Academic literature on the topic 'Lumpenization'

At present, Russia faces a strategic task related to building a course aimed at a breakthrough in the scientific, technological and socio-economic development of the country. This development is inextricably linked with the digital economy, which, in turn, is impossible without the digitalization of education. The essence of digitalization of education is to achieve high performance in the educational process using digital technologies. It is noted, that within the framework of the digital transformation of education, the content of education, methods, forms of educational work, forms of assessing the results achieved by students are changing. On the one hand, this process is aimed at developing a digital educational environment in order to improve the educational results of each student, but on the other hand, when using digital technologies in the higher educational space, the following risks arise: the risk of dehumanization, the risk of spiritual lumpenization, the threat to the fundamental component of traditional education caused by the promotion of “educational services”, the risk of loss of cognitive competencies, the risk of technologization and robotization, the deepening crisis of intellectual culture, the threat to the creative development of the individual, the risk of social exclusion.

The present study combines a theoretical analysis of youth protest as a special social phenomenon and the results of an empirical study. Based on the empirical study conducted by the authors in the Moscow State University of Technology and Management (First Cossack University), an analysis of the protest activity of youth (students) in the 2010s is conducted. The authors rely on a set of methodological approaches and methods of analysis: conceptual, behaviorist, and socio-cultural approaches, as well as the network approach aimed at understanding the basic constructs of the digital age and digital communications as a new social reality. The authors develop the method of discourse analysis to demonstrate the protest activism being contingent on the rapidly changing conditions. The modern definition of protest is analyzed. The term protestivity is introduced and its heuristic value is substantiated. The distinction between civic activism and protestivity is drawn. The authors explore the preconditions for the formation of protest: youth lumpenization, deprivation (inconsistency between the increased social expectations of young people and the real possibilities for their realization). The manifestations of youth protestivity in the modern conditions increasingly acquiring the structure of network interaction are studied. It is concluded that the repertoire of youth protestivity in a digital society is modifying. The article demonstrates that positive (constructive) forms of protest activity contribute to the formation of a conventional form of interaction between youth and authorities. Involvement in positive forms of activism stops the natural potential of youth protest. The future largely depends on what status the authorities assign to youth.

Introduction. For the considerably weakened Byzantine state the reign of emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos (1282–1328) was mainly a time of foreign policy failures and internal contradictions. These latter became noticeably aggravated at the very early 14th century against the background of the Turkish conquest to which Asia Minor was subjected and the simultaneous Catalan mercenaries’ revolt which hit the European part of the empire. During this period seven internal conflicts different in character and form are recorded. Our goal is to determine the content of these movements, specificity of their genesis and development, their consequences for Byzantium as well. Analysis and Results. As a result of the study we found out that the Turkish attacks and the Catalan revolt launched important economic, social and political processes which caused deepening of tension in relations between society and the state in Byzantium during this period. Among them we indicate: 1) the process of out-migration from Asia Minor to the European parts of the empire which was accompanied by extreme pauperization (and even lumpenization) of people who moved to Constantinople and its environs; 2) the process of destruction and marginalization of military contingents deployed in the east resulting in the loss of income and combat capability by soldiers; 3) the process of significant weakening of the centralized state control over remote regions worsened by the compelled circumstance of the war on two fronts. The effects of these processes directly reflected on the authority of the ruling emperor, weakened the position of power in the empire and took shape of numerous internal conflicts that had arisen and received (or had not received) development in this time. These conflicts had a significant impact on the destabilization of the domestic and foreign political situation in which the Byzantine state was during the first years of the 14th century. They touched many social groups to varying degrees, so that the period of time under study can justly be described as “society against power”.