Journal articles: 'Lunar habitats'

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Benaroya, Haym. "The evolution of lunar habitat concepts." International Journal of Space Structures 37, no. 3 (September 2022): 187–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09560599221119103.

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A tremendous effort has been expended to understand the lunar environment for scientific purposes as well as for the eventual drive to settle and create an extension of human civilization on the Moon and then Mars. We summarize these environmental challenges and identify two designs that are representative of current thinking for first- and second-generation lunar habitats. Interestingly, the basic habitat structural options have not fundamentally changed over the last half century, even though technical advances have occurred as has our understanding of the lunar environment. As such, the potential quality of the conceived habitats has improved without much change in their appearances. This paper is only meant to provide an overview of the subject and is not representative of the literature, which numbers in the tens of thousands of documents. The citations herein are a door to a subset of those vast references.

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Nagem, Raymond, Ranko Bon, Guido Sandri, and Mary‐Kate Weaver. "Pneumatic structures for Lunar and Martian habitats." Building Research & Information 19, no. 1 (January 1991): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09613219108727092.

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Benaroya, Haym. "Lunar habitats: A brief overview of issues and concepts." REACH 7-8 (December 2017): 14–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reach.2018.08.002.

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Rojdev, Kristina, Mary Jane E. O’Rourke, Charles Hill, Steven Nutt, and William Atwell. "Radiation effects on composites for long-duration lunar habitats." Journal of Composite Materials 48, no. 7 (April 3, 2013): 861–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998313479416.

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Heinicke, C., and M. Arnhof. "A review of existing analog habitats and lessons for future lunar and Martian habitats." REACH 21-22 (March 2021): 100038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reach.2021.100038.

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Sokołowska, Joanna J., Piotr Woyciechowski, and Maciej Kalinowski. "Rheological Properties of Lunar Mortars." Applied Sciences 11, no. 15 (July 28, 2021): 6961. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11156961.

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NASA has revealed that they plan to resume manned missions and ensure the permanent presence of people in the so-called habitats on the Moon by 2024. Moon habitats are expected to be built using local resources—it is planned to use lunar regolith as aggregate in lunar concrete. Lunar concrete design requires a new approach in terms of both the production technology and the operating conditions significantly different from the Earth. Considering that more and more often it is assumed that the water present on the Moon in the form of ice might be used to maintain the base, but also to construct the base structure, the authors decided to investigate slightly more traditional composites than the recently promoted sulfur and polymer composites thermally hardened and cured. Numerous compositions of cement “lunar micro-mortars” and “lunar mortars” were made and tested to study rheological properties, namely, the consistency, which largely depend on the morphology of the fine-grained filler, i.e., regolith. For obvious reasons, the lunar regolith simulant (LRS) was used in place of the original Moon regolith. The used LRS mapped the grain size distribution and morphology of the real lunar regolith. It was created for the purpose of studying the erosive effect of dusty regolith fractions on the moving parts of lunar landers and other mechanical equipment; therefore, it simulated well the behavior of regolith particles in relation to cement paste. The obtained results made it possible to develop preliminary compositions for “lunar mortars” (possible to apply in, e.g., 3D concrete printing) and to prepare, test, and evaluate mortar properties in comparison to traditional quartz mortars (under the conditions of the Earth laboratory).

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Bell, Scott, David Kortenkamp, and Jack Zaientz. "Data Abstraction Architecture for Monitoring and Control of Lunar Habitats." SAE International Journal of Aerospace 4, no. 1 (July 12, 2009): 368–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2009-01-2465.

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Juračka, David, Jacek Katzer, Janusz Kobaka, Izabela Świca, and Karol Seweryn. "Concept of a 3D-Printed Voronoi Egg-Shaped Habitat for Permanent Lunar Outpost." Applied Sciences 13, no. 2 (January 15, 2023): 1153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13021153.

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The article presents a concept of a lunar base that would take advantage of the natural shape of an egg. Several versions of egg-shaped habitat structures characterized by different sizes are presented. Possible locations of habitats both on lunar surface and in craters were discussed. Advantages and disadvantages of particular locations were also pointed out. The proposed in the paper concept of an egg-shaped structure is characterised by a spatial character based on Voronoi diagram and would be implemented using a 3D-printed method. The presented 3D-printed structure was designed to be light and suitable to be covered by lunar soil. As a necessity in the developed concept, in situ resources utilization was addressed in order to generate products using local sources to reduce the number of materials that would be required to be transported from Earth. At the end of the paper, future areas of research and tests are highlighted.

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Heinicke, C., and B. Foing. "Human habitats: prospects for infrastructure supporting astronomy from the Moon." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 379, no. 2188 (November 23, 2020): 20190568. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.0568.

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There is strong interest in lunar exploration from governmental space agencies, private companies and the public. NASA is about to send humans to the lunar surface again within the next few years, and ESA has proposed the concept of the Moon Village, with the goal of a sustainable human presence and activity on the lunar surface. Although construction of the infrastructure for this permanent human settlement is envisaged for the end of this decade by many, there is no definite mission plan yet. While this may be unsatisfactory for the impatient, this fact actually carries great potential: this is the optimal time to develop a forward-looking science input and influence mission planning. Based on data from recent missions (SMART-1, Kaguya, Chang’E, Chandrayaan-1 and LRO) as well as simulation campaigns (e.g. ILEWG EuroMoonMars), we provide initial input on how astronomy could be incorporated into a future Moon Village, and how the presence of humans (and robots) on the Moon could help deploy and maintain astronomical hardware. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Astronomy from the Moon: the next decades’.

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Jones, Scott B., Bruce Bugbee, Robert Heinse, Dani Or, and Gail E. Bingham. "Porous Plant Growth Media Design Considerations for Lunar and Martian Habitats." SAE International Journal of Aerospace 4, no. 1 (July 12, 2009): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2009-01-2361.

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Damięcka-Suchocka, Marzena, and Jacek Katzer. "Terrestrial Laser Scanning of Lunar Soil Simulants." Materials 15, no. 24 (December 8, 2022): 8773. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15248773.

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In the near future, permanent human settlements on the Moon will become increasingly realistic. It is very likely that the Moon will serve as a transit point for deep space exploration (e.g., to Mars). The key to human presence on the Moon is the ability to erect the necessary structures and habitats using locally available materials, such as lunar soil. This study explores the feasibility of using terrestrial laser scanning technology as a measurement method for civil engineering applications on the Moon. Three lunar soil simulants representing highland regions (LHS-1, AGK-2010, CHENOBI) and three lunar soil simulants representing mare regions (LMS-1, JSC-1A, OPRL2N) were used in this study. Measurements were performed using three terrestrial laser scanners (Z+F IMAGER 5016, FARO Focus3D, and Leica ScanStation C10). The research programme focused on the radiometric analysis of datasets from the measurement of lunar soil simulants. The advantages and limitations of terrestrial laser scanning technology for possible lunar applications are discussed. Modifications of terrestrial laser scanners that are necessary to enable their use on the Moon are suggested.

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Johnson, Stewart W., and Koon Meng Chua. "Properties and Mechanics of the Lunar Regolith." Applied Mechanics Reviews 46, no. 6 (June 1, 1993): 285–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3120358.

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Knowledge of the lunar regolith is essential to success in lunar missions whether crewed or robotic. The regolith is the loose material overlying more intact strata on the Moon. It varies in thickness from several meters on the maria or lunar seas to many meters on the highlands of the Moon. The regolith is the material humans walked and drove on from 1969 to 1972. In the future, people will use it for radiation protection and as a resource for recovery of oxygen, silicon, iron, aluminum, and titanium. Implanted in the regolith by the solar wind are recoverable amounts of volatiles such as hydrogen and helium. Increasing our knowledge of the mechanical properties of the regolith will enable constructors of the 21st Century to build habitats, do mining, establish manufacturing, and erect telescopes on the Moon. We already know much of the regolith from robotic and astronaut missions to the Moon. There is much more to be learned.

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Schonberg, W. P., F. Schäfer, and R. Putzar. "Some Comments on the Protection of Lunar Habitats against Damage from Meteoroid Impacts." Journal of Aerospace Engineering 23, no. 1 (January 2010): 90–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0893-1321(2010)23:1(90).

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Hong, Yihong, Wenjuan Yao, and Yan Xu. "Structural Design and Impact Analysis of Deployable Habitat Modules." International Journal of Aerospace Engineering 2018 (November 4, 2018): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3252104.

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Space-deployable habitat modules provide artificial habitable environments for astronauts and will be widely used for the construction of future space stations and lunar habitats. A novel structural design concept of space-deployable habitat modules consisting of flexible composite shells and deployable trusses has been proposed. Geometric relationships of deployable trusses based on two types of scissor elements were formulated. Flexible composite shells of space habitat modules were designed, and a nonlinear FEA model using ANSYS software was described. Considering folding efficiencies, stiffness, and strength of the structures, the influences of design parameters were analyzed and the final design scheme of space-deployable habitat modules was determined. After detailing the structural designs, low-speed impact dynamic responses between the structures and a stainless steel cylinder were simulated. The analysis results show that dynamic responses are only significant at the point of low-speed impact. The works will provide technical supports for structural designs and engineering applications of space-deployable habitat modules.

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Ignjatović Stupar, Danijela, Grégoire Robert Chabrol, Abdoul Razak Ibrahim Baraze, Sylvain Lecler, Alexandre Tessier, Cutard Thierry, and Jocelyne Brendle. "Feasibility of additive manufacturing processes for lunar soil simulants." Advanced Technologies & Materials 47, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.24867/atm-2022-1-007.

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Combination of In-situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) and on-site Additive Manufacturing (AM) is one of the “outer space applied technologies” candidates where free shape fabrication from micro (e.g., tools) to mega scale (e.g. lunar habitats) will allow in coming future to settle the Moon or potentially other celestial bodies. Within this research, Selected Laser Melting (SLM) of lunar soil (regolith) simulants (LHS-1 LMS-1 and JSC-2A) using a continuous wave 100 W 1090 nm fiber laser was applied. The resulting samples were mechanically and optically characterized. A numerical multiphysics model was developed to understand the heat transfer and optimize the SLM process. Results obtained are in good agreement with the numerical model. The physical and chemical characteristics of the various materials (granulometry, density, composition, and thermal properties) have a strong impact on the AM parameters.

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Akisheva, Yulia, and Yves Gourinat. "Utilisation of Moon Regolith for Radiation Protection and Thermal Insulation in Permanent Lunar Habitats." Applied Sciences 11, no. 9 (April 24, 2021): 3853. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11093853.

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In the context of a sustainable long-term human presence on the Moon, solutions for habitat radiation and thermal protection with regolith are investigated. Regolith compression is studied to choose the optimal density-thickness combination in terms of radiation shielding and thermal insulation. The applied strategy is to protect the whole habitat from the hazards of galactic cosmic rays and design a dedicated shelter area for protection during solar particle events, which eventually may be a lava tube. Simulations using NASA’s OLTARIS tool show that the effective dose equivalent decreases significantly when a multilayer structure mainly constituted of regolith and other available materials is used instead of pure regolith. The computerised anatomical female model is considered here because future missions will be mixed crews, and, generally, more sex-specific data are required in the field of radiation protection and human spaceflight. This study shows that if reasonably achievable radioprotection conditions are met, mixed crews can stay safely on the lunar surface. Compressed regolith demonstrates a significant efficiency in thermal insulation, requiring little energy management to keep a comfortable temperature inside the habitat. For a more complete picture of the outpost, the radiation protection of lunar rovers and extravehicular mobility units is considered.

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Dominguez, J. A., and J. Whitlow. "Marangoni effect and its potential utilization in supporting lunar habitats and other extraterrestrial endeavors." Advances in Space Research 69, no. 5 (March 2022): 2259–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2021.12.023.

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VOROBIOV, V. V., and O. S. SHYLO. "A TYPOLOGY OF APPROACHES OF SPACE ARCHITECTURE FOR LUNA SETTLEMENTS." Ukrainian Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture, no. 6 (February 20, 2022): 30–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.30838/j.bpsacea.2312.281221.30.812.

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Problem statement. Humanity is inching closer to the technical possibility of establishing outer space settlements on the Moon. The space club nations have joined their potential or move ahead with their own space exploration efforts to work on outer space projects of Luna habitats. The new Moon Race has begun with its first stage of architectural design played out on Earth. The Internet resources and research publications in printed journals suggest different approaches to lunar settlement designs, which can be explained by extreme surface conditions and configurations of the Moon, as well as various goals and objectives set by the states seeking to gain a foothold on our nearest neighbor in space. In cooperation with other nations, Ukraine participates in the exploration of the Moon. However, the global expert comunity has not yet come up with clear and unambiguous concepts of the typology of the organizational architecture for lunar settlements. The purpose of this article is to give insight into the typology of objective timeless approaches to the architectural organization of lunar settlements. Conclusions. Colonisation of other planets, as an immediate objective of the humankind, will begin with the exploration of the Moon, where various adaptation methods could be developed relevant to the conditions of other worlds. Nevetherless, there are some common objective factors affecting the settlements of pioneers from Earth. Thus, the need for identifying and systematising an objective typology of approaches to the architectural organization of lunar settlements as a condition for the subsequent colonisation of more distant planets has become important.

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van Strien, A. J., J. J. A. Dekker, M. Straver, T. van der Meij, L. L. Soldaat, A. Ehrenburg, and E. van Loon. "Occupancy dynamics of wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in the coastal dunes of the Netherlands with imperfect detection." Wildlife Research 38, no. 8 (2011): 717. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr11050.

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Context Wild rabbits are considered a key species in the coastal dunes of the Netherlands, but populations have collapsed as a result of viral diseases. Aim We studied to what extent population collapse led to local extinction and whether recolonisation of empty patches in the dunes happened. Methods We investigated occupancy dynamics using data of 245 transects where rabbits were surveyed in 1984–2009. Dynamic site-occupancy models were used to analyse the data. These models adjust for imperfect detection to avoid bias in occupancy-trend estimation. Key results The decline of the rabbit population has resulted in many local extinctions, especially in woodland and in the northern part of the coastal dunes. Most transects along grassland and mixed vegetation have recently been reoccupied. The recovery of woodland occupancy is slow, probably not because of limited dispersal capacity of rabbits, but because the quality of woodland habitats is poor. Detection probability of rabbits varied considerably over the years and among habitat types, indicating the necessity of taking detection into account. Rabbits were slightly better detected when it was cloudy, windy and rainy and when lunar phase approached new moon. Conclusion Extinction and recolonisation of habitat patches varied considerably among habitat types. Implications The current slow recolonisation hampers the recovery of rabbit populations in woodland habitats in the Dutch coastal dunes. Furthermore, monitoring rabbit occupancy should take imperfect detection into account to avoid biased results.

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Bouriat, Simon, Matej Poliaček, and Jacob Smith. "Overview of Activities: ARES-III and LEARN Analog Missions in the LunAres Hab." Space: Science & Technology 2022 (August 3, 2022): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2022/9763959.

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Progress is being made on human Lunar and Martian missions by space agencies and private organisations around the world, with the aims of establishing reliable long-duration architectures. Complementing this, research is being carried out under controlled and isolated conditions within simulated space habitats, to gain insights into the effects of such conditions on the research subjects and their impacts on crews’ wellbeing and success. This paper provides an overview of the experiments conducted during two separate 15-day missions—one Martian and one Lunar—conducted in the LunAres Research Base in Piła, Poland, in 2018. Some activities were common between the two crews; others were only carried out by one. Using the same methodology, both collected cognitive function, environmental, physiological, and inventory data, resulting in a larger dataset allowing comparisons between the two missions in terms of varying human factors. Experiments conducted by the Lunar crew included the following: effects of consuming lyophilised food on oral health and saliva production, influence of isolation on hearing capability, feelings on security in the isolated habitat, and research into earthworm growth in different soil compositions. The Mars mission analysed physical performances of the crew and compared them to performances realised during similar activities in Mars Research Desert Station missions and the impact of confinement on their efficiency performing a remote operation of a rover. For each piece of research, an overview of the background, methodology, results, and conclusions is given, referencing the resulting papers. In addition, nonresearch activities are included for completeness and context.

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Maida, James. "Physical Performance Issues for Humans in Space." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 49, no. 23 (September 2005): 2028–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120504902306.

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NASA has built human habitations for a trip to the moon and for low earth orbit. These habitations include Skylab, Shuttle and the International Space Station. We also have experience with the Russian station, Mir. Shuttle and the Lunar experiences are considered somewhat short term in nature, under 20 days, and do not really test nor answer the physical performance issues of long term human physical activity in space. We have some experience in long term human physical activity from Skylab, MIR and Space Station, but much more is needed to understand physical demands of working in space. Even more is needed for the long term lunar and planetary experience. We need more information about habitats, space suits and exploring in these environments.

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Cresci, Alessandro, Caroline M. Durif, Claire B. Paris, Cameron R. S. Thompson, Steven Shema, Anne Berit Skiftesvik, and Howard I. Browman. "The relationship between the moon cycle and the orientation of glass eels ( Anguilla anguilla ) at sea." Royal Society Open Science 6, no. 10 (October 2019): 190812. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.190812.

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Links between the lunar cycle and the life cycle (migration patterns, locomotor activity, pulses in recruitment) of the European eel ( Anguilla anguilla ) are well documented. In this study, we hypothesized that the orientation of glass eels at sea is related to the lunar cycle. The European eel hatches in the Sargasso Sea and migrates across the Atlantic Ocean towards Europe. Upon reaching the continental shelf, the larvae metamorphose into glass eels and migrate up the estuaries, where some individuals colonize freshwater habitats. How glass eels navigate pelagic waters is still an open question. We tested the orientation of 203 glass eels in a transparent circular arena that was drifting in situ during the daytime, in the coastal Norwegian North Sea, during different lunar phases. The glass eels swimming at sea oriented towards the azimuth of the moon at new moon, when the moon rose above the horizon and was invisible but not during the other moon phases. These results suggest that glass eels could use the moon position for orientation at sea and that the detection mechanism involved is not visual. We hypothesize a possible detection mechanism based on global-scale lunar disturbances in electrical fields and discuss the implications of lunar-related orientation for the recruitment of glass eels to estuaries. This behaviour could help glass eels to reach the European coasts during their marine migration.

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VOROBIOV, V. V., and O. S. SHYLO. "TYPOLOGY OF APPROACHES TO THE ARCHITECTURAL ORGANIZATION OF LUNAR SETTLEMENTS." Ukrainian Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture, no. 5 (December 27, 2021): 15–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.30838/j.bpsacea.2312.261021.15.797.

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Problem statement. Humanity is inching closer to the technical possibility of establishing outer space settlements on the Moon. The space club nations have joined their potential or move ahead with their own space exploration efforts to work on outer space projects of Lunar habitats. The new Moon Race has begun with its first stage of architectural design played out on Earth. The Internet resources and research publications in printed journals suggest different approaches to lunar settlement designs, which can be explained by extreme surface conditions and configurations of the Moon, as well as various goals and objectives set by the states seeking to gain a foothold on our nearest neighbor in space. In cooperation with other nations, Ukraine participates in the exploration of the Moon. However, the global expert comunity has not yet come up with clear and unambiguous concepts of the typology of the organizational architecture for lunar settlements. The goal of this paper is to give insight into the typology of objective timeless approaches to the architectural organization of lunar settlements. Conclusions. Colonisation of other planets, as an immediate objective of the humankind, will begin with the exploration of the Moon, where various adaptation methods could be developed relevant to the conditions of other worlds. Nevetherless, there are some common objective factors affecting the settlements of pioneers from Earth. Thus, the need for identifying and systematising an objective typology of approaches to the architectural organization of lunar settlements as a condition for the subsequent colonisation of more distant planets has become important.

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Goulas, Athanasios, Jon GP Binner, Daniel S. Engstrøm, Russell A. Harris, and Ross J. Friel. "Mechanical behaviour of additively manufactured lunar regolith simulant components." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 233, no. 8 (May 28, 2018): 1629–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464420718777932.

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Additive manufacturing and its related techniques have frequently been put forward as a promising candidate for planetary in-situ manufacturing, from building life-sustaining habitats on the Moon to fabricating various replacements parts, aiming to support future extra-terrestrial human activity. This paper investigates the mechanical behaviour of lunar regolith simulant material components, which is a potential future space engineering material, manufactured by a laser-based powder bed fusion additive manufacturing system. The influence of laser energy input during processing was associated with the evolution of component porosity, measured via optical and scanning electron microscopy in combination with gas expansion pycnometry. The compressive strength performance and Vickers micro-hardness of the components were analysed and related back to the processing history and resultant microstructure of the lunar regolith simulant build material. Fabricated structures exhibited a relative porosity of 44–49% and densities ranging from 1.76 to 2.3 g cm−3, with a maximum compressive strength of 4.2 ± 0.1 MPa and elastic modulus of 287.3 ± 6.6 MPa, the former is comparable to a typical masonry clay brick (3.5 MPa). The additive manufacturing parts also had an average hardness value of 657 ± 14 HV0.05/15, better than borosilicate glass (580 HV). This study has shed significant insight into realising the potential of a laser-based powder bed fusion additive manufacturing process to deliver functional engineering assets via in-situ and abundant material sources that can be potentially used for future engineering applications in aerospace and astronautics.

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Cavraro, Francesco, Cristiano Varin, and Stefano Malavasi. "Lunar-induced reproductive patterns in transitional habitats: Insights from a Mediterranean killifish inhabiting northern Adriatic saltmarshes." Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 139 (February 2014): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2013.12.023.

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Meyer, Christoph F. J., Christian J. Schwarz, and Jakob Fahr. "Activity patterns and habitat preferences of insectivorous bats in a West African forest–savanna mosaic." Journal of Tropical Ecology 20, no. 4 (July 2004): 397–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467404001373.

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We studied activity patterns and habitat use by insectivorous bats in Comoé National Park, Ivory Coast. Bat foraging activity was quantified along five transects representing three different habitat types using acoustic monitoring and captures with mist nets and harp traps. Aerial insect abundance was assessed using a light trap; in addition shrub and tree arthropods were sampled. Bat activity was significantly and positively related to insect availability and ambient temperature, whereas increased visibility of the moon had a negative influence on flight activity. Together, these factors best explained both total bat activity and activity of bats hunting in open space and edge habitats. The interaction between temperature and light intensity was the best predictor of activity by species foraging in obstacle-rich forest habitats, however, the regression model had a low predictive value. Overall, a large proportion (c. 50%) of the variation in bat activity appeared to be a consequence of transect- and/or habitat-specific influences. We found a significant non-linear relationship between the activity of QCF (quasi-constant frequency) and FM–QCF (frequency modulated – quasi-constant frequency) bats and the phase of the moon, with lowest levels of activity occurring near full moon. We interpret this lunar-phobic behaviour as a reflection of a higher predation risk during moonlit periods. For FM (steep frequency modulated) and CF (constant frequency) bats, no significant correlation was found, although there was a trend suggesting that these bats at least were not negatively affected by bright moonlight. Foraging activity of bats was positively correlated with the abundance of atympanate moths; however, no such correlation was found for tympanate moths.

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Korniejenko, Kinga, Kinga Pławecka, and Barbara Kozub. "An Overview for Modern Energy-Efficient Solutions for Lunar and Martian Habitats Made Based on Geopolymers Composites and 3D Printing Technology." Energies 15, no. 24 (December 9, 2022): 9322. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15249322.

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Space missions will require the capability to build structures on site using local resources. Before 2040, NASA and the European Space Agency want to ensure the possibility of a permanent human residence in shelters on the Moon or Mars. The article analyzed the state of the art in this area based on the literature research. It shows innovative and energy efficient solutions for manufacturing the lunar and Martian shelters based on geopolymer composites. Firstly, the possible materials solutions, with particular attention to the geopolymer composites, are discussed. Next, the previous research is presented, including work based on different kinds of simulants of lunar and Martian regolith. Then, a different approach for manufacturing technologies is presented and the advantages of 3D printing technology are clarified. Eventually, the challenges for further projects are discussed, including energy and cost efficiency problems.

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Dikshit, Rashmi, Nitin Gupta, Arjun Dey, Koushik Viswanathan, and Aloke Kumar. "Microbial induced calcite precipitation can consolidate martian and lunar regolith simulants." PLOS ONE 17, no. 4 (April 14, 2022): e0266415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266415.

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We demonstrate that Microbial Induced Calcite Precipitation (MICP) can be utilized for creation of consolidates of Martian Simulant Soil (MSS) and Lunar Simulant Soil (LSS) in the form of a ‘brick’. A urease producer bacterium, Sporosarcina pasteurii, was used to induce the MICP process for the both simulant soils. An admixture of guar gum as an organic polymer and NiCl2, as bio- catalyst to enhance urease activity, was introduced to increase the compressive strength of the biologically grown bricks. A casting method was utilized for a slurry consisting of the appropriate simulant soil and microbe; the slurry over a few days consolidated in the form of a ‘brick’ of the desired shape. In case of MSS, maximum strength of 3.3 MPa was obtained with 10mM NiCl2 and 1% guar gum supplementation whereas in case of LSS maximum strength of 5.65 Mpa was obtained with 1% guar gum supplementation and 10mM NiCl2. MICP mediated consolidation of the simulant soil was confirmed with field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetry (TG). Our work demonstrates a biological approach with an explicit casting method towards manufacturing of consolidated structures using extra-terrestrial regolith simulant; this is a promising route for in situ development of structural elements on the extra-terrestrial habitats.

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Green, SJ, JK Matley, DE Smith, II Castillo B, JL Akins, RS Nemeth, C. Pollock, and K. Reale-Munroe. "Broad-scale acoustic telemetry reveals long-distance movements and large home ranges for invasive lionfish on Atlantic coral reefs." Marine Ecology Progress Series 673 (September 2, 2021): 117–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13818.

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Tracking studies for invasive lionfish (Pterois volitans and P. miles) in the Western Atlantic can provide key information on habitat use to inform population control, but to date have likely underestimated home range size and movement due to constrained spatial and temporal scales. We tracked 35 acoustically tagged lionfish for >1 yr (March 2018-May 2019) within a 35 km2 acoustic array in Buck Island Reef National Monument, St. Croix, US Virgin Islands (an area 10× larger than previous studies). Tracking lionfish at this scale revealed that home range size is 3-20 times larger than previously estimated and varies more than 8-fold across individuals (~48000-379000 m2; average: 101000 m2), with estimates insensitive to assumptions about potential mortality for low-movement individuals. Lionfish move far greater distances than previously reported, with 37% of fish traveling >1 km from the initial tagging site toward deeper habitats, and 1 individual moving ~10 km during a 10 d period. Movement rates, home range size, and maximum distance traveled were not related to lionfish size (18-35 cm total length) or lunar phase. Lionfish movement was lowest at night and greatest during crepuscular periods, with fish acceleration (m s-2) increasing with water temperature during these times. Our results help reconcile observed patterns of rapid recolonization following lionfish removal, and suggest complex drivers likely result in highly variable patterns of movement for similarly sized fish occupying the same habitat. Culling areas ≥ the average lionfish home range size identified here (i.e. ~10 ha) or habitat patches isolated by ≥ ~180 m (radius of average home range) may minimize subsequent recolonization. If the shallow-deep long-distance movements observed here are unidirectional, mesophotic habitats may require culling at relatively greater frequencies to counteract ongoing migration.

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Thorrold, S. R., J. M. Shenker, E. D. Maddox, R. Mojica, and E. Wishinski. "Larval supply of shorefishes to nursery habitats around Lee Stocking Island, Bahamas. II. Lunar and oceanographic influences." Marine Biology 118, no. 4 (March 1994): 567–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00347503.

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Berzosa Molina, J., L. Rossi, and D. M. Stam. "Traces of exomoons in computed flux and polarization phase curves of starlight reflected by exoplanets." Astronomy & Astrophysics 618 (October 2018): A162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201833320.

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Context. Detecting moons around exoplanets is a major goal of current and future observatories. Moons are suspected to influence rocky exoplanet habitability, and gaseous exoplanets in stellar habitable zones could harbor abundant and diverse moons to target in the search for extraterrestrial habitats. Exomoons contribute to exoplanetary signals but are virtually undetectable with current methods. Aims. We identify and analyze traces of exomoons in the temporal variation of total and polarized fluxes of starlight reflected by an Earth-like exoplanet and its spatially unresolved moon across all phase angles, with both orbits viewed in an edge-on geometry. Methods. We compute the total and linearly polarized fluxes, and the degree of linear polarization P of starlight that is reflected by the exoplanet with its moon along their orbits, accounting for the temporal variation of the visibility of the planetary and lunar disks, and including the effects of mutual transits and mutual eclipses. Our computations pertain to a wavelength of 450 nm. Results. Total flux F shows regular dips due to planetary and lunar transits and eclipses. Polarization P shows regular peaks due to planetary transits and lunar eclipses, and P can increase and/or slightly decrease during lunar transits and planetary eclipses. Changes in F and P will depend on the radii of the planet and moon, on their reflective properties, and their orbits, and are about one magnitude smaller than the smooth background signals. The typical duration of a transit or an eclipse is a few hours. Conclusions. Traces of an exomoon due to planetary and lunar transits and eclipses show up in the F and P of sunlight reflected by planet–moon systems and could be searched for in exoplanet flux and/or polarization phase functions.

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Wang, Yushen, Liang Hao, Yan Li, Qinglei Sun, Mingxi Sun, Yuhong Huang, Zheng Li, Danna Tang, Yijing Wang, and Long Xiao. "In-situ utilization of regolith resource and future exploration of additive manufacturing for lunar/martian habitats: A review." Applied Clay Science 229 (November 2022): 106673. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2022.106673.

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Manyapu, Kavya K., Leora Peltz, and Pablo De Leon. "Extending the utilization of dust protection systems using carbon nanotube embedded materials for lunar habitats for exploration missions." Journal of Space Safety Engineering 6, no. 4 (December 2019): 248–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsse.2019.10.001.

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Lowe, Ryan Joseph, Xavier Pivan, James Falter, Graham Symonds, and Renee Gruber. "Rising sea levels will reduce extreme temperature variations in tide-dominated reef habitats." Science Advances 2, no. 8 (August 2016): e1600825. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1600825.

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Temperatures within shallow reefs often differ substantially from those in the surrounding ocean; therefore, predicting future patterns of thermal stresses and bleaching at the scale of reefs depends on accurately predicting reef heat budgets. We present a new framework for quantifying how tidal and solar heating cycles interact with reef morphology to control diurnal temperature extremes within shallow, tidally forced reefs. Using data from northwestern Australia, we construct a heat budget model to investigate how frequency differences between the dominant lunar semidiurnal tide and diurnal solar cycle drive ~15-day modulations in diurnal temperature extremes. The model is extended to show how reefs with tidal amplitudes comparable to their depth, relative to mean sea level, tend to experience the largest temperature extremes globally. As a consequence, we reveal how even a modest sea level rise can substantially reduce temperature extremes within tide-dominated reefs, thereby partially offsetting the local effects of future ocean warming.

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Vignoli, Leonardo, Manuela D’Amen, Francesca Della Rocca, Marco A. Bologna, and Luca Luiselli. "Contrasted influences of moon phases on the reproduction and movement patterns of four amphibian species inhabiting different habitats in central Italy." Amphibia-Reptilia 35, no. 2 (2014): 247–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-00002943.

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Many studies have provided evidence that prey adjust their behaviour to adaptively balance the fitness effects of reproduction and predation risk. Nocturnal terrestrial animals should deal with a range of environmental conditions during the reproductive season at the breeding sites, including a variable amount of natural ambient light. High degrees of illumination are expected to minimize those behaviours that might increase the animal detection by predators. Therefore, under habitat variable brightness conditions and in different ecosystems, the above mentioned behaviours are expected to depend on the variation in predation risk. Although moon effects on amphibian biology have been recognized, the direction of this influence is rather controversial with evidences of both increased and depressed activity under full moon. We tested in four nocturnal amphibian species (Hyla intermedia, Rana dalmatina, Rana italica, Salamandrina perspicillata) the effects of different (i) light conditions and (ii) habitats (open land vs. dense forest) on the reproductive phenology. Our results showed that the effects of the lunar cycle on the study species are associated with the change in luminosity, and there is no evidence of an endogenous rhythm controlled by biological clocks. The habitat type conditioned the amphibian reproductive strategy in relation to moon phases. Open habitat breeders (e.g., ponds with no canopy cover) strongly avoided conditions with high brightness, whereas forest habitat breeders were apparently unaffected by the different moon phases. Indeed, for all the studied species no effects of the moon phase itself on the considered metrics were found. Rather, the considered amphibian species seem to be conditioned mainly by moonlight irrespective of the moon phase. The two anurans spawning in open habitat apparently adjust their oviposition timing by balancing the fitness effects of the risk to be detected by predators and the reproduction.

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Hornsey, Matthew J., Kelly S. Fielding, Emily A. Harris, Paul G. Bain, Tim Grice, and Cassandra M. Chapman. "Protecting the Planet or Destroying the Universe? Understanding Reactions to Space Mining." Sustainability 14, no. 7 (March 30, 2022): 4119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14074119.

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There is currently a surge in interest from both private and government sectors in developing technology for mining asteroids and the moon (“space mining”). One of the key benefits highlighted by advocates of space mining is that it minimizes the usual problems associated with mining on earth in terms of pollution, environmental degradation, and encroachment on human habitats. Two studies—one conducted on a 27-nation sample (N = 4819), the other conducted in the U.S. (N = 607)—provide the first test of the assumed (but never studied) notion that space mining is more palatable to the public than terrestrial mining. Both studies indicate broad support for asteroid mining: levels of support were reliably above the mid-point, and much greater than for other forms of frontier mining such as mining the ocean floor, mining Antarctica, mining the Alaskan tundra, and lunar mining. Unlike terrestrial mining, community attitudes toward mining asteroids were largely non-ideological; support was not correlated with perceptions of ecological fragility, political ideology, or individualistic/hierarchical worldviews. In summary, the current studies suggest that mining companies have a “social license to operate” for mining asteroids, but less so for lunar mining.

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Unlu, Isik, Ary Faraji, Nicholas Indelicato, and James R. McNelly. "Do tigers hunt during the day? Diel activity of the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae), in urban and suburban habitats of North America." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 8 (August 20, 2021): e0009438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009438.

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Background Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse) impacts human outdoor activity because of its aggressive biting behavior, and as a major vector of mosquito-borne diseases, it is also of public health importance. Although most mosquito species exhibit crepuscular activity by primarily host seeking at dawn and dusk, Ae. albopictus has been traditionally characterized as a diurnal or day-biting mosquito. With the global expansion and increased involvement of Ae. albopictus in mosquito-borne diseases, it is imperative to elucidate the diel activity of this species, particularly in newly invaded areas. Methodology and principal findings Human sweep netting and carbon dioxide-baited rotator traps were used to evaluate the diel activity of Ae. albopictus in two study sites. Both trapping methods were used in New Jersey’s Mercer County, USA (temperate/urban), while only human sweep netting was used in Florida’s Volusia County, USA (subtropical/suburban). Human sweep netting was performed to determine adult mosquito activity at Sunrise, Solar Noon, Sunset, and Lunar Midnight. Because New Jersey is in a temperate area, diel activity was investigated during the early season (3–19 July), peak season (25 July-19 September), and late season (22 September- 22 October). Aedes albopictus showed the highest activity during peak and late seasons at Solar Noon (P < 0.05). At Sunrise and Sunset during the peak season, Ae. albopictus activity was similar. Lunar Midnight activity was significantly lower than Sunrise and Solar Noon (P < 0.05) but was similar to that of Sunset. In the late season, the highest activity was observed during Solar Noon while the least activity was observed during Sunrise and Lunar Midnight (P<0.05). Bottle rotator traps used in conjunction with the human sweep net technique exhibited similar results. Seasonal activity was not differentiated in Florida due to the consistent subtropical climate. The highest adult activity was observed at Sunrise using human sweep netting, but it was not significantly different from Solar Noon and Sunset. The lowest adult activity was observed at Lunar Midnight; however, it was not significantly different from Solar Noon and Sunset. These results provide evidence that the diel activity of Ae. albopictus, contrary to the common perception of its diurnal activity, is much more varied. Conclusion/Significance Involvement of Ae. albopictus in the transmission of debilitating mosquito-borne pathogens such as chikungunya, dengue, and Zika virus, coupled with its affinity to thrive in human peridomestic environments, substantiates that our findings have global implications in areas where Ae. albopictus populations established. It also highlights the importance of behavioral studies of vector species which will not only help mosquito control professionals plan the timing of their control efforts but also provides empirical evidence against conventional wisdoms that may unjustly persist within public health stewards.

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Osaka, Naoya, and Akihiro Takemura. "Annual and lunar breeding rhythmicity in females of the terrestrial hermit crab Coenobita rugosus H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Decapoda: Anomura: Coenobitidae) in Okinawa, Japan." Journal of Crustacean Biology 39, no. 4 (June 11, 2019): 493–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcbiol/ruz038.

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Abstract We investigated the reproductive characteristics of a terrestrial hermit crab (Coenobita rugosus H. Milne Edwards, 1837) inhabiting Okinawa-Jima. Monthly changes in the gonadosomatic index and ovarian histology revealed that this species had fully developed oocytes from May to October. Data showing that females with (ovigerous females) and without (non-ovigerous females) embryos on their pleopods appeared simultaneously on the shore from June to September 2014 demonstrates that this species undergoes larval release several times for four months. When non-ovigerous females were reared under a combination of two day lengths and two temperatures, oocyte development was induced in the high-temperature group, suggesting that temperature is a proximate factor in ovarian development. The weekly collection of females during the spawning season revealed that the proportion of fully developed oocytes in an ovary increased toward the time of the new moon and decreased around the first-quarter moon, suggesting that this species is a lunar-spawner with a new-moon preference. Some females releasing larvae around the new or full moon were recaptured at approximately 30 d intervals, suggesting at least two major groups with lunar-synchronized larval release. The ovarian development and larval release of C. rugosus are likely entrained to external factors, which change periodically in their habitats.

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Hamel, Jean-François, Philip Sargent, and Annie Mercier. "Diet, reproduction, settlement and growth of Palio dubia (Nudibranchia: Polyceridae) in the north-west Atlantic." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 88, no. 2 (March 2008): 365–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315408000349.

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Egg masses, juveniles and adults of the gastropod Palio dubia were found in shallow rocky habitats of eastern Canada dominated by the bryozoan Eucratea loricata. Multiple-choice experiments and direct field observations revealed that P. dubia prefers to feed on E. loricata. Courtship, copulation and egg-laying as well as hatching of P. dubia were closely related to the lunar cycle. Reproduction was preceded by increased pairing and aggregative behaviour. The duration of embryonic development in the capsules was 10–15 d. After hatching, most veligers were retained within the bryozoan branches during their pelagic phase (1–3 d). In multiple-choice experiments, settlement occurred preferentially on the bryozoan E. loricata. In the absence of the preferred substratum, the larvae continued to swim and died after a period that never exceeded 8 d. Juveniles remained associated with the bryozoans on which they settled and reached the adult size in ~3 months.

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Osawa, R. "Road-Kills of the Swamp Wallaby, Wallabia-Bicolor, on North-Stradbroke-Island, Southeast Queensland." Wildlife Research 16, no. 1 (1989): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9890095.

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A total of 127 road-kills of the swamp wallaby, Wallabia bicolor, on North Stradbroke Island in south-east Queensland was recorded between May 1981 and April 1982. The majority of kills were of adults. Road-kills occurred mainly at night, suggesting that W. bicolor is nocturnal, and were significantly correlated with the number of vehicles brought onto the island by ferries. Faecal pellet counts were made in classified habitats along the road in order to determine the relationship between the population density and road-kills of W. bicolor. Road-kills were significantly correlated with the faecal pellet counts in the Disturbed Ares (narrow, artificially cleared areas adjacent to the road) but not with the counts in the Native Area (i.e. native forest). This indicates that the wallabies were attracted to the disturbed area and became more susceptible to being killed by vehicles. There was no significant variation in the number of road-kills between lunar phases.

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Spaet, JLY, A. Manica, CP Brand, C. Gallen, and PA Butcher. "Environmental conditions are poor predictors of immature white shark Carcharodon carcharias occurrences on coastal beaches of eastern Australia." Marine Ecology Progress Series 653 (October 29, 2020): 167–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13488.

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Understanding and predicting the distribution of organisms in heterogeneous environments is a fundamental ecological question and a requirement for sound management. To implement effective conservation strategies for white shark Carcharodon carcharias populations, it is imperative to define drivers of their movement and occurrence patterns and to protect critical habitats. Here, we acoustically tagged 444 immature white sharks and monitored their presence in relation to environmental factors over a 3 yr period (2016-2019) using an array of 21 iridium satellite-linked (VR4G) receivers spread along the coast of New South Wales, Australia. Results of generalized additive models showed that all tested predictors (month, time of day, water temperature, tidal height, swell height, lunar phase) had a significant effect on shark occurrence. However, collectively, these predictors only explained 1.8% of deviance, suggesting that statistical significance may be rooted in the large sample size rather than biological importance. On the other hand, receiver location, which captures geographic fidelity and local conditions not captured by the aforementioned environmental variables, explained a sizeable 17.3% of deviance. Sharks tracked in this study hence appear to be tolerant to episodic changes in environmental conditions, and movement patterns are likely related to currently undetermined, location-specific habitat characteristics or biological components, such as local currents, prey availability or competition. Importantly, we show that performance of VR4G receivers can be strongly affected by local environmental conditions, and provide an example of how a lack of range test controls can lead to misinterpretation and erroneous conclusions of acoustic detection data.

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Cohen, Jonathan H., Kim S. Last, Corie L. Charpentier, Finlo Cottier, Malin Daase, Laura Hobbs, Geir Johnsen, and Jørgen Berge. "Photophysiological cycles in Arctic krill are entrained by weak midday twilight during the Polar Night." PLOS Biology 19, no. 10 (October 19, 2021): e3001413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001413.

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Light plays a fundamental role in the ecology of organisms in nearly all habitats on Earth and is central for processes such as vision and the entrainment of the circadian clock. The poles represent extreme light regimes with an annual light cycle including periods of Midnight Sun and Polar Night. The Arctic Ocean extends to the North Pole, and marine light extremes reach their maximum extent in this habitat. During the Polar Night, traditional definitions of day and night and seasonal photoperiod become irrelevant since there are only “twilight” periods defined by the sun’s elevation below the horizon at midday; we term this “midday twilight.” Here, we characterize light across a latitudinal gradient (76.5° N to 81° N) during Polar Night in January. Our light measurements demonstrate that the classical solar diel light cycle dominant at lower latitudes is modulated during Arctic Polar Night by lunar and auroral components. We therefore question whether this particular ambient light environment is relevant to behavioral and visual processes. We reveal from acoustic field observations that the zooplankton community is undergoing diel vertical migration (DVM) behavior. Furthermore, using electroretinogram (ERG) recording under constant darkness, we show that the main migratory species, Arctic krill (Thysanoessa inermis) show endogenous increases in visual sensitivity during the subjective night. This change in sensitivity is comparable to that under exogenous dim light acclimations, although differences in speed of vision suggest separate mechanisms. We conclude that the extremely weak midday twilight experienced by krill at high latitudes during the darkest parts of the year has physiological and ecological relevance.

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Moubayed-Breil, Joel, and Jean-Marie Dominici. "Clunio boudouresquei sp. n. and Thalassosmittia ballestai sp. n., two Tyrrhenian marine species occurring in Scandola Nature Reserve, West Corsica (Diptera: Chironomidae)." CHIRONOMUS Journal of Chironomidae Research, no. 32 (October 4, 2019): 4–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5324/cjcr.v0i32.3078.

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Clunio boudouresquei sp. n. and Thalassosmittia ballestai sp. n. are diagnosed and described based on associated material of male adults, pharate male adults and pupal exuviae recently collected in the marine littoral zone of Scandola Nature Reserve (Cala Litizia, Punta Palazzu, Focolara Bay, West Corsica). While C. boudouresquei sp. n. is described as male and female adults and pupal exuviae, T. ballestai sp. n. is described only as male adult and pupal exuviae. On the basis of some atypical characters found in the male adult and pupal exuviae, both C. boudouresquei sp. n. and T. ballestai sp. n. appear to belong, to a local Tyrrhenian element. Biological cycles of both new species are closely related to alternation between marine and terrestrial ecological conditions, which are strongly reinforced during spring tides of lunar rhythms. Larval stages of both new species are typically marine shore dwellers of the intertidal zone along seacoasts of the Tyrrhenian sub-region, where the biological and ecological quality of marine coastal habitats are being seriously damaged by various anthropogenic activities. In the latter sites, the Lithophyllum byssoides (Lamarck) Foslie pavements (trottoirs, encorbellements) are actually threatened by the massive proliferation of Sea Mussels (Mytilidae), which predominate when changes in water quality and level of pollution become increasingly high. The two new species are considered as pertinent biological indicators of the marine coastal habitats around the Tyrrhenian Region, in particular, those delimited by the mid-littoral large bio-constructions of the red calcified alga L. byssoides, where the larvae of C. boudouresquei sp. n. are exclusively confined. Such threatened species are considered biogeographic Tyrrhenian representatives and indicators of global warming and local climate change in the region, particularly to a rising sea level. Comments on the taxonomic position, ecology and geographical distribution of the new species are given.

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Gauger, Marco F. W., Eduardo Romero-Vivas, Myron A. Peck, Eduardo F. Balart, and Javier Caraveo-Patiño. "Seasonal and diel influences on bottlenose dolphin acoustic detection determined by whistles in a coastal lagoon in the southwestern Gulf of California." PeerJ 10 (May 18, 2022): e13246. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13246.

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Marine mammals in subtropical coastal habitats are sentinels of the health of the ecosystem and offer important ecosystem services. They rely on prey that pursues feeding opportunities, while both avoid unfavorable conditions. In many cases, these predator-prey dynamics fluctuate seasonally and are regulated by lunar, tidal, and/or diel cycles (hour). However, these rhythmical patterns may vary under different seasonal conditions. Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in the Ensenada de La Paz in Baja California Sur, Mexico, were detected acoustically over the course of an annual cycle on 21 separate occasions, covering 640 h from June 2017 to May 2019. The presence of bottlenose dolphins was examined using Generalized Additive Models (GAM) including variables that are related directly to their habitat (direct variables: hour, distance, depth) and to their prey (indirect variables: SST, moon phase and tides). Seasonal differences in the presence of bottlenose dolphins were influenced more by indirect variables (explained deviance: 34.8% vs. 37.7%). Hourly acoustic detections occurred less frequently when SST exceeded 27.4 °C (Aug–End of Nov.) and more frequently at moderate temperatures (22.7 °C to 26.3 °C) in May through July. Moreover, bottlenose dolphins were detected more frequently during waning and new moon phases, at the onset of flood and ebb tides, and during day (04:00 to 20:00). The seasonal differences in acoustic detections rates were highlighted by the global GAM and hierarchical clustering. The strong seasonal pattern indicated possible interactions with rhythmic pattern of bottlenose dolphins. Four candidate variables (SST, moon, tide, and hour) were tested for plausible interaction terms additional to their individual consideration, out of which only hour changed significantly between seasons. The patterns of presence likely increase feeding opportunities or may favor other behaviors such as socializing, resting, or nursing. These might prove responsible for the distinct occurrence and hourly patterns of bottlenose dolphins.

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ASWANI, SHANKAR, and RICHARD J. HAMILTON. "Integrating indigenous ecological knowledge and customary sea tenure with marine and social science for conservation of bumphead parrotfish (Bolbometopon muricatum) in the Roviana Lagoon, Solomon Islands." Environmental Conservation 31, no. 1 (March 2004): 69–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s037689290400116x.

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Indigenous ecological knowledge and customary sea tenure may be integrated with marine and social science to conserve the bumphead parrotfish (Bolbometopon muricatum) in the Roviana Lagoon, Western Solomon Islands. Three aspects of indigenous ecological knowledge in Roviana were identified as most relevant for the management and conservation of bumphead parrotfish, and studied through a combination of marine science and anthropological methods. These were (1) local claims that fishing pressure has had a significant impact on bumphead parrotfish populations in the Roviana Lagoon; (2) the claim that only small bumphead parrotfish were ever seen or captured in the inner lagoon and that very small fish were restricted to specific shallow inner-lagoon nursery regions; and (3) assertions made by local divers that bumphead parrotfish predominantly aggregated at night around the new moon period and that catches were highest at that time. The research supported claims (1) and (2), but did not support proposition (3). Although the people of the Roviana Lagoon had similar conceptions about their entitlement rights to sea space, there were marked differences among regional villages in their opinions regarding governance and actual operational rules of management in the Lagoon. Contemporary differences in management strategies resulted from people's historical and spatial patterns of settlement across the landscape and adjoining seascapes, and the attendant impact of these patterns on property relations. This was crucial in distinguishing between those villages that held secure tenure over their contiguous sea estates from those that did not. Indigenous ecological knowledge served to (1) verify that the bumphead parrotfish was a species in urgent need of protection; (2) explain how different habitats structured the size distribution of bumphead parrotfish; (3) identify sensitive locations and habitats in need of protection; and (4) explain the effect of lunar periodicity on bumphead parrotfish behaviour and catch rates. Secure customary sea tenure identified locations best suited to bumphead parrotfish management programmes, with a greater likelihood for local participation and programme success. The information was used to establish two marine protected areas in the region for bumphead parrotfish conservation.

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Polii, Indra, Saroyo ., Lalu Wahyudi, and Beivy J. Kolondam. "Estimasi Densitas Tangkasi (Tarsius tarsier) di Luar Kawasan Hutan Hujan Tropis Dataran Rendah Sulawesi Utara Berdasarkan Sampling Duet Call." Jurnal MIPA 4, no. 2 (May 6, 2015): 01. http://dx.doi.org/10.35799/jm.5.1.2016.11190.

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Telah dilakukan penelitian tentang densitas tangkasi (Tarsius tarsier) di luar kawasan hutan tropis dataran rendah Sulawesi Utara berdasarkan sampling duet call dengan tujuan untuk membandingkan densitasnya pada beberapa tipe habitat. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Kelurahan Batuputih untuk habitat pertanian, mangrove, dan semak; serta Gunung Klabat untuk habitat hutan dataran tinggi. Waktu penelitian dari bulan Mei sampai Juli 2013. Metode penelitian didasarkan pada sampling berdasarkan duet call dengan plot berbentuk lingkaran. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan densitas tangkasi ialah: 2,94 ekor/ha pada hutan dataran tinggi; 1,60 ekor/ha pada areal pertanian; 7,66 ekor/ha pada mangrove; dan 8,17 ekor/ha pada semak.A research about density of tangkasi (Tarsius tarsier) at the outside of lowland forest habitat in North Sulawesi has conducted to compare their density at several habitats based on the duet call. Research was done in Batuputih for farming area, mangrove, and shrub habitats and in Klabat Mountain for highland forest habitat. Time of research was May to July 2013. Method used was based on duet call sampling with circle plots. Results of this research were: density of tangkasi was 2.94 individuals/ha at highland forest, 1.60 individuals/ha at farming area, 7.66 individuals/ha at mangrove; and 8.17 individuals/ha at shrub.

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Guiden, Peter W., and John L. Orrock. "Invasive shrubs modify rodent activity timing, revealing a consistent behavioral rule governing diel activity." Behavioral Ecology 30, no. 4 (April 10, 2019): 1069–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arz050.

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Abstract Animals adjust the timing of their activity to maximize benefits, such as access to resources, and minimize costs, such as exposure to predators. Despite many examples of invasive plants changing animal behavior, the potential for invasive plants to alter the timing of animal activity remains unexplored. In eastern North America, invasive shrubs might have particularly strong effects on animal activity timing during spring and fall, when many invasive shrubs retain their leaves long after native species’ leaves senesce. We experimentally removed an invasive shrub (buckthorn, Rhamnus cathartica) and monitored the activity timing of a ubiquitous small-mammal species (white-footed mouse, Peromyscus leucopus) in spring, summer, and fall. We captured nearly 3 times as many P. leucopus in plots invaded by R. cathartica compared with plots with R. cathartica removed, and P. leucopus were captured 2 h earlier in invaded plots. Regardless of invasion treatment, P. leucopus appear to follow a common rule to set activity timing: P. leucopus were only active below a threshold of ground-level moonlight illuminance (0.038 lux). Diel and monthly lunar cycles play an important role in regulating small-mammal activity, but our data suggest that decreased light penetration dampens the influence of moonlight illuminance in habitats invaded by R. cathartica, allowing P. leucopus to remain active throughout the night. By changing the temporal niche of ubiquitous native animals, invasive shrubs may have unappreciated effects on many ecological interactions, including processes that alter community diversity and affect human health.

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Edney, Sharon L., Jeffrey T. Richards, Matthew D. Sisko, Neil C. Yorio, Gary W. Stutte, and Raymond M. Wheeler. "(33) Evaluation of Salad Crop Growth under Environmental Conditions for Space Exploration using Mixed Crop Versus Monoculture Hydroponic Systems." HortScience 41, no. 4 (July 2006): 1076D—1077. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.4.1076d.

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The development of a crop production system that can be used on the International Space Station, long-duration transit missions, and lunar or Mars habitats, has been a part of NASA's Advanced Life Support (ALS) research efforts. Crops that can be grown under environmental conditions that might be encountered in the open cabin of a space vehicle would be an advantageous choice. The production efficiency of the system would be enhanced by growing these crops in a mixed-crop arrangement. This would also increase the variety of fresh foods available for the crew's dietary supplementation. Three candidate ALS salad crops, radish (Raphanus sativus L. cv. Cherry Bomb II), lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Flandria), and bunching onion (Allium fistulosum L. cv. Kinka) were grown hydroponically as either monoculture (control) or mixed-crop within a walk-in growth chamber with baseline environments maintained at 22 °C, 50% RH, 17.2 mol·m-2·d-1 light intensity and a 16-h light/8-h dark photoperiod under cool-white fluorescent lamps. Tests were carried out at three different CO2 concentrations: 400, 1200, and 4000 μmol·mol-1. Weekly time-course harvests were taken over 28 days of growth, and fresh mass, dry mass, and harvest index were determined. Results showed that none of the species experienced negative effects when grown together under mixed-crop conditions compared to monoculture growth conditions under the range of environmental conditions tested.

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SanSoucie, Michael P., Patrick V. Hull, and Michael L. Tinker. "Lunar Habitat Design Optimization and Analysis." Habitation 12, no. 1 (June 1, 2009): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/154296610x12686999887364.

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Lak, Amin, and Maziar Asefi. "A new deployable pantographic lunar habitat." Acta Astronautica 192 (March 2022): 351–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2021.12.049.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Lunar habitats'

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