Academic literature on the topic 'Lunar variations'

The ALEXIS small satellite was designed as a large area monitor operating at extreme ultraviolet wavelengths (130 − 190 Å). At these energies, the moon is the brightest object in the night sky and was the first source identified in the ALEXIS data. Due to the design of ALEXIS and the lunar orbit, the moon is observed for two weeks of every month. Since lunar emissions in the extreme ultraviolet are primarily reflected solar radiation these observations may be useful as a solar monitor in the extreme ultraviolet. The data show distinct temporal and spectral variations indicating similar changes in the solar spectrum. We will present a preliminary dataset of lunar observations and discussions covering the variations observed and how they relate to the solar spectrum.

The paper describes the lunar daily (L) variations at fixed lunar ages and the lunar monthly (M) variations at fixed solar hours in horizontal magnetic intensity (.H) at Kodaikanal for the low sunspot period, Jan, 1951 to Dec, 1955; and for the high sunspot period Jan. 1956 to Dec, 1960. The lunar daily variations at any of the seasons or solar activity epochs are found to follow Chapman's phase law: L=Cn sin [n~+(.n-2)v+an]. With the increase of solar activity the phase of Ls wave remains constant for each of the seasons, but the amplitude increases during D. and E. months and slightly decreases during the months, The lunar semi monthly (.M2) waves at fixed solar hours vary with the solar time in the same way as the electrojet current, i.e., the amplitude starts increasing with sunrise reaches a maximum near noon and decreases to a low value by sunset. The ratio of lunar semidiurnal (LB} wave to the solar semidiurnal (82) wave for any of the seasons decreases with solar activity. The amplitudes of LB or M2 wave at Kodaikanal are much smaller than the corresponding values at Huancayo indicating the longitudinal variation in the lunar daytime effects in H along the magnetic equator. The lunar semimonthly tides for the daytime hours are predominantly under the control of lunar time during the D. months and of lunar age during the J .months.

A possible correlation between the destructive earthquakes of magnitude M = 7 and above and luni-solar gravity variations between 1975 and 2015 has been analyzed. The lunar-solar variations are characterized by three extreme points: the maximum and minimum values of gravity, and the maximum rate of change of variations. At this time, there is an extreme impact of lunar-solar attraction on the earth’s crust and the Earth as a whole. Variations can be a source of irreversible deformation in the earth’s crust. If in this case, there is an additional external impact of space factors, the probability of an earthquake is increased. In a time, the earthquakes are grouped near extremes of lunar-solar variations: half of the events are associated with the maximum gradient of variations change, and the second half is equally confined to the maximum and minimum value of gravity variations. Lunar-solar variations of gravity in conjunction with other cosmic influences can cause earthquakes.

Thesis: S.B., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 2011.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 41-42).
The advent of global Digital Elevation Models of the lunar surface, obtained from the Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter (LOLA), has allowed for a quantitative assessment of crater morphometry. 351 simple and complex craters in the Mare Serenitatis, far side highlands, near side highlands, and South Pole-Aitken basin are decomposed into 50 elevation profiles, from which key geometric crater properties are extracted. The geometric properties and their respective standard variation, such as height-to-diameter ratios, and average elevation profile are compared on a global level to investigate regional differences in terrain rheology and study the transition between the simple and complex crater regime. Furthermore, the relationship between known degradation mechanisms and crater morphometry is discussed, as well as the current state of quantitative methods to assess crater degradation. The resulting regional differences observed in crater morphometry are explained in the context of lunar geologic history. Finally, the addition of other crater geometric properties in future quantitative assessments will broaden the study of crater morphometry, and improvements to current methods are necessary to conclusively define degradation states in terms of quantitative factors.
by Matthieu Jean Talpe.
S.B.

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a estrutura da comunidade e estimar produção dos copépodes pelágicos do ambiente recifal em diferentes escalas temporais. As amostras foram coletadas em uma estação fixa dentro da baía Tamandaré durante a maré vazante, ao longo de quatro ciclos lunares, durante os períodos seco (novembro/dezembro de 2010) e chuvoso (julho/agosto 2010) e durante os períodos diurnos e noturnos. Foram coletados dados de pluviometria, temperatura, salinidade, material particulado em suspensão e clorofila-a. As amostras de plâncton foram obtidas através da utilização de arrastos subsuperfíciais horizontais usando uma rede cônica (malha de abertura de 200 μm). O material coletado foi fixado e as amostras foram analisadas por contagem, identificação, classificação por estágio de desenvolvimento, sexo e medição das espécies de copépodes presentes nas subamostras. Foram realizados cálculos de densidade, diversidade, riqueza e a frequência de ocorrência para todas as espécies de copépodes pelágicos. A partir das medidas do prossomo dos copépodes foi calculado o peso dos organismos e subsequentemente foram feitos os cálculos de biomassa e das taxas de crescimento e finalmente dos dados de produtividade. As análises realizadas sugerem que a comunidade de copépodes pelágicos do mesozooplâncton associada aos recifes de Tamandaré é regida por fatores ambientais totalmente associados a variações sazonais, principalmente pela pluviosidade, MPS e também pela salinidade. Foram identificados 22 espécies para região, e as espécies que mais frequentes e abundantes ao longo de todo estudo foram: Acartia lilljeborgi, Paracalanus quasimodo, Temora turbinata, Pseudodiaptomus acutus e Calanopia americana. Os valores densidade (694,6 ± 239,4 e 260,7 ± 481,2 ind.m-3 seco e chuvoso), biomassa (1452,02 ± 1072,40 e 200,43 ± 200,27 μg C m-3 seco e chuvoso) e produção (360,640 ± 261,60 e 50,147 ± 50,12 μg C m-3 dia-1 seco e chuvoso) foram significativamente diferentes entre os períodos seco e chuvoso, com maiores valores observados no período seco. Em relação aos turnos diurno/noturmo também existe diferenças significativas para os valores de densidade, biomassa e produção, e os maiores valores foram registrados durante a noite. Portanto, pode-se concluir que assim como a estrutura da comunidade, a produção estimada das principais espécies de copépodes pelágicos de um ambiente recifal é influenciada pelas variações sazonais e nictemeral. Existe influencia das fases da lua, sobre a estrutura da comunidade considerando cada período individualmente e estes dados foram corroborados pelas análises estatísticas ANOVA e PERMANOVA aplicados aos dados de densidade total e das espécies, respectivamente. Em relação aos dados de biomassa e produção, analisados de forma geral, as variações dos ciclos lunares não parecem influenciar de forma significativa a produtividade das espécies de copépodes da região.
The aim of this study was to analyze the community structure and to estimate the production of pelagic copepods on the reef environment at different time scales. Samples were taken at one station in the Tamandaré bay at ebb tide, along four lunar cycles, during dry (November and December 2010) and rainy periods (July and August 2010) and during the days and nights. Data of rainfall, temperature, salinity, suspended particulate matter (SPM) and chlorophyll-a were collected. The plankton samples were obtained through the use of subsurface horizontal hauls with a plankton net (mesh size of 200 μm). The material was fixed and the samples were analyzed by counting, identification, classification by stage of development, sex and measurement of copepod species present in the subsamples. Calculations of density, diversity, richness and frequency of occurrence were performed for all species of pelagic copepods. From the measurements of the copepod prosome, the weight of the organisms was obtained and subsequently the biomass and growth rates, and ultimately the productivity data, were calculated. The performed analysis suggest that the pelagic copepods community of the mesozooplankton associated with the reefs of Tamandaré is regulated by environmental factors entirely associated with seasonal variations, mainly rainfall, SPM and also by salinity. For the region, 22 species were identified, and the most frequent and abundant species throughout the study were: Acartia lilljeborgi, Paracalanus quasimodo, Temora turbinata, Pseudodiaptomus acutus and Calanopia americana. The values of density (694.60 ± 239.40 and 260.70 ± 481.20 ind. m-3 dry and rainy seasons), biomass (1,452.02 ± 1,072.40 and 200.43 ± 200.27 μg C m-3 dry and rainy seasons) and production (360.64 ± 261.60 and 50.14 ± 50.12 μg C m-3 day-1 dry and rainy seasons) were significantly different between the dry and rainy seasons, with higher values being observed in the dry season. Regarding the period of the day, there are also significant differences in the values of density, biomass and production, and the highest values were recorded during the night. Therefore, it can be concluded that, as well as the community structure, the estimated production of the main species of pelagic copepods on a reef environment is influenced by seasonal and nictemeral variations. There is influence of the moon phases on the structure of the community, considering each period individually. This result was corroborated by the ANOVA and PERMANOVA statistical analysis applied to the data of total and species density, respectively. Regarding biomass and production data, analyzed in general, the variations of lunar cycles do not seem to significantly influence the productivity of copepod species in the region.

A drawbar pull (DP) test procedure was developed at the NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC) for testing and developing designs for off-road vehicles. The motivation was to develop a procedure that would produce repeatable results and could be replicated by other researchers. While developing the test methodology, it became apparent that there was a certain degree of scatter in the results among identical tests. In order to characterize the disparities, an experimental study was conducted consisting of systematically varying specific test parameters. The selected performance metric was the DP-TR (travel reduction) relation. The selected parameters were: 1) the starting terrain condition, 2) the distance traveled by the vehicle under an applied, constant DP force, and 3) the density of the prepared terrain. Respectively, these parameters were selected to observe: 1) how differences in the starting area, or â launch pad,â would affect the resulting performance of a test, 2) if a steady-state region of performance exists and how does performance change with the distance traveled, and 3) the relationship between prepared terrain density and performance. These experiments were conducted in a dry, granular, cohesionless, silica based soil called the GRC-1 Lunar Soil Simulant. The results of these studies were that the variations in both the starting terrain condition and the distance traveled did not significantly affect performance. The relationship between performance and terrain density was that only in a region of low density was the TR constant; subsequently, the TR decreased steadily with increasing density.
Master of Science

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As zonas costeiras são consideradas áreas de transição entre os domínios continental e marinho, apresentando alta complexidade e dinamismo. Representando aproximadamente 10% das áreas emersas habitáveis, abrigam atualmente cerca de dois terços da população mundial proporcionando inúmeros serviços econômico-sociais a sociedade humana, que em constante expansão sobrecarrega cada vez mais esses ambientes que exercem papéis ecológicos fundamentais na manutenção da biodiversidade (e produtividade) local e de ecossistemas adjacentes (terrestre e marinho). Dentre os diferentes ecossistemas costeiros, os sistemas estuarinos são bastante conhecidos por estarem presentes em praticamente toda a costa brasileira, assim como por apresentarem grande importância ecológica, econômica e social. Na costa nordeste do Brasil muitos ecossistemas estuarinos ainda encontram-se pouco ou até mesmo não estudados, deixando uma lacuna nos estudos ecológicos referentes a esses ecossistemas que além de grande dinamismo também apresentam muitas particularidades, principalmente ao longo dessa região (NE) onde a plataforma continental é mais estreita. Dessa forma, durante o período de doze meses o habitat praia estabelecido na porção externa do estuário do Rio Goiana foi amplamente estudado, tendo como objetivo principal, avaliar o potencial desse ambiente como berçário para as assembleias de peixes. Um total de três desenhos amostrais foram elaborados e executados nas praias adjacentes a foz do Rio Goiana. A partir do esforço amostral, aspectos relacionados à composição e dinâmica da comunidade de fauna, assim como, características morfodinâmicas e ambientais, foram descritos pela primeira vez nesse habitat, que atualmente encontra-se sob a condição de Reserva Extrativista (RESEX Acaú-Goiana). Foi identificado que as praias adjacentes ao estuário ocorrem junto a um extenso terraço de baixa-mar, cortado pelo canal principal do rio ao longo da margem sul do estuário. Por se tratar de um ambiente dominado pela maré, diferentes ciclos ambientais como o ciclo lunar e circadiano, apresentaram grande influencia nos padrões das variáveis ambientais (salinidade, temperatura da agua, oxigênio dissolvido e profundidade), assim como, no uso do habitat pelas diferentes espécies da fauna. A diferença no regime de chuvas ao longo do ciclo sazonal mostrou-se determinante na composição da comunidade biótica das praias, dominadas por espécies estuarinas durante a estação chuvosa, e abrigando um maior número de espécies costeiras durante a estação seca. Esse ciclo sazonal do habitat, estimulado pelas oscilações de variáveis ambientais como salinidade e temperatura, permite que o habitat contemple um maior número de espécies, e aumenta a eficiência do fluxo de energia entre a porção interna do estuário e habitats costeiros adjacentes. A porção externa do estuário do Rio Goiana proporciona um extenso habitat de aguas rasas, ideal para o desenvolvimento inicial de varias espécies de peixes e crustáceos. É nesse habitat, que o berçário de espécies chave para a subsistência de famílias tradicionais como, Mugil spp. e Callinectes danae ocorre. O grande acúmulo de matéria orgânica, típico de terraços de maré, associado às baixas profundidades e transparência, promovem proteção e recursos alimentares para inúmeras espécies em desenvolvimento inicial, se apresentando assim, como uma importante alternativa de berçário para as assembleias de peixes e crustáceos. As praias estudadas podem exercer um importante papel na manutenção da biodiversidade do ecossistema estuarino e adjacente. As informações levantadas no presente estudo são inéditas, podendo servir de auxilio aos órgãos competentes, em seus planos de manejo de ecossistemas costeiros em unidades de conservação.
Coastal areas are considered transition zones between continental and marine environments, with high complexity and dynamism. Representing approximately 10% of the habitable emerged areas, currently home to about two-thirds of the world population providing numerous services (economic and social) to human society, which in constantly expanding, overwhelms these environments which performing key ecological roles in the maintenance of local biodiversity (and productivity ) and in the adjacent ecosystems (terrestrial and marine). Among the different coastal ecosystems, estuarine systems are well known to be present in practically the entire Brazilian coast, as well as presenting ecological, economic and social services. On the northeast coast of Brazil many estuarine ecosystems are still little or even not studied, leaving a gap in ecological estuarine studies, especially over this region (NE), where the continental shelf is narrower providing many particularities to this ecosystems. So, during the twelve-month period, the beach habitat established in the outer portion of the estuary Goiana was widely studied, with the main purpose of evaluating the potential of this environment as a nursery for fish assemblages. A total of three sampling designs were developed and implemented in the sandy beaches adjacent to Goiana River’s mouth. Aspects related to the composition and dynamics of the faunal community, as well as, morphodynamic and environmental features, were described for the first time in this area, a Marine Conservation Unit, of type Extractive Reserve (RESEX Acaú-Goiás). It was identified that the adjacent estuarine beaches occur along an extensive low tide terrace, crossed by the Goiana main channel along the southern shore. As a tide dominated environment, different environmental cycles, such as circadian and lunar cycle, had great influence on the patterns of environmental variables (salinity, water temperature, dissolved oxygen and depth), as well as in habitat use by different fauna species. The differences in rainfall regime along the seasonal cycle, proved decisive in the composition of the biotic community, dominated by estuarine species during the rainy season, and harboring a greater number of coastal species during the dry season. This seasonal cycle of the habitat, allows the sandy beaches to contemplate a larger number of species, and increases the efficiency of energy flow between the inner portion of the estuary and adjacent coastal habitats. The outer portion of Goiana River estuary provides an extensive shallow water habitat, ideal for the initial development of various species of fish and crustaceans. In this habitat, the nursery of key species for the livelihoods of traditional families as Mugil spp. and Callinectes danae occurs. The large accumulation of organic matter (wrack), typical of tidal terraces, associated to lowest depths and water transparency, promote protection and food resources for many species in early development, presenting as an important alternative nursery and feeding site for fish and crustaceans species. Thus, the sandy beach habitat plays an important role in the livelihood of the local community, as well as in maintaining the biodiversity of estuarine-coastal continuum. The information gathered in this study, should be taken into account by environmental agencies in their planning of coastal ecosystems.

De acordo com Frosi e Mioranza (1983), a realização de vibrante simples em lugar de múltipla é um fenômeno passível de ocorrer no português quando este está em contato com o italiano. No Rio Grande do Sul, a população de descendentes de imigrantes italianos se faz fortemente presente, principalmente nas cidades da antiga RCI-RS (Região de Colonização Italiana do Rio Grande do Sul). Os estudos realizados por Rossi (2000), Spessatto (2003), Bovo (2004) e Battisti e Martins (2011) nessas comunidades revelam que o emprego variável da vibrante simples em lugar da múltipla é uma prática predominantemente masculina, rural e realizada pelos falantes de faixa etária mais elevada. O objetivo do presente trabalho é verificar, com base na Teoria da Variação (LABOV, 1972), a proporção de aplicação da regra variável de uso de vibrante simples em lugar de múltipla, tanto em posição intervocálica (arroz) quanto em início de palavra (rua) em Antônio Prado – RS, e os condicionadores linguísticos e sociais do processo, na hipótese de que as variáveis sociais sejam mais relevantes para a aplicação da regra, como atestam estudos realizados em outras comunidades de fala. Partimos também da hipótese de que os homens de mais idade, moradores da zona rural, aparecerão como favorecedores da realização da vibrante simples, conforme indica a literatura. A amostra é composta por 32 informantes de Antônio Prado (RS), do Banco de Dados da Serra Gaúcha (BDSer), da Universidade de Caxias do Sul (UCS), considerando as seguintes características: 2 gêneros, 2 locais de residência (urbano e rural), 4 grupos etários (15-30; 31-50; 51-70; 71 ou mais anos), 2 níveis de escolaridade (primário a fundamental e médio a superior). A análise estatística dos dados é feita através do Goldvarb e os resultados revelam que a faixa etária mais elevada não favorece a aplicação de vibrante simples em Antônio Prado, contrariando uma de nossas hipóteses. Realizam-se registros etnográficos (SPRADLEY, 1979) com o intuito de compreender e explicar os resultados da análise de regra variável, através das informações obtidas sobre as práticas sociais (ECKERT, 2000) dos informantes. Os registros incluem três entrevistas etnográficas, além de observações e anotações realizadas em eventos na comunidade.
According to Frosi e Mioranza (1983), the occurrence of flap where a trill is expected is a common phenomenon in Brazilian Portuguese when it is in contact with the Italian language. In Rio Grande do Sul, the population of immigrants and their descendants is strongly present, mainly in the old RCI-RS (Região de Colonização Italiana, Italian Sattlement Region) cities. The studies by Rossi (2000), Spessatto (2003), Bovo (2004) and Battisti and Martins (2011) reveal that the use of flap instead of trill is a predominantly male and rural practice, mostly performed by older speakers. This study aims to verify, based on the Language Variation Theory (LABOV, 1972), (i) the frequency of use of flap instead of trill, both in intervocalic position (arroz) and at the beginning of the word (rua), in Antonio Prado - RS; and (ii) the social and linguistic conditioning variables of rule application, in the hypothesis that the social variables are indeed more relevant for the application of the rule, as revealed by prior studies.We also hypothesize that older men, residents of the countryside, condition rule application. The interviews of 32 informants from Antônio Prado (RS) used in the research were taken from Serra Gaúcha Database (BDSer), from University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), considering the following characteristics: 2 genders (male, female), 2 places of residence (urban and rural), 4 age groups (15-30; 31-50; 51-70; 71 or older), 2 educational levels (from 1 to 8 years of education, and 9 or more years of education). The statistical analysis was done with Goldvarb software, and the results show that the older age group does not condition the use of flap in Antônio Prado, contradicting our hypothesis. We use ethnographic records (SPRADLEY, 1979) in order to comprehend and explain the quantitative results in the perspective of social practices (ECKERT, 2000). The records include 3 ethnographic interviews, as well as observations and notes recorded in community events.

碩士
國立東華大學
海洋生物多樣性及演化研究所
97
In this study, we describe inter-annual variation of larval release by two brooding reef corals, Pocillopora damicornis and Seriatopora hystrix in Southern Taiwan. Corals were collected from shallow locations in Nanwan Bay and maintained in outdoor, flow-through systems to quantify and record daily larval release. The mean lunar day representing the peak of larval release cycle was analyzed by circular statistics, and then regression between the mean lunar day and monthly mean seawater temperature was examined. P. damicornis and S. hystrix showed similar patterns of tight synchronization with respect to the lunar phase, but importantly, the phase of this synchronization shifted in a predictable pattern between seasons. In 2003, 2005 and 2008, the mean lunar day for larval release occurred around the full moon phase and spring tide in winter then shifted to the first quarter moon phase and neap tide in summer. The mean lunar day for larval release was significantly negatively regressed with mean seawater temperature. In Nanwan Bay, the tidally-induced upwelling and corresponding rapid and large temperature changes in spring tide provide the possible explanation why larval release timing shift to neap tide in summer. However, there was not a significant regression from lunar January to June in 2007. Notably, the mean lunar day ( 8.6- 9.6 ) of larval release in February and March was earlier in 2007 than those ( 11.5- 19.3 ) in previous years, and the mean monthly seawater temperature from November 2006 to February 2007 was significantly warmer ( 1.1- 2.8℃ ) than those during the winters of 2003 and 2005. The results suggest that higher seawater temperature may drive early larval release, possibly by reducing the development time of gametes and embryos. These results are important as they suggest that coral reproductive timing may be influenced by rising temperatures associated climate change.

碩士
國立高雄海洋科技大學
漁業生產與管理研究所
105
Seasonal variation of catch composition and the relationship between fishing condition and lunar phase of the gillnet fisheries were examined in this study for the coastal waters off Hsinchu, northwestern Taiwan, based on the related fishing data (including vessel name, tonnage, operating date, fishing gear, fishes and catches), sea surface water temperature and chlorophyll a concentration’s information from January to December 2015. The fishing activities of gillnet fisheries (including surface gillnets and bottom gillnets) in Hsinchu area were throughout the year, and its main fishing period was between October and March. The catches of the gillnet fisheries around the Hsinchu fishing ground was mostly from the surface gillnets, accounting for 85.58 percent. The migratory species coming with the China Coastal Water were the main catch of the gillnet fisheries, so that the fishing conditions was better during the period of low surface water temperature. A total of 137 species were recorded during the survey period, including 119 species of fish, 4 species of mollusk, 10 species of crab and 4 species of shrimps. The first 10 relatively important species were Mugil cephalus, Ilisha elongata, Johnius distinctus, Pennahia argentata, Sepia esculenta, Siganus fuscescens, Chrysochir aureus, Pomadasys kaakan, Aluterus monoceros, especially the M. cephalus catches accounted for 44.77% of the total catch. For the relationship between catch rate and lunar phase, the results showed that the catch rates of surface gillnet and bottom gillnet were not significantly affected by the lunar phase in this study.

Key life history traits such as age at maturity, longevity and mortality have all shown correlations with body size. However, the relationship between age and size is particularly important as growth rates (size per time) can have a profound influence on reproductive capabilities and survival. This is especially so in the context of trade-offs between traits, where fast growth may reduce survivability. One way to test trade-offs between life history traits such as growth, reproduction and survival is to examine phenotypic correlations between distinct populations. Life history attributes of populations have been shown to vary over large geographical ranges, in particular those involving a latitudinal or altitudinal gradient. Temperature is likely to be a particularly important factor influencing life histories at these scales, especially for those animals that rely on external sources for body heat. Numerous studies of terrestrial ectotherms have shown that at higher latitudes (or altitudes) body size is often larger than that of lower latitudes. Furthermore, life history theory predicts that at higher latitudes (lower temperatures) individuals should exhibit larger final body sizes but smaller size at age (i.e. slower growth). With slower growth there is likely to be a trend towards later maturation, but greater longevity. With later maturation (at larger sizes) reproductive effort is delayed, however there is the potential for greater fecundity (assuming fecundity increases with body size). However, these theoretical predictions were yet to be tested in coral reef fish. Therefore, the objective of this project was to examine age-based parameters in discrete populations of Thalassoma lunare, a widespread and opportunistic wrasse, to evaluate whether reef fish fit predictions of traditional life history theory. Addressing this question is fundamental to our understanding of reef fish populations, the dynamics of interactions and the diversity of coral reef fish. Thalassoma lunare is widely distributed, found along much of the East Australian coastline, surrounding Pacific Islands and Indian Ocean. Thalassoma lunare is found throughout both inshore, midshelf and outer shelf reefs on the Great Barrier Reef, temperate rocky reef systems and exposed, sheltered and lagoonal sites. Therefore, it was an ideal study organism to look at regional scales for the determination of life history trade-offs in coral reef fishes. The broad aims of this project, therefore, were to 1) describe the age-based biology of T. lunare, and 2) determine whether life history trade-offs exist between growth, reproduction and longevity in this species by comparing populations along a latitudinal gradient within two oceanic basins. Specifically, the variables to be studied were size at age, lifetime growth trajectories, initial growth rates, age and size at maturity, age and size specific sex distributions, mortality and life span. To describe the age-based biology of T. lunare, samples were collected at temporal intervals for a period of two years from the Palm Group of islands, including Pelorus and Orpheus Islands. Age estimates were determined from otolith samples and reproductive parameters were gathered from both macroscopic and histological techniques. To determine whether life history trade-offs exist, geographically separate populations along two latitudinal gradients were examined, one each in the Indian and Pacific Basins, ranging from 4oS to 32oS. Otolith samples for age estimation and gonads for reproductive variables were collected in the East Indian Ocean from Scott Reef (14oS), Tantabiddi, Ningaloo Reef North (22oS), Coral Bay, Ningaloo Reef South (23oS), Beacon Island, the Houtman Abrolhos Islands (29oS) and Rottnest Island (32oS). In the West Pacific Basin samples were collected from Kimbe Bay, Papua New Guinea (PNG; 5oS), Roviana Lagoon, Solomon Islands (8oS), Lizard Island (14oS), the Palm Group of islands (19oS), One tree Island (23oS) and Cabbage Tree Island, Port Stephens (32oS). In addition, two exposed outer shelf reefs were sampled along this latitudinal gradient to account for habitat variation, one at 14oS (approximately 30km east of Lizard Island) and the other at 23oS (exposed outer shelf reef surrounding the One Tree Island Lagoon). Coral reef fish have been shown to exhibit variation in life history traits due to habitat variation. This can be caused by environmental differences in biotic factors such as predation or competition or abiotic factors such as wave action or habitat structure. Therefore, it was imperative that local scale variation (habitat) in life history parameters was examined in conjunction with the large geographic scale study. A gradient of increasing size, survivability and longevity and decreasing mortality was expected from exposed habitats through sheltered to lagoonal habitats. Therefore, three regional sites were chosen along the latitudinal gradients, two located within the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) and one in the Indian Ocean for the examination of local scale life history differences. These included the Lizard Island Region and the Palm Group of Islands within the GBR and Scott Reef in the Indian Ocean. At Lizard Island, 3 habitat types were identified, exposed reef, sheltered reefs and a lagoon. The Palm Group of islands consisted of 4 sheltered locations and Scott Reef consisted of an outer exposed reef habitat, and two sheltered habitats, an inner reef and the leeward side of a sandy cay. Otolith increments in T. lunare were found to be yearly in formation with no evidence of fish living beyond that of 7 years of age. The plot of size against age showed similar patterns of initial rapid increases followed by a tapering growth trajectory similar to those of other labroid fishes. Whilst mature females were evident in the population at the age and size of 1 year and 70mm Standard Length (SL) respectively, 50% maturity did not occur for females until approximately 2 years of age and 90mm SL. Furthermore, no females were found beyond 5 years of age and 130mm SL, whilst males were only evident in the population after 2 years of age and 90mm SL. This is typical of a protogynous hermaphrodite, where individuals change sex from females to males. Whilst no running ripe gonads were found in the winter months, they were found in April, October and November. In addition, spawning aggregations were observed in July and ripe gonads were found in August. It appears, therefore, that spawning events may occur throughout the year at the Palm Group of islands. Variations in age-based parameters of T. lunare populations across latitudinal gradients throughout the West Pacific Basin and East Indian Ocean were in stark contrast to the predictions. The expected gradient of increasing size and longevity and decreasing mortality was not always observed from lower to higher latitudes. Instead, reef exposure played a significant role in shaping life history parameters of these coral reef fish populations. Gradients from exposed reefs through to sheltered reefs were more likely to cause an increase in size and longevity and a decrease in initial growth rates and mortality. A general pattern of increasing longevity with increasing latitude was evident in the Indian Ocean but not in the Pacific Basin. Mean 20% longevity estimates from regions in the Indian Ocean were highest at Rottnest Is and the Abrolhos Is, in the south, being significantly greater than those estimates from Ningaloo South and Scott Reef. In the Pacific Basin, mean 20% longevity estimates followed a habitat cline more so than a latitudinal one. With the exception of One Tree Island Outer Reef, which exhibited large variation due to small sample sizes, the majority of regions with high estimates of longevity were those with relatively sheltered environments, such as the One Tree Island Lagoon and the inshore Palm Group. Growth at all regions showed similar patterns of initial rapid increases followed by a tapering growth trajectory as those found at the Palm Group of islands. However, both the Indian Ocean and Pacific Basins exhibited little evidence of predicted latitudinal gradients in growth trajectories. There was no evidence of differences in growth parameters between PNG and Port Stephens, two regions separated by the greatest distance. In addition, the Outer Shelf Reef at Lizard Island and the One Tree Island Outer Reef were similar to these two regions, indicative of a habitat difference rather than a large latitudinal gradient. Instantaneous growth rates revealed patterns inconsistent with the theory that higher latitudes (colder waters; 18–25oC) would exhibit slower initial growth rates compared with lower latitudes (warmer waters; 26–31oC). In both oceanic basins the slowest rates were found in the mid-latitudinal regions. Additionally, mortality estimates were also highest at the mid-latitudinal regions. In general, female fish were mature by 1 year of age, and few mature females remained in the population beyond 4 years of age, with the majority of regions exhibiting substantial numbers of males in the 2-year-old age class. Maturity ogives for the regions in the Indian Ocean show that 50% female maturity was at the lowest ages for the midlatitudinal regions and highest for the most southern region sampled. One Tree Island Outer Reef and Port Stephens, in the Pacific Basin revealed the lowest age at which 50% female maturity occurred, whilst the highest value occurred at the Palm Group. There was little evidence of a latitudinal pattern regarding sex change in the Indian Ocean; however, a pattern was evident in the Pacific. Populations at the PNG and Solomon Is regions showed the earliest age at sex change, whilst the population at Port Stephens showed a later age of 50% sex change. In general, 50% female maturity occurred at approximately 40% of a population’s maximum size and 10 to 20% of a population’s maximum age, whilst 50% sex change occurred at approximately 70% of a population’s maximum size and 30 to 50% of a population’s maximum age. For most populations, size and age at maturity was generally related to their final body size and size and age at sex change was generally related to size and age at maturity. However, in areas of relatively high densities, e.g. Ningaloo South, OTI lagoon, Solomon Is and PNG, there appeared to be a significantly shorter period between the age at which 50% female maturity occurred and the age at which 50% sex change occurred. There was significant variation in age-based demographic parameters between habitats, within regions. However, this variation was often not consistent with the predictions that a gradient would exist from the exposed through sheltered to lagoonal habitats of increasing size and age and reduced estimates of mortality, as observed habitat parameters differed between regions. Longevity estimates between habitats, within regions, were only evident at the Palm Group and Scott Reef regions. This is surprising, as these two regions were less heterogeneous in exposure compared with the surrounding habitats of Lizard Island. However, growth trajectories exhibited differences between sheltered and exposed locations of Lizard Island with little difference found between habitats within the other two regions. Mortality, whilst fitting predictions at one region, was generally not consistent between regions. Differences in mortality estimates were only evident between the exposed and sheltered reefs of Lizard Island. Whilst a gradient of slower growth, later maturation, larger final body sizes and increasing longevities have been shown to exist in terrestrial ectotherms, for coral reef fish this may not always be the case. Age-based parameters of T. lunare appear to be more susceptible to habitat variation than large regional scales and/or large temperature differences. Therefore, exposed outer reef habitats are more likely to impose smaller final body sizes, potentially reduced longevities and increased mortality in contrast to the more sheltered inshore environments. Further work is now necessary to determine the biotic and abiotic factors that affect populations of coral reef fish across these habitat scales, especially traits such as age at maturity, longevity and mortality. Additionally, research is needed to link these life history attributes with phylogenetic information. Finally, modelling the extent to which phenotypic flexibility exists amongst traits between genetically similar populations will increase our understanding of evolved strategies to account for habitat heterogeneity.

Key life history traits such as age at maturity, longevity and mortality have all shown correlations with body size. However, the relationship between age and size is particularly important as growth rates (size per time) can have a profound influence on reproductive capabilities and survival. This is especially so in the context of trade-offs between traits, where fast growth may reduce survivability. One way to test trade-offs between life history traits such as growth, reproduction and survival is to examine phenotypic correlations between distinct populations. Life history attributes of populations have been shown to vary over large geographical ranges, in particular those involving a latitudinal or altitudinal gradient. Temperature is likely to be a particularly important factor influencing life histories at these scales, especially for those animals that rely on external sources for body heat. Numerous studies of terrestrial ectotherms have shown that at higher latitudes (or altitudes) body size is often larger than that of lower latitudes. Furthermore, life history theory predicts that at higher latitudes (lower temperatures) individuals should exhibit larger final body sizes but smaller size at age (i.e. slower growth). With slower growth there is likely to be a trend towards later maturation, but greater longevity. With later maturation (at larger sizes) reproductive effort is delayed, however there is the potential for greater fecundity (assuming fecundity increases with body size). However, these theoretical predictions were yet to be tested in coral reef fish. Therefore, the objective of this project was to examine age-based parameters in discrete populations of Thalassoma lunare, a widespread and opportunistic wrasse, to evaluate whether reef fish fit predictions of traditional life history theory. Addressing this question is fundamental to our understanding of reef fish populations, the dynamics of interactions and the diversity of coral reef fish. Thalassoma lunare is widely distributed, found along much of the East Australian coastline, surrounding Pacific Islands and Indian Ocean. Thalassoma lunare is found throughout both inshore, midshelf and outer shelf reefs on the Great Barrier Reef, temperate rocky reef systems and exposed, sheltered and lagoonal sites. Therefore, it was an ideal study organism to look at regional scales for the determination of life history trade-offs in coral reef fishes. The broad aims of this project, therefore, were to 1) describe the age-based biology of T. lunare, and 2) determine whether life history trade-offs exist between growth, reproduction and longevity in this species by comparing populations along a latitudinal gradient within two oceanic basins. Specifically, the variables to be studied were size at age, lifetime growth trajectories, initial growth rates, age and size at maturity, age and size specific sex distributions, mortality and life span. To describe the age-based biology of T. lunare, samples were collected at temporal intervals for a period of two years from the Palm Group of islands, including Pelorus and Orpheus Islands. Age estimates were determined from otolith samples and reproductive parameters were gathered from both macroscopic and histological techniques. To determine whether life history trade-offs exist, geographically separate populations along two latitudinal gradients were examined, one each in the Indian and Pacific Basins, ranging from 4oS to 32oS. Otolith samples for age estimation and gonads for reproductive variables were collected in the East Indian Ocean from Scott Reef (14oS), Tantabiddi, Ningaloo Reef North (22oS), Coral Bay, Ningaloo Reef South (23oS), Beacon Island, the Houtman Abrolhos Islands (29oS) and Rottnest Island (32oS). In the West Pacific Basin samples were collected from Kimbe Bay, Papua New Guinea (PNG; 5oS), Roviana Lagoon, Solomon Islands (8oS), Lizard Island (14oS), the Palm Group of islands (19oS), One tree Island (23oS) and Cabbage Tree Island, Port Stephens (32oS). In addition, two exposed outer shelf reefs were sampled along this latitudinal gradient to account for habitat variation, one at 14oS (approximately 30km east of Lizard Island) and the other at 23oS (exposed outer shelf reef surrounding the One Tree Island Lagoon). Coral reef fish have been shown to exhibit variation in life history traits due to habitat variation. This can be caused by environmental differences in biotic factors such as predation or competition or abiotic factors such as wave action or habitat structure. Therefore, it was imperative that local scale variation (habitat) in life history parameters was examined in conjunction with the large geographic scale study. A gradient of increasing size, survivability and longevity and decreasing mortality was expected from exposed habitats through sheltered to lagoonal habitats. Therefore, three regional sites were chosen along the latitudinal gradients, two located within the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) and one in the Indian Ocean for the examination of local scale life history differences. These included the Lizard Island Region and the Palm Group of Islands within the GBR and Scott Reef in the Indian Ocean. At Lizard Island, 3 habitat types were identified, exposed reef, sheltered reefs and a lagoon. The Palm Group of islands consisted of 4 sheltered locations and Scott Reef consisted of an outer exposed reef habitat, and two sheltered habitats, an inner reef and the leeward side of a sandy cay. Otolith increments in T. lunare were found to be yearly in formation with no evidence of fish living beyond that of 7 years of age. The plot of size against age showed similar patterns of initial rapid increases followed by a tapering growth trajectory similar to those of other labroid fishes. Whilst mature females were evident in the population at the age and size of 1 year and 70mm Standard Length (SL) respectively, 50% maturity did not occur for females until approximately 2 years of age and 90mm SL. Furthermore, no females were found beyond 5 years of age and 130mm SL, whilst males were only evident in the population after 2 years of age and 90mm SL. This is typical of a protogynous hermaphrodite, where individuals change sex from females to males. Whilst no running ripe gonads were found in the winter months, they were found in April, October and November. In addition, spawning aggregations were observed in July and ripe gonads were found in August. It appears, therefore, that spawning events may occur throughout the year at the Palm Group of islands. Variations in age-based parameters of T. lunare populations across latitudinal gradients throughout the West Pacific Basin and East Indian Ocean were in stark contrast to the predictions. The expected gradient of increasing size and longevity and decreasing mortality was not always observed from lower to higher latitudes. Instead, reef exposure played a significant role in shaping life history parameters of these coral reef fish populations. Gradients from exposed reefs through to sheltered reefs were more likely to cause an increase in size and longevity and a decrease in initial growth rates and mortality. A general pattern of increasing longevity with increasing latitude was evident in the Indian Ocean but not in the Pacific Basin. Mean 20% longevity estimates from regions in the Indian Ocean were highest at Rottnest Is and the Abrolhos Is, in the south, being significantly greater than those estimates from Ningaloo South and Scott Reef. In the Pacific Basin, mean 20% longevity estimates followed a habitat cline more so than a latitudinal one. With the exception of One Tree Island Outer Reef, which exhibited large variation due to small sample sizes, the majority of regions with high estimates of longevity were those with relatively sheltered environments, such as the One Tree Island Lagoon and the inshore Palm Group. Growth at all regions showed similar patterns of initial rapid increases followed by a tapering growth trajectory as those found at the Palm Group of islands. However, both the Indian Ocean and Pacific Basins exhibited little evidence of predicted latitudinal gradients in growth trajectories. There was no evidence of differences in growth parameters between PNG and Port Stephens, two regions separated by the greatest distance. In addition, the Outer Shelf Reef at Lizard Island and the One Tree Island Outer Reef were similar to these two regions, indicative of a habitat difference rather than a large latitudinal gradient. Instantaneous growth rates revealed patterns inconsistent with the theory that higher latitudes (colder waters; 18–25oC) would exhibit slower initial growth rates compared with lower latitudes (warmer waters; 26–31oC). In both oceanic basins the slowest rates were found in the mid-latitudinal regions. Additionally, mortality estimates were also highest at the mid-latitudinal regions. In general, female fish were mature by 1 year of age, and few mature females remained in the population beyond 4 years of age, with the majority of regions exhibiting substantial numbers of males in the 2-year-old age class. Maturity ogives for the regions in the Indian Ocean show that 50% female maturity was at the lowest ages for the midlatitudinal regions and highest for the most southern region sampled. One Tree Island Outer Reef and Port Stephens, in the Pacific Basin revealed the lowest age at which 50% female maturity occurred, whilst the highest value occurred at the Palm Group. There was little evidence of a latitudinal pattern regarding sex change in the Indian Ocean; however, a pattern was evident in the Pacific. Populations at the PNG and Solomon Is regions showed the earliest age at sex change, whilst the population at Port Stephens showed a later age of 50% sex change. In general, 50% female maturity occurred at approximately 40% of a population’s maximum size and 10 to 20% of a population’s maximum age, whilst 50% sex change occurred at approximately 70% of a population’s maximum size and 30 to 50% of a population’s maximum age. For most populations, size and age at maturity was generally related to their final body size and size and age at sex change was generally related to size and age at maturity. However, in areas of relatively high densities, e.g. Ningaloo South, OTI lagoon, Solomon Is and PNG, there appeared to be a significantly shorter period between the age at which 50% female maturity occurred and the age at which 50% sex change occurred. There was significant variation in age-based demographic parameters between habitats, within regions. However, this variation was often not consistent with the predictions that a gradient would exist from the exposed through sheltered to lagoonal habitats of increasing size and age and reduced estimates of mortality, as observed habitat parameters differed between regions. Longevity estimates between habitats, within regions, were only evident at the Palm Group and Scott Reef regions. This is surprising, as these two regions were less heterogeneous in exposure compared with the surrounding habitats of Lizard Island. However, growth trajectories exhibited differences between sheltered and exposed locations of Lizard Island with little difference found between habitats within the other two regions. Mortality, whilst fitting predictions at one region, was generally not consistent between regions. Differences in mortality estimates were only evident between the exposed and sheltered reefs of Lizard Island. Whilst a gradient of slower growth, later maturation, larger final body sizes and increasing longevities have been shown to exist in terrestrial ectotherms, for coral reef fish this may not always be the case. Age-based parameters of T. lunare appear to be more susceptible to habitat variation than large regional scales and/or large temperature differences. Therefore, exposed outer reef habitats are more likely to impose smaller final body sizes, potentially reduced longevities and increased mortality in contrast to the more sheltered inshore environments. Further work is now necessary to determine the biotic and abiotic factors that affect populations of coral reef fish across these habitat scales, especially traits such as age at maturity, longevity and mortality. Additionally, research is needed to link these life history attributes with phylogenetic information. Finally, modelling the extent to which phenotypic flexibility exists amongst traits between genetically similar populations will increase our understanding of evolved strategies to account for habitat heterogeneity.

Abstract Ever guided by the spirit of experimentation, between 1919 and 1929 Borges published a number of varied prose collaborations and more than one hundred poems, many of which were collected in his first three books of poetry: Fervor de Buenos Aires, Luna de enfrente, and Cuaderno San Martín. Yet critics are frequently in the habit of reading Borges’s poetic works published between 1919 and 1929 as a unified whole, often explicating texts from 1921 with ideas published in essays in 1926 or juxtaposing verses from 1922 and 1929 to support a hypothesis, when change was perhaps the most constant aspect of this period. This chapter offers an excursion through some of the ceaseless variations found among the texts published during those ten years, taking into account how they were received at the time and the kinds of dialogues they sought to engage in in their present.

Oxygen is the most important element in common, rock-forming minerals. Earth’s crust and mantle contain about 44 wt. % oxygen, and even with its dense iron core, the bulk Earth is estimated to be approximately 30% oxygen. Considering the low mass and large size of the oxygen atom, the oxygen content is even higher if expressed in terms of vol. % or mol. %. For the above reason, a central problem of stable isotope geochemistry is to explain the distribution of oxygen isotope ratios in rocks. As shown in this chapter, much of the diversity in the abundance ratios is related to interactions of rocks with Earth’s extensive hydrosphere, which is nearly 89 wt. % oxygen. Even though hydrogen is only a minor element in rocks, some discussion of hydrogen isotopes is included here because they provide powerful complementary relationships to evaluate fluid-rock interactions. It has been suspected for centuries, and has now been proven by oxygen isotope data (see later), that Earth and the Moon have very similar origins. In particular, the δ18O values of large rock reservoirs on the Moon and Earth are practically identical. Diverse lunar lithologies have remarkably uniform values ranging only from +5.4 to +6.8 relative to SMOW, with the subset of lunar igneous rocks showing even less variation at +5.7 ± 0.2 (Epstein and Taylor, 1971; Taylor and Epstein, 1973). The same limited range of values is found for the largest lithologic reservoirs on Earth. For example, mid-ocean ridge (MOR) basalts are the most abundant igneous rock type on Earth, and cover practically the entire ocean floor. The δ18O values of these basalts are practically uniform at +5.7 ± 0.5 (Kyser, 1986). Similarly, other mafic lavas, as well as peridotites, pyroxenites, and practically all other mantle materials with the exception of the ophiolites and eclogites, have δ18O values in the restricted range of +5.0 to +8.0. Moreover, no apparent secular trend over geologic time has been found in the bulk δ18O values of these reservoirs. For these reasons, it is likely that the bulk δ18O values of Earth and the Moon are identical and very close to +5.7 ± 0.2.

Abstract This paper explores the use of acoustic-based structural health monitoring (SHM) in lunar habitats to detect damage and failure in pipelines used for resource transportation. Acoustic-based SHM on Earth is a well-studied field of research. Various studies validate the effectiveness of acoustic-based SHM to detect, locate, and characterize damage in pipelines. Relevant literature shows that little to no research has been conducted on SHM regarding simulated lunar pipelines. In this paper, acoustic emission (AE) waveforms were collected and analyzed for aluminum pipe sections that were damaged from three separately simulated lunar conditions. Experiments simulating lunar regolith abrasion, internal galvanic corrosion, and irradiation were conducted on aluminum pipes. Pipes on the lunar surface will be constantly exposed to radiation, abrasion, and corrosion. As such, it is important to detect, localize, and predict damage resulting from these lunar hazards. The waveform data were clustered based on hit-driven properties. These clusters showed distinct differences between the datasets, which allowed for comparison and characterization of the data. It was found that variations in cluster shape and placement in peak, centroid, and average frequency could reliably distinguish between corrosive and abrasive processes. Understanding the differences in the data that contribute to distinctions between event types, and those that do not, will enable AE monitoring systems to better identify, characterize, and predict lunar pipeline failure.

Satellite laser ranging (SLR) to an artificial satellite equipped with a passive retroreflector array was first demonstrated by the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center in 1964. Over the past three decades, the range precision has improved by roughly three orders of magnitude - from a few meters to a few millimeters - and over 50 satellites have been tracked by laser. Today, an international network of over 40 stations routinely track a constellation of over 20 artificial satellites and the Moon in support of a wide range of applications. Science applications include a a geocentric global reference frame accurate to a centimeter, the monitoring of tectonic plate motion, regional crustal deformation near plate boundaries, the static and time varying components of the Earth’s gravity field, motion of the Earth’s spin axis, variations in the Earth rotation rate (Length of Day), surface topography (oceans, land, and ice), monitoring of large mass movements within the atmosphere and oceans and providing constraints to global circulation models, lunar physics, general relativity, and the measurement of fundamental physical constants. Engineering applications include precise orbit prediction, the measurement of nonconservative forces in space, subnanosecond global time transfer between atomic clocks and the calibration and testing of groundbased microwave radars as well as new spacebased navigation systems such as the Global Positioning System (GPS).

Selective Laser Melting (SLM) is a powder based Additive manufacturing (AM) technology which builds an object layer wise using a laser beam to melt the powder on an elevated platform. Thus far numerous studies have investigated lunar manufacturing methods and construction but little is known about applicability of SLM of lunar regolith. As most lunar construction proposals require transportation of essential materials from Earth, using an in-situ manufacturing method with indigenous material would be considerably more economical. Fabrication of parts with SLM using various metals and ceramics has already been presented. As such, the feasibility of using lunar regolith mixture to create functional parts with SLM process is investigated. Variation of process parameters such as laser power, scan speed, and scan strategies is investigated and multiple 3D objects are successfully created and presented.