Academic literature on the topic 'Lune – Structure interne'

The current record of large-scale impact on Earth consists of close to 200 impact structures and some 30 impact events recorded in the stratigraphic record, only some of which are related to known structures. It is a preservation sample of a much larger production population, with the impact rate on Earth being higher than that of the moon. This is due to the Earth’s larger physical and gravitational cross-sections, with respect to asteroidal and cometary bodies entering the inner solar system. While terrestrial impact structures have been studied as the only source of ground-truth data on impact as a planetary process, it is becoming increasingly acknowledged that large-scale impact has had its effects on the geologic history of the Earth, itself. As extremely high energy events, impacts redistribute, disrupt and reprocess target lithologies, resulting in topographic, structural and thermal anomalies in the upper crust. This has resulted in many impact structures being the source of natural resources, including some world-class examples, such as gold and uranium at Vredefort, South Africa, Ni–Cu–PGE sulphides at Sudbury, Canada and hydrocarbons from the Campeche Bank, Mexico. Large-scale impact also has the potential to disrupt the terrestrial biosphere. The most devastating known example is the evidence for the role of impact in the Cretaceous–Paleocene (K–Pg) mass extinction event and the formation of the Chicxulub structure, Mexico. It also likely had a role in other, less dramatic, climatic excursions, such as the Paleocene–Eocene–Thermal Maximum (PETM) event. The impact rate was much higher in early Earth history and, while based on reasoned speculation, it is argued that the early surface of the Hadean Earth was replete with massive impact melt pools, in place of the large multiring basins that formed on the lower gravity moon in the same time-period. These melt pools would differentiate to form more felsic upper lithologies and, thus, are a potential source for Hadean-aged zircons, without invoking more modern geodynamic scenarios. The Earth-moon system is unique in the inner solar system and currently the best working hypothesis for its origin is a planetary-scale impact with the proto-Earth, after core formation at ca. 4.43 Ga. Future large-scale impact is a low probability event but with high consequences and has the potential to create a natural disaster of proportions unequalled by other geologic processes and threaten the extended future of human civilization, itself.RÉSUMÉLe bilan actuel de traces de grands impacts sur la Terre se compose de près de 200 astroblèmes et d'une trentaine d’impacts enregistrés dans la stratigraphie, dont seulement certains sont liés à des astroblèmes connus. Il s'agit d'échantillons préservés sur une population d’événements beaucoup plus importante, le taux d'impact sur Terre étant supérieur à celui de la lune. Cela tient aux plus grandes sections transversales physiques et gravitationnelles de la Terre sur la trajectoire des astéroïdes et comètes qui pénètrent le système solaire interne. Alors que les astroblèmes terrestres ont été étudiés comme étant la seule source de données avérée d’impacts en tant que processus planétaire, de plus en plus on reconnaît que les grands impacts ont eu des effets sur l'histoire géologique de la Terre. À l’instar des événements d'énergie extrême, les impacts redistribuent, perturbent et remanient les lithologies impliquées, provoquant dans la croûte terrestre supérieure des anomalies topographiques, structurelles et thermiques. Il en a résulté de nombreux astroblèmes à l’origine de ressources naturelles, dont certains exemples de classe mondiale tels que l'or et l'uranium à Vredefort en Afrique du Sud, les sulfures de Ni–Cu–PGE à Sudbury au Canada, et les hydrocarbures du Banc de Campeche au Mexique. Les grands impacts peuvent également perturber la biosphère terrestre. L'exemple le plus dévastateur connu nous est donné des indices du rôle de l'impact dans l'extinction de masse au Crétacé–Paléogène (K–Pg) et la formation de la structure de Chicxulub, au Mexique. Il a également probablement joué un rôle dans d'autres événements climatiques extraordinaires moins dramatiques, comme le Maximum thermal du Paleocène–Eocène (PETM). Le taux d'impact était beaucoup plus élevé au début de l'histoire de la Terre et, tout en étant basé sur une spéculation raisonnée, on fait valoir que la surface précoce de la Terre à l’Hadéen était tapissée de grands bassins en fusion, au lieu de grands bassins à couronnes multiples tels ceux qui se sont formés à la même période sur la lune ayant une gravité inférieure. Ces bassins en fusion se seraient différenciées pour constituer des lithologies plus felsiques sur le dessus, devenant ainsi une source potentielle de zircons d’âge Hadéen, sans qu’il soit nécessaire d’invoquer des scénarios géodynamiques plus récents. Le système Terre-lune est unique dans le système solaire interne. Actuellement la meilleure hypothèse de travail pour son origine est un impact planétaire avec la proto-Terre, après la formation du noyau à env. 4,43 Ga. La probabilité d’un futur grand impact est faible mais comporte des conséquences capables d’engendrer un désastre naturel aux proportions inégalées comparé à d'autres processus géologiques, menaçant l'avenir de la civilisation humaine elle-même.

Background: Minor emergency departments (ED) struggle to access sufficient expertise to supervise learners of lung and cardiac point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS). Using tele-ultrasound (tele-US) for remote supervision may remedy this situation. We aimed to evaluate the feasibility of real-time supervision via tele-US when applied to an everyday ED clinic. Methods: We conducted a mixed-methods study that assessed practical feasibility, determined performance, and explored users’ acceptability of supervision via tele-US. A tele-US setup was established and temporarily implemented in the emergency department of the Regional Hospital West Jutland in the Central Denmark Region. We intended to expose 10 junior doctors to five tele-supervised lung and cardiac POCUS examinations. Qualitatively, exposed doctors’ and supervisors’ acceptability were unfolded by exploratory semi-structured interviews addressing their impression, satisfaction and perceived benefits. Technical performance was assessed quantitatively by the ratio in mean grey value (MGV) between images on site and as received by the supervisor, and by after-compression frame rate; MGV and frame rate were measured on five different days with alternating on-site laptops, software and internet connection. Results: Remote supervision via tele-US was performed with 10 junior doctors scanning 45 included patients. Qualitatively, 12 exploratory semi-structured interviews were conducted with exposed junior doctors and supervisors. Supervisors stressed the importance of preserving frame rate, and junior doctors emphasized a need for shared ultrasound terminology. Overall, setup mobility, accessibility, and time consumption were emphasized as being of key importance for future clinical implementations. During performance assessment, neither alternating internet connection nor software significantly changed the mean grey value ratio. The lowest median frame rate of 4.6 (interquartile range [IQR]: 3.1–5.0) was found by using a 4G internet connection; the highest of 28.5 (IQR: 28.5–29.0) was found with alternative computer and local area network internet connection. Conclusions: Remote supervision via a commercially available and low-cost tele-US setup is operational for both junior doctors and supervisors when applied to lung and cardiac POCUS scans of hospitalized patients.

IntroductionThe burden of chronic breathlessness on individuals, family, society and health systems is significant, and set to increase exponentially with population ageing, complex multimorbidity and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-related disability. Breathlessness support services are effective; however, reach and access are limited. Delivering online breathlessness interventions may build capacity and resilience within health systems to tackle chronic breathlessness through supported self-management. The aim of this study was to explore accessibility and willingness of patients with chronic breathlessness to use an internet-based breathlessness self-management intervention (SELF-BREATHE).MethodsSemi-structured telephone interviews were conducted with adults living with advanced malignant and non-malignant disease and chronic breathlessness (July to November 2020). Interviews were analysed using conventional and summative content analysis.Results25 patients (COPD: n=13; lung cancer: n=8; interstitial lung disease (ILD): n=3; bronchiectasis: n=1) were interviewed: 17 male, median (range) age 70 (47–86) years and Medical Research Council dyspnoea score 3 (2–5). 21 patients had internet access. Participants described greater use, acceptance and normalisation of the internet since the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic. They described multifaceted internet use: functional, self-investment (improving health and wellbeing) and social. The concept of SELF-BREATHE was highly valued, and most participants with internet access were willing to use it. In addition to technical limitations, personal choice and perceived value of the internet were important factors that underpinned readiness to use online resources.ConclusionThese findings suggest that patients living with chronic breathlessness that have access to the internet would have the potential to benefit from the online SELF-BREATHE intervention, if given the opportunity.

Our research focuses on using big data technology with a structured and personalized nursing care approach to improve treatment for patients with COPD and respiratory arrest. This study evaluates a continuous care strategy for COPD and RF therapies using big data. The approach reduces COPD and RF severity and flare-up frequency, duration, and number to improve clients’ quality of life. A prominent university hospital’s lung health system included 100 COPD and RF patients. They were randomly assigned to the control or experimental group. A department called control group patients first. After the consultation, patients received answers to their issues. Trial participants received 24/7 care through the internet and big data analytics. The unit’s first nursing care anchored these activities. Health, fitness, function evaluation, and rehabilitation goals can be customized for each patient. Individualized therapy using big data technologies improves outcomes for stable COPD and RF patients, including lung capacity, frequency of acute episodes, readmission rates, self-management, and quality of life. This strategy may be useful in a nursing home where the patient receives constant care.

Introduction: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a recently identified coronavirus family member that triggers a respiratory disease similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV). SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 are very similar to each other in many respects, such as structure, genetics, and pathobiology. We hypothesized that coronaviruses could affect pulmonary tissues via integration with the critical immune genes after their interaction with renin–angiotensin system (RAS) elements. The aim of the present bioinformatics study was to assess expression changes of the RAS and non-RAS genes, particularly immune response genes, in the lung epithelial cells after infection with SARS-CoV. Methods: Linear regression, hierarchical clustering, pathway analysis, and network analysis were performed using the E-GEOD-17400 data set. Results: The whole-genome expression data of the lung epithelial cells infected with SARS-CoV for 12, 24, and 48 hours were analyzed, and a total of 15 RAS family and 29 immune genes were found to be highly correlated with the exposure time to the virus in the studied groups. Conclusion: RAS genes are important at the initiation of the infections caused by coronavirus family members and may have a strong relationship with the exchange of immune genes in due course following the infection.

AbstractBedside lung ultrasound (LUS) can play a role in the setting of the SarsCoV2 pneumonia pandemic. To evaluate the clinical and LUS features of COVID-19 in the ED and their potential prognostic role, a cohort of laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 patients underwent LUS upon admission in the ED. LUS score was derived from 12 fields. A prevalent LUS pattern was assigned depending on the presence of interstitial syndrome only (Interstitial Pattern), or evidence of subpleural consolidations in at least two fields (Consolidation Pattern). The endpoint was 30-day mortality. The relationship between hemogasanalysis parameters and LUS score was also evaluated. Out of 312 patients, only 36 (11.5%) did not present lung involvment, as defined by LUS score < 1. The majority of patients were admitted either in a general ward (53.8%) or in intensive care unit (9.6%), whereas 106 patients (33.9%) were discharged from the ED. In-hospital mortality was 25.3%, and 30-day survival was 67.6%. A LUS score > 13 had a 77.2% sensitivity and a 71.5% specificity (AUC 0.814; p < 0.001) in predicting mortality. LUS alterations were more frequent (64%) in the posterior lower fields. LUS score was related with P/F (R2 0.68; p < 0.0001) and P/F at FiO2 = 21% (R2 0.59; p < 0.0001). The correlation between LUS score and P/F was not influenced by the prevalent ultrasound pattern. LUS represents an effective tool in both defining diagnosis and stratifying prognosis of COVID-19 pneumonia. The correlation between LUS and hemogasanalysis parameters underscores its role in evaluating lung structure and function.

Discovery of ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) revealed that the renin-angiotensin system has 2 counterbalancing arms. ACE2 is a major player in the protective arm, highly expressed in lungs and gut with the ability to mitigate cardiopulmonary diseases such as inflammatory lung disease. ACE2 also exhibits activities involving gut microbiome, nutrition, and as a chaperone stabilizing the neutral amino acid transporter, B 0 AT1, in gut. But the current interest in ACE2 arises because it is the cell surface receptor for the novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, to infect host cells, similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2. This suggests that ACE2 be considered harmful, however, because of its important other roles, it is paradoxically a potential therapeutic target for cardiopulmonary diseases, including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2. This review describes the discovery of ACE2, its physiological functions, and its place in the renin-angiotensin system. It illustrates new analyses of the structure of ACE2 that provides better understanding of its actions particularly in lung and gut, shedding of ACE2 by ADAM17 (a disintegrin and metallopeptidase domain 17 protein), and role of TMPRSS2 (transmembrane serine proteases 2) in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 entry into host cells. Cardiopulmonary diseases are associated with decreased ACE2 activity and the mitigation by increasing ACE2 activity along with its therapeutic relevance are addressed. Finally, the potential use of ACE2 as a treatment target in COVID-19, despite its role to allow viral entry into host cells, is suggested.

Indocyanine green (ICG) is a water-soluble fluorescent dye that is minimally toxic and widely used in gastrointestinal surgery. ICG facilitates anatomical identification of structures (e.g., ureters), assessment of lymph nodes, biliary mapping, organ perfusion and anastomosis assessment, and aids in determining the adequacy of oncological margins. In addition, ICG can be conjugated to artificially created antibodies for tumour markers, such as carcinoembryonic antigen for colorectal, breast, lung, and gastric cancer, prostate-specific antigen for prostate cancer, and cancer antigen 125 for ovarian cancer. Although ICG has shown promising results, the optimization of patient factors, dye factors, equipment, and the method of assessing fluorescence intensity could further enhance its utility. This review summarizes the clinical application of ICG in gastrointestinal surgery and discusses the emergence of novel dyes such as ZW-800 and VM678 that have demonstrated appropriate pharmacokinetic properties and improved target-to-background ratios in animal studies. With the emergence of robotic technology and the increasing reporting of ICG utility, a comprehensive review of clinical application of ICG in gastrointestinal surgery is timely and this review serves that aim.

Lung cancer is one of the major causes of cancer-related deaths due to its aggressive nature and delayed detections at advanced stages. Early detection of lung cancer is very important for the survival of an individual, and is a significant challenging problem. Generally, chest radiographs (X-ray) and computed tomography (CT) scans are used initially for the diagnosis of the malignant nodules; however, the possible existence of benign nodules leads to erroneous decisions. At early stages, the benign and the malignant nodules show very close resemblance to each other. In this paper, a novel deep learning-based model with multiple strategies is proposed for the precise diagnosis of the malignant nodules. Due to the recent achievements of deep convolutional neural networks (CNN) in image analysis, we have used two deep three-dimensional (3D) customized mixed link network (CMixNet) architectures for lung nodule detection and classification, respectively. Nodule detections were performed through faster R-CNN on efficiently-learned features from CMixNet and U-Net like encoder–decoder architecture. Classification of the nodules was performed through a gradient boosting machine (GBM) on the learned features from the designed 3D CMixNet structure. To reduce false positives and misdiagnosis results due to different types of errors, the final decision was performed in connection with physiological symptoms and clinical biomarkers. With the advent of the internet of things (IoT) and electro-medical technology, wireless body area networks (WBANs) provide continuous monitoring of patients, which helps in diagnosis of chronic diseases—especially metastatic cancers. The deep learning model for nodules’ detection and classification, combined with clinical factors, helps in the reduction of misdiagnosis and false positive (FP) results in early-stage lung cancer diagnosis. The proposed system was evaluated on LIDC-IDRI datasets in the form of sensitivity (94%) and specificity (91%), and better results were obatined compared to the existing methods.

Cette thèse présente une nouvelle vision de la structure interne de la Lune, au travers des données sismologiques Apollo, et des résultats récents de Clementine et Lunar Prospector. Après une revue de l'exploration et de la science lunaires, nous présentons la première utilisation des fonctions récepteur sur les données sismologiques lunaires, qui a permis d'identifier des phases Sp, converties à la base de la croûte. Nous décrivons ensuite notre ré-investigation complète des données sismologiques Apollo, et l'inversion des temps d'arrivée qui nous conduit à proposer un nouveau modèle de l'intérieur de la Lune. La principale caractéristique en est une croûte d'environ 30 km d'épaisseur, deux fois plus fine que les précédentes estimations. La dernière partie de la thèse envisage pour la première fois les données sismologiques en termes de variations latérales de profondeur du Moho, via une inversion de Monte-Carlo, dont les résultats sont directement comparables aux modèles gravimétriques.

Les planètes terrestres possèdent un noyau métallique composé d'alliages de fer, qui sont les produits d'une différenciation à longue période. La Lune est le corps planétaire terrestre le plus proche de la Terre, et aussi le mieux contraint grâce aux nombreuses missions spatiales comprenant des objets atterrissants et des engins spatiaux en orbite. Les observables collectés permettent aux gens de construire des modèles lunaires et d'en déduire les propriétés de base. En ce qui concerne sa composition, le soufre et le carbone sont considérés comme deux éléments légers plausibles dans le noyau de la Lune, mais la plupart des cas ont été discutés en termes de binaire Fe-S ou Fe-C, en l'absence de connaissance des propriétés de l'alliage Fe-C-S. Cette étude a fourni une discussion d'un point de vue Ternaire-Fe-C-S, basée sur les propriétés physiques des alliages liquides Fe-C-S déterminées expérimentalement. Plus précisément, la structure locale et la densité des alliages Fe-C-S liquides ont été étudiées par des expériences de diffraction et d'absorption des rayons X in situ en dessous de 5 GPa et entre 1600 K et 1900 K. La miscibilité des alliages Fe-C-S a été étudiée par des expériences de trempe entre 2 et 6 GPa à 1650 K et 2000 K, respectivement. La densité mesurée a été utilisée pour construire un modèle thermodynamique pour la densité des alliages Fe-C-S liquides en fonction de la pression, de la température et de la teneur en C/S. Ce modèle, ainsi que l'écart de miscibilité, sont utilisés pour discuter de la teneur en éléments légers dans le noyau de la Lune. Par rapport aux missions lunaires, la mission pour les autres planètes du système solaire a commencé beaucoup plus tard avec des difficultés et des risques considérablement accrus, laissant ces corps planétaires terrestres plus éloignés de la Terre encore mal contraints. Par exemple, le vaisseau spatial Galileo, qui est la première mission de Jupiter effectuée dans les années 1990, a collecté les données gravitationnelles des quatre satellites de Jupiter, parmi lesquels Europa, Io et Ganymède sont considérés comme hautement différenciés. Sans plus d'informations, le noyau a été considéré comme composé de Fe-S. Fe3S2 est un candidat potentiel se formant dans des conditions P-T pertinentes, mais sa structure, ses paramètres de réseau et ses conditions de formation précises restent inconnus. Pour cette partie de la thèse, les propriétés des composés Fe-S ont été étudiées par diffraction des rayons X in situ de 11 à 15 GPa et de la température ambiante à la fusion. La condition de formation précise de Fe3S2 et ses propriétés structurelles ont été déterminées par le diagramme de diffraction, qui permet de déduire la composition du noyau des corps planétaires de taille moyenne
Terrestrial planets possess a metallic core composed of iron alloys, which are the products of long-period differentiation. The Moon is the closest terrestrial planetary body to the Earth, and also most well-constrained thanks to the numerous space missions including landing objects and orbiting spacecrafts. The collected observables allow people to build Moon models and infer the core properties. Regarding its composition, sulfur and carbon are considered as two plausible light elements in the Moon’s core, but most of the cases were discussed in terms of binary Fe-S or Fe-C, in absence of the knowledge of Fe-C-S alloy’s properties. This study has provided a discussion from a Ternary-Fe-C-S point of view, based on the physical properties of liquid Fe-C-S alloys determined experimentally. Specifically, local structure and density of liquid Fe-C-S alloys were studied by in situ X-ray diffraction and absorption experiments below 5 GPa and between 1600 K and 1900 K. Miscibility of Fe-C-S alloys was studied by quench experiments between 2 and 6 GPa at 1650 K and 2000 K, respectively. The measured density was employed to build a thermodynamic model for density of liquid Fe-C-S alloys as a function of pressure, temperature, and C/S content. This model, together with the miscibility gap, are used to discuss the light element content in the Moon’s core. Compared to the lunar missions, the others started much later with considerably increased difficulties and risks, leaving those terrestrial planetary bodies farther to the Earth still poorly constrained. For instance, the Galileo space craft, which is the first Jupiter mission performed in 1990S, collected the gravitational data of the four satellites of Jupiter, among which Europa, Io, and Ganymede are considered highly differentiated. Without further information, the core was considered to be composed of Fe-S. Fe3S2 is a potential candidate forming at pertinent P-T conditions, but its structure, lattice parameters, accurate forming condition remains unknown. For this part of the PhD work, the properties of Fe-S compounds were studied by in situ X-ray diffraction from 11 to 15 GPa and from room temperature to melting. The accurate forming condition of Fe3S2 and its structural properties were determined by the diffraction pattern, which enables the inference on the core composition of middle-sized planetary bodies

La compréhension de la formation du Système Solaire et de son Evolution est profondément connectée aux connaissances que nous pouvons avoir sur les structures internes des planètes. Des études sismiques in-situ sont donc cruciales pour sonder la structure (répartition et Épaisseur des couches) et la composition interne des planètes telluriques. L'instrument SEIS (Seismic Experiment for Interior Structure) se posera sur Mars en 2018 (mission InSight de la NASA). Il contient deux types de capteurs sismiques: les VBB (Very Broad Band) et SP (Short Period), montés sur le LVL (système de nivellement mécanique) qui a un double objectif: assurer le placement horizontal des capteurs sur le sol de Mars dans des conditions locales inconnues et fournir le couplage mécanique des sismomètres au sol. Dans cette thèse, un modèle analytique simple du LVL est développé afin de reproduire son comportement mécanique grâce au calcul de ses résonnances et de sa fonction de transfert. Ce modèle permettra d'étudier l'effet du LVL sur les données sismiques des VBB et SP enregistrées sur Mars. Celui-ci est d'abord implémenté numériquement puis sa validation est garantie grâce ˆ l'observation de grandes similitudes entre nos résultats et ceux des expériences réalisées en laboratoire avec le modèle de vol. Ces comparaisons prouvent ainsi la fidélité du modèle ˆ la réalité. Après quelques simulations, on remarque également une influence importante du couplage mécanique entre les pieds du LVL et le sol dans les résonnances trouvées. Une étude d'inversion est alors réalisée afin d'observer si le modèle pourrait permettre d'estimer les propriétés du sol au niveau du site d'atterrissage InSight. Un autre travail consiste ˆ modéliser les 6 capteurs VBB et SP sur le LVL et observer la réponse de l'instrument global en translation et en rotation. En effet, des effets de rotation du LVL ˆ courte période peuvent perturber les mesures sismiques. Cette étude peut aussi permettre d'estimer les performances en rotation de SEIS, qui peut être une information clé pour déterminer la vitesse de phase des ondes sismiques de surface, fortement dépendante de la composition du sol. Cette vitesse sera calculée sur Mars en réalisant une expérience sismique active grâce ˆ l'autre instrument principal d'InSight: HP3. Aujourd'hui, de nouveaux projets sont étudiés pour un retour sismique sur la Lune. En effet, les sismomètres Apollo bien qu'ayant une bonne résolution en terme de déplacement du sol étaient cependant incapables de détecter le bruit sismique du sol lunaire, appelé "meteoritic hum". Ce bruit, du aux chutes continues de micrométéorites, a une amplitude estimée ˆ 1/100e de la résolution des sismomètres Apollo ˆ une certaine fréquence. Les phases sismiques du noyau, même si estimées grâce au "stacking" des données, n'ont pas non plus été directement enregistrées. Une nouvelle génération de sismomètres, 100 ˆ 1000 fois plus sensibles que ceux d'Apollo, est donc désirée pour atteindre le plancher du bruit sismique lunaire. Cette sensibilité pourrait permettre de tirer bénéfice de l'intégralité des ondes sismiques générées par l'activité sismique lunaire. La structure d'un tel sismomètre serait un capteur de déplacement, toujours lié ˆ une masse d'épreuve, mais présentant de grosses améliorations en termes de performance, linéarité, et niveau de bruit. Pendant cette thèse, un prototype de système de lecture optique du déplacement de la future masse d'épreuve de ce sismomètre lunaire ultra-sensible est développé, basé sur l'utilisation de la technologie des détecteurs d'ondes gravitationnelles. En effet, ceux-ci sont une référence en termes de mesures interférométriques ˆ basse fréquence et très bas niveau de bruit. Le prototype construit est ainsi basé sur la technique de stabilisation laser appelée "Pound-Drever-Hall"
The understanding of the Solar System formation and its evolution is deeply connected to the knowledge on the planet interior structures. In situ studies with seismometers are therefore crucial to probe the internal structure (distribution and thickness of layers) and composition of the telluric planets. Indeed, SEIS (Seismic Experiment for Interior Structure) will land on Mars in 2018 (NASA InSight mission). Both types of sensors of the SEIS instrument, the VBB (Very Broad Band) and SP (Short Period), are mounted on the LVL (a mechanical levelling system) for which the purpose is twofold: ensure a level placement of the sensors on the Martian ground under yet unknown local conditions and provide the mechanical coupling of the seismometers to the ground. In this thesis, we developed a simplified analytical model of the LVL structure in order to reproduce its mechanical behaviour by predicting its resonances and transfer function. This model will allow to estimate the LVL effect on the VBB and SP data recorded on Mars. It is first implemented numerically and its validation is then guaranteed thanks to the observation of a lot of similarities between our results and those of the laboratory experiments with the LVL flight model. These comparisons prove the model fidelity with reality. After some simulations, we noticed a clear influence of the mechanical coupling between the LVL feet and the ground in the resonances found. For this reason, an inversion study has been realized in order to study if this model could allow to estimate the ground properties of the InSight site. Another work consists in modeling the 3 VBB sensors and the 3 SP sensors on the LVL and to observe the response of the global SEIS instrument in translation and rotation. Indeed, some rotation effects at short period can disturb the seismic measurements. This study can also allows to estimate the performances of SEIS, especially in rotation that can be one important information to recover the phase velocity of the surface seismic waves, highly dependent of the ground composition. This can be realized on Mars with an active seismic experiment thanks to the other main instrument of InSight mission: HP3. Today, new projects are also considered for a seismic return on the Moon. Indeed, the Apollo seismometers had a good resolution in ground displacement but were however unable to detect the Lunar ground seismic noise, named "meteoritic hum". This noise is possibly due to the continuous fall of micro-meteorites and its amplitude has been estimated to be about 1/100 of the resolution of the Apollo sensors at a certain frequency. Core seismic phases, although detected through stacking, have not also been individually recorded. A new generation of broadband seismometers, 100 to 1000 times more sensitive than the Apollo ones are therefore requested in order to reach the lunar seismic noise floor. This sensitivity will allow to take benefit of all the seismic waves generated by the Moon seismic activity. The core of such seismometer will be the proof mass displacement sensors, with extreme improvement in performances, linearity and noise level. During this thesis, we developed an optical readout prototype, based on the use of gravitational waves detectorsÕ technology which is the reference in term of interferometric measurements at low frequency and very low noise levels. This prototype is based on the "Pound-Drever-Hall" laser frequency stabilization technique. The objective is to improve the sensitivity by 2 orders of magnitude compared to the current seismometers performances

L'existence d'océans aqueux sous les surfaces des grands satellites de glace de Jupiter et Saturne, théorisée durant les années 1970, est aujourd'hui confirmée par les données des missions Voyager, Galileo et Cassini-Huygens. La composition des matériaux chondritiques et cométaires et les données des missions spatiales érigent aujourd'hui le sulfate de magnésium et le dioxyde de carbone parmi les principaux contaminants pouvant être attendus dans ces océans extra-terrestres. Pour éclaircir les implications de la présence de ces constituants, des expériences ont été menées afin de compléter l'exploration encore partielle des systèmes H2O-CO2 et H2O-MgSO4 aux conditions de haute pression (0 - 2 GPa), de basse température (250 - 350 K) et de composition (systèmes riches en eau) attendues dans les hydrosphères de Ganymède, Callisto et Titan. Les données acquises ont permis d'établir la première description globale du système H2O-CO2 à ces conditions. Les domaines de stabilité des deux hydrates de CO2 et la solubilité du CO2 dans l'eau éclairent les mécanismes de stockage et de transfert de ce volatil dans les grands satellites de glace. Ces données ont également ouvert la voie à la modélisation thermodynamique du clathrate sI de CO2-CH4, acteur potentiel de la ségrégation du carbone volatil dans les hydrosphères des lunes. Les premières données acquises pour contraindre l'eutectique du système H2O-MgSO4 permettent d'aborder la question de l'évolution d'océans denses au sein des hydrosphères. Ces données précisent l'hypothèse récente de l'existence de domaines océaniques profonds à la base des manteaux glacés des grands satellites, offrant une nouvelle vue de leur dynamique.

Moving away from the structure of traditional texts, this chapter follows the journey of oxygen molecules as they move from inspired air to their point of use in mitochondria, with some digressions along the way to cover other relevant aspects of respiratory physiology. The chapter encompasses all the key aspects of respiratory physiology and also highlights physiological alterations that occur under both general and regional anaesthesia, moving the physiological principles discussed into daily anaesthetic practice. The chapter explores relevant anatomy of the airways, lungs, and pleura. The histology and function of the airway lining and alveoli are described, so illustrating the importance of pulmonary defence mechanisms for protecting the internal milieu of the body from this large and fragile interface with the outside world. Key principles and concepts including resistance, compliance, and diffusion are all discussed in their clinical context. Concepts relating to the mechanics of breathing and the control of airway diameter are considered along with lung volumes and their measurement. Both the central and peripheral mechanisms involved in the control of breathing are discussed with particular attention to the impact of anaesthesia. The relationship between ventilation and perfusion and the carriage of oxygen and carbon dioxide are all discussed in detail. The principles behind key respiratory measurements such as dead space, lung volumes, diffusing capacity, and shunt are all described. Overall the chapter provides a comprehensive review of respiratory physiology as well as including additional aspects of variation that occur under anaesthesia.

Après une introduction historique, cette étude décrit les objets dénués d’atmosphère, Mercure et la Lune (paramètres orbitaux, exosphère, structure interne, surface, origine et, dans le cas de Mercure, magnétosphère). Puis elle présente une étude globale des trois planètes telluriques dotées d’une atmosphère (Vénus, la Terre et Mars) en traitant successivement l’intérieur, la surface, l’atmosphère et, dans le cas de Mars, les satellites.

Abstract The pericardium consists of a fibrous sac and a serous membrane. The space between visceral and parietal pericardium normally contains 15 to 25 mL of clear fluid. The pericardium functions to prevent cardiac distention, limit cardiac displacement (by its attachment to neighboring structures), and protect the heart from inflammation. Metastatic tumors are far more common than primary cardiac tumors (&gt;40-fold). The most frequent metastases to the heart are melanoma, lymphoma, and breast, lung, and esophageal tumors. Patients with metastatic malignancies have metastatic disease to the heart up to 15% of the time. More than one-half of patients with malignant melanoma have metastases to the heart. Metastatic disease to the heart carries a poor prognosis.

Elastin is the extracellular matrix protein providing large arteries, lung parenchyma and skin with the properties of extensibility and elastic recoil. Within these tissues, elastin is found as a polymer formed by tropoelastin monomers assembled and cross-linked. In addition to specific protein regions supporting the covalent cross-links, tropoelastin is featured by the presence of highly repetitive sequences rich in proline and glycine making up the so-called hydrophobic domains. These protein segments promote structural flexibility and disordered protein properties, a fundamental aspect to explain its elastomeric behavior. Unlike other matrix proteins such as collagens or laminins, elastin emerged relatively late in evolution, appearing at the divergence of jawed and jawless fishes, therefore present in all species from sharks to humans, but absent in lampreys and other lower chordates and invertebrates. In spite of an intense interrogation of the key aspects in the evolution of elastin, its origin remains still elusive and an ancestral protein that could give rise to a primordial elastin is not known. In this chapter, I review the main molecular features of tropoelastin and the available knowledge on its evolutionary history as well as establish hypotheses for its origin. Considering the remarkable similarities between the hydrophobic domains of the first recognizable elastin gene from the elasmobranch Callorhinchus milii with certain fibrillin regions from related fish species, I raise the possibility that fibrillins might have provided protein domains to an ancestral elastin that thereafter underwent significant evolutionary changes to give the elastin forms found today.

Alterations in the structure and function of the pulmonary system that occur in disease or injury often give rise to measurable changes in lung sound production and transmission. A better understanding of sound transmission and how it is altered by injury and disease might improve interpretation of lung sound measurements, including new lung imaging modalities that are based on an array measurement of the acoustic field on the torso surface via contact sensors or are based on a 3-dimensional measurement of the acoustic field throughout the lungs and torso using magnetic resonance elastography. It is beneficial to develop a computational acoustic model that would accurately simulate generation, transmission and noninvasive measurement of sound and vibration within the pulmonary system and torso caused by both internal and external sources. In the present study, sound transmission in the airway tree and coupling to and transmission through the surrounding lung parenchymal tissue were investigated on a mechanical lung phantom with a built-in bifurcating airway tree through airway insonification. Sound transmission in the airway tree was studied by applying the Horsfield self-consistent model of asymmetric dichotomy for the bronchial tree. The acoustics of the bifurcating airway segments and lung phantom surface motion were measured by microphones and scanning laser Doppler vibrometty respectively. Finite element simulations of sound transmission in the lung phantom were performed. Good agreement was achieved between experiments and finite element simulations. This study validates the computational approach for sound transmission and provides insights for simulations on real lungs.

The continuous focus on improving engine efficiency and fulfilling new emissions legislations in high speed large bore (HSLB) applications is demanding higher performance of cylinder power cell. Regarding piston rings, this can be translated into the need for increased wear and scuff resistance in conjunction with low friction. However, there is no room to jeopardize the engine performance in terms of lube oil control and combustion gas sealing (i.e. blow-by). The reduction in ring friction is linked with three main factors: reduction of ring tangential load, reduction of ring axial width and use of low friction coefficient materials. To enable load and axial width reduction the use of a steel ring pack becomes almost mandatory. The structural strength of steel is needed in the narrower cross-section which at the same time requires good resistance to temperature and loads. For better wear resistance and lower friction coefficient the use of improved materials is important on all three rings in the pack. The improved performance of nitriding treatment and CrN PVD coatings will be presented. Results indicate a potential ring friction reduction of more than 30% combined with wear improvements of up to 50% depending on the engine operation. Evaluations of rig and engine tests are presented supporting the technical case.

Varnish deposits on metal surfaces in turbine lube system results in a number of adverse operational issues, especially the restriction and sticking of moving mechanical parts such as servo or directional control valves. The oil has limited solvency for the material, hence a typical turbine will have the majority of the material as deposits and a relatively small portion as suspended material in the oil phase in quasi-equilibrium with the deposits. The lube system needs to be cleaned by removing the suspended varnish precursors from the oil phase, which allows the deposits to re-entrain into the oil phase, until the majority of the transferable deposits from internal surfaces are removed and the oil carries no significant amount of the material to have any adverse effect. The methods used for the removal of varnish from turbine lube oil systems include chemical cleaning - flushing, and electrostatic charge induced agglomeration - retention and the adsorption of the oil suspended varnish on an adsorbent medium. The paper discusses an absorption based removal method that utilizes a fibrous medium that has pronounced affinity for the removal and retention of the varnish forming material from the oil and the deposits from surfaces that are in quasi-equilibrium with the varnish precursors in the oil. The filtration medium is composite cellulose with specially formulated, temperature cured binder resins. The absorptive medium that exhibits high structural and chemical integrity has been thoroughly tested on operating turbines, showing reduction in varnish levels from critical range to below normal range in a relatively short time. The experiences with the utilization of the absorptive medium in laboratory tests and in two operating turbines are presented.

Este cert faptul că orice țară este apreciată după nivelul său de dezvoltare economică. Destrămarea Uniunii Republicilor Sovietice Socialiste (URSS) a creat un șoc global pentru țările membre, care au întîmpinat dificultăți în schimbarea structurii economice interne. Odată cu obținerea independenței în 1991, Republica Moldova (RM) a parcurs un drum lung de formare a propriei politici bugetar-fiscale și a strategiilor de planificare și gestionare a propriului buget. Actualitatea articolului este determinată de necesitatea evaluării Republicii Moldova, ca stat independent, în perioada de tranziție către o economie de piață. Impactul crizelor economice, sociale și politice au condus la implementarea noilor reforme (privatizarea, liberalizarea financiară și democratizarea) inițiate de către noul guvern. Scopul cercetării este de a analiza evoluția impactului crizelor asupra indicatorilor bugetari-fiscali la nivel național. Criteriul de evaluare a economiei este bazat pe unul din principalii indicatori macroeconomici (PIB), care la rîndul său este într-o interdependență cu indicatorii bugetari-fiscali. Drept reper în evaluarea Bugetului Național Public (BPN) au servit cele mai importante evenimente ce au marcat economia Republicii Moldova de la obținerea Independenței. Bugetul public reprezintă cea mai importantă parte componentă a sistemului financiar și este influențat de principalele venituri și cheltuieli ale statului exprimate prin deficit sau excedent. În pofida șocurilor externe si interne, începînd de la criza economică generală din 1991, conflictul regional cu Transnistria (războiul civil) din 1992,criza financiara din Rusia, criza economiă-financiară globală din 2008-2009, seceta din 2012, criza bancară din 2014, criza pandemică (Covid-19) din 2020 și a crizei energetice din 2021, țara și-a menținut stabilitatea macroeconomică, marcînd o îmbunătățire constantă a economiei.

Context: Villaret’s syndrome is characterized by neuronal dysfunction in the posterior retroparotid space, where the external carotid arteries, internal jugular veins, the cervical sympathetic trunk and the following cranial pairs IX, X, XI, XII pass. Symptoms may vary depending on the location and extent of the lesions. This case report was approved by the Ethics Committee of Universidade Metropolitana de Santos. Case Report: The present case refers to a female patient, 54 years old, who presented with an insidious and progressive onset of dysphagia, dysphonia and ageusia during adjuvant radiotherapy treatment for malignant lung cancer. The neurological examination showed miosis with ptosis and enophthalmos, weakness of the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles, palate paresis and atrophy of the right tongue. Clinical diagnosis of Villaret Syndrome was performed. Complementary and imaging tests were normal. Villaret’s syndrome presents a variety of nosological entities, the most common being neoplastic and involving the posterior retroparotid space. Other causes such as vascular, infectious, immunomediated are described. The patient in question has a probable etiology by ionizing radiation in a structure close to the posterior retroparotid space. Conclusions: After 6 months of radiotherapy and symptomatic treatment, she presented with clinical stabilization.

Additively manufactured components enable complex structures to be rapidly fabricated and tested for use in the automotive and aerospace industries. Additive manufacturing capabilities have expanded to include a variety of plastics, metal alloys, and fiber-reinforced polymers. There is interest in quantifying the residual stresses in components that have been manufactured using 3D printing processes in order to refine fabrication parameters and improve the performance of component design. Luna Innovations has developed and demonstrated methods to embed high definition fiber optic sensing (HD-FOS) technology into components that have been additively manufactured using ABS plastic as well as a cobalt chrome alloy. This technology enables characterization of internal residual stresses and provides a method for lifetime health monitoring of these printed components using the strain and temperature sensors installed during printing. The sensing technology utilizes the Rayleigh backscatter pattern contained in an optical fiber to determine the strain or temperature, with a high spatial resolution of 1.28 mm, along a fiber that can be embedded inside a printed component. HD-FOS technology was used to measure internal residual strains within layers of varying depths of an ABS printed block, showing a parabolic strain profile with a peak at 9,600 microstrain. In addition to characterizing the printing process, a method has been demonstrated to embed a distributed temperature sensor into a metallic additively manufactured component. This enables the temperature of the part to be measured while it is in use, providing data on the heat transfer through the component. Additive manufacturing has enabled embedding fiber optic sensors in new configurations that were previously unobtainable.

Total (volatile plus solid) and solid particle size, number, and mass emitted from a 3.8 kW diesel powered generator were characterized using a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) that measures the size distribution of particles, and a catalytic stripper that facilitates the measurement of solid particles. The engine was operated at a constant speed for six steady-state engine operations ranging from idle to rated power. The solid particle size distributions were mainly monomodal lognormal distributions in nature reflecting a typical soot agglomerate size distribution with a number mean diameter in the size range from 98 nm to 37 nm as the load decreases from high to low. At idle, M6, however, the solid particle distribution was bimodal in nature with a high number of solid nanoparticles in the sub-20 nm size range. It is likely that these solid particles nucleated later in the combustion process from metallic ash typically present in the lube oil. The total particle size distributions exhibited a bimodal structure only at light load, M5, engine operation, where a high number of volatile nanoparticles were observed. The rest of the operating conditions exhibited monomodal distributions although the nature of the particles was vastly different. For the medium load modes, M2, M3, and M4, the particles were mainly solid particles. For the rated power, M1, and idle, M6, modes of engine operation, significant number of volatile particles grew to a size nearing that of soot particles making the distribution monomodal, similar to that of a solid particle distribution. This shows that monomodal distributions are not necessarily solid particle but they can be strongly dominated with volatile particles if significant particle growth takes place like the case at M1, and M6. The total number and mass concentration were extremely high at engine rated power. The number concentration exceeded 1.2 billion particles per cubic centimeter and the mass exceeded 750 milligrams per cubic meter. The number concentration is more than five orders of magnitude higher than a typical ambient level concentration, and the mass concentration is more than four orders of magnitude higher. It is important to indicate, however, that if the engine power rating is lowered by 35 percent from its designated level, both particle mass and number emissions will be reduced by two orders of magnitude. By measuring total and solid particle size and number concentration of particles, one can calculate other metrics such as surface area and mass to provide detail information about particle emissions. Such information can serve as an important database where all metrics of particle emissions are captured.

Researched and developed scientifically and methodologically foundations for optimal identification of micro-objects using traditional and Gaussian filtering, median filter, filters based on fast Fourier transform, wavelet transforms, shift transforms, mechanisms using geometric, specific features, statistical, dynamic properties of image information. Mechanisms for optimizing the identification of micro-objects are proposed that have advantages in reducing the complexity and laboriousness of analyzing the structure and processing information, identifying and segmentation of the image contour, using the dynamics of growth, visual differentiation, extracting internal features and properties, approximation, smoothing, and interpretation of objects. A mechanism has been investigated and implemented that performs the following functions: aligns histology slices; finds contours of objects, a set of levels, thresholds, combines segmentation, conducts registrations, forms a search graph, performs approximations based on a wavelet, shear, and other transformations, determines parameters, performs color coding and color visualization of micro-objects. The implementations of algorithms and software modules of the software complex for identification, recognition and classification of micro-objects, in particular, cellular elements of the inflammatory series (fibroblasts, fibrocytes) of lung disease, have been tested. The signs of chronic inflammation were assessed - the presence of giant cells. A software package for visualization, recognition, classification of images of pollen grains has been developed, the implementations of which have been tested taking into account the conditions of a priori insufficiency, parametric uncertainty and nonstationarity of processes.