that can be classified by the system, that is healthy lungs, pneumonia and tuberculosis. The k-nearest neighbor method was used in the classification process in the designed system. The dataset used was 51 data obtained from the hospital. Each data already has a label in the form of lung condition based on the doctor’s diagnosis. The proposed system has an accuracy of 88.24% in classifying lung conditions.

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Robinson, Clive, Jihui Zhang, Gary K. Newton, and Trevor R. Perrior. "Nonhuman targets in allergic lung conditions." Future Medicinal Chemistry 5, no. 2 (February 2013): 147–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/fmc.12.204.

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Quanjer, Philip H. "Lung function, genetics and socioeconomic conditions." European Respiratory Journal 45, no. 6 (May 31, 2015): 1529–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00053115.

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Semotánová, M., and J. Semotán. "Lung cancer: impact of mental conditions." Lung Cancer 21 (September 1998): S45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5002(98)90104-0.

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Oechsner, Markus, Eberhard D. Pracht, Daniel Staeb, Johannes F. T. Arnold, Herbert Köstler, Dietbert Hahn, Meinrad Beer, and Peter M. Jakob. "Lung imaging under free-breathing conditions." Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 61, no. 3 (December 18, 2008): 723–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrm.21846.

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Beck, K. C., and S. J. Lai-Fook. "Pulmonary blood flow vs. gas volume at various perfusion pressures in rabbit lung." Journal of Applied Physiology 58, no. 6 (June 1, 1985): 2004–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1985.58.6.2004.

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To obtain a detailed description of the dependence of pulmonary blood flow on changes in lung volume, we perfused isolated rabbit lungs with homologous blood at 37 degrees C while controlling vascular pressures during lung deflation. We set pulmonary arterial pressure (Ppa) and pulmonary venous pressure (Ppv) to constant values relative to alveolar pressure (Palv) to keep the effective driving pressure for flow constant during lung deflation from total lung capacity (TLC) to 25% TLC. The shapes of the flow vs. lung volume curves were dependent on the levels of Ppa-Palv and Ppv-Palv at which they were obtained. When Ppv greater than Palv throughout the lung (zone 3 conditions), flow increased as the lungs were deflated from TLC, independent of the level of Ppa-Palv. When Ppv less than Palv (zone 2 conditions) and Ppa-Palv was moderately high, flow increased as the lungs were deflated from 100 to approximately 50% TLC, then decreased at lower lung volumes. When Ppa - Palv was less than 10 cmH2O in zone 2 conditions, flow decreased monotonically during deflation from TLC. We concluded that the dependence of blood flow on lung volume is complex, which may be a reflection of the nonlinear pressure-diameter properties of pulmonary vessels.

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Hirai, T., K. A. McKeown, R. F. M. Gomes, and J. H. T. Bates. "Effects of lung volume on lung and chest wall mechanics in rats." Journal of Applied Physiology 86, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1999.86.1.16.

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To investigate the effect of lung volume on chest wall and lung mechanics in the rats, we measured the impedance (Z) under closed- and open-chest conditions at various positive end-expiratory pressures (0–0.9 kPa) by using a computer-controlled small-animal ventilator (T. F. Schuessler and J. H. T. Bates. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 42: 860–866, 1995) that we have developed for determining accurately the respiratory Z in small animals. The Z of total respiratory system and lungs was measured with small-volume oscillations between 0.25 and 9.125 Hz. The measured Z was fitted to a model that featured a constant-phase tissue compartment (with dissipation and elastance characterized by constants G and H, respectively) and a constant airway resistance (Z. Hantos, B. Daroczy, B. Suki, S. Nagy, and J. J. Fredberg. J. Appl. Physiol. 72: 168–178, 1992). We matched the lung volume between the closed- and open-chest conditions by using the quasi-static pressure-volume relationship of the lungs to calculate Z as a function of lung volume. Resistance decreased with lung volume and was not significantly different between total respiratory system and lungs. However, G and H of the respiratory system were significantly higher than those of the lungs. We conclude that chest wall in rats has a significant influence on tissue mechanics of the total respiratory system.

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Borczuk, Alain C. "Benign Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions of the Lung." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 132, no. 7 (July 1, 2008): 1133–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2008-132-1133-btatco.

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Abstract Context.—Benign tumors and tumorlike conditions of the lung are encountered in the pathologic evaluation of asymptomatic and symptomatic lung nodules. Since many of these lesions are uncommon, they can be diagnostically challenging. Objective.—To review the current classification of benign lung tumors, with emphasis on histopathology and useful ancillary studies. Data Sources.—The current World Health Organization classification system for lung neoplasms and review of relevant publications. Conclusions.—Despite improved imaging techniques, benign lung nodules are encountered in wedge biopsy and resection specimens. Histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and molecular techniques ensure accurate pathologic diagnosis and have shed light on the histogenesis of these unusual lesions.

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Joly-Battaglini, Albane, Clara Hammarström, Branislava Stankovic, Henrik Aamodt, Johan Stjärne, Odd Terje Brustugun, Åslaug Helland, Inger Øynebråten, and Alexandre Corthay. "Rituximab efficiently depletes B cells in lung tumors and normal lung tissue." F1000Research 5 (January 8, 2016): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.7599.1.

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Rituximab is a monoclonal antibody that targets the CD20 B-cell-specific antigen and is widely used as therapy for B-cell lymphoma. Since rituximab depletes both malignant and normal B cells, it is increasingly being used to treat various conditions in which normal B cells have a pathogenic role, such as rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis. It is well-established that rituximab efficiently eliminates B cells in blood, lymph nodes, and spleen. In contrast, the effect of rituximab in non-lymphoid tissues remains poorly documented and is debated. Here, we report a rheumatoid arthritis patient who was treated with rituximab before receiving thoracic surgery for non-small cell lung cancer. Using flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry, we show that rituximab efficiently depleted CD20-positive B cells in a primary lung tumor, in lung-associated lymph nodes, and in normal lung tissue. We conclude that rituximab may be very efficient at depleting normal B cells in the lungs. This property of rituximab may potentially be exploited for the treatment of conditions in which pathogenic B cells reside in the lungs. On the other hand, the clearance of lung B cells may provide an explanation for the rare cases of severe non-infectious pulmonary toxicity of rituximab.

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Brower, R., R. A. Wise, C. Hassapoyannes, B. Bromberger-Barnea, and S. Permutt. "Effect of lung inflation on lung blood volume and pulmonary venous flow." Journal of Applied Physiology 58, no. 3 (March 1, 1985): 954–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1985.58.3.954.

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Phasic changes in lung blood volume (LBV) during the respiratory cycle may play an important role in the genesis of the respiratory wave in arterial pressure, or pulsus paradoxus. To better understand the effects of lung inflation on LBV, we studied the effect of changes in transpulmonary pressure (delta Ptp) on pulmonary venous flow (Qv) in eight isolated canine lungs with constant inflow. Inflation when the zone 2 condition was predominant resulted in transient decreases in Qv associated with increases in LBV. In contrast, inflation when the zone 3 condition was predominant resulted in transient increases in Qv associated with decreases in LBV. These findings are consistent with a model of the pulmonary vasculature that consists of alveolar and extra-alveolar vessels. Blood may be expelled from alveolar vessels but is retained in extra-alveolar vessels with each inflation. The net effect on LBV and thus on Qv is dependent on the zone conditions that predominate during inflation, with alveolar or extra-alveolar effects being greater when the zone 3 or zone 2 conditions predominate, respectively. Lung inflation may therefore result in either transiently augmented or diminished Qv. Phasic changes in left ventricular preload may therefore depend on the zone conditions of the lungs during the respiratory cycle. This may be an important modulator of respiratory variations in cardiac output and blood pressure.

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Milross, Luke, Chelsea Griffiths, and Andrew J. Fisher. "Ex Vivo Lung Perfusion: A Platform for Donor Lung Assessment, Treatment and Recovery." Transplantology 2, no. 4 (September 27, 2021): 387–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/transplantology2040037.

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Lung transplantation offers a lifesaving therapy for patients with end-stage lung disease but its availability is presently limited by low organ utilization rates with donor lungs frequently excluded due to unsuitability at assessment. When transplantation does occur, recipients are then vulnerable to primary graft dysfunction (PGD), multitudinous short-term complications, and chronic lung allograft dysfunction. The decision whether to use donor lungs is made rapidly and subjectively with limited information and means many lungs that might have been suitable are lost to the transplant pathway. Compared to static cold storage (SCS), ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) offers clinicians unrivalled opportunity for rigorous objective assessment of donor lungs in conditions replicating normal physiology, thus allowing for better informed decision-making in suitability assessments. EVLP additionally offers a platform for the delivery of intravascular or intrabronchial therapies to metabolically active tissue aiming to treat existing lung injuries. In the future, EVLP may be employed to provide a pre-transplant environment optimized to prevent negative outcomes such as primary graft dysfunction (PGD) or rejection post-transplant.

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McKee, Heather. "Singing programmes for people with lung conditions." Practice Nursing 27, no. 2 (February 2, 2016): 76–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/pnur.2016.27.2.76.

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Skachkova, O. V., O. I. Gorbach, M. V. Inomistova, L. V. Garmanchuk, and N. M. Khranovska. "Comparative characteristic of lung cancer stem-like cells generated in vitro under different culture conditions." Ukrainian Biochemical Journal 93, no. 1 (February 22, 2021): 88–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ubj93.01.088.

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Jumat, Mohd Iskandar, Firdaus Hayati, Syed Sharizman Syed Abdul Rahim, Sahipudin Saupin, Khamisah Awang Lukman, Mohammad Saffree Jeffree, Helen Benedict Lasimbang, and Fairrul Kadir. "Occupational lung disease: A narrative review of lung conditions from the workplace." Annals of Medicine and Surgery 64 (April 2021): 102245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amsu.2021.102245.

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Kryvko, Yurij, Yurij Soguiko, Iryna Hot, Yuliia Antonenko, Mariana Baida, and Marta Kovalska. "Peculiarities of changes in a functional condition of pro-oxidant and antioxidant systems in guinea pigs’ lungs in experimental allergic alveolitis under the conditions of immobilization stress." Journal of Education, Health and Sport 11, no. 9 (September 30, 2021): 798–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2021.11.09.095.

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We have analyzed the results of investigation of alterations in indices of pro-oxidant (conjugated diene and malondialdehyde) and antioxidant (superoxide dismutase, ceruloplasmin, catalase) systems in guinea pigs’ lungs in experimental allergic alveolitis in the dynamics of EAA development under the conditions of immobilization stress. The investigation was conducted on 62 female guinea pigs weighing 180-220 g, divided into 4 groups: I – intact guinea pigs (n=20), II – guinea pigs (n=14) with EAA under the conditions of IS (1st day); III – guinea pigs (n=14) with EAA under the conditions of IS (2nd day); IV – guinea pigs (n=14) with EAA under the conditions of IS (64th day). The results of experimental investigation showed that a significant increase in conjugated diene level in animals’ lungs was observed at all stages of EAA development under the conditions of immobilization stress as compared with control group, indicating activation of this marker. The same changes occurred with MDA content, indicating excessive accumulation of this lipid peroxidation product in lung tissue. Intensive synthesis of free radical compounds caused activation of some components of enzymatic system of antioxidant defense. In particular, a moderate decrease in superoxide dismutase activity in lung tissue is observed in response to increased level of LOPs at early stages of EAA and immobilization stress development as compared with the indices in intact animals. The same situation is observed with catalase and ceruloplasmin activity in the lungs of guinea pigs with modeled AA and IS.

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Shibuya, Soichi, Jessica Allen-Hyttinen, Paolo De Coppi, and Federica Michielin. "In vitro models of fetal lung development to enhance research into congenital lung diseases." Pediatric Surgery International 37, no. 5 (March 31, 2021): 561–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00383-021-04864-8.

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AbstractPurposeThis paper aims to build upon previous work to definitively establish in vitro models of murine pseudoglandular stage lung development. These can be easily translated to human fetal lung samples to allow the investigation of lung development in physiologic and pathologic conditions.MethodsLungs were harvested from mouse embryos at E12.5 and cultured in three different settings, i.e., whole lung culture, mesenchyme-free epithelium culture, and organoid culture. For the whole lung culture, extracted lungs were embedded in Matrigel and incubated on permeable filters. Separately, distal epithelial tips were isolated by firstly removing mesothelial and mesenchymal cells, and then severing the tips from the airway tubes. These were then cultured either in branch-promoting or self-renewing conditions.ResultsCultured whole lungs underwent branching morphogenesis similarly to native lungs. Real-time qPCR analysis demonstrated expression of key genes essential for lung bud formation. The culture condition for epithelial tips was optimized by testing different concentrations of FGF10 and CHIR99021 and evaluating branching formation. The epithelial rudiments in self-renewing conditions formed spherical 3D structures with homogeneous Sox9 expression.ConclusionWe report efficient protocols for ex vivo culture systems of pseudoglandular stage mouse embryonic lungs. These models can be applied to human samples and could be useful to paediatric surgeons to investigate normal lung development, understand the pathogenesis of congenital lung diseases, and explore novel therapeutic strategies.

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Lamoshi, Abdulraouf Y., and Don K. Nakayama. "Usefulness of Lung Biopsy in Pediatric Pulmonary Conditions." American Surgeon 81, no. 1 (January 2015): 31–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313481508100121.

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Lung biopsy, performed as a diagnostic procedure in children with pulmonary disease to guide treatment, may not provide a diagnosis or change therapy. We therefore reviewed our experience with the procedure to determine its use. We reviewed all children undergoing lung biopsy at two large children's hospitals, 2001 to 2010. Lesions were categorized as either diffuse or localized based on final radiological interpretations. Pathological interpretations and subsequent treatment regimens were reviewed for specificity of diagnoses and any changes in therapy. Of 99 patients, there were 14 diffuse and 85 localized pulmonary lesions. Biopsy confirmed the radiological diagnosis in 29 (29%), 71 per cent (70) receiving a new histopathological diagnosis, or a definitive one from a range or radiological possibilities, both diffuse (10 of 14) and diffuse lesions (60 of 85, both 71%). Forty-five per cent (44 of 99) had sufficient clinical data to ascertain treatment before and after biopsy. A significant change in treatment occurred in only 16 per cent (seven of 44) without a significant difference between diffuse (33% [three of nine]) and localized (11% [four of 35]) lesions ( P = 0.38). Twenty-five per cent (25 of 99) of patients undergoing lung biopsy died. Lung biopsy is performed for conditions with a high mortality rate. The procedure yields a definitive diagnosis in the majority of cases but infrequently changes therapy.

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Krieger, B. P., W. H. Loomis, G. T. Czer, and R. G. Spragg. "Mechanisms of interaction between oxygen and granulocytes in hyperoxic lung injury." Journal of Applied Physiology 58, no. 4 (April 1, 1985): 1326–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1985.58.4.1326.

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Hyperoxia and infused granulocytes act synergistically in producing a nonhydrostatic high-permeability lung edema in the isolated perfused rabbit lung within 4 h, which is substantially greater than that seen with hyperoxia alone. We hypothesized that the interaction between hyperoxia and granulocytes was principally due to a direct effect of hyperoxia on the lung itself. Isolated perfused rabbit lungs that were preexposed to 2 h of hyperoxia (95% O2–5% CO2) prior to the infusion of unstimulated granulocytes (under normoxic conditions) developed significant nonhydrostatic lung edema (P = 0.008) within 2 h when compared with lungs that were preexposed to normoxia (15% O2–5% CO2) prior to granulocyte perfusion. The edema in the hyperoxic-preexposed lungs was accompanied by significant increases in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) protein, BAL granulocytes, BAL thromboxane and prostacyclin levels, perfusate chemotactic activity, and lung lipid peroxidation. These findings suggest that the synergistic interaction between hyperoxia and granulocytes in producing acute lung injury involves a primary effect of hyperoxia on the lung itself.

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Garbella, Erika, Giosuè Catapano, Lorenza Pratali, and Alessandro Pingitore. "Pulmonary Edema in Healthy Subjects in Extreme Conditions." Pulmonary Medicine 2011 (2011): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/275857.

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There are several pieces of evidence showing occurrence of pulmonary edema (PE) in healthy subjects in extreme conditions consisting of extreme psychophysical demand in normal environment and psychophysical performances in extreme environment. A combination of different mechanisms, such as mechanical, hemodynamic, biochemical, and hypoxemic ones, may underlie PE leading to an increase in lung vascular hydrostatic pressure and lung vascular permeability and/or a downregulation of the alveolar fluid reabsorption pathways. PE can be functionally detected by closing volume measurement and lung diffusing capacity test to different gases or directly visualized by multiple imaging techniques. Among them chest ultrasonography can detect and quantify the extravascular lung water, creating “comet-tail” ultrasound artefacts (ULCs) from water-thickened pulmonary interlobular septa. In this paper the physiopathological mechanisms of PE, the functional and imaging techniques applied to detect and quantify the phenomenon, and three models of extreme conditions, that is, ironman athletes, climbers and breath-hold divers, are described.

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Witzke, Herbert J., and Vladimir Anikin. "Other conditions of the lung (abscesses, inhaled foreign bodies, bullous lung disease, hydatid)." Surgery (Oxford) 32, no. 5 (May 2014): 261–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpsur.2014.02.013.

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Witzke, Herbert J., and Vladimir Anikin. "Other conditions of the lung (abscesses, inhaled foreign bodies, bullous lung disease, hydatid)." Surgery (Oxford) 35, no. 5 (May 2017): 269–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpsur.2017.02.001.

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Sakanoue, I., T. Okamoto, K. S. Ayyat, J. J. Yun, H. Fujioka, C. F. Farver, H. Date, and K. R. McCurry. "Sequential Ex Vivo Lung Perfusion for Prolonged Lung Preservation: Does the Second EVLP Reset the Lung Conditions?" Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation 41, no. 4 (April 2022): S37—S38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2022.01.085.

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Roerig, D. L., S. H. Audi, J. H. Linehan, G. S. Krenz, S. B. Ahlf, W. Lin, and C. A. Dawson. "Detection of changes in lung tissue properties with multiple-indicator dilution." Journal of Applied Physiology 86, no. 6 (June 1, 1999): 1866–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1999.86.6.1866.

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We evaluated the potential utility of a group of indicators, each of which targets a particular tissue property, as indicators in the multiple-indicator dilution method to detect and to identify abnormalities in lung tissue properties resulting from lung injury models. We measured the pulmonary venous outflow concentration vs. time curves of [14C]diazepam, 3HOH, [14C]phenylethylamine, and a vascular reference indicator following their bolus injection into the pulmonary artery of isolated perfused rabbit lungs under different experimental conditions, resulting in changes in the lung tissue composition. The conditions included granulomatous inflammation, induced by the intravenous injection of complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA), and intratracheal fluid instillation, each of which resulted in similar increases in lung wet weight. Each of these conditions resulted in a unique pattern among the concentration vs. time outflow curves of the indicators studied. The patterns were quantified by using mathematical models describing the pulmonary disposition of each of the indicators studied. A unique model parameter vector was obtained for each condition, demonstrating the ability to detect and to identify changes in lung tissue properties by using the appropriate group of indicators in the multiple-indicator dilution method. One change that was particularly interesting was a CFA-induced change in the disposition of diazepam, suggestive of a substantial increase in peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptors in the inflamed lungs.

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Francisco Neto, Miguel José, Antonio Rahal Junior, Fabio Augusto Cardillo Vieira, Paulo Savoia Dias da Silva, and Marcelo Buarque de Gusmão Funari. "Advances in lung ultrasound." Einstein (São Paulo) 14, no. 3 (September 2016): 443–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-45082016md3557.

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ABSTRACT Ultrasound examination of the chest has advanced in recent decades. This imaging modality is currently used to diagnose several pathological conditions and provides qualitative and quantitative information. Acoustic barriers represented by the aerated lungs and the bony framework of the chest generate well-described sonographic artifacts that can be used as diagnostic aids. The normal pleural line and A, B, C, E and Z lines (also known as false B lines) are artifacts with specific characteristics. Lung consolidation and pneumothorax sonographic patterns are also well established. Some scanning protocols have been used in patient management. The Blue, FALLS and C.A.U.S.E. protocols are examples of algorithms using artifact combinations to achieve accurate diagnoses. Combined chest ultrasonography and radiography are often sufficient to diagnose and manage lung and chest wall conditions. Chest ultrasonography is a highly valuable diagnostic tool for radiologists, emergency and intensive care physicians.

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Bland, Richard D. "Pathophysiology of Neonatal Lung Injury." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 7, S1 (January 1991): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462300012514.

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Respiratory distress in newborn and young infants often develops as a result of acute lung injury, in which disruption of the normal barrier function of the pulmonary endothelium and epithelium causes protein-rich interstitial and alveolar edema. Several conditions may initiate acute lung injury, including aspiration of meconium or gastric contents, bacterial or viral infection, overzealous resuscitation, and birth associated with incomplete lung development that requires ventilatory support with positivepressure mechanical ventilation and high concentrations of inspired oxygen. The latter condition usually occurs after premature birth, but it also may occur as a consequence of impaired fetal lung growth secondary to diaphragmatic hernia or chest compression from lack of liquid in the amniotic cavity. Acute lung injury sometimes progresses to a chronic form of lung disease, which is characterized by edema, fibrosis, airway distortion, and nonuniform inflation of the lungs.

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Kuzhel, D. A. "The lung ultrasound in differential diagnostic of acute respiratory failure reason." Siberian Medical Review, no. 5 (2020): 12–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.20333/2500136-2020-5-12-22.

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Ultrasound lungs examination has been considered uninformative for decades due to the high acoustic resistance between soft tissues and airy lungs. Recently, the work in emergency conditions has proved the usefulness of ultrasound technologies, especially while diagnosing acute respiratory failures. Introduction of ultrasound technologies into the practice of intensive care units made it possible to change the ‘philosophy’ of diagnosing critical conditions, promoting ultrasound as primary technique, even in the era of widespread use of computed tomography. Portable ultrasound diagnostic devices, along with general clinical examination, made it possible to differentiate rapidly such acute conditions as cardiogenic shock, acute respiratory distress syndrome, pneumothorax, atelectasis, and other lung lesions

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AKULINUSHKINA, E. YU, E. I. APEKISHEVA, S. P. YAKUPOVA, R. Z. ABDRAKIPOV, and E. S. ZAMANOVA. "Differential diagnostics of lung lesions in systemic connective tissue diseases and coronavirus infection." Practical medicine 19, no. 4 (2021): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.32000/2072-1757-2021-4-8-13.

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Most of the systemic connective tissue diseases affect the respiratory system, most often — lung tissue, but due to the worldwide spread of the new coronavirus, lung lesions are often explained as this disease. It dictates the need to distinguish pulmonary lesion in COVID-19 and other pathological conditions of the lungs, despite similar clinical, laboratory and instrumental signs. A complex differential diagnosis of the etiological origin of lung lesion was carried out in patients with rheumatic diseases after the new coronavirus infection, which is very important during the SARS-Cov-2 pandemic due to the presence of opposite therapeutic tactics — increase or decrease of cytostatic treatment. The symptomatology and the course of lung disease are the most important for the differential diagnosis of these conditions, and computed tomography is the most important instrumental method of examination. Further study and clinical observation is needed.

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Aghanoori, Mohamad-Reza, Behnaz Mirzaei, and Mahmood Tavallaei. "MiRNA Molecular Profiles in Human Medical Conditions: Connecting Lung Cancer and Lung Development Phenomena." Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 15, no. 22 (December 18, 2014): 9557–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.22.9557.

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Markström, Agneta. "Experimental Studies on Lung Mechanics, Gas Exchange and Oxygen Delivery under Open Lung Conditions." Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences 102, no. 1 (January 1997): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03009739709178928.

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Herrmann, Jacob, Merryn H. Tawhai, and David W. Kaczka. "Computational Modeling of Primary Blast Lung Injury: Implications for Ventilator Management." Military Medicine 184, Supplement_1 (March 1, 2019): 273–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usy305.

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Abstract Primary blast lung injury (PBLI) caused by exposure to high-intensity pressure waves is associated with parenchymal tissue injury and severe ventilation-perfusion mismatch. Although supportive ventilation is often required in patients with PBLI, maldistribution of gas flow in mechanically heterogeneous lungs may lead to further injury due to increased parenchymal strain and strain rate, which are difficult to predict in vivo. In this study, we developed a computational lung model with mechanical properties consistent with healthy and PBLI conditions. PBLI conditions were simulated with bilateral derecruitment and increased perihilar tissue stiffness. As a result of these tissue abnormalities, airway flow was heterogeneously distributed in the model under PBLI conditions, during both conventional mechanical ventilation (CMV) and high-frequency oscillatory ventilation. PBLI conditions resulted in over three-fold higher parenchymal strains compared to the healthy condition during CMV, with flow distributed according to regional tissue stiffness. During high-frequency oscillatory ventilation, flow distribution became increasingly heterogeneous and frequency-dependent. We conclude that the distribution and rate of parenchymal distension during mechanical ventilation depend on PBLI severity as well as ventilatory modality. These simulations may allow realistic assessment of the risks associated with ventilator-induced lung injury following PBLI, and facilitate the development of alternative lung-protective ventilation modalities.

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Bastari, Winarno Fadjar, and Mohamad Habib Amanullah. "RESPIRATION DETECTION TOOLS IN HUMAN BASED ARDUINO UNO." BEST : Journal of Applied Electrical, Science, & Technology 2, no. 1 (August 2, 2020): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.36456/best.vol2.no1.2581.

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The vital capacity value of the lungs is very influential with the health of the human lungs because with the results the value of the vital capacity of the human lung can be diagnosed as normal or abnormal of the lungs. This study aims to make a means of detecting respiration gas flow rates in humans using an arduino uno-based YF-S201 flow sensor. From the results of data analysis of respiratory gas flow in adult male breathing with ages (20 years - 30 years), (30 years - 35 years), (35 years - 45 years) and (45 years - 50 years) as many as 15 users. there is an error of 3.86%, the value is generated from comparing the output of the equipment made by researchers with other tools of the brand Spirolab with as many as 15 users of different height and age. From 15 different users there are 2 users with abnormal lung conditions and 13 other users with normal lung conditions. The result of this error occurred because of the 15 users who were less relaxed when exhaling and breathing.

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Levchenko, Yevgeniy, VAN TIN, ChZhAN VEN, P. Kalinin, Tatyana Dubinina, Elvira Gumbatova, Nikita Levchenko, et al. "SUBSTANTIATION OF THE MODEL FOR CALCULATING THE INDIVIDUAL DOSE OF CYTOSTATICS USING CT VOLUMETRY FOR ISOLATED LUNG CHEMIOPERFUSION WITH METASTASECTOMY." Problems in oncology 64, no. 3 (March 1, 2018): 319–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.37469/0507-3758-2018-64-3-319-324.

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In order to create conditions for increasing the effectiveness of treatment of patients with metastatic lung disease a new method for calculating the dose of antitumor drug for performing isolated chemo-perfusion of the lung with metasta-sectomy taking into account the anatomical features of patients and previous operations on the lung was developed. The study consisted of three stages. As a result of the first stage of the study the effectiveness of the software package was measured in the volume of lung patients based on the presence of a strong positive correlation between the volumes of left lungs (Rs = 0.91, p

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Tatham, Kate Colette, Kieran Patrick O'Dea, Rosalba Romano, Hannah Elizabeth Donaldson, Kenji Wakabayashi, Brijesh Vipin Patel, Louit Thakuria, et al. "Intravascular donor monocytes play a central role in lung transplant ischaemia-reperfusion injury." Thorax 73, no. 4 (April 7, 2017): 350–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2016-208977.

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RationalePrimary graft dysfunction in lung transplant recipients derives from the initial, largely leukocyte-dependent, ischaemia-reperfusion injury. Intravascular lung-marginated monocytes have been shown to play key roles in experimental acute lung injury, but their contribution to lung ischaemia-reperfusion injury post transplantation is unknown.ObjectiveTo define the role of donor intravascular monocytes in lung transplant-related acute lung injury and primary graft dysfunction.MethodsIsolated perfused C57BL/6 murine lungs were subjected to warm ischaemia (2 hours) and reperfusion (2 hours) under normoxic conditions. Monocyte retention, activation phenotype and the effects of their depletion by intravenous clodronate-liposome treatment on lung inflammation and injury were determined. In human donor lung transplant samples, the presence and activation phenotype of monocytic cells (low side scatter, 27E10+, CD14+, HLA-DR+, CCR2+) were evaluated by flow cytometry and compared with post-implantation lung function.ResultsIn mouse lungs following ischaemia-reperfusion, substantial numbers of lung-marginated monocytes remained within the pulmonary microvasculature, with reduced L-selectin and increased CD86 expression indicating their activation. Monocyte depletion resulted in reductions in lung wet:dry ratios, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid protein, and perfusate levels of RAGE, MIP-2 and KC, while monocyte repletion resulted in a partial restoration of the injury. In human lungs, correlations were observed between pre-implantation donor monocyte numbers/their CD86 and TREM-1 expression and post-implantation lung dysfunction at 48 and 72 hours.ConclusionsThese results indicate that lung-marginated intravascular monocytes are retained as a ‘passenger’ leukocyte population during lung transplantation, and play a key role in the development of transplant-associated ischaemia-reperfusion injury.

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Fisher, A. B., C. Dodia, and A. Chander. "Secretagogues for lung surfactant increase lung uptake of alveolar phospholipids." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 257, no. 4 (October 1, 1989): L248—L252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.1989.257.4.l248.

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This study evaluated the effect of known secretagogues for lung surfactant on the uptake of phospholipid from the aveolar space. Synthetic liposomes containing tracer [choline-methyl-3H]dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) were instilled endotracheally in anesthetized rats. Lungs were then isolated and perfused under control conditions or with addition of terbutaline (0.1 mM), ATP (1 mM), or a phorbol ester, tradecanoyl phorbol acetate (TPA, 30 ng/ml). Uptake of liposomes was defined as lavage-resistant accumulation of radioactivity in the lung. Uptake at 2 h was 18.2 +/- 0.93% of instilled radioactivity per minute (mean +/- SE, n = 4) under control conditions and was increased by 56-82% in the presence of each of the agonists (P less than 0.05). At 5 min after addition of terbutaline, uptake was unchanged but secretion of phosphatidylcholine (PC) into the alveolar space was significantly stimulated. Internalized diphosphatidylcholine was degraded to aqueous soluble metabolites and also converted to PC containing an unsaturated fatty acid, and this metabolism was significantly stimulated in the presence of each of the secretagogues. These results indicate that known secretagogues for surfactant increase uptake and metabolism of phospholipid, suggesting linkage of these processes in a physiologically regulated surfactant cycle.

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Dutta, Nishchal, Shafiqur Rahman, Shagufta Azmi, and Muneer Ahmad Dar. "Haematological alterations due to lung diseases in sheep and goats of Jammu region." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 9, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 1691–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v9i3.1423.

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The present study was conducted for evaluation of haematological parameters in sheep (330) and goat (230) having various lung affections that were slaughtered routinely as a source of food in Jammu region (Gujjar Nagar, Dogra Hall, Bishnah and Nagrota). About 25.75% (85) and 21.30% (49)of lungs examined in sheep and goats respectively were found to have parasitic infestation of Hydatidosis, Myiasis and Mulleriuscapillaris. Furthermore about 31.81% (105) and 29.13% (67) of selected lungs had pathological conditions of pneumonia, abscess and haemorrhage in sheep and goats respectively. Diseased sheep and goats reflected significant decrease in haemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV) and erythrocytes (RBC) in parasitic infestation of Myiasis as compared to control while non significant alteration in these parameters was observed in conditions of Hydatidosis, M. capillaris, pneumonia, abscess and haemorrhage. Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) decreased significantly in Myiasis of sheep and haemorrhagic lungs of goats while no significant change was observed in mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) values. Significant increase in leucocytes (WBC), neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils were observed in both sheep and goats affected with various parasitic and pathological lung disesases with no significant change in basophilic count. Lymphocytic count decreased in all these adversed lung conditions as compared to healthy ones. Parasitic infection though not mixed one especially that of Myiasis comparatively has significant affected on blood parameters. The present study signifies the complementary importance of ante -mortem examination with that of post-mortem inspection in various parasitic and pathological affections of lungs.

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Tseng, Hui-Yun, Shih-Hsing Yang, and Han-Sun Chiang. "Impact of Oxygen Concentration Delivered via Nasal Cannula on Different Lung Conditions: A Bench Study." Healthcare 9, no. 9 (September 19, 2021): 1235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9091235.

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Background: Measuring the fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) is challenging in spontaneously breathing patients with impaired respiratory mechanics during low-flow nasal cannula. Our study investigates the FiO2 with varied tidal volume (VT) and respiratory rate (RR) among different lung mechanics and provides equations to estimate the FiO2. Methods: Two training and test lungs were used in this study, and the three lung mechanics (normal (R5/C60), restrictive (R20/C80), obstructive (R5/C40)) were designed. Spontaneous breathing with VT (300, 500, and 700 mL) and RR (10, 20, and 30 breaths/min) was simulated. The flow rate of the nasal cannula was set to 1, 3, and 5 L per minute (LPM), and the FiO2 was measured at the carina. Results: The lowest and highest FiO2 were evident during high (700 mL) and low VT (300 mL), respectively, among normal, restrictive, and obstructive lung models. As RR increases, this decreases the FiO2. However, we found that VT and oxygen flow rate are the principal factors influencing measured FiO2 by multiple linear regression analysis. Conclusions: Our data suggest that the actual FiO2 is never as high in spontaneously breathing patients as that estimated. VT and oxygen flow rate had a substantial impact on the FiO2.

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Rippe, Bengt, and Aubrey Taylor. "NEM and filipin increase albumin transport in lung microvessels." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 280, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): H34—H41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.2001.280.1.h34.

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This study was undertaken to evaluate the role of transcytosis as a bulk transfer mechanism for the passage of albumin from blood to tissue. Isolated rat lungs were continuously weighed and perfused with an albumin-serum buffer solution under strictly controlled hemodynamic conditions, which allowed measurements of microvascular pressure and of the capillary filtration coefficient ( L p S). With the use of a tissue uptake technique, it was possible to determine lung albumin clearance under isogravimetric conditions (Cliso), or at elevated filtration rates, to obtain an “apparent albumin reflection coefficient” (ςalb). Experiments were performed during control and after reducing lung temperature from 35° to 22°C and after infusions of the transcytosis inhibitors N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) or filipin. Cooling moderately increased vascular resistance and reduced L p S and Cliso largely in proportion to the induced increases in viscosity. At 35°C, NEM (0.13 mM) caused a marked increase in L p5 and in Cl150 and also caused a reduction in ςalb.Furthermore, Cliso increased for the highest dose of filipin tested (1.8 μg/ml). The demonstrated relative cooling insensitivity of the transfer of albumin across the endothelium in rat lungs does not support the contention of transcytosis of proteins across the endothelium. Furthermore, neither NEM nor filipin inhibited lung microvascular albumin transport, but actually increased lung endothelial permeability.

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Dolhnikoff, M., M. Dallaire, and M. S. Ludwig. "Lung tissue distortion in response to methacholine in rats: effect of lung volume." Journal of Applied Physiology 79, no. 2 (August 1, 1995): 533–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1995.79.2.533.

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We have previously shown that, after induced constriction, there is substantial distortion of the parenchymal tissues. In this study we investigated whether differences in parenchymal morphology occurred when the lung was constricted at different lung volumes. We measured tracheal pressure and calculated lung resistance in mechanically ventilated rats under control conditions and after aerosol administration of methacholine (256 mg/ml) at different positive end-expiratory pressures (PEEP = 7, 5, and 3 cmH2O). The lungs were frozen with liquid nitrogen at different PEEP levels and processed via freeze substitution. We measured airway constriction as the ratio of the airway lumen to the ideally relaxed area, alveolar size by measuring the mean linear intercept between alveolar walls, and tissue distortion as the standard deviation of the number of intercepts in the 40 fields sampled per lung. The increase in lung resistance was largest at PEEP = 3 cmH2O. Whereas airway constriction decreased and alveolar size increased at higher lung volume (PEEP = 7 cmH2O), tissue distortion did not change. These data suggest that parenchymal distortion after induced constriction was not attributable to airway narrowing and/or closure.

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Oyamada, Yoshitaka, Masaaki Mori, Ichiro Kuwahira, Takuya Aoki, Yukio Suzuki, Koichi Suzuki, Atsushi Miyata, et al. "Effects of active vasoconstriction and total flow on perfusion distribution in the rabbit lung." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 273, no. 4 (October 1, 1997): R1465—R1473. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1997.273.4.r1465.

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We analyzed the effects of hypoxic vasoconstriction and total flow on the distribution of pulmonary perfusion in 38 isolated left rabbit lungs perfused under zone 3 conditions. Lungs were suspended in an upright position, oriented to the apicobasal line. Distributions of regional perfusion rates (RPR) along the vertical and horizontal axes were determined using nonradioactive microspheres labeled with heavy metal elements, which were detectable with X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Changing the O2 concentration of a respirator and an extracorporeal membrane oxygenator independently, respective influences of active vasoconstriction induced by alveolar hypoxia and pulmonary artery hypoxia (PA hypoxia) on the RPR distribution were examined at a flow rate of 0.4 ml ⋅ min−1 ⋅ g wet lung tissue−1. To analyze the effects of changes in total flow, we investigated the RPR distribution at a perfusion rate of 1.2 ml ⋅ min−1 ⋅ g wet lung tissue−1. The RPR distribution in the absence of hypoxia was inhomogeneous and was augmented in the lower lung fields, whereas alveolar hypoxia shifted the RPR upward and significantly diminished the RPR in the lung base. RPR distributions along the horizontal axes under alveolar hypoxia conditions demonstrated that remarkable hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) takes place in medial regions at the lung base. PA hypoxia altered the RPR distribution in qualitatively the same manner as alveolar hypoxia. Increased flow rate augmented the RPR in the lung, except in the dorsobasal region. These results suggest that the occurrence of HPV and the vascular conductance are not uniform throughout the lung.

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Wolfram, Frank, and Thomas G. Lesser. "The ultrasound transmissible lung: Impact of acoustic conditions in flooded lung on therapeutic ultrasound applications for lung tumour treatment." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 145, no. 3 (March 2019): 1656. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.5101084.

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Yu, J., and S. Mink. "Activation of pulmonary rapidly adapting receptors does not induce bronchoconstriction in dogs." Journal of Applied Physiology 80, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 233–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1996.80.1.233.

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Activation of pulmonary rapidly adapting receptors (RARs) is believed to constrict airways by a vagally mediated reflex. We tested this hypothesis in dogs anesthetized with sufentanil citrate. We ventilated both lungs separately at a positive end-expiratory pressure of 4 cmH2O. We stimulated RARs in one lung under three different conditions: 1) deflation of the lung; 2) decrease in lung compliance; and 3) aerosolization of methacholine. We monitored the airway pressure in the nonstimulated lung as an index for airway muscle tone and could not detect increases in the pressure swing under these conditions. On the other hand, electrical stimulation of the distal end of cervical vagus nerve increased the pressure swing bilaterally (ipsilateral dominant), suggesting that reflex response could be detected in our preparation. Moreover, deflation (or inflation) of either lung increased (or suppressed) diaphragmatic activity. The results indicate intact vagal afferents and central response in our preparation. We conclude that activation of RARs located below the carina does not induce bronchoconstriction by a centrally mediated reflex. If any effect is present, it appears to be small.

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Cavazzini, Andressa Mara, Ediana Amanda Piana, Gabriela Spanholi Tamagno, Helena Pfeffer, Joshua Otto Manica Colussi, Karolina Fernanda Abegg Queiroz, and Stefany Couto Santana. "Lung disease: directly proportional relationship to oral hygiene conditions." International Journal of Health Science 2, no. 45 (August 5, 2022): 2–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.22533/at.ed.1592452203082.

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Josey, T., D. Cronin, C. P. Salisbury, and K. V. Williams. "The effect of blast load conditions on lung injury." Journal of Biomechanics 39 (January 2006): S163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9290(06)83563-3.

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Corrin, B. "Unusual tumours and tumour-like conditions of the lung." Current Diagnostic Pathology 3, no. 1 (March 1996): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0968-6053(05)80028-6.

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Morgan, Jules. "Positivity and pulmonary rehabilitation: antidotes to chronic lung conditions." Lancet Respiratory Medicine 8, no. 7 (July 2020): 667–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2213-2600(20)30014-x.

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Hass, M. A., and D. Massaro. "Differences in CuZn superoxide dismutase induction in lungs of neonatal and adult rats." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 253, no. 1 (July 1, 1987): C66—C70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1987.253.1.c66.

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The failure of adult rats to survive prolonged exposure to greater than 95% O2 is generally ascribed to the inability of their lungs to increase antioxidant enzyme synthesis in response to the oxidant challenge. We studied the synthesis rate of the antioxidant enzyme CuZn superoxide dismutase (CuZn SOD) in lungs of adult and neonatal rats exposed to conditions that alter the lung's oxidant-to-antioxidant balance. Lung CuZn SOD synthesis in the adult was significantly increased after 24 h of hyperoxia but fell to control levels after further exposure, whereas in neonatal lungs an increased rate of synthesis of CuZn SOD was found only after 72 h of hyperoxia. The adult lung responded to two in vitro oxidant stresses, [diethyldithiocarbamate exposure and heat (42 degrees C)] with increases in CuZn SOD synthesis twice the magnitude of those in the neonatal lung. These data indicate that the adult lung is at least as capable as the neonatal lung of increasing its synthesis of CuZn SOD in response to an oxidative stress. However, the inability of the adult lung to maintain an increased rate of CuZn SOD synthesis during in vivo hyperoxia may contribute to the poor tolerance of the adult lung to greater than 95% O2.

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Rogers, Geraint B. "The lung microbiome." Emerging Topics in Life Sciences 1, no. 4 (November 30, 2017): 313–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/etls20170043.

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Historically, our understanding of lung microbiology has relied on insight gained through culture-based diagnostic approaches that employ selective culture conditions to isolate specific pathogens. The relatively recent development of culture-independent microbiota-profiling techniques, particularly 16S rRNA (ribosomal ribonucleic acid) gene amplicon sequencing, has enabled more comprehensive characterisation of the microbial content of respiratory samples. The widespread application of such techniques has led to a fundamental shift in our view of respiratory microbiology. Rather than a sterile lung environment that can become colonised by microbes during infection, it appears that a more nuanced balance exists between what we consider respiratory health and disease, mediated by mechanisms that influence the clearance of microbes from the lungs. Where airway defences are compromised, the ongoing transient exposure of the lower airways to microbes can lead to the establishment of complex microbial communities within the lung. Importantly, the characteristics of these communities, and the manner in which they influence lung pathogenesis, can be very different from those of their constituent members when viewed in isolation. The lung microbiome, a construct that incorporates microbes, their genetic material, and the products of microbial genes, is increasingly central to our understanding of the regulation of respiratory physiology and the processes that underlie lung pathogenesis.

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Paik, Min Kyoung, Areumnuri Kim, Hye Rim Shin, Kyongmi Chon, Kyung-Hun Park, Ji-Hyock Yoo, and Byeong Chul Moon. "Study on Optimization of Cytoplasm Conditions for In Vitro Micronucleus Test Using Chinese Hamster Lung Cells." Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture 37, no. 3 (September 30, 2018): 229–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5338/kjea.2018.37.3.27.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Lung conditions'

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