Journal articles on the topic 'Lucio mauro'

O conjunto de artigos que constitui Línguas e Culturas Macro-Jê, organizado por Silvia Lucia B. Braggio (UFG) e Sinval Martins de Sousa Filho (UFG), é resultado de trabalhos apresentados no VI Encontro de Línguas e Culturas Macro-Jê, realizado na Universidade Federal de Goiás em 2008. Como se poderá notar ao longo desta resenha, constitui-se importante fonte de informação acerca de línguas que compõem o Tronco linguístico Macro-Jê. A variedade de temas que se encontra na referida obra enriquece ainda mais o conhecimento que se tem acerca deste Tronco Linguístico brasileiro e ilustra a relação profícua que se pode estabelecer entre Linguistas e Antropólogos.

Objetivou-se analisar e identificar perdas que ocorrem ao longo da cadeia produtiva da laranja visto que é um produto que consegue estampar o país como um dos melhores produtores e exportadores do fruto e derivados. Tais processos são efetuados com o mais preciso cuidado para manter a qualidade de suas mercadorias, mas nas partes em que não há influência, o macro ambiente consegue induzir grandes perdas decorrentes de problemas climáticos como tempestades e geadas, mas o homem tem se igualado a tais perdas que ocorrem nas atividades de colheita, carregamento, transporte, descarregamento e armazenamento. Analisando isso, percebe-se que perdas ocorrentes acontecem mesmo com a conscientização do empreendedor que não querem investir tanto para pequenas melhorias, sem perceber que anualmente pequenas perdas se tornam de grande peso para o lucro do investidor.

As deficiências nutricionais na cultura do milho contribuem significativamente para a queda da produtividade e, consequentemente, do lucro do produtor. Dessa forma, é importante que pesquisas sejam conduzidas no sentido de identificálas no início do ciclo da planta para que as devidas providências sejam tomadas a tempo de de não prejudicar a colheita. Com base nisso, objetivou-se com esse trabalho identificar a sintomatologia de deficiência dos nutrientes nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio, cálcio, magnésio, enxofre, ferro, boro, manganês, zinco, molibdênio e cobre no milho híbrido BRS 1010. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação pertencente ao Departamento de Solos e Irrigação do Centro de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal de Roraima, entre 07 de abril e 11 de maio de 2010. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente ao acaso com treze tratamentos e três repetições, perfazendo um total de 39 parcelas experimentais. Cada parcela foi representada por um vaso de Leonard contendo duas plantas. O tratamento ‘completo’ foi representado pelas plantas que receberam, via solução nutritiva, todos os nutrientes essenciais ao crescimento e desenvolvimento. Os demais tratamentos consistiram de uma subtração de cada nutriente mencionado anteriormente, sendo os demais supridos normalmente. Os sintomas de deficiência de cada macro e micronutrientes foram descritos, tão logo apareciam e durante todo o período de condução do experimento. O método da diagnose por subtração mostrou-se eficiente para avaliar visualmente os sintomas de deficiência nutricional no milho.

Com o objetivo de identificar quais os fatores discriminantes do desempenho positivo ou negativo das empresas atuantes em ambiente turbulento, foram estudadas empresas brasileiras inseridas no setor de indústria manufatureira, ativas no período entre 1996 e 2001, caracterizado por intensas alterações nos cenários macroeconômicos nacional e mundial, e coletados dados financeiros e macroeconômicos de fonte secundária. Visando ao entendimento das relações do desempenho das empresas em foco com as diversas variáveis macro e microeconômicas determinantes do ambiente competitivo, da orientação estratégica e do contexto macroeconômico, é proposto um modelo discriminante. Como metodologia de mensuração e análise das relações entre as variáveis dependente e independentes, foi adotado o método estatístico multivariado de análise discriminante. Como resultado foram identificadas as posturas estratégicas de exposição ao risco; o endividamento de longo prazo; e a participação de mercado como discriminantes do resultado das organizações estudadas, considerado em termos de lucro ou prejuízo.

During Apartheid, the mining industry operated without restraint and compromised the ecology, the health of mining workers, and local communities. The lines between the mining industry and government was often unclear with the former influencing government decisions to favour uncontrolled operations. Although new post-Apartheid regulations were designed to control negative mining impacts, the mining industry and the state still have a close relationship. Limited academic research has empirically examined how mining corporations influence democracy in South Africa. Through empirical investigation focusing on Dullstroom, Mpumalanga and St. Lucia, KwaZulu-Natal, this paper examines how mining corporations, directly and indirectly, influence democratic processes at the macro state and micro community levels. At the macro level, this includes examining mining companies influencing government decision-making and enforcement to hold mines accountable for non-compliance. At the micro level, the paper examines mining companies influencing democratic processes at the local community level to get mining developments approved. Findings reveal that political connections between the mining industry and government, including collusion between mining corporations and local community leadership, have influenced mining approval and development, whilst excluding local communities from decision-making processes. Industrial manipulation has also influenced government in holding corporations accountable. This has contributed towards not fully addressing citizen concerns over mining development. Democracy in post-Apartheid South Africa, especially for mining development is, therefore, understood in the narrow sense and exposures the realities of the ruling party embracing capitalism. Despite challenges, civil society may provide the avenue for upholding democratic values to counter mining domination and for an enabling political settlement environment.

The study explores the phenomenon of politeness vis-à-vis collective identity in two indigenous languages of Arunachal Pradesh, India: Miju and Digaru. Through the differential use of discourse markers in various language settings, this paper examines politeness strategies used by the speakers of both languages to form inferences on the speakers’ worldview and social knowledge of their respective communities in different contexts. The intrinsic structure of the language of a community and its lucid usage construes politeness together with a society's socio-cultural principles. The socio-cultural characteristics fabricate the speakers' cognitive structure that formulates the phenomenon of politeness falling in with the language principles and boundaries. The current paper examines the production, projection and perception of politeness through discursive approach including inclusiveness/ exclusiveness strategies to understand natives’ perspective on collective identity as speakers of endangered languages themselves. Further, the study takes linguistic politeness as a meta-pragmatic entity and tries to explore this phenomenon in the Miju and Digaru languages from the native’s socio-cognitive understanding. In doing so, the paper appropriates Koller (2012), which, in introducing critical analytical parameters for analysing collective identity in discourse, talks about three levels of discourse – Macro-level, Meso-level, and Micro-level.

O objetivo deste estudo foi o de avaliar a viabilidade econômica da terminação em confinamento de novilhos, por meio de indicadores financeiros de retorno e risco, via análise determinística, tomando como base valores de cotações médias praticadas no Rio Grande do Sul nos anos de 2004 a 2012. Foram utilizados 18 novilhos da raça Charolês, com idade média inicial de 30 meses e peso médio inicial de 297,0kg ±11,5kg. Avaliaram-se três pesos de abate pré-determinados: 420, 460 e 500 kg, sendo os pesos obtidos de 421, 461 e 495 kg, respectivamente. O período de alimentação foi de 110, 145 e 184 dias, respectivamente. Os custos variáveis representaram 98% do custo total, sendo que, destes, os mais representativos foram: compra do animal magro e alimentação (volumoso + concentrado). As estimativas dos indicadores financeiros para os pesos de abate de 421, 461 e 495 kg foram, respectivamente, de R$ -266,30, -323,49 e -417,18 para margem bruta, R$ -289,70, -346,90 e -440,59 para margem líquida, de R$ -344,89, -419,93 e -536,24 para lucro, de R$ -316,78, -381,92 e -483,67 para valor presente líquido, de 0,85, 0,83 e 0,81 para índice benefício:custo, -2,65%, -2,52% e -2,58% para retorno adicional sobre o investimento, -5,02%, -4,57% e -4,56% para taxa interna de retorno (a.m.) e 7,05, 8,37 e 9,86 meses para payback descontado. Apesar de indicarem inviabilidade da terminação em qualquer peso de abate, menores pesos resultaram em menores perdas econômicas, tornando essa tecnologia de elevado risco econômico.

Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar como a análise de custos para servir (cost-to-serve) pode contribuir para a identificação da rentabilidade de clientes de uma empresa de desenvolvimento de softwares para empresas contábeis. Realizou-se pesquisa descritiva com abordagem qualitativa, por meio de estudo de caso, no qual as informações foram coletadas mediante acesso aos bancos de dados da organização e conversa com os colaboradores. A empresa, com cerca de 150 colaboradores nas atividades corporativas e da matriz e possui três Linhas de sistemas: Linha V, produto maduro - principal produto da empresa; Linha U - mais recente e ainda em desenvolvimento; e Linha W - complementar às demais. Constatou-se que aproximadamente 80% dos clientes da Linha V, atendidos pela matriz, são considerados lucrativos, enquanto os demais 20% são clientes não lucrativos, considerando o alto nível de serviço que exigem ou preços que são praticados pela empresa para estes clientes. Identificou-se que 40% dos clientes, os mais rentáveis, geram 100% do lucro da empresa; os 40% com rentabilidade intermediária geram outros 25%, enquanto os menos rentáveis (ou não rentáveis) consomem os 25%. Assim, a partir dos resultados do estudo, foi possível verificar a contribuição da análise de custos para servir na identificação das diferenças de rentabilidade entre os clientes da organização, possibilitando o desenvolvimento de estratégias em relação as diversos perfis de clientes, definindo ações que visem a melhoria dos resultados da empresa.

Psychiatrists throughout Ireland lost a valued and respected colleague when Michael Kelleher died on the 9th August 1998. It is unusual for a doctor and certainly for a psychiatrist to receive widespread tributes in the national as well as the professional press, and these have borne eloquent witness to Michael's qualities as a man and to his achievements as a psychiatrist.Dr Kelleher's major achievements have been well recorded: they particularly concern his research in Cork on suicide in the latter decades of the 20th century. This interest arose from his work with a post-graduate student, Dr Maura Daly, in the early 1980s. They identified the rising suicide rate, especially amongst the young, and set about understanding the phenomena they carefully observed. Having provided evidence that improved official reporting of suicide was not a sufficient cause of the rising rate, Dr Kelleher moved on to focus on unemployment, the availability of medicines, substance abuse and the rapid changes in Irish society in seeking to explain these disturbing trends. His writing was careful and considered and he maintained a consistently high standard of scholarship. This is clearly evident in his editorial “Youth suicide trends in the Republic of Ireland” for the British Journal of Psychiatry, published posthumously in September 1998. In latter years his voice became familiar in the media when he was always lucid and cautionary, while strongly advocating measures to improve Ireland's mental health.

A soja é uma das principais oleaginosas da produção agrícola mundial, sendo muito utilizada para alimentação humana e animal, para produtos industrializados e ainda como fonte alternativa de biocombustível. É por suas grandes utilizações que é muito valorizada e cultivada no mundo. Portanto, este trabalho buscou aplicar uma técnica de inteligência artificial para predizer a produtividade da soja e, consequentemente, maximizar a produção de uma área cultivável, aumentar o lucro do produtor e diminuir impactos ambientais. Utilizou-se, então, a técnica da máquina de suporte de vetores para buscar um modelo de predição da produtividade da soja por meio de dados de macro nutrientes presentes na folha da soja, permitindo assim, que sejam realizadas adubações somente nos locais necessários, preditos como pontos de baixa produtividade pelo melhor modelo de máquina de suporte de vetores obtido. Dentre todos os modelos criados, o melhor modelo de predição da produtividade conseguiu explicar 58% dos dados observados com as variáveis de nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio, cálcio e magnésio. Buscando utilizar menos variáveis para tornar a prática mais acessível ao produtor, aplicou-se um algoritmo que faz a seleção de variáveis de entrada para a máquina de suporte de vetores. Como resultado da utilização de menos variáveis de entrada, obteve-se um modelo que utilizou somente os dados de nitrogênio, fósforo e cálcio, sendo um modelo de predição menos custoso, pois com apenas três variáveis, explicou 58% dos dados observados, assim como o modelo que utilizou todas as variáveis.

A longa e intensa crise em que a economia mundial mergulhou depois de 2008 obrigou os governos e os bancos centrais a aplicarem mecanismos keynesianos. Em consequência, foram recolocadas as tradicionais questões sobre os relacionamentos entre o sistema econômico, a política e o Estado. Revisitar Marx se tornou inevitável. A nova edição d’O Capital, preparada pela MEGA, coloca questões surpreendentes, mas que já se anunciavam para os estudiosos desse livro, principalmente para aqueles mais atentos às páginas soltas do III livro. O editor Engels terminou arredondando um conjunto textos que caminham em várias direções e que dificilmente mostram o movimento do capital caminhando para uma supercontradição que terminaria pondo em xeque a própria existência do sistema. Basta ler o capítulo sobre a tendência à queda do lucro para que se perceba que ela é muito mais um jogo de fatores que se contestam do que uma tendência nevrálgica do sistema. Os editores da nova edição da MEGA mostram que Marx abrira de tal forma o leque de suas investigações que o livro dificilmente encontraria seu fecho. E como Marx era um gênio aberto às novidades do capitalismo, ele mesmo escrevera uma carta em que afirmava lhe ser impossível terminar o livro, antes que a crise mundial daquela época delineasse os caminhos de sua superação. Tudo isso nos leva a recolocar uma série problemas. Quais são as relações entre o pensamento maduro de Marx e o marxismo? Sabemos que este se tornou uma ideologia a serviço de uma política imperialista da União Soviética e de seus aliados. Até a II Guerra mundial a crítica ao capital se dividia em dois campos. O campo marxista desenvolvendo uma teoria da história e uma teoria da luta de classes muito fechada que impediam a compreensão da política pós-guerra. O campo nazista transfigurou a crítica do capital numa crítica da ciência tecnocrata. O marxismo se torna uma teoria do conhecimento e a ideologia nazista uma fenomenologia da crise da razão. Vemos hoje como estes campos estão misturados. Voltar aos textos de Marx me parece um bom começo para superar tanta confusão. E repensar o modo de produção capitalista considerando o valor como uma substância — como nos ensina a crítica de Marx a Ricardo — nos obriga a colocar a tradicional questão do juízo de valor fora do dilema de uma volta a Hegel ou a Kant, em que se chafurdam os críticos atuais.

Abstract Osteosarcoma is a primary malignant bone tumor highly aggressive and metastasizing, composed of mesenchymal cells producing osteoid and immature matrix. Osteosarcoma is the most frequent bone tumor and it mainly affects children and adolescents. The main treatment option is a combination of surgery and chemotherapy. Research into new therapeutic strategies to improve the quality of life of patients is currently underway. The development of the anti-tumor immunostimulant drug Mifamurtide is part of this research. There are very conflicting opinions on the therapeutic validity of this drug. Therefore, we tested experimentally the effectiveness of Mifamurtide in three cell lines of osteosarcoma (MG-63, HOS, 143B) with different grades of malignancy, grown in co-culture with macrophage to allow the correct internalization of the drug. Through in vitro experiments, we analyzed the effects of Mifamurtide on tumor cell viability, on cellular signaling pathway and on macrophage polarization. Results show that Mifamurtide loses its effectiveness as the tumor malignity increases. The most aggressive tumor cells are not affected by the therapy, probably because they implement methods of resistance to apoptosis. Furthermore, they would be able to affect the tumor microenvironment to their own advantage. To better understand Mifamurtide impact on tumor microenvironment, we also performed a cytokine assay on the culture medium in which the cells grew. The most significant results were identified in the interleukine-10 (IL-10): IL-10 is expressed in higher quantities in the highest-grade osteosarcoma cells. This anti-inflammatory cytokine can inhibit the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokine and suppresses the antigen presentation capacity of APC cells. This allows cancer cells to evade immune surveillance mechanisms. In vivo and in vitro results show that the synergic use of an anti-IL-10 antibody in combination with Mifamurtide can improve its efficacy. Here, we provide experimental evidence that the addition of an anti-IL-10 antibody to Mifamurtide causes a significant death rate in more aggressive osteosarcoma cells and lower metastasis, compared to Mifamurtide only. In conclusion, considering our data, it could be proposed a new treatment protocol for metastatic osteosarcoma that includes the use of an anti-IL10 antibody integrated with the administration of Mifamurtide to increase its effectiveness in this clinical context. Citation Format: Nicoletta Nastasi, Angela Subbiani, Maria Letizia Taddei, Lucia Scala, Angela Tamburini, Claudio Favre, Maura Calvani. Use of an anti-IL-10 antibody to improve Mifamurtide efficacy on aggressive osteosarcoma cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 2007.

Background:Together with autoimmune-inflammation and fibrosis, microvasculopathy is a hallmark of SSc. However, also macrovascular changes may occur including peripheral proliferative vasculopathy. Whether this changes may represent a specific SSc marker with a predictive value remains a matter of debate.[1,2,3]Objectives:To study peripheral macrovascular involvement by color doppler ultrasound (CDUS) with spectral wave analysis (SWA) in a cohort of 40 SSc patients as compared to healthy controls. To further analyze any differences among the SSc population.Methods:Forty SSc patients and 36 healthy controls were examined by CDUS with SWA of both hands. Macrovascular involvement was assessed by measuring the resistivity index (RI) of distal ulnar and radial arteries. Examinations were performed with an Esaote MyLab Twice machine equipped with a linear 10-22 MHz probe. Ultrasound examination was carried out by two independent rheumatologists blinded to clinical conditions of the patients. Statistical analysis was performed by using MaxStat software.Results:The RI index resulted increased in the SSc cohort as compared with healthy controls (left ulnar RI 0.977 vs 0.715; right ulnar RI 0.996 vs 0.699; left radial RI 0.988 vs 0.706; right radial RI 0.999 vs 0.688; p<0.001). SSc patients with an increased RI in one artery were more probable to have an increased RI in the other vessels too (r 2 = 0.35; p<0.01). In addition, 8 out of 40 SSc patients presented left ulnar artery occlusion (UAO) and 7 out of 40 SSc patients presented right UAO, of which 6 presented bilateral UAO. Awaiting to enlarge the cohort for further analysis, descriptive data regarding increased RI at CDUS/SWA and clinical features, including years from onset of the disease, subtype of SSc, mRSS, history of digital ulcers, interstitial lung disease and PAH are described in Table 1.Conclusion:Peripheral macrovascular involvement was observed in SSc patients as compared with healthy controls. Further studies will determine whether this feature may have specificity for diagnosis/prognosis in SSc.References:[1]Lescoat A, Yelnik CM, Coiffier G et al. Ulnar Artery Occlusion and Severity Markers of Vasculopathy in Systemic Sclerosis: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2019;71:983-990.[2]Lescoat A, Coiffier G, Rouil A et al. Vascular Evaluation of the Hand by Power Doppler Ultrasonography and New Predictive Markers of Ischemic Digital Ulcers in Systemic Sclerosis: Results of a Prospective Pilot Study. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2017;69:543-551.[3]Schioppo T, Orenti A, Boracchi P, De Lucia O, Murgo A, Ingegnoli F. Evidence of macro- and micro-angiopathy in scleroderma: An integrated approach combining 22-MHz power Doppler ultrasonography and video-capillaroscopy. Microvasc Res. 2019;122:125-130.Table 1.Main clinical features of the SSc cohort (n=40) studied by CDUS for macrovascular involvement.SSc cohort (n = 40)Years from onsetrange (35 y – 0 y)mean = 10.5 yAutoantibodiesACA 13/40Anti-TopoI 14/40Other 13/40mRSSrange (0 -30)mean = 3ILD17/40PAH7/40Capillaroscopy patternEarly 10/40Active 11/40Late 6/40History of digital ulcers16/40Left ulnar IR0.977Left radial IR0.988Right ulnar IR0.996Right radial IR0.999Disclosure of Interests:None declared.

Background:Even though microvascular dysfunction has been implicated in pathogenesis of scleroderma (SSc), there is minimal evidence to suggest presence of macrovascular dysfunction. The clinical implication of macrovascular dysfunction in SSc is unknown. Moreover, data on the correlation between dysfunction in small and large blood vessel is inconclusive. [1-2]Objectives:To study the correlation between macrovascular dysfunction as assessed by percent change in flow mediated vasodilation (FMD) of brachial artery and microvascular dysfunction as assessed by nail fold capillaroscopy (NFC) findings in SSc. To assess the clinical impact of macrovascular dysfunction.Methods:This cross-sectional comparative study enrolled patients with SSc and age and gender matched healthy controls. FMD change was calculated using standard USG probe of 5 to 6 MHz in right brachial diameter from the average of 3 consecutive end diastolic frames. NFC was performed using portable nail fold capillary microscope at 800X magnification. Clinical features of SSc were compared between SSc patients with and without macrovascular dysfunction.Results:This study enrolled 59 SSc patients including 29 (49.2%) diffuse, 20 (20.4%) limited, 08 (10.2%) sine SSc and 2 patients (3.4%) with myositis overlap. SSc patients had significantly (p-<0.0001) lower % FMD change compared to healthy controls. NFC showed significantly higher architecture distortion (p-<0.0001), loss of capillaries (p-<0.0001) and abnormal capillaries (p-<0.0001). There was no correlation between FMD change and capillary density (p-0.381), avascular area (p-0.266) and abnormal capillaries (p-0.899). None of the clinical features like pulmonary hypertension, digital ulcer burden, acro-osteolysis and auto amputation were different between SSc with and without macrovascular dysfunction.Conclusion:Macrovascular dysfunction in SSc is substantial and it seems to be independent of the microvascular dysfunction. The clinical implications of macrovascular dysfunction are yet to be identified.References:[1]Schioppo T, Orenti A, Boracchi P, De Lucia O, Murgo A, Ingegnoli F. Evidence of macro- and micro-angiopathy in scleroderma: An integrated approach combining 22-MHz power Doppler ultrasonography and video-capillaroscopy. Microvasc Res. 2019 Mar;122:125–30.[2]Rollando D, Bezante GP, Sulli A, Balbi M, Panico N, Pizzorni C, et al. Brachial Artery Endothelial-dependent Flow-mediated Dilation Identifies Early-stage Endothelial Dysfunction in Systemic Sclerosis and Correlates with Nailfold Microvascular Impairment. J Rheumatol. 2010 Jun 1;37(6):1168–73.Table 1.Comparison of various parameters between the SSc patients with healthy controls.ParameterFrequency (percentage)/median (interquartile range)SSc patients (n=59)Healthy controls (n=64)Demographic detailsAge in years38 (27-46)36.5 (28.25-42)Gender Male03 (5.1%)03 (4.7%) Female56 (95.1%)61 (95.3%)FMD findings FMD % change*4.54 (3.13-8.82)10.30 (8.33-13.16)NFC findings Number of capillaries*51 (38-63)121 (113-128) Average capillary density*3.19 (2.38-3.94)7.56 (7.06-8) Disorganized architecture (%)*37.5 (12.5-37.5)0 U shape (%)*50 (36.59-68.09)85.51 (82.97 – 88.53) Abnormal (%)*36.11 (14.03-55.26)0 Enlarged (%)*10.63 (2.94-23.68)0 Giant (%)*21.05 (0-45.45)0 Microhemorrhages (%)*6.25 (0-12.5)0 Neoangiogenesis (%)*3.85 (0-20)0 Avascular area (%)*50 (31.25- 75)0*parameters with statistically significant (p value< 0.0001) difference among two groups. SSc; Systemic Sclerosis, FMD; flow mediated vasodilatation, NFC; nail fold capillaroscopyFigure 1.Scatter plot showing correlation between FMD percentage change and average capillary density. (r= 0.116) (P-value - 0.381)Disclosure of Interests:None declared

CUSTO DE PRODUÇÃO E LUCRATIVIDADE DO COGUMELO DO SOL NA AGRICULTURA SUSTENTÁVEL: ESTUDO DE CASO FERNANDA SILVA LIMA1, OLÍVIA GOMES MARTINS2, DALVAN PEREIRA ABILIO3, MAURA SEIKO TSUITSUI ESPERANCINI4, MEIRE CRISTINA NOGUEIRA DE ANDRADE5 1Mestre em Ciência e Tecnologia Ambiental, Universidade do Sagrado Coração. Endereço: Rua Irmã Arminda 10-50, Jardim Brasil, CEP:17011-160, Bauru, São Paulo, Brasil. E-mail: fernanda.slima@outlook.com.br 2Doutoranda em Agronomia – Energia na Agricultura, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio Mesquita Filho”, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas de Botucatu. Endereço: Rua José Barbosa de Barros 3780, Av. Universitária Altos do Paraíso, CEP: 18610-034, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brasil. E-mail: oliviagmartins@gmail.com 3Graduando em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade do Sagrado Coração. Endereço: Rua Irmã Arminda 10-50, Jardim Brasil, CEP:17011-160, Bauru, São Paulo, Brasil. E-mail: dalvan-pereira@hotmail.com 4Doutora em Economia, Departamento de Engenharia Rural e Socioeconomia, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas/UNESP, Av. Universitária,3780, Altos do Paraíso, 18610-034, Botucatu/SP, maura.seiko@unesp.br 5Doutora em Agronomia, docente permanente do Programa de Pós-graduação em Agronomia - Energia na Agricultura, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio Mesquita Filho”, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas de Botucatu. Endereço: Rua José Barbosa de Barros 3780, Av. Universitária Altos do Paraíso, CEP: 18610-034, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brasil. E-mail: mcnandrade@hotmail.com RESUMO: Este estudo teve como objetivos avaliar os custos de produção e lucratividade do cogumelo do sol (Agaricus blazei) nos padrões da agricultura sustentável. A análise de custos de produção é extremamente relevante para a análise da eficiência da produção de determinada cultura. Para isso, foi feito o levantamento de dados referente à produção do ano de 2016. Esses dados preencheram tabelas para os cálculos dos custos totais, receita total e indicadores de rentabilidade econômica. O sistema de produção do cogumelo A. blazei apresenta ótima viabilidade econômica de acordo com os métodos utilizados, uma vez que a renda liquida é significantemente positiva, sendo o índice de lucratividade de 87,54%, com lucro operacional de R$ 637.779,87/ano. As variáveis que afetam o índice de lucratividade, na sua ordem de importância, foram: preço de venda do cogumelo e produtividade. Palavras-chave: sustentabilidade, receita, análise econômica, Agaricus blazei. COST OF PRODUCTION AND PROFITABILITY OF THE SUN MUSHROOM IN SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE: A CASE STUDY ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to evaluate the costs of production and profitability of the sun mushroom (Agaricus blazei) in the patterns of sustainable agriculture. The analysis of production costs is extremely relevant for the analysis of the efficiency of the production of a given crop. To do so, the data were collected for the production of the year 2016. These data filled tables for calculations of total costs, total revenue and indicators of economic profitability. The A. blazei production system shows great economic viability according to the methods utilizes, since the liquid revenue is significantly positive, as the profitability index was 87,54%, with an operational profit of R$ 637.779,87/year. The variables that affected the profitability index were, in order of importance: sale price of the mushroom and productivity. Keywords: sustainability, revenue, economic analysis, Agaricus blazei.

Background. In 19th century European music has been enriched by national phenomena, such as Polish mazurka, Austrian waltz, Hungarian czardas, which went into the academic genres system, expanded the boundaries of its intonational fund and audience perceptions. The Neapolitan song participated in this process. It was a real discovery for music lovers in different countries. Canzone Napoletana conquered the music salons area in France, from where it spread in all the Europe, and was reflected in the work of many composers. This genre phenomenon is not fully unraveled, probably due to the distortion of the ingrained ideas about it. This theme is mainly reflected in the publications of Italian experts in the second half of the 20 century D. Carpitella, E. De Martino, R. De Simone, and in the 21 century R. Di Mauro (2013). Interest in this genre intensified in the musical science of China also. This is due to the extraordinary melody of Neapolitan songs, which is consonant with Chinese samples. Chinese singers increasingly include the popular canzone Napoletana in their repertoire. In the musical science of China, this topic has been developed since the last decades of the 20th century in the studies of Song Jing (1985), Wu Shikai (1997), Pei Yisi (2011), Liu Shanshan (2007), Fang Yahong (2011), Chang Jinge (2018). However, many scientific works are of the same type, which is caused by the lack of direct access to the study of musical, poetic, bibliographic material. In the same time, the 19th century deserves attention as a period of the rapid spread of Neapolitan folk songs in the musical art of Europe. The outstanding role in these processes belongs to the representatives of the creative dynasty – Teodoro Cottrau (1827–1879), the author of the famous “Santa Lucia”, and his father Guillaume-Louis Cottrau (1797–1847). Given the current lack of knowledge on this topic, as the research goal of this article, we consider it necessary to get acquainted with the creative figure of G.-L. Cottrau, which contributed to the spread of Neapolitan folk songs in the European music of the 19th century. For the first time in the musical science of Ukraine and China, the collection of Neapolitan songs “Passatempi musicali” / “Musical entertainments” is used as an object of research compiled by G.-L. Cottrau, as well as selected fragments of operatic works by G. Paisiello and D. Cimarosa. In this work, the historicalcomparative and biographical research methods are used, as well as generally accepted models of musicological and performing analysis of music. Results. When studying the Canzone Napoletana, the research problem lies in the difficulties of reconstructing song samples of the 16th–19th centuries. It is necessary to restore their exact chronology, authorship, conduct a comparative analysis of numerous editions, and comprehend the processes of historical evolution. This situation is known to most ethnological scholars, who are actually engaged in musical archeology and bring back almost lost samples of the past from oblivion. Thanks to the processes of national self-determination that swept Italy in the second half of the 20th century, a decisive breakthrough was made in ethnomusicology in the study of the musical and poetic heritage of the Neapolitan region. This is a strong help for any researcher dealing with this topic. The composer and music publisher Guillaume-Louis Cottrau belonged to a famous surname in France. Hisfather served Joachim-Napol&#233;on Murat, Napoleon Bonaparte’s son-in-law. As a child, he ended up in Italy, in Naples, forever falling in love with this land and its culture. Subsequently, Guillaume-Louis adopted Neapolitan citizenship. Being engaged in the affairs of the music publishing house and composing, Guillaume-Louis made up and published in 1824 a collection of Neapolitan songs “Passatempi musicali” / “Musical entertainments”. This includes 104 Canzone Napoletana. Afterwards, the number of songs in different issues was increasing slightly (up to 113), the authorship of some fragments was clarifying, but the main block of tunes remained unchanged. This collection gained immense popularity in the music salons of France. It has been reprinted several times. According to R. di Mauro (2013), about sixty of the 104 songs in the first edition were written by G.-L. Cottrau, the rest are the result of processing of folk originals or songs by other authors. The essence of the undertaken arrangement consisted not only in recording musical and poetic texts (often in several versions), not only in creating a piano accompaniment part in the style of salon music-making. The composer personally collected these cantos and lyrics to them, communicating with servants, peasants, merchants, artisans, direct bearers of the oral musical tradition from different parts of the Neapolitan region. It includes old peasant songs, epic ballads, fragments from operas by G. Paisiello, D. Cimarosa, and other composers of the 18th century, which became truly people’s. This article compares the composer and folk versions of the Serenade of Pulcinella by Paisiello and Cimarosa, which were included in the first edition of the collection under the folk guise. Conclusions. The publication of the Neapolitan songs collection “Passatempi musicali” by G.-L. Cottrau played the role of actualizing this song genre in the musical space of the Romantic era. Its popularization outside Italy, repeated reprints made it possible to “legalize” the song South Italian folklore in the European musical space.

Editorial – Revista Ambiente Contábil – Volume 14 – Número 1 – Ano 2022 (Jan./Jun. 2022) A Revista Ambiente Contábil (Ambiente) apresenta na sua 27ª edição 19 (dezenove) artigos que tratam de assuntos relevantes para a área contábil; 01 (uma) resenha de livro e 15 (quinze) artigos no idioma inglês (versão de artigos submetidos em português). Seção 1: Contabilidade Aplicada ao Setor Empresarial Artigo 1 - Aplicabilidade dos modelos CAPM local, CAPM local ajustado e CAPM ajustado híbrido ao mercado brasileiro de Vandliny Paiva Martins Teixeira, Moisés Ferreira da Cunha e Thaisa Renata dos Santos com o objetivo de verificar a aplicabilidade dos modelos CAPM local, CAPM Local Ajustado e CAPM Ajustado Híbrido ao mercado brasileiro, a partir da análise de suas respectivas premissas e, adicionalmente, verificar a existência de diferenças estatísticas significativas entre os modelos. Artigo 2 - Gerenciamento de resultados e de capital por bancos latino-americanos com instrumentos financeiros José Alves de Carvalho, Júlio César Gomes Mendonça, Maurício Soares de Faria Júnior e José Alves Dantas com o objetivo de avaliar se os bancos da América Latina utilizam os ganhos e perdas não realizados com instrumentos financeiros, registrados como outros resultados abrangentes, com o objetivo de gerenciamento de resultados e de capital regulatório. Artigo 3 - Cultura organizacional e desempenho financeiro: evidências em empresas listadas no Índice Brasil 100 de Leonardo Portella Ilowski, Iago França Lopes, Cintia Lopes da Silva Vieira, Danieli de Assis Machado, Ruberval Gonçalves de Matos e Nayane Thais Krespi Musial com o objetivo de analisar a relação entre cultura organizacional e desempenho financeiro de empresas listadas no IBrX 100. Artigo 4 - Impacto da exclusão do ICMS da base de cálculo do PIS e da COFINS: estudo sobre a decisão do STF e seus efeitos em uma empresa do segmento alimentício de Jéssica Andressa Zago, Letícia Twardowski da Silva e Vitor Paulo Rigo com o objetivo de apresentar o impacto da decisão proferida pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal que exclui o ICMS da base de cálculo do PIS e da COFINS e demonstrar o montante dessas contribuições a serem restituídas por uma empresa do setor alimentício, enquadrada no regime do Lucro Real. Artigo 5 - Práticas de responsabilidade socioambiental e o desempenho organizacional em companhias abertas de Naline Tres, Claudia Dalla Porta, Sady Mazzioni, Cristian Bau Dal Magro e Daniela Di Domenico com o objetivo de analisar a relação entre as práticas de responsabilidade socioambiental no desempenho das companhias abertas listadas na [B3]. Artigo 6 - Agressividade tributária nas empresas de capital aberto que atuam em mercado regulado de Thaís Salvatori França e Francisco Antonio Bezerra com o objetivo de identificar se o mercado regulado por intermédio de suas agências é fator determinante para uma postura de menor agressividade tributária nas empresas. Artigo 7 - Avaliação da condição econômico-financeira de operadoras brasileiras de planos de saúde: uma nota sobre finanças e regulação de Carlos Henrique Rocha, Gladston Luiz da Silva e Paulo Augusto Pettenuzzo de Britto com o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho econômico-financeiro de operadoras brasileiras de planos de saúde e investigar possíveis fontes de variações relativas dos índices estudados. O artigo discute, ainda, a questão da regulação a partir da análise econômico-financeira dos entes regulados. Artigo 8 - O impacto do uso da tecnologia no desempenho da produção leiteira: manejo tradicional, compost barn e free stall de Ana Maria Meinl e Euselia Paveglio Vieira com o objetivo de analisar a contribuição do uso de tecnologias e sistemas de produção diferenciados na formação dos resultados da atividade leiteira de três propriedades rurais, que utilizam diferentes sistemas produtivos e estão localizadas na região Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Artigo 9 - Análise da relação da quantidade de participantes ativos das entidades fechadas de Previdência Complementar (EFPC) com o ambiente socioeconômico de Ivone Pedro de Lima, Elis Regina de Oliveira, Geovane Camilo dos Santos, Dryelle Laiana de Jesus Silva dos Santos e Élcio Dihl Oliveira com o objetivo de analisar a associação entre a quantidade de participantes ativos de planos de previdência, vinculados às EFPC, e as variáveis: PIB, taxa de desocupação, inflação (INPC), taxa de juros (Selic), quantidade de EFPC e fluxo de entrada e saída de participantes ativos. Artigo 10 - Transparência corporativa e desempenho: qual o papel das mulheres nessa relação? de Verivaldo Alves de Freitas, Messias Elmiro Gomes Loiola de Oliveira, Jislene Trindade Medeiros e Márcia Martins Mendes De Luca com o objetivo de investigar a influência da participação feminina no conselho de administração na relação entre a transparência corporativa e o desempenho de empresas brasileiras. Artigo 11 - Análise da viabilidade econômica, em condições de riscos, do sistema de confinamento utilizado para a terminação de bovinos no estado de São Paulo, Brasil de Kaio Expedito Rodrigues Queiroz, Janderson Damaceno dos Reis e André Rozemberg Peixoto Simões com o objetivo de avaliar a sensibilidade e a viabilidade econômica do sistema de confinamento utilizado para a engorda de bovinos tomando como referência uma propriedade localizada no norte do estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Artigo 12 - Avaliação do nível de disclosure de arrendamentos mercantis nas demonstrações contábeis de empresas de consumo não-cíclico: um estudo sob a luz do novo IFRS 16 de Ícaro Luiz de Sousa Silva, Alexandre Gonzales e Fernando de Almeida Santos com o objetivo de averiguar o nível de disclosure contábil demandado de acordo com o IFRS16 nas empresas de capital aberto na B3, mais precisamente no segmento de consumo não-cíclico. Artigo 13 - Desempenho dos maiores bancos brasileiros: um estudo sobre o impacto da crise subprime de Cristiana Maria Coeli e Vanessa Martins Pires com o objetivo de analisar o impacto da crise subprime no desempenho dos maiores bancos brasileiros, utilizando indicadores contábeis que permitem mensurar o comportamento dos índices de inadimplência, a evolução das despesas com Provisão para Devedores Duvidosos (PDD), do volume de ativos totais e dos índices de rentabilidade. Seção 2: Contabilidade Aplicada ao Setor Público e ao Terceiro Setor Artigo 1 - Emenda Constitucional n.º 95/2016 e seu impacto em uma universidade federal de Viviane Amorim de Oliveira, Eduardo Tadeu Vieira, Tiago Mota dos Santos e Jorge Katsumi Niyama com o objetivo de avaliar, em um cenário hipotético e por meio de abordagem retrospectiva, no período de 1995 a 2017, os efeitos da Emenda Constitucional n.º 95/2016 sobre o orçamento da Universidade de Brasília, a partir de um modelo econométrico de previsão de despesa paga. Artigo 2 - Impactos na eficiência do gasto público na educação fundamental dos municípios paulistas por meio das categorias do elemento da despesa de Gabriel Santana Machado, Jaime Crozatti, Vinicius Macedo de Moraes, Bianca de Oliveira e Carlos Eduardo de Oliveira Silva com o objetivo de mensurar os impactos dos gastos públicos na educação fundamental dos municípios paulistas sobre a eficiência do gasto público educacional. Artigo 3 - Eficiência do sistema de transporte metroferroviário brasileiro: uma aplicação da Análise Envoltória de Dados de Maria Cecilia da Silva Brum e Tiago Wickstrom Alves com o objetivo de analisar a eficiência técnica das empresas metroferroviárias brasileiras. Seção 3: Pesquisas de Campo sobre Contabilidade (Survey) Artigo 1 - Controles internos para o gerenciamento de riscos: percepção de auditores e gestores de Isadora Marques dos Santos, Rosângela Queiroz Souza Valdevino, Rosilania Silva de Queiroz, Adriana Martins de Oliveira, Letícia Jéssica Freitas de Oliveira e Meskla Gislainy Marques da Silva com o objetivo de analisar a percepção dos auditores e gestores em relação aos controles internos no gerenciamento de riscos nas empresas. Artigo 2 - Sistema eletrônico de informações em uma instituição pública do estado de Pernambuco: uma análise da aceitação e uso do sistema de Antônio Alves da Silva, Paulo de Tasso de Souza Junior e Alessandra Carla Ceolin com o objetivo de promover uma avaliação da aceitação e uso da tecnologia implantada (Sistema Eletrônico de Informações) em uma instituição pública do estado de Pernambuco, sob a perspectiva dos usuários internos do sistema à luz da Teoria Unificada de Aceitação e Uso da Tecnologia (Venkatesh, Morris, Davis & Davis, 2003). Artigo 3 - Avaliação da utilização do Portal Capes de periódicos na ótica dos usuários pesquisadores em administração e contabilidade com base na escala SERVQUAL de Ana Carolina Vasconcelos Colares e Cássia de Oliveira Ferreira com o objetivo de avaliar a utilização do Portal Capes de Periódicos na ótica dos usuários pesquisadores em administração e contabilidade, e investigar a relação entre a satisfação do usuário com as cinco dimensões do modelo SERVQUAL de avaliação de serviços. Seção 4: Casos de Ensino Aplicados a Contabilidade Não houve submissão. Seção 5: Resenhas de Teses, Dissertações e Livros sobre Contabilidade Resenha 1 - Resenha do livro: Escola Nacional de Administração Pública (ENAP). Capacidades Estatais para Produção de Políticas Públicas: Resultados do Survey sobre o Serviço Civil no Brasil. Brasília: Enap, 2018, 74 páginas, Cadernos Enap, 56, ISSN: 0104-7078 Autores: Everaldo Nogueira de Souza e Antônio Carlos Brunozi Júnior Seção 6: Banco de Dados (Arquivos suplementares em Excel) Não houve submissão. Seção 7: Internacional (S7) ENGLISH Section 1 Article 2 (Section 1) – Earnings and capital management by Latin American banks through financial instruments of José Alves de Carvalho, Júlio César Gomes Mendonça, Maurício Soares de Faria Júnior and José Alves Dantas. The purpose of this study is to assess whether banks in Latin America make use of unrealized gains and losses through financial instruments, recorded as other comprehensive income, when engaging in earnings management and capital resource allocation. Article 3 (Section 1) – Organizational culture and financial performance: evidence in companies listed in the Brazil Index 100 of Leonardo Portella Ilowski, Iago França Lopes, Cintia Lopes da Silva Vieira, Danieli de Assis Machado, Ruberval Gonçalves de Matos and Nayane Thais Krespi Musial. The study investigates the relationship between organizational culture and financial performance of companies classified in the IBrX 100. Article 4 (Section 1) - Impact of the exclusion of ICMS from PIS and COFINS calculation base: study on the STF decision and its effects on a food company of Jéssica Andressa Zago, Letícia Twardowski da Silva e Vitor Paulo Rigo. This study aims to present the impact of the decision issued by the Supreme Federal Court that excludes ICMS from PIS and COFINS calculation basis and to present the amount of these contributions to be refunded by a company in the food sector, within the framework of the actual profit method. Article 5 (Section 1) - Socio environmental responsibility practices and organizational performance in public companies of Naline Tres, Claudia Dalla Porta, Sady Mazzioni, Cristian Bau Dal Magro and Daniela Di Domenico. Analyze the relationship between socio-environmental responsibility practices in the economic and financial performance of companies listed in [B3]. Article 6 (Section 1) - Tax aggressiveness in publicly traded companies operating in a regulated market of Thaís Salvatori França and Francisco Antonio Bezerra. The research aims to identify whether the regulated market through its agencies is a determining factor for a posture of less tax aggressiveness in companies. Article 7 (Section 1) – An appraisal of Brazilian private health plan operators’ economic-financial conditions: a note on finance and regulation of Carlos Henrique Rocha, Gladston Luiz da Silva and Paulo Augusto Pettenuzzo de Britto. This study aims to evaluate the economic-financial performance of Brazilian private health plan operators and investigate possible sources of relative variations in the studied indicators. The article also discusses the question of regulation based on an economic-financial analysis of the regulated entities. Article 8 (Section 1) – The impact of using technology on the performance of dairy production: traditional management, compost barn and free stall of Ana Maria Meinl and Euselia Paveglio Vieira. This theoretical application seeks to analyze the contribution of the use of differentiated technologies and systems in the formation of the results of the dairy activity of three rural properties, which use different productive systems and are located in the Northwest region of the State of Rio Grande do Sul. Calculation of costs of the three properties using the absorption costing method, in order to know the respective results in each production system analyzed. Article 10 (Section 1) – Corporate transparency and performance: what is the role of women in this relationship? of Verivaldo Alves de Freitas, Messias Elmiro Gomes Loiola de Oliveira, Jislene Trindade Medeiros e Márcia Martins Mendes De Luca. In this study, we investigated the influence of female board membership on the relationship between corporate transparency and performance in Brazilian public firms. Article 11 (Section 1) – Analysis of economic viability under risk conditions of a beef cattle feedlot system in São Paulo State, Brazil of Kaio Expedito Rodrigues Queiroz, Janderson Damaceno dos Reis e André Rozemberg Peixoto Simões. Assess the sensitivity and economic viability of the beef cattle feedlot system using as a reference a farm located in northern São Paulo State, Brazil. Article 12 (Section 1) – Disclosure analysis of leases in financial statements of non-cyclical consumer companies: a study considering IFRS 16 of Ícaro Luiz de Sousa Silva, Alexandre Gonzales and Fernando de Almeida Santos. This article then aims to ascertain the level of accounting disclosure required under the IFRS 16 in publicly traded companies in B3, more precisely in the non-cyclical consumer segment. Section 2 Article 1 (Section 2) - Constitutional Amendment 95/2016 and its impact on a federal university of Viviane Amorim de Oliveira, Eduardo Tadeu Vieira, Tiago Mota dos Santos and Jorge Katsumi Niyama. To evaluate the effects of Constitutional Amendment 95/2016 on the budget of the University of Brasília in the period from 1995 to 2017, based on an econometric model for forecasting expenditure, using a hypothetical scenario and a retrospective approach. Article 2 (Section 2) - Impacts on the efficiency of public expenditure in the fundamental education of São Paulo cities through the expenditure element categories of Gabriel Santana Machado, Jaime Crozatti, Vinicius Macedo de Moraes, Bianca de Oliveira and Carlos Eduardo de Oliveira Silva. This study aims to measure the impact of public spending on basic education in São Paulo cities on the efficiency of public educational expenditure. Article 3 (Section 2) - The efficiency of Brazilian railway system: an application of Data Envelopment Analysis of Maria Cecilia da Silva Brum and Tiago Wickstrom Alves. To analyze the technical efficiency of Brazilian railway companies. Section 3 Article 1 (Section 3) - Internal controls for risk management: perception of auditors and managers of Isadora Marques dos Santos, Rosângela Queiroz Souza Valdevino, Rosilania Silva de Queiroz, Adriana Martins de Oliveira, Letícia Jéssica Freitas de Oliveira and Meskla Gislainy Marques da Silva. This article aims to analyze the perception of auditors and managers in relation to internal controls in risk management in companies. Article 3 (Section 3) - Evaluation of the use of the Capes Portal of journals from the perspective of research users in administration and accounting based on the SERVQUAL scale of Ana Carolina Vasconcelos Colares and Cássia de Oliveira Ferreira. The objective of this research is to evaluate the use of the Capes Portal of Periodicals from the perspective of research users in administration and accounting, and to investigate the relationship between user satisfaction with the five dimensions of the SERVQUAL model of service evaluation. Boa leitura. Cordiais saudações! Prof. Dr. Maurício Corrêa da Silva Editor Gerente da Revista Ambiente Contábil

O assédio moral é uma violência que ocorre nas relações trabalhistas e que aflige a capacidade física e intelectual da vítima. As vítimas sofrem tanto psicologicamente quanto fisicamente, pois ao tentar esconder ou reprimir as dores sofridas, o corpo responde com depressão, gastrite, falta de apetite, insônia, dentre outras situações. O objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar como se configura o assédio moral dentro das instituições bancárias e identificar quais medidas são necessárias para auxiliar em seu combate, além de verificar as legislações existentes no país para prevenir e coibir esta prática. O estudo é fundamentado em pesquisas bibliográficas e documentais, norteadas por autores como Maria Ester de Freitas (2001), Marie-France Hirigoyen (2011), Heinz Leymann (1990) e Mauro Vasni Paroski (2006). Foram utilizados os métodos descritivo e explicativo e os dados analisados pelos métodos qualitativo-quantitativo. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que não há uma legislação específica em âmbito nacional acerca do assédio moral e, não obstante os sindicatos promoverem ações de conscientização dentro das instituições financeiras, o assédio moral ainda ocorre mais intensamente na atividade bancária do que nos demais setores. Como conclusão, recomenda-se a elaboração de legislação específica para coibir o assédio moral, bem como o incremento de ações de educação e conscientização para o setor.

Definition of a site as contaminated: Problems related to agricultural soilsMassimo Fagnano.......... pp. 1-5 Geography of soil contamination for characterization and precision remediation of potentially contaminated sitesGiuliano Langella, Antonietta Agrillo, Angelo Basile, Roberto De Mascellis, Piero Manna, Pierpaolo Moretti, Florindo Antonio Mileti, Fabio Terribile, Simona Vingiani.......... pp. 6-15 Assessing the bioavailability of potentially toxic elements in soil: A proposed approachClaudia Rocco, Diana Agrelli, Maria Tafuro, Antonio Giandonato Caporale, Paola Adamo.......... pp. 16-22 Use of the native vascular flora for risk assessment and management of an industrial contaminated soilDonato Visconti, Nunzio Fiorentino, Adriano Stinca, Ida Di Mola, Massimo Fagnano.......... pp. 23-33 Assisted phytoremediation for restoring soil fertility in contaminated and degraded landNunzio Fiorentino, Mauro Mori, Vincenzo Cenvinzo, Luigi Giuseppe Duri, Laura Gioia, Donato Visconti, Massimo Fagnano.......... pp. 34-44 Bioassays for evaluation of sanitary risks from food crops cultivated in potentially contaminated sitesLuigi Giuseppe Duri, Nunzio Fiorentino, Eugenio Cozzolino, Lucia Ottaiano, Diana Agrelli Massimo Fagnano.......... pp. 45-52 Responses of bacterial community structure and diversity to soil eco-friendly bioremediation treatments of two multi-contaminated fieldsValeria Ventorino, Vincenza Faraco, Ida Romano, Olimpia Pepe.......... pp. 53-58 Monitoring and modelling the role of phytoremediation to mitigate non-point source cadmium pollution and groundwater contamination at field scaleMario Palladino, Paolo Nasta, Alessandra Capolupo, Nunzio Romano.......... pp. 59-68

Certaines romancières de la deuxième partie du XIXe siècle dénoncent de manière extrêmement claire et virulente les violences sexuelles faites aux femmes. Ces autrices font montre à travers leurs romans de courage, d’empathie, mais également d’une très grande habileté rhétorique et de qualités d’argumentation par le biais de la fiction. Elles paient leur audace au prix fort dans un univers littéraire majoritairement masculin souvent peu sensible au consentement sexuel féminin et qui prétend confiner la littérature féminine au rang d’ornement inoffensif. Ces romancières pour la plupart méconnues ont incarné dans leurs personnages féminins leur douloureuse bataille contre un désir masculin préhensif et violent. Elles ont porté haut la bannière d’un désir féminin libre, reposant sur le consentement verbal et la confiance mutuelle des deux partenaires. Si la postérité a consacré le souvenir de Colette, au féminisme parfois ambivalent, l’on entreprend ici de restituer leur place aux romancières de talent trop souvent oubliées que sont, entre autres négligées, Louise Colet et Lucie Delarue-Mardrus. L’analyse littéraire à la fois micro et macro structurelle de certaines de leurs œuvres, associée à la méthode sociocritique, permettent de souligner les interactions entre les discours culturels, sociaux et politiques du second XIXe siècle et les écrits romanesques de ces amazones en bas bleus. En nous concentrant sur la question du combat contre les violences sexuelles, on aura entrepris ici de revaloriser ces écrivaines polémiques, qui ont consacré leur vie et leurs œuvres à tenter de changer la condition féminine en ouvrant la voie vers une nouvelle éthique de la sexualité.

La temática se circunscribe en los diferentes estándares de desarrollo en el control, planificación y la gestión de las organizaciones en las que identificamos, entre otros, bajos niveles en diseño del modelo de negocio (coherencia y definición de la propuesta de valor) incluyendo procesos claves y de apoyo ineficaces que impactan directamente en los clientes. La carencia de automatización, baja migración en aspectos tecnológicos, poca autonomía, carencia de medición en la gestión, poca relevancia en las competencias del capital humano; todo lo anterior incide en la eficiencia y sostenibilidad de la organización.Por eso, el objetivo de la herramienta MIDE es que permita evaluar, diagnosticar y proponer acciones de mejora, en forma rápida y fundamentada, con la finalidad de medir el grado de desarrollo de los sistemas o mecanismos de control de gestión de las empresas, contribuyendo a las acciones de mejora de su gestión. El modelo desarrollado es innovador y sustentado principalmente en Kaplan y Norton respecto al mapa y sus cuatro perspectivas estratégicas (aprendizaje y crecimiento, Procesos, clientes y finanzas) además de la aplicación de metodologías como Design Thinking, Ciclo de Deming y el método Lean Startup entre otras relevantes con el propósito de la obtención de resultados que tengan una forma lógica, coherente y en consecuencia una herramienta nueva para el ámbito de las organizaciones con y sin fines de lucro, midiendo a su vez también, aspectos tanto cuantitativos como cualitativos sobre estas mismas dimensiones respecto a involucramiento, control y gestión de resultados, es decir, en términos más prácticos, ayuda a conocer el grado de eficiencia desde lo más micro a lo más macro y marca la hoja de ruta con todas las oportunidades de mejora.

Neste artigo, apresentamos duas cenas de uma aula de português como língua de herança na Alemanha e demonstramos como os conceitos de cultura(s) como uma programação coletiva da mente (Woodside, 2010) e território(s) são úteis para entendermos como uma professora brasileira é surpreendida pelo modo como os seus alunos germânico-brasileiros, nascidos e criados na Alemanha, interpretam o texto-objeto de Ensino (uma propaganda verbo-visual impressa). Os apontamentos interculturais que realizamos nos auxiliam a acessar e a compreender circunstâncias que perfazem o trabalho com exemplares de textos no contexto de ensino-aprendizagem de língua de herança, o que, por sua vez, aponta para especificidades do trabalho do professor, que já atua ou quer atuar, nesse contexto. ANDRADE, Mariana Kuntz. Autenticidade de materiais e ensino de línguas estrangeiras. Pandaemonium Germanicum, v. 20, n. 31, p. 1-29, 2017.­BRONCKART, Jean Paul; MACHADO, Anna Rachel. Procedimentos de análise de texto sobre o trabalho educacional. In: MACHADO, Anna Rachel (Org.). O ensino como trabalho: uma abordagem discursiva. Londrina: EDUEL, 2004, p. 131-163.­CASTELLOTTI, V. & MOORE, D. Social Representations of Languages and Teaching. Guide for the Development of Language Education Policies in Europe From Linguistic Diversity to Plurilingual Education. Strasbourg, Council of Europe, 2002. http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/linguistic/source/castellottimooreen.pdf ­CELANI, Maria Antonieta Alba. A Relevância da Lingüística Aplicada na Formação de uma Política Educacional Brasileira. In: FORTKAMP, M.B.M.; TOMITCH, L.M.B. (Orgs.) Aspectos da lingüística aplicada. Florianópolis: Insular, 2000.­DURANTI, Alessandro. Theories of culture. In: DURANTI, Alessandro. The Anthropology of Intentions Language in a World of Others, Cambridge (U.K.): University Printing House, 2015, p. 23- 50. ­DUBOIS, D.; MONDADA, L. Construção dos objetos de discurso e categorização: uma abordagem dos processos de referenciação. In: CAVALCANTE, Mônica Magalhães; RODRIGUES, Bernadete Biasi; CIULLA, Alena (Orgs.). Referenciação. São Paulo: Contexto, 2003.ERICKSON, Frederick. What makes school ethnography “ethnographic”? In: Council on Anthropology and Education Newsletter/Antropology & Education Quarterly, v. 4 (2). Boston: Little Brown, 1973. p. 10-19FLORES, Cristina; BARBOSA, Pilar. Clíticos no português de herança de emigrantes bilingues de segunda geração. Textos Seleccionados, XXVI Encontro da Associação Portuguesa de Linguística, p. 81-98, 2011.GUARDADO, Martin. Discourse, Ideology and Heritage Language Socialization. Micro and Macro Perspectives. Boston; Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Series: Contributions to the Sociology of Language. Volume 104, 2018.­GEERTZ, Clifford. 1973. The Interpretation of Cultures. New York: Basic Books. ­HANCOCK, Black Hawk. Embodiment. A dispositional Approach to Racial and Cultural Analysis. In: JEROLMACK, Colin; KHAN, Shamus (Ed). Approaches to Etnography. Analysis and Representation in Participant Observation. New York, Oxford University Press, 2018, p.155-183.­HAESBAERT, Rogério. O mito da desterritorialização: Do “fim dos territórios” à multiterritorialidade. Rio de Janeiro: Bertrand Brasil, 2004.­MACHADO, A. R. (Org.). O ensino como trabalho: uma abordagem discursiva. Londrina, PR: Eduel, 2004.MARCUSCHI, Luiz Antônio. O léxico: lista, rede ou cognição? In: NEGRI, Lígia; FOLTRAN, Maria José; OLIVEIRA, Roberta Pires de (Org.). Sentido e significação: em torno da obra de Rodolfo Ilari. São Paulo: Contexto, 2004.MATENCIO, Maria de Lourdes. (2006). Formação do professor e representações sociais de língua(gem): por uma lingüística implicada. Filologia e Linguística Portuguesa, (8), 2006, p. 439-449. http://www.revistas.usp.br/flp/article/view/59765/62874­MODL, Fernanda de Castro; LEURQUIN, Eulália Vera Lúcia Fraga. Lusofonia em seus contextos de ensino, aprendizagem e formação de professores. Fólio – Revista de Letras, Vitória da Conquista, v.10, n.1, jan-jun de 2018, p. 333-340. ­MODL, Fernanda de Castro; BIAVATI, Nádia Dolores Fernandes. CULTURA ESCOLAR E DESNATURALIZAÇÃO DO OLHAR. Fólio – Revista de Letras, Vitória da Conquista, v. 8, n. 2, fev. 2018. ISSN 2176-4182. Disponível em: http://periodicos2.uesb.br/index.php/folio/article/view/2767­MODL, Fernanda de Castro. Rules of Behavior and Interaction in German and Brazilian Classrooms: (Inter)Cultural Uses of the Word in Schools. 1a. ed. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2017. v. 1, 184 p.­MODL, Fernanda de Castro; LEURQUIN, Eulália. LUSOFONIA EM SEUS DIVERSOS CONTEXTOS DE ENSINO, APRENDIZAGEM E FORMAÇÃO DE PROFESSORES. Fólio – Revista de Letras, Vitória da Conquista, v. 10, n. 1, ago. 2018. ISSN 2176-4182. Disponível em: <http://periodicos2.uesb.br/index.php/folio/article/view/4169MOITA LOPES, L. P. (Org.) 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Por que (não) ensinar gramática na escola. Campinas; São Paulo: ALB; Mercado de Letras, 1996.­QUINN, Naomi (Ed). Finding Culture in Talk: a collection of methods. Palgrave Macmillan, England, 2005. ­SERRRANI, S. (Org.). Discurso e cultura na aula de língua: currículo, leitura, escrita. Campinas: Pontes, 2005STÜRMER, Arthur Breno; DA COSTA, Benhur Pinós. Território: aproximações a um conceito-chave da geografia, Geografia, Ensino & Pesquisa, Vol. 21 (2017), n.3, p. 50-60ISSN: 2236-4994 DOI: 10.5902/2236499426693. Disponível em: https://periodicos.ufsm.br/geografia/article/viewFile/26693/pdf. ­WOODSIDE, Arch G. Case Study Research: Theory, Methods, Practice. Esmerald Group Publishing Limited, Bingley, United Kingdom, 2010, 440p. ­ZANDWAIS, Ana. Demandas da pesquisa e diálogos entre teoria e prática. In: LEFFA, Vilson; ERNST, Aracy (Org.). Linguagens: metodologias de ensino e pesquisa. Pelotas: Educat, 2012. p. 13-26. ­

Synonymous with globalism, the mobile phone has become an integral part of contemporary everyday life. As a global medium, the mobile phone is a compelling phenomenon that demonstrates the importance of the local in shaping and adapting the technology. The adaptation and usage of the mobile phone can be read on two levels simultaneously – the micro, individual level and the macro, socio-cultural level. Symbolic of the pervasiveness and ubiquity of global ICTs (Information and Communication Technologies) in the everyday, the mobile phone demonstrates that the experiences of the local are divergent in the face of global convergence. The cultural significance of mobile technologies sees it often as a symbol for discussion around issues of democracy, capitalism, individualism and redefinitions of place. These debates are, like all forms of mediation, riddled with paradoxes. As Michael Arnold observes, mobile media is best encapsulated by the notion of “janus-faced” which sees an ongoing process of pushing and pulling whereby one is set free to be anywhere but is on a leash to whims of others anytime. This paradox, for Arnold, is central to all technologies; the more we try to overcome various forms of distance (geographic, temporal, cultural), the more we avoid closeness and intimacy. For Jack Qui, mobile technologies are indeed the ultimate “wireless leash”. These paradoxes see themselves played in a variety of ways. This is particularly the case in the Asia-Pacific region, which houses divergence and uneven adoption, production and consumption of mobile technologies. The region simultaneously displays distinctive characteristics and a possible future of mobile media worldwide. From the so-called ‘centres’ for mobile innovation such as Tokyo and Seoul that have gained attention in global press to Asian “tigers” such as Singapore, Hong Kong and Taiwan that demonstrate high penetration rates (Singapore has a 110% penetration rate), the region often plays out its dynamics through mobile technologies. The Philippines, for example, is known as the ‘texting capital of the world’ with 300 million text messages sent per day. Moreover, the region has taken central focus for debates around the so-called democratic potential of the mobile phone through examples such as the demise of President Joseph Estrada in the Philippines and the election of President Roh in South Korea (Pertierra, Transforming Technologies; Kim). Through the use of mobile technologies and the so-called rise of the “prosumer” (consumer as producer), we can see debates about the rhetoric and reality of democracy and capitalism in the region. In the case of nascent forms of capitalism, the rise of the mobile phone in China has often been seen as China’s embrace, and redefinition, of capitalism away from being once synonymous with westernisation. As Chua Beng Huat observes, after the 1997 financial crisis in the region notions of consumerism and modernity ceased to be equated with westernization. In the case of China, the cell phone has taken on a pivotal role in everyday life with over 220 billion messages – over half the world’s SMS – sent yearly in China. Despite the ubiquity and multi-layered nature of mobile media in the region, this area has received little attention in the growing literature on mobile communication globally. Publications often explore ‘Asia’ in the context of ‘global’ media or Asia in contrast to Europe. Examples include Katz and Aakhus’s (eds.) seminal anthology Perpetual Contact, Pertierra’s (ed.) The Social Construction and Usage of Communication Technologies: European and Asian experiences and, more recently, Castells et al., Mobile Communication and Society: A Global Perspective. When publications do focus specifically on ‘Asia’, they single out particular locations in the region, such as Ito et al.’s compelling study on Japan, Personal, Portable, Pedestrian: Mobile Phones in Japanese Life and Pertierra’s eloquent discussion of the Philippines in Transforming Technologies: Altered Selves. This issue of M/C Journal attempts to address the dynamic and evolving role of mobile technologies in the Asia-Pacific region. By deploying various approaches to different issues involving mobile media, this issue aims to connect, through a regional imaginary, some of the nuances of local experience within the Asia-Pacific. As a construct, the region of the Asia-Pacific is ever evolving with constantly shifting economic and political power distributions. The rapid economic growth of parts of the region (Japan, Singapore, Taiwan, Korea, Hong Kong, and now China, Vietnam, Malaysia, the Philippines and Indonesia) over the last two to three decades, has led to increasing linkages between these nations in creating transnational networks. The boundaries of the Asia-Pacific are indeterminate and open to contestation and social construction. Initially, the Asia-Pacific was a Euro-American invention, however, its ‘Asian’ content is now playing a greater role in self-constructions, and in influencing the economic, cultural and political entity that is the Asia-Pacific. There have been alternative terms and definitions proffered to describe or delimit the area posited as the Asia-Pacific in an attempt to acknowledge, or subsume, the hierarchies inherent within the region. For example, John Eperjesi has critiqued the ‘American Pacific’ which “names the regional imaginary through which capital looked to expand into Asia and the Pacific at the turn of the [last] century” (195). Arif Dirlik has also suggested two other terms: ‘Asian Pacific’ and ‘Euro-American Pacific.’ He suggests, “the former refers not just to the region’s location, but, more important, to its human constitution; the latter refers to another human component of the region (at least at present) and also to its invention as a regional structure.” (“Asia-Pacific Idea”, 64). Together, Rob Wilson and Arif Dirlik use the configuration ‘Asia/Pacific’ to discuss the region as a space of cultural production, social migration, and transnational innovation, whereby “the slash would signify linkage yet difference” (6). These various terms are useful only insofar as they expose the ideological bases of the definitions, and identify its centre(s). In this emphasis on geography, it is important not to obscure the temporal and spatial characteristics of human activities that constitute regions. As Arif Dirlik notes, “[an] emphasis on human activity shifts attention from physical area to the construction of geography through human interactions; it also underlines the historicity of the region’s formations” (What Is in a Rim?, 4). The three-part structure of this issue seeks to provide various perspectives on the use of mobile technologies and media – from a macro, regional level, to micro, local case studies – in the context of both historical and contemporary formations and definitions of the Asia-Pacific. In an age of mobile technologies we see that rather than erode, notions of place and locality take on increasing significance. The first four papers by Jaz Hee-jeong Choi, Gerard Raiti, Yasmin Ibrahim, and Collette Snowden & Kerry Green highlight some of the key concepts and phenomena associated with mobile media in the region. Choi’s paper provides a wonderful introduction to the culture of mobile technologies in East Asia, focusing largely on South Korea, China and Japan. She problematises the rhetoric surrounding technological fetishism and techno-orientalism in definitions of ‘mobile’ and ‘digital’ East Asia and raises important questions regarding the transformation and future of East Asia’s mobile cultures. Gerard Raiti examines the behemoth of globalization from the point of view of personal intimacy. He asks us to reconsider notions of intimacy in a period marked by co-presence; particularly in light of the problematic conflation between love and technological intimacy. Yasmin Ibrahim considers the way the body is increasingly implicated through the personalisation of mobile technologies and becomes a collaborator in the creation of media events. Ibrahim argues that what she calls the ‘personal gaze’ of the consumer is contributing to the visual narratives of global and local events. What we have is a figure of the mediated mobile body that participates in the political economy of events construction. The paradoxical role of mobile technologies as both pushing and pulling us, helping and hindering us (Arnold) is taken up in Collette Snowden and Kerry Green’s paper on the role of media reporting, mobility and trauma. Extending some of Ibrahim’s comments in the specific case of the reporting of traumatic events, Snowden and Green provide a wonderful companion piece about how media reporting is being transformed by contemporary mobile practices. As an integral component of contemporary visual cultures, camera phone practices are arguably both extending and creating emerging ways of seeing and representing. In the second section, we begin our case studies exploring the socio-cultural particularities of various adaptations of mobile media within specific locations in the Asia-Pacific. Randy Jay C. Solis elaborates on Gerard Raiti’s discussion of intimacy and love by exploring how the practice of ‘texting’ has contributed to the development of romantic relationships in the Philippines in terms of its convenience and affordability. Lee Humphreys and Thomas Barker further extend this discussion by investigating the way Indonesians use the mobile phone for dating and sex. As in Solis’s article, the authors view the mobile phone as a tool of communication, identity management and social networking that mediates new forms of love, sex and romance in Indonesia, particularly through mobile dating software and mobile pornography. Li Li’s paper takes the playful obsession the Chinese and South Koreans have with lucky numbers and locates its socio-cultural roots. Through a series of semi-structured interviews, the author traces this use of lucky mobile numbers to the rise of consumerism in China and views this so-called ‘superstition’ in terms of the entry into modernity for both China and South Korea. Chih-Hui Lai’s paper explores the rise of Web 2.0. in Taiwan, which, in comparison to other locations in the region, is still relatively under-documented in terms of its usage of mobile media. Here Lai addresses this gap by exploring the burgeoning role of mobile media to access and engage with online communities through the case study of EzMoBo. In the final section we problematise Australia’s place in the Asia-Pacific and, in particular, the nation’s politically and culturally uncomfortable relationship with Asia. Described as ‘west in Asia’ by Rao, and as ‘South’ of the West by Gibson, Yue, and Hawkins, Australia’s uneasy relationship with Asia deserves its own location. We begin this section with a paper by Mariann Hardey that presents a case study of Australian university students and their relationship to, and with, the mobile phone, providing original empirical work on the country’s ‘iGeneration’. Next Linda Leung’s critique of mobile telephony in the context of immigration detention centres engages with the political dimensions of technology and difference between connection and contact. Here we reminded of the luxury of mobile technologies that are the so-called necessity of contemporary everyday life. We are also reminded of the ‘cost’ of different forms of mobility and immobility – technological, geographic, physical and socio-cultural. Leung’s discussion of displacement and mobility amongst refugees calls upon us to reconsider some of the conflations occurring around mobile telephony and new media outside the comfort of everyday urbanity. The final paper, by Peter B. White and Naomi Rosh White, addresses the urban and rural divide so pointed in Australia (with 80% of the population living in urban areas) by discussing an older, though still relevant mobile technology, the CB radio. This paper reminds us that despite the technological fetishism of urban Australia, once outside of urban contexts, we are made acutely aware of Australia as a land containing a plethora of black spots (in which mobile phones are out of range). All of the papers in this issue address, in their own way, theoretical and empirical ‘black spots’ in research and speak to the ‘future’ of mobile media in a region that, while diverse, is being increasingly brought together by technologies such as the mobile phone. Lastly, we are pleased to include a photo essay by Andrew Johnson. Entitled Zeitgeist, this series of artworks sees Johnson exploring the symbolic dimensions of the hand phone in South Korea by drawing on the metaphor of the dust mask. According the Johnson, these images refer to ‘the visibility and invisibility of communication’ that characterises the spirit of our time. The cover image is by Larissa Hjorth as part of her Snapshots: Portrait of the Mobile series conducted whilst on an Asialink residency at Ssamzie space (Seoul, South Korea) in 2005. The editors would like to offer a special note of thanks to all of our external reviewers who answered our pleas for help with willingness, enthusiasm, and especially, promptness. This issue could not have been completed without your support. References Arnold, Michael. “On the Phenomenology of Technology: The ‘Janus-Faces’ of Mobile Phones.” Information and Organization 13 (2003): 231-256. Castells, Manuel, et al., Mobile Communication and Society: A Global Perspective. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2007. Chua, Beng Huat, ed. Consumption in Asia. London: Routledge, 2000. Dirlik, Arif. “The Asia-Pacific Idea: Reality and Representation in the Invention of a Regional Structure.” Journal of World History 3.1 (1992): 55-79. Dirlik, Arif, ed. What Is in a Rim? Critical Perspectives on the Pacific Region Idea. Boulder: Westview, 1993. Eperjesi, John. “The American Asiatic Association and the Imperialist Imaginary of the American Pacific.” Boundary 2 28.1 (Spring 2001): 195-219. Gibson, Ross. South of the West: Postcolonialism and the Narrative Construction of Australia. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana UP, 1996. Ito, Mizuko, Daisuke Okabe, and Misa Matsuda, eds. Personal, Portable, Pedestrian: Mobile Phones in Japanese Life. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2005. Katz, James E., and Mark Aakhus, eds. Perpetual Contact: Mobile Communications, Private Talk, Public Performance. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2002 Kim, Shin Dong. “The Shaping of New Politics in the Era of Mobile and Cyber Communication.” Mobile Democracy: Essays on Society, Self and Politics. Ed. Kristof Nyiri. Vienna: Van Passen Verlag, 2003. Pertierra, Raul, ed. The Social Construction and Usage of Communication Technologies: European and Asian Experiences. Singapore: Singapore UP, 2005. –––. Transforming Technologies: Altered Selves. Philippines: De La Salle UP, 2006. Qui, Jack. “The Wireless Leash: Mobile Messaging Service as a Means of Control.” International Journal of Communication 1 (2007): 74-91. Rao, Madanmohan, ed. News Media and New Media: The Asia-Pacific Internet Handbook. Singapore: Times Academic Press, 2004. Wilson, Robert, and Afir Dirlik, eds. Asia/Pacific as Space of Cultural Production. Durham: Duke UP, 1995. Yue, Audrey. “Asian Australian Cinema, Asian-Australian Modernity.” Diaspora: Negotiating Asian-Australia. Eds. Helen Gilbert et al. St Lucia: U of Queensland P, 2000. 190–99. Yue, Audrey, and Gay Hawkins. “Going South.” New Formations 40 (Spring 2000): 49-63. Citation reference for this article MLA Style Hjorth, Larissa, and Olivia Khoo. "Collect Calls." M/C Journal 10.1 (2007). echo date('d M. Y'); ?> <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0703/00-editorial.php>. APA Style Hjorth, L., and O. Khoo. (Mar. 2007) "Collect Calls," M/C Journal, 10(1). Retrieved echo date('d M. Y'); ?> from <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0703/00-editorial.php>.

Reviewing Melissa Lucashenko’s Mullumbimby (2013), Eve Vincent notes that it shares with Keri Hulme’s The Bone People (1984) one significant feature: “a glossary of Indigenous words.” Working with various forms of the term “abroad”, this article surveys the debate The Bone People ignited around the relative merits of such a glossary in texts written predominantly in English, the colonizing language. At stake here is the development of a post-colonial community that incorporates Indigenous identity and otherness (Maori or Aboriginal) with the historical legacy of the English/Indigenous-language multi-lingualism of multi-cultural Australia and New Zealand. I argue that the terms of this debate have remained static since 1984 and that this creates a problem for post-colonial theory. Specifically, the debate has favoured a binary either/or approach, whereby either the Indigenous language or English has been empowered with authority over the text’s linguistic, historical, cultural and political territory. Given that the significations of “abroad” include a travelling encounter with overseas places and the notion of being widely scattered or dispersed, the term has value for an investigation into how post-colonialism as a historical circumstance is mediated and transformed within literature. Post-colonial literature is a response to the “homeland” encounter with a foreign “abroad” that creates particular wide scatterings or dispersals of writing within literary texts.In 1989, Maryanne Dever wrote that “some critics have viewed [The Bone People’s] glossary as a direct denial of otherness. … It can be argued, however, that the glossary is in fact a further way of asserting that otherness” (24). Dever is responding to Simon During, who wrote in 1985 that “by translating the Maori words into English [the glossary allows] them no otherness within its Europeanising apparatus” (During 374). Dever continues: “[The glossary] is a considered statement of the very separateness of the Maori language. In this way, the text inverts the conventional sense of privileging, the glossary forming the key into a restricted or privileged form of knowledge” (24). Dever’s language is telling: “direct denial of otherness,” “asserting that otherness,” and “the very separateness of the Maori language,” reinforce a binary way of thinking that is reproduced by Vincent in 2013 (24).This binary hinders a considered engagement with post-colonial difference because it produces hierarchal outcomes. For Toril Moi, “binary oppositions are heavily imbricated in the patriarchal value system: each opposition can be analysed as a hierarchy where the ‘feminine’ side is always seen as the negative, powerless instance” (104). Inspired by Elizabeth M. DeLoughrey’s concept of “tidalectics”, my article argues that the neologism “glossary islands” provides a more productive way of thinking about the power relations of the relationship of glossaries of Indigenous words to Hulme’s and Lucashenko’s mainly English-language, post-colonial novels. Resisting a binary either/or approach, “glossary islands” engages with the inevitable intermingling of languages of post-colonial and multi-cultural nations and holds value for a new methodological approach to the glossary as an element of post-colonial (islandic) literature.Both The Bone People and Mullumbimby employ female protagonists (Kerewin Holmes and Jo Breen respectively) to explore how family issues resolve into an assertion of place-based community for people othered by enduring colonial forces. Difficult loves and difficult children provide opportunities for tension and uneasy resolution in each text. In Hulme’s novel, Kerewin resists the romantic advances of Joe Gillayley to the end, without ever entirely rejecting him. Similarly, in Mullumbimby, Jo and Twoboy Jackson conduct a vacillating relationship, though one that ultimately steadies. The Bone People tells of an autistic child, Simon P. Gillayley, while Mullumbimby thematises a difficult mother-daughter relationship in its narration of single-mother Jo’s struggles with Ellen. Furthermore, employing realist and magic realist techniques, both novels present family and love as allegories of post-colonial community, thereby exemplifying Stephen Slemon’s thesis that “the real social relations of post-colonial cultures appear, through the mediation of the text’s language of narration, in the thematic dimension of the post-colonial magic realist work” (12).Each text also shows how post-colonial literature always engages with the “abroad” by virtue of the post-colonial relationship of the indigenous “homeland” to the colonial “imported abroad”. DeLoughrey characterises this post-colonial relationship to the “abroad” by a “homeland” as a “tidalectics”, meaning “a dynamic and shifting relationship between land and sea that allows island literatures to be engaged in their spatial and historical complexity” (2-3). The Bone People and Mullumbimby are examples of island literatures for their geographic setting. But DeLoughrey does not compress “tidalectics” to such a reductionist definition. The term itself is as “dynamic and shifting” as what it signifies, and available for diverse post-colonial redeployments (DeLoughrey 2).The margin of land and sea that DeLoughrey foregrounds as constitutive of “tidalectics” is imaginatively re-expressed in both The Bone People and Mullumbimby. Lucashenko’s novel is set in the Byron Bay hinterland, and the text is replete with teasing references to “tidalectics”. For example, “Jo knew that the water she watched was endlessly cycling upriver and down, travelling constantly between the saltwater and the fresh” (Lucashenko 260-61). The writing, however, frequently exceeds a literal “tidalectics”: “Everything in the world was shapeshifting around her, every moment of every day. Nothing remained as it was” (Lucashenko 261).Significantly, Jo is no passive figure at the centre of such “shapeshifting”. She actively takes advantage of the “dynamic and shifting” interplay between elemental presences of her geographical circumstances (DeLoughrey 2). It is while “resting her back against the granite and bronze directional marker that was the last material evidence of humanity between Ocean Shores and New Zealand,” that Jo achieves her major epiphany as a character (Lucashenko 261). “Her eyelids sagged wearily. … Jo groaned aloud, exhausted by her ignorance and the unending demands being made on her to exceed it. The temptation to fall asleep in the sun, and leave these demands far behind, began to take her over. … No. We need answers” (Lucashenko 263). The “tidalectics” of her epiphany is telling: the “silence then splintered” (262) and “momentarily the wrens became, not birds, but mere dark movement” (263). The effect is dramatic: “The hairs on Jo’s arms goosepimpled. Her breathing grew fast” (263). “With an unspoken curse for her own obtuseness”, Jo becomes freshly decisive (264). Thus, a “tidalectics” is not a mere geographic backdrop. Rather, a “dynamic and shifting” landscape—a metamorphosis—energizes Jo’s identity in Mullumbimby. In the “homeland”/“abroad” flux of “tidalectics”, post-colonial community germinates.The geography of The Bone People is also a “tidalectics”, as demonstrated, for instance, by chapter five’s title: “Spring Tide, Neap Tide, Ebb Tide, Flood” (Hulme 202). Hulme’s novel contains literally hundreds of such passages that dramatise the margin of land and sea as “dynamic and shifting” (DeLoughrey 2). Again: “She’s standing on the orangegold shingle, arms akimbo, drinking the beach in, absorbing sea and spindrift, breathing it into her dusty memory. It’s all here, alive and salt and roaring and real. The vast cold ocean and the surf breaking five yards away and the warm knowledge of home just up the shore” (163). Like the protagonist of Mullumbimby, Kerewin Holmes is an energised subject at the margin of land and sea. Geography as “tidalectics” is activated in the construction of character identity. Kerewin involves her surroundings with her sense of self, as constituted through memory, in a fashion that enfolds the literal with the metaphorical: memory is “dusty” in the midst of “vast” waters (163).Thus, at least three senses of “abroad” filter through these novels. Firstly, the “abroad” exists in the sense of an abroad-colonizing power retaining influence even in post-colonial times, as elaborated in Simon During’s distinction between the “post-colonised” and the “post-colonisers” (Simon 460). Secondly, the “abroad” reveals itself in DeLoughrey’s related conceptualisation of “tidalectics” as a specific expression of the “abroad”/“homeland” relationship. Thirdly, the “abroad” is present by virtue of the more general definition it shares with “tidalectics”; for “abroad”, like “tidalectics”, also signifies being widely scattered, at large, ranging freely. There is both denotation and connotation in “tidalectics”, which Lucashenko expresses here: “the world was nothing but water in the air and water in the streams” (82). That is, beyond any “literal littoral” geography, “abroad” is linked to “tidalectics” in this more general sense of being widely scattered, dispersed, ranging freely.The “tidalectics” of Lucashenko’s and Hulme’s novels is also shared across their form because each novel is a complex interweaving of English and the Indigenous language. Here though, we encounter a clear difference between the two novels, which seems related to the predominant genres of the respective texts. In Lucashenko’s largely realist mode of writing, the use of Indigenous words is more transparent to a monolingual English speaker than is Hulme’s use of Maori in her novel, which tends more towards magic realism. A monolingual English speaker can often translate Lucashenko almost automatically, through context, or through an in-text translation of the words worked into the prose. With Hulme, context usually withholds adequate clues to the meaning of the Maori words, nor are any in-text translations of the Maori commonly offered.Leaving aside for now any consideration of their glossaries, each novel presents a different representation of the post-colonial/“abroad” relationship of an Indigenous language to English. Mullumbimby is the more conservative text in this respect. The note prefacing Mullumbimby’s Glossary reads: “In this novel, Jo speaks a mixture of Bundjalung and Yugambeh languages, interspersed with a variety of Aboriginal English terms” (283). However, the Indigenous words often shade quite seamlessly into their English translation, and the “Aboriginal English” Jo speaks is actually not that different from standard English dialogue as found in many contemporary Australian novels. If anything, there is only a slight, distinguishing American flavour to Jo’s dialogue. In Mullumbimby, the Indigenous tongue tends to disappear into the text’s dominant language: English.By contrast, The Bone People contains many instances where Maori presents in all its bold strangeness to a monolingual English speaker. My reading experience consisted in running my eyes over the words but not really taking them in, except insofar as they represented a portion of Maori of unknown meaning. I could look up the recondite English words (of which there were many) in my dictionary or online, but it was much harder to conveniently source definitions of the Maori words, especially when they formed larger syntactic units.The situation is reversed, however, when one considers the two glossaries. Mullumbimby’s glossary asserts the difference of the Indigenous language(s) by having no page numbers alongside its Indigenous words (contrast The Bone People’s glossary) and because, despite being titled Glossary as a self-sufficient part of the book, it is not mentioned in any Contents page. One comes across Lucashenko’s glossary, at the end of her novel, quite unexpectedly. Conversely, Hulme’s glossary is clearly referenced on its Contents page, where it is directly described as a “Translation of Maori Words and Phrases” commencing on page 446. Hulme’s glossary appears predictably, and contains page references to all its Maori words or phrases. This contrasts with Lucashenko’s glossary, which follows alphabetical order, rather than the novel’s order. Mullumbimby’s glossary is thus a more assertive textual element than The Bone People’s glossary, which from the Contents page on is more homogenised with the prevailing English text.Surely the various complexities of these two glossaries show the need for a better way of critically engaging with them that does not lead to the re-accentuation of the binary terms in which the scholarly discussion about their genre has been couched so far. Such a methodology needs to be sensitive to the different forms of these glossaries and of others like them in other texts. But some terminological minesweeping is required in order to develop this methodology, for a novel and a glossary are different textual forms and should not be compared like for like. A novel is a work of the imagination in fictional form whereas a glossary is a meta-text that, according to The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, comprises “a list with explanations, often accompanying a text, of abstruse, obsolete, dialectal, or technical terms.” The failure to take this difference substantially into account explains why the debate around Hulme’s and Lucashenko’s glossaries as instruments of post-colonial language relationships has defaulted, thus far, to a binary approach insensitive to the complexities of linguistic relations in post-colonial and multi-cultural nations. Ignoring the formal difference between novel and glossary patronises a reading that proceeds by reference to binary opposition, and thus hierarchy.By contrast, my approach is to read these glossaries as texts that can be read and interpreted as one might read and interpret the novels they adjoin, and also with close attention to the architecture of their relationship to the novels they accompany. This close reading methodology enables attention to the differences amongst glossaries, as much as to the differences between them and the texts they gloss. One consequence of this is that, as I have shown above, a text might be conservative so far as its novel segment is concerned, yet radical so far as its glossary is concerned (Mullumbimby), or vice versa (The Bone People).To recap, “tidalectics” provides a way of engaging with the post-colonial/“abroad” (linguistic) complexities of island nations and literatures. It denotes “a dynamic and shifting relationship between land and sea that allows island literatures to be engaged in their spatial and historical complexity” (DeLoughrey 2-3). The methodological challenge for my article is to show how “tidalectics” is useful to a consideration of that sub-genre of post-colonial novels containing glossaries. Elizabeth M. DeLoughrey’s unpacking of “tidalectics” considers not just islands but also the colonial relationships of (archetypally mainland European) colonial forces to islands. Referring to the popularity of “desert-island stories” (12), DeLoughrey notes how “Since the colonial expansion of Europe, its literature has increasingly inscribed the island as a reflection of various political, sociological, and colonial practices” (13). Further, “European inscriptions of island topoi have often upheld imperial logic and must be recognized as ideological tools that helped make colonial expansion possible” (13). DeLoughrey also underscores the characteristics of such “desert-island stories” (12), including how accidental colonization of “a desert isle has been a powerful and repeated trope of empire building and of British literature of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries” (13). Shipwrecks are the most common narrative device of such “accidents”.Drawing on the broad continuum of the several significations of “abroad”, one can draw a parallel between the novel-glossary relationship and the mainland-island relationship DeLoughrey outlines. I recall here Stephen Slemon’s suggestion that “the real social relations of post-colonial cultures appear, through the mediation of the text’s language of narration, in the thematic dimension of the post-colonial magic realist work” (12). Adapting Slemon’s approach, one might read the formal (as opposed to thematic) dimension of the glossary in a post-colonial narrative like The Bone People or Mullumbimby as another literary appearance of “the real social relations of post-colonial cultures” (Slemon 12). What’s appearing is the figure of the island in the form of the glossary: hence, my neologism “glossary islands”. These novels are thus not only examples of island novels to be read via “tidalectics”, but of novels with their own islands appended to them, as glossaries, in the “abroad” of their textuality.Thus, rather than seeing a glossary in a binary either/or way as a sign of the (artificial) supremacy of either English or the Indigenous language, one could use the notion of “glossary islands” to more fully engage with the complexities of post-colonialism as expressed in literature. Seen in this light, a glossary (as to The Bone People or Mullumbimby) can be read as an “abroad” through which the novel circulates its own ideas or inventions of post-colonial community. In this view, islands and glossaries are linked through being intensified sites of knowledge, as described by DeLoughrey. Crucially, the entire, complex, novel-glossary relationship needs to be analysed, and it is possible (though space considerations mediate against pursuing this here) that a post-colonial novel’s glossary expresses the (Freudian) unconscious knowledge of the novel itself.Clearly then, there is a deep irony in how what Simon During calls the “Europeanising apparatus” of the glossary itself becomes, in Mullumbimby, an object of colonisation (During 374). (Recall how one comes across the glossary at the end of Lucashenko’s novel unexpectedly—accidentally—as a European might be cast up upon a desert island.) I hazard the suggestion that a post-colonial novel is more radical in its post-colonial politics the more “island-like” its glossary is, because this implies that the “glossary island” is being used to better work out the nature of post-colonial community as expressed and proposed in the novel itself. Here then, again, the seemingly more radical novel linguistically, The Bone People, seems in fact to be less radical than Mullumbimby, given the latter’s more “island-like” glossary. Certainly their prospects for post-colonial community are being worked out on different levels.Working with the various significations of “abroad” that span the macro level of historical circumstances and the micro levels of post-colonial literature, this article has introduced a new methodological approach to engaging with Indigenous language glossaries at the end of post-colonial texts written largely in English. This methodology responds to the need to go beyond the binary either/or approach that has characterised the debate in this patch of post-colonial studies so far. A binary view of language relations, I suggest, is debilitating to prospects for post-colonial community in post-colonial, multi-cultural and island nations like Australia and New Zealand, where language flows are multifarious and complex. My proposed methodology, as highlighted in the neologism “glossary islands”, seems to show promise for the (re-)interpretation of Mullumbimby and The Bone People as texts that deal, albeit in different ways, with similar issues of language relations and of community. An “abroad” methodology provides a powerful infrastructure for engagement with domains such as post-colonialism that, as Stephen Slemon indicates, involve the intensive intermingling of the largest geo-historical circumstances with the detail, even minutiae, of the textual expression of those circumstances, as in literature.ReferencesDeLoughrey, Elizabeth M. Routes and Roots: Navigating Caribbean and Pacific Island Literatures. Honolulu: U of Hawai’i P, 2007.Dever, Maryanne. “Violence as Lingua Franca: Keri Hulme’s The Bone People.” World Literature Written in English 29.2 (1989): 23-35.During, Simon. “Postmodernism or Postcolonialism?” Landfall 39.3 (1985): 366-80.———. “Postmodernism or Post-Colonialism Today.” Postmodernism: A Reader. Ed. Thomas Docherty. New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1993. 448-62.Hulme, Keri. The Bone People. London: Pan-Picador, 1986.Lucashenko, Melissa. Mullumbimby. St Lucia, Queensland: U of Queensland P, 2013.Moi, Toril. Sexual/Textual Politics: Feminist Literary Theory. London: Routledge, 1985.Slemon, Stephen. “Magic Realism as Post-Colonial Discourse.” Canadian Literature 116 (Spring 1988): 9-24.The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary. Ed. Lesley Brown. Oxford: Clarendon P, 1993.Vincent, Eve. “Country Matters.” Sydney Review of Books. Sydney: The Writing and Society Research Centre at the University of Western Sydney, 2013. 8 Aug. 2016 <http://sydneyreviewofbooks.com/country-matters/>.

“People live here, they die here so they must leave traces.” (Read 140) “Whatever colonialism was and is, it has made this place unsettling and unsettled.” (Gibson, Badland 2) Introduction What does it mean for [a] country to be haunted? In much theoretical work in film and Cultural Studies since the 1990s, the Australian continent, more often than not, bears traces of long suppressed traumas which inevitably resurface to haunt the present (Gelder and Jacobs; Gibson; Read; Collins and Davis). Felicity Collins and Therese Davis illuminate the ways Australian cinema acts as a public sphere, or “vernacular modernity,” for rethinking settler/indigenous relations. Their term “backtracking” serves as a mode of “collective mourning” in numerous films of the last decade which render unspoken colonial violence meaningful in contemporary Australia, and account for the “aftershocks” of the Mabo decision that overturned the founding fiction of terra nullius (7). Ray Lawrence’s 2006 film Jindabyne is another after-Mabo film in this sense; its focus on conflict within settler/indigenous relations in a small local town in the alpine region explores a traumatised ecology and drowned country. More than this, in our paper’s investigation of country and its attendant politics, Jindabyne country is the space of excessive haunting and resurfacing - engaging in the hard work of what Gibson (Transformations) has termed “historical backfill”, imaginative speculations “that make manifest an urge to account for the disconnected fragments” of country. Based on an adaptation by Beatrix Christian of the Raymond Carver story, So Much Water, So Close to Home, Jindabyne centres on the ethical dilemma produced when a group of fishermen find the floating, murdered body of a beautiful indigenous woman on a weekend trip, but decide to stay on and continue fishing. In Jindabyne, “'country' […] is made to do much discursive work” (Gorman-Murray). In this paper, we use the word as a metonym for the nation, where macro-political issues are played out and fought over. But we also use ‘country’ to signal the ‘wilderness’ alpine areas that appear in Jindabyne, where country is “a notion encompassing nature and human obligation that white Australia has learned slowly from indigenous Australia” (Gibson, Badland 178). This meaning enables a slippage between ‘land’ and ‘country’. Our discussion of country draws heavily on concepts from Ross Gibson’s theorisation of badlands. Gibson claims that originally, ‘badland’ was a term used by Europeans in North America when they came across “a tract of country that would not succumb to colonial ambition” (Badland 14). Using Collins and Davis’s “vernacular modernity” as a starting point, a film such as Jindabyne invites us to work through the productive possibilities of postcolonial haunting; to move from backtracking (going over old ground) to imaginative backfill (where holes and gaps in the ground are refilled in unconventional and creative returns to the past). Jindabyne (as place and filmic space) signifies “the special place that the Australian Alps occupy for so many Australians”, and the film engages in the discursive work of promoting “shared understanding” and the possibility of both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal being “in country” (Baird, Egloff and Lebehan 35). We argue specifically that Jindabyne is a product of “aftermath culture” (Gibson Transformations); a culture living within the ongoing effects of the past, where various levels of filmic haunting make manifest multiple levels of habitation, in turn the product of numerous historical and physical aftermaths. Colonial history, environmental change, expanding wire towers and overflowing dams all lend meaning in the film to personal dilemmas, communal conflict and horrific recent crimes. The discovery of a murdered indigenous woman in water high in the mountains lays bare the fragility of a relocated community founded in the drowning of the town of old Jindabyne which created Lake Jindabyne. Beatrix Christian (in Trbic 61), the film’s writer, explains “everybody in the story is haunted by something. […] There is this group of haunted people, and then you have the serial killer who emerges in his season to create havoc.” “What’s in this compulsion to know the negative space?” asks Gibson (Badland 14). It’s the desire to better know and more deeply understand where we live. And haunting gives us cause to investigate further. Drowned, Murderous Country Jindabyne rewrites “the iconic wilderness of Australia’s High Country” (McHugh online) and replaces it with “a vast, historical crime scene” (Gibson, Badland 2). Along with nearby Adaminaby, the township of Old Jindabyne was drowned and its inhabitants relocated to the new town in the 1960s as part of the Snowy Mountains Hydro-electric Scheme. When Jindabyne was made in 2006 the scheme no longer represented an uncontested example of Western technological progress ‘taming’ the vast mountainous country. Early on in the film a teacher shows a short documentary about the town’s history in which Old Jindabyne locals lament the houses that will soon be sacrificed to the Snowy River’s torrents. These sentiments sit in opposition to Manning Clark’s grand vision of the scheme as “an inspiration to all who dream dreams about Australia” (McHugh online). With a 100,000-strong workforce, mostly migrated from war-ravaged Europe, the post-war Snowy project took 25 years and was completed in 1974. Such was this engineering feat that 121 workmen “died for the dream, of turning the rivers back through the mountains, to irrigate the dry inland” (McHugh online). Jindabyne re-presents this romantic narrative of progress as nothing less than an environmental crime. The high-tension wires scar the ‘pristine’ high country and the lake haunts every aspect of the characters’ interactions, hinting at the high country’s intractability that will “not succumb to colonial ambition” (Gibson, Badland 14). Describing his critical excavation of places haunted, out-of-balance or simply badlands, Gibson explains: Rummaging in Australia's aftermath cultures, I try to re-dress the disintegration in our story-systems, in our traditional knowledge caches, our landscapes and ecologies […] recuperate scenes and collections […] torn by landgrabbing, let's say, or by accidents, or exploitation that ignores rituals of preservation and restoration (Transformations). Tourism is now the predominant focus of Lake Jindabyne and the surrounding areas but in the film, as in history, the area does not “succumb to the temptations of pictorialism” (McFarlane 10), that is, it cannot be framed solely by the picture postcard qualities that resort towns often engender and promote. Jindabyne’s sense of menace signals the transformation of the landscape that has taken place – from ‘untouched’ to country town, and from drowned old town to the relocated, damned and electrified new one. Soon after the opening of the film, a moment of fishing offers a reminder that a town once existed beneath the waters of the eerily still Lake Jindabyne. Hooking a rusty old alarm clock out of the lake, Stuart explains to Tom, his suitably puzzled young son: underneath the water is the town where all the old men sit in rocking chairs and there’s houses and shops. […] There was a night […] I heard this noise — boing, boing, boing. And it was a bell coming from under the water. ‘Cause the old church is still down there and sometimes when the water’s really low, you can see the tip of the spire. Jindabyne’s lake thus functions as “a revelation of horrors past” (Gibson Badland 2). It’s not the first time this man-made lake is filmically positioned as a place where “violence begins to seem natural” (Gibson, Badland 13). Cate Shortland’s Somersault (2004) also uses Lake Jindabyne and its surrounds to create a bleak and menacing ambience that heightens young Heidi’s sense of alienation (Simpson, ‘Reconfiguring rusticity’). In Somersault, the male-dominated Jindabyne is far from welcoming for the emotionally vulnerable out-of-towner, who is threatened by her friend’s father beside the Lake, then menaced again by boys she meets at a local pub. These scenes undermine the alpine region’s touristic image, inundated in the summer with tourists coming to fish and water ski, and likewise, with snow skiers in the winter. Even away from the Lake, there is no fleeing its spectre. “The high-tension wires marching down the hillside from the hydro-station” hum to such an extent that in one scene, “reminiscent of Picnic at Hanging Rock (Peter Weir, 1975)”, a member of the fishing party is spooked (Ryan 52). This violence wrought upon the landscape contextualises the murder of the young indigenous woman, Susan, by Greg, an electrician who after murdering Susan, seems to hover in the background of several scenes of the film. Close to the opening of Jindabyne, through binoculars from his rocky ridge, Greg spots Susan’s lone car coursing along the plain; he chases her in his vehicle, and forces her to stop. Before (we are lead to assume) he drags her from the vehicle and murders her, he rants madly through her window, “It all comes down from the power station, the electricity!” That the murder/murderer is connected with the hydro-electric project is emphasised by the location scout in the film’s pre-production: We had one location in the scene where Greg dumps the body in some water and Ray [Lawrence] had his heart set on filming that next to some huge pipelines on a dam near Talbingo but Snowy Hydro didn’t […] like that negative content […] in association with their facility and […] said ‘no’ they wouldn’t let us do it.” (Jindabyne DVD extras) “Tales of murder and itinerancy in wild country are as old as the story of Cain in the killing fields of Eden” (Badlands 14). In Jindabyne we never really get to meet Greg but he is a familiar figure in Australian film and culture. Like many before him, he is the lone Road Warrior, a ubiquitous white male presence roaming the de-populated country where the road constantly produces acts of (accidental and intentional) violence (Simpson, ‘Antipodean Automobility’). And after a litany of murders in recent films such as Wolf Creek (Greg McLean, 2005) and Gone (Ringan Ledwidge, 2007) the “violence begins to seem natural” (Gibson Transformations 13) in the isolating landscape. The murderer in Jindabyne, unlike those who have migrated here as adults (the Irish Stuart and his American wife, Claire), is autochthonous in a landscape familiar with a trauma that cannot remain hidden or submerged. Contested High Country The unsinkability of Susan’s body, now an ‘indigenous murdered body’, holds further metaphorical value for resurfacing as a necessary component of aftermath culture. Such movement is not always intelligible within non-indigenous relations to country, though the men’s initial response to the body frames its drifting in terms of ascension: they question whether they have “broken her journey by tying her up”. The film reconfigures terra nullius as the ultimate badland, one that can never truly suppress continuing forms of physical, spiritual, historical and cultural engagement with country, and the alpine areas of Jindabyne and the Snowy River in particular. Lennon (14) points to “the legacy of biased recording and analysis” that “constitutes a threat to the cultural significance of Aboriginal heritage in alpine areas” (15). This significance is central to the film, prompting Lawrence to state that “mountains in any country have a spiritual quality about them […] in Aboriginal culture the highest point in the landscape is the most significant and this is the highest point of our country” (in Cordaiy 40). So whilst the Jindabyne area is contested country, it is the surfacing, upward mobility and unsinkable quality of Aboriginal memory that Brewster argues “is unsettling the past in post-invasion Australia” (in Lambert, Balayi 7). As the agent of backfill, the indigenous body (Susan) unsettles Jindabyne country by offering both evidence of immediate violence and reigniting the memory of it, before the film can find even the smallest possibility of its characters being ‘in country’. Claire illustrates her understanding of this in a conversation with her young son, as she attempts to contact the dead girls’ family. “When a bad thing happens,” she says, “we all have to do a good thing, no matter how small, alright? Otherwise the bad things, they just pile up and up and up.” Her persistent yet clumsy enactment of the cross-cultural go-between illuminates the ways “the small town community move through the terms of recent debate: shame and denial, repressed grief and paternalism” (Ryan 53). It is the movement of backfill within the aftermath: The movement of a foreign non-Aboriginal woman into Aboriginal space intertextually re-animates the processes of ‘settlement’, resolution and environmental assimilation for its still ‘unsettled’ white protagonists. […] Claire attempts an apology to the woman’s family and the Aboriginal community – in an Australia before Kevin Rudd where official apologies for the travesties of Australian/colonial history had not been forthcoming […] her movement towards reconciliation here is reflective of the ‘moral failure’ of a disconnection from Aboriginal history. (Lambert, Diasporas) The shift from dead white girl in Carver’s story to young Aboriginal woman speaks of a political focus on the ‘significance’ of the alpine region at a given moment in time. The corpse functions “as the trigger for crisis and panic in an Australia after native title, the stolen generation and the war-on-terror” (Lambert, Diasporas). The process of reconnecting with country and history must confront its ghosts if the community is to move forward. Gibson (Transformations) argues that “if we continue to close our imaginations to the aberrations and insufficiencies in our historical records. […] It’s likely we won’t dwell in the joy till we get real about the darkness.” In the post-colonial, multicultural but still divided geographies and cultures of Jindabyne, “genocidal displacement” comes face to face with the “irreconciled relation” to land “that refuses to remain half-seen […] a measure of non-indigenous failure to move from being on the land to being in country” (Ryan 52), evidenced by water harvesting in the Snowy Mountains Scheme, and the more recent crises in water and land management. Aftermath Country Haunted by historical, cultural and environmental change, Jindabyne constitutes a post-traumatic screen space. In aftermath culture, bodies and landscapes offer the “traces” (Gibson, Transformations) of “the social consequences” of a “heritage of catastrophe” that people “suffer, witness, or even perpetrate” so that “the legacy of trauma is bequeathed” (Walker i). The youth of Jindabyne are charged with traumatic heritage. The young Susan’s body predictably bears the semiotic weight of colonial atrocity and non-indigenous environmental development. Evidence of witnesses, perpetrators and sufferers is still being revealed after the corpse is taken to the town morgue, where Claire (in a culturally improper viewing) is horrified by Susan’s marks from being secured in the water by Stuart and the other men. Other young characters are likewise haunted by a past that is environmental and tragically personal. Claire and Stuart’s young son, Tom (left by his mother for a period in early infancy and the witness of his parents strained marital relations), has an intense fear of drowning. This personal/historical fear is played with by his seven year old friend, Caylin-Calandria, who expresses her own grief from the death of her young mother environmentally - by escaping into the surrounding nature at night, by dabbling in the dark arts and sacrificing small animals. The two characters “have a lot to believe in and a lot of things to express – belief in zombies and ghosts, ritual death, drowning” (Cordaiy 42). As Boris Trbic (64) observes of the film’s characters, “communal and familial harmony is closely related to their intense perceptions of the natural world and their often distorted understanding of the ways their partners, friends and children cope with the grieving process.” Hence the legacy of trauma in Jindabyne is not limited to the young but pervades a community that must deal with unresolved ecologies no longer concealed by watery artifice. Backfilling works through unsettled aspects of country by moving, however unsteadily, toward healing and reconciliation. Within the aftermath of colonialism, 9/11 and the final years of the Howard era, Jindabyne uses race and place to foreground the “fallout” of an indigenous “condemnation to invisibility” and the “long years of neglect by the state” (Ryan 52). Claire’s unrelenting need to apologise to the indigenous family and Stuart’s final admission of impropriety are key gestures in the film’s “microcosm of reconciliation” (53), when “the notion of reconciliation, if it had occupied any substantial space in the public imagination, was largely gone” (Rundell 44). Likewise, the invisibility of Aboriginal significance has specificity in the Jindabyne area – indigeneity is absent from narratives recounting the Snowy Mountains Scheme which “recruited some 60,000 Europeans,” providing “a basis for Australia’s postwar multicultural society” (Lennon 15); both ‘schemes’ evidencing some of the “unrecognised implications” of colonialism for indigenous people (Curthoys 36). The fading of Aboriginal issues from public view and political discourse in the Howard era was serviced by the then governmental focus on “practical reconciliation” (Rundell 44), and post 9/11 by “the broad brushstrokes of western coalition and domestic political compliance” (Lambert, CMC 252), with its renewed focus on border control, and increased suspicion of non-Western, non-Anglo-European difference. Aftermath culture grapples with the country’s complicated multicultural and globalised self-understanding in and beyond Howard’s Australia and Jindabyne is one of a series of texts, along with “refugee plays” and Australian 9/11 novels, “that mobilised themselves against the Howard government” (Rundell 43-44). Although the film may well be seen as a “profoundly embarrassing” display of left-liberal “emotional politics” (44-45), it is precisely these politics that foreground aftermath: local neglect and invisibility, terror without and within, suspect American leadership and shaky Australian-American relations, the return of history through marked bodies and landscapes. Aftermath country is simultaneously local and global – both the disappearance and the ‘problem’ of Aboriginality post-Mabo and post-9/11 are backfilled by the traces and fragments of a hidden country that rises to the surface. Conclusion What can be made of this place now? What can we know about its piecemeal ecology, its choppy geomorphics and scarified townscapes? […] What can we make of the documents that have been generated in response to this country? (Gibson, Transformations). Amidst the apologies and potentialities of settler-indigenous recognition, the murdering electrician Gregory is left to roam the haunted alpine wilderness in Jindabyne. His allegorical presence in the landscape means there is work to be done before this badland can truly become something more. Gibson (Badland 178) suggests country gets “called bad […] partly because the law needs the outlaw for reassuring citizens that the unruly and the unknown can be named and contained even if they cannot be annihilated.” In Jindabyne the movement from backtracking to backfilling (as a speculative and fragmental approach to the bodies and landscapes of aftermath culture) undermines the institutional framing of country that still seeks to conceal shared historical, environmental and global trauma. The haunting of Jindabyne country undoes the ‘official’ production of outlaw/negative space and its discursively good double by realising the complexity of resurfacing – electricity is everywhere and the land is “uncanny” not in the least because “the town of Jindabyne itself is the living double of the drowned original” (Ryan 53). The imaginative backfill of Jindabyne reorients a confused, purgatorial Australia toward the “small light of home” (53) – the hope of one day being “in country,” and as Gibson (Badland 3) suggests, the “remembering,” that is “something good we can do in response to the bad in our lands.” References Baird, Warwick, Brian Egloff and Rachel Lenehan. “Sharing the mountains: joint management of Australia’s alpine region with Aboriginal people.” historic environment 17.2 (2003): 32-36. Collins, Felicity and Therese Davis. Australian Cinema after Mabo. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2005. Cordaiy, Hunter. “Man, Woman and Death: Ray Lawrence on Jindabyne.” Metro 149 (2006): 38-42. Curthoys, Anne. “An Uneasy Conversation: The Multicultural and the Indigenous.” Race Colour and Identity in Australia and New Zealand. Ed. John Docker and Gerhard Fischer. Sydney, UNSW P, 2000. 21-36. Gelder, Ken and Jane M. Jacobs. Uncanny Australia: Sacredness an Identity in a Postcolonial Nation. Carlton: Melbourne UP, 1998. Gibson, Ross. Seven Versions of an Australian Badland. St Lucia: U of Queensland P, 2002. Gibson, Ross. “Places, Past, Disappearance.” Transformations 13 (2006). Aug. 11 2008 transformations.cqu.edu.au/journal/issue_13/article_01.shtml. Gorman-Murray, Andrew. “Country.” M/C Journal 11.5 (this issue). Kitson, Michael. “Carver Country: Adapting Raymond Carver in Australia.” Metro150 (2006): 54-60. Lambert, Anthony. “Movement within a Filmic terra nullius: Woman, Land and Identity in Australian Cinema.” Balayi, Culture, Law and Colonialism 1.2 (2001): 7-17. Lambert, Anthony. “White Aborigines: Women, Mimicry, Mobility and Space.” Diasporas of Australian Cinema. Eds. Catherine Simpson, Renata Murawska, and Anthony Lambert. UK: Intellectbooks, 2009. Forthcoming. Lambert, Anthony. “Mediating Crime, Mediating Culture.” Crime, Media, Culture 4.2 (2008): 237-255. Lennon, Jane. “The cultural significance of Australian alpine areas.” Historic environment 17.2 (2003): 14-17. McFarlane, Brian. “Locations and Relocations: Jindabyne & MacBeth.” Metro Magazine 150 (Spring 2006): 10-15. McHugh, Siobhan. The Snowy: The People Behind the Power. William Heinemann Australia, 1999. http://www.mchugh.org/books/snowy.html. Read, Peter. Haunted Earth. Sydney: UNSW Press, 2003. Rundle, Guy. “Goodbye to all that: The end of Australian left-liberalism and the revival of a radical politics.” Arena Magazine 88 (2007): 40-46. Ryan, Matthew. “On the treatment of non-indigenous belonging.” Arena Magazine 84 (2006): 52-53. Simpson, Catherine. “Reconfiguring Rusticity: feminizing Australian Cinema’s country towns’. Studies in Australasian Cinemas 2.1 (2008): forthcoming. Simpson, Catherine. “Antipodean Automobility & Crash: Treachery, Trespass and Transformation of the Open Road.” Australian Humanities Review 39-40 (2006). http://www.australianhumanitiesreview.org/archive/Issue-September-2006/simpson.html. Trbic, Boris. “Ray Lawrence’s Jindabyne: So Much Pain, So Close to Home.” Screen Education 44 (2006): 58–64. Walker, Janet. Trauma Cinema: Documenting Incest and the Holocaust. Berkley, Los Angeles and London: U of California P, 2005.

Introduction Eating is one of the most quintessential activities of human life. Because of this primacy, eating is, as food anthropologist Sidney Mintz has observed, “not merely a biological activity, but a vibrantly cultural activity as well” (48). This article posits that the current awareness of climate change in the Western world is animating such cultural activity as the Slow Food movement and is, as a result, stimulating what could be seen as an evolutionary change in popular foodways. Moreover, this paper suggests that, in line with modelling provided by the Slow Food example, an increased awareness of the connections of climate change to the social injustices of food production might better drive social change in such areas. This discussion begins by proposing that contemporary foodways—defined as “not only what is eaten by a particular group of people but also the variety of customs, beliefs and practices surrounding the production, preparation and presentation of food” (Davey 182)—are changing in the West in relation to current concerns about climate change. Such modification has a long history. Since long before the inception of modern Homo sapiens, natural climate change has been a crucial element driving hominidae evolution, both biologically and culturally in terms of social organisation and behaviours. Macroevolutionary theory suggests evolution can dramatically accelerate in response to rapid shifts in an organism’s environment, followed by slow to long periods of stasis once a new level of sustainability has been achieved (Gould and Eldredge). There is evidence that ancient climate change has also dramatically affected the rate and course of cultural evolution. Recent work suggests that the end of the last ice age drove the cultural innovation of animal and plant domestication in the Middle East (Zeder), not only due to warmer temperatures and increased rainfall, but also to a higher level of atmospheric carbon dioxide which made agriculture increasingly viable (McCorriston and Hole, cited in Zeder). Megadroughts during the Paleolithic might well have been stimulating factors behind the migration of hominid populations out of Africa and across Asia (Scholz et al). Thus, it is hardly surprising that modern anthropogenically induced global warming—in all its’ climate altering manifestations—may be driving a new wave of cultural change and even evolution in the West as we seek a sustainable homeostatic equilibrium with the environment of the future. In 1962, Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring exposed some of the threats that modern industrial agriculture poses to environmental sustainability. This prompted a public debate from which the modern environmental movement arose and, with it, an expanding awareness and attendant anxiety about the safety and nutritional quality of contemporary foods, especially those that are grown with chemical pesticides and fertilizers and/or are highly processed. This environmental consciousness led to some modification in eating habits, manifest by some embracing wholefood and vegetarian dietary regimes (or elements of them). Most recently, a widespread awareness of climate change has forced rapid change in contemporary Western foodways, while in other climate related areas of socio-political and economic significance such as energy production and usage, there is little evidence of real acceleration of change. Ongoing research into the effects of this expanding environmental consciousness continues in various disciplinary contexts such as geography (Eshel and Martin) and health (McMichael et al). In food studies, Vileisis has proposed that the 1970s environmental movement’s challenge to the polluting practices of industrial agri-food production, concurrent with the women’s movement (asserting women’s right to know about everything, including food production), has led to both cooks and eaters becoming increasingly knowledgeable about the links between agricultural production and consumer and environmental health, as well as the various social justice issues involved. As a direct result of such awareness, alternatives to the industrialised, global food system are now emerging (Kloppenberg et al.). The Slow Food (R)evolution The tenets of the Slow Food movement, now some two decades old, are today synergetic with the growing consternation about climate change. In 1983, Carlo Petrini formed the Italian non-profit food and wine association Arcigola and, in 1986, founded Slow Food as a response to the opening of a McDonalds in Rome. From these humble beginnings, which were then unashamedly positing a return to the food systems of the past, Slow Food has grown into a global organisation that has much more future focused objectives animating its challenges to the socio-cultural and environmental costs of industrial food. Slow Food does have some elements that could be classed as reactionary and, therefore, the opposite of evolutionary. In response to the increasing homogenisation of culinary habits around the world, for instance, Slow Food’s Foundation for Biodiversity has established the Ark of Taste, which expands upon the idea of a seed bank to preserve not only varieties of food but also local and artisanal culinary traditions. In this, the Ark aims to save foods and food products “threatened by industrial standardization, hygiene laws, the regulations of large-scale distribution and environmental damage” (SFFB). Slow Food International’s overarching goals and activities, however, extend far beyond the preservation of past foodways, extending to the sponsoring of events and activities that are attempting to create new cuisine narratives for contemporary consumers who have an appetite for such innovation. Such events as the Salone del Gusto (Salon of Taste) and Terra Madre (Mother Earth) held in Turin every two years, for example, while celebrating culinary traditions, also focus on contemporary artisanal foods and sustainable food production processes that incorporate the most current of agricultural knowledge and new technologies into this production. Attendees at these events are also driven by both an interest in tradition, and their own very current concerns with health, personal satisfaction and environmental sustainability, to change their consumer behavior through an expanded self-awareness of the consequences of their individual lifestyle choices. Such events have, in turn, inspired such events in other locations, moving Slow Food from local to global relevance, and affecting the intellectual evolution of foodway cultures far beyond its headquarters in Bra in Northern Italy. This includes in the developing world, where millions of farmers continue to follow many traditional agricultural practices by necessity. Slow Food Movement’s forward-looking values are codified in the International Commission on the Future of Food and Agriculture 2006 publication, Manifesto on the Future of Food. This calls for changes to the World Trade Organisation’s rules that promote the globalisation of agri-food production as a direct response to the “climate change [which] threatens to undermine the entire natural basis of ecologically benign agriculture and food preparation, bringing the likelihood of catastrophic outcomes in the near future” (ICFFA 8). It does not call, however, for a complete return to past methods. To further such foodway awareness and evolution, Petrini founded the University of Gastronomic Sciences at Slow Food’s headquarters in 2004. The university offers programs that are analogous with the Slow Food’s overall aim of forging sustainable partnerships between the best of old and new practice: to, in the organisation’s own words, “maintain an organic relationship between gastronomy and agricultural science” (UNISG). In 2004, Slow Food had over sixty thousand members in forty-five countries (Paxson 15), with major events now held each year in many of these countries and membership continuing to grow apace. One of the frequently cited successes of the Slow Food movement is in relation to the tomato. Until recently, supermarkets stocked only a few mass-produced hybrids. These cultivars were bred for their disease resistance, ease of handling, tolerance to artificial ripening techniques, and display consistency, rather than any culinary values such as taste, aroma, texture or variety. In contrast, the vine ripened, ‘farmer’s market’ tomato has become the symbol of an “eco-gastronomically” sustainable, local and humanistic system of food production (Jordan) which melds the best of the past practice with the most up-to-date knowledge regarding such farming matters as water conservation. Although the term ‘heirloom’ is widely used in relation to these tomatoes, there is a distinctively contemporary edge to the way they are produced and consumed (Jordan), and they are, along with other organic and local produce, increasingly available in even the largest supermarket chains. Instead of a wholesale embrace of the past, it is the connection to, and the maintenance of that connection with, the processes of production and, hence, to the environment as a whole, which is the animating premise of the Slow Food movement. ‘Slow’ thus creates a gestalt in which individuals integrate their lifestyles with all levels of the food production cycle and, hence to the environment and, importantly, the inherently related social justice issues. ‘Slow’ approaches emphasise how the accelerated pace of contemporary life has weakened these connections, while offering a path to the restoration of a sense of connectivity to the full cycle of life and its relation to place, nature and climate. In this, the Slow path demands that every consumer takes responsibility for all components of his/her existence—a responsibility that includes becoming cognisant of the full story behind each of the products that are consumed in that life. The Slow movement is not, however, a regime of abstention or self-denial. Instead, the changes in lifestyle necessary to support responsible sustainability, and the sensual and aesthetic pleasure inherent in such a lifestyle, exist in a mutually reinforcing relationship (Pietrykowski 2004). This positive feedback loop enhances the potential for promoting real and long-term evolution in social and cultural behaviour. Indeed, the Slow zeitgeist now informs many areas of contemporary culture, with Slow Travel, Homes, Design, Management, Leadership and Education, and even Slow Email, Exercise, Shopping and Sex attracting adherents. Mainstreaming Concern with Ethical Food Production The role of the media in “forming our consciousness—what we think, how we think, and what we think about” (Cunningham and Turner 12)—is self-evident. It is, therefore, revealing in relation to the above outlined changes that even the most functional cookbooks and cookery magazines (those dedicated to practical information such as recipes and instructional technique) in Western countries such as the USA, UK and Australian are increasingly reflecting and promoting an awareness of ethical food production as part of this cultural change in food habits. While such texts have largely been considered as useful but socio-politically relatively banal publications, they are beginning to be recognised as a valid source of historical and cultural information (Nussel). Cookbooks and cookery magazines commonly include discussion of a surprising range of issues around food production and consumption including sustainable and ethical agricultural methods, biodiversity, genetic modification and food miles. In this context, they indicate how rapidly the recent evolution of foodways has been absorbed into mainstream practice. Much of such food related media content is, at the same time, closely identified with celebrity mass marketing and embodied in the television chef with his or her range of branded products including their syndicated articles and cookbooks. This commercial symbiosis makes each such cuisine-related article in a food or women’s magazine or cookbook, in essence, an advertorial for a celebrity chef and their named products. Yet, at the same time, a number of these mass media food celebrities are raising public discussion that is leading to consequent action around important issues linked to climate change, social justice and the environment. An example is Jamie Oliver’s efforts to influence public behaviour and government policy, a number of which have gained considerable traction. Oliver’s 2004 exposure of the poor quality of school lunches in Britain (see Jamie’s School Dinners), for instance, caused public outrage and pressured the British government to commit considerable extra funding to these programs. A recent study by Essex University has, moreover, found that the academic performance of 11-year-old pupils eating Oliver’s meals improved, while absenteeism fell by 15 per cent (Khan). Oliver’s exposé of the conditions of battery raised hens in 2007 and 2008 (see Fowl Dinners) resulted in increased sales of free-range poultry, decreased sales of factory-farmed chickens across the UK, and complaints that free-range chicken sales were limited by supply. Oliver encouraged viewers to lobby their local councils, and as a result, a number banned battery hen eggs from schools, care homes, town halls and workplace cafeterias (see, for example, LDP). The popular penetration of these ideas needs to be understood in a historical context where industrialised poultry farming has been an issue in Britain since at least 1848 when it was one of the contributing factors to the establishment of the RSPCA (Freeman). A century after Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle (published in 1906) exposed the realities of the slaughterhouse, and several decades since Peter Singer’s landmark Animal Liberation (1975) and Tom Regan’s The Case for Animal Rights (1983) posited the immorality of the mistreatment of animals in food production, it could be suggested that Al Gore’s film An Inconvenient Truth (released in 2006) added considerably to the recent concern regarding the ethics of industrial agriculture. Consciousness-raising bestselling books such as Jim Mason and Peter Singer’s The Ethics of What We Eat and Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma (both published in 2006), do indeed ‘close the loop’ in this way in their discussions, by concluding that intensive food production methods used since the 1950s are not only inhumane and damage public health, but are also damaging an environment under pressure from climate change. In comparison, the use of forced labour and human trafficking in food production has attracted far less mainstream media, celebrity or public attention. It could be posited that this is, in part, because no direct relationship to the environment and climate change and, therefore, direct link to our own existence in the West, has been popularised. Kevin Bales, who has been described as a modern abolitionist, estimates that there are currently more than 27 million people living in conditions of slavery and exploitation against their wills—twice as many as during the 350-year long trans-Atlantic slave trade. Bales also chillingly reveals that, worldwide, the number of slaves is increasing, with contemporary individuals so inexpensive to purchase in relation to the value of their production that they are disposable once the slaveholder has used them. Alongside sex slavery, many other prevalent examples of contemporary slavery are concerned with food production (Weissbrodt et al; Miers). Bales and Soodalter, for example, describe how across Asia and Africa, adults and children are enslaved to catch and process fish and shellfish for both human consumption and cat food. Other campaigners have similarly exposed how the cocoa in chocolate is largely produced by child slave labour on the Ivory Coast (Chalke; Off), and how considerable amounts of exported sugar, cereals and other crops are slave-produced in certain countries. In 2003, some 32 per cent of US shoppers identified themselves as LOHAS “lifestyles of health and sustainability” consumers, who were, they said, willing to spend more for products that reflected not only ecological, but also social justice responsibility (McLaughlin). Research also confirms that “the pursuit of social objectives … can in fact furnish an organization with the competitive resources to develop effective marketing strategies”, with Doherty and Meehan showing how “social and ethical credibility” are now viable bases of differentiation and competitive positioning in mainstream consumer markets (311, 303). In line with this recognition, Fair Trade Certified goods are now available in British, European, US and, to a lesser extent, Australian supermarkets, and a number of global chains including Dunkin’ Donuts, McDonalds, Starbucks and Virgin airlines utilise Fair Trade coffee and teas in all, or parts of, their operations. Fair Trade Certification indicates that farmers receive a higher than commodity price for their products, workers have the right to organise, men and women receive equal wages, and no child labour is utilised in the production process (McLaughlin). Yet, despite some Western consumers reporting such issues having an impact upon their purchasing decisions, social justice has not become a significant issue of concern for most. The popular cookery publications discussed above devote little space to Fair Trade product marketing, much of which is confined to supermarket-produced adverzines promoting the Fair Trade products they stock, and international celebrity chefs have yet to focus attention on this issue. In Australia, discussion of contemporary slavery in the press is sparse, having surfaced in 2000-2001, prompted by UNICEF campaigns against child labour, and in 2007 and 2008 with the visit of a series of high profile anti-slavery campaigners (including Bales) to the region. The public awareness of food produced by forced labour and the troubling issue of human enslavement in general is still far below the level that climate change and ecological issues have achieved thus far in driving foodway evolution. This may change, however, if a ‘Slow’-inflected connection can be made between Western lifestyles and the plight of peoples hidden from our daily existence, but contributing daily to them. Concluding Remarks At this time of accelerating techno-cultural evolution, due in part to the pressures of climate change, it is the creative potential that human conscious awareness brings to bear on these challenges that is most valuable. Today, as in the caves at Lascaux, humanity is evolving new images and narratives to provide rational solutions to emergent challenges. As an example of this, new foodways and ways of thinking about them are beginning to evolve in response to the perceived problems of climate change. The current conscious transformation of food habits by some in the West might be, therefore, in James Lovelock’s terms, a moment of “revolutionary punctuation” (178), whereby rapid cultural adaption is being induced by the growing public awareness of impending crisis. It remains to be seen whether other urgent human problems can be similarly and creatively embraced, and whether this trend can spread to offer global solutions to them. References An Inconvenient Truth. 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Paxson, Heather. “Slow Food in a Fat Society: Satisfying Ethical Appetites.” Gastronomica: The Journal of Food and Culture 5.1 (2005): 14–18. Pietrykowski, Bruce. “You Are What You Eat: The Social Economy of the Slow Food Movement.” Review of Social Economy 62:3 (2004): 307–21. Pollan, Michael. The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals. New York: The Penguin Press, 2006. Regan, Tom. The Case for Animal Rights. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983. Scholz, Christopher A., Thomas C. Johnson, Andrew S. Cohen, John W. King, John A. Peck, Jonathan T. Overpeck, Michael R. Talbot, Erik T. Brown, Leonard Kalindekafe, Philip Y. O. Amoako, Robert P. Lyons, Timothy M. Shanahan, Isla S. Castañeda, Clifford W. Heil, Steven L. Forman, Lanny R. McHargue, Kristina R. Beuning, Jeanette Gomez, and James Pierson. “East African Megadroughts between 135 and 75 Thousand Years Ago and Bearing on Early-modern Human Origins.” PNAS: Proceedings of the National Academy of the Sciences of the United States of America 104.42 (16 Oct. 2007): 16416–21. Sinclair, Upton. The Jungle. New York: Doubleday, Jabber & Company, 1906. Singer, Peter. Animal Liberation. New York: HarperCollins, 1975. (SFFB) Slow Food Foundation for Biodiversity. “Ark of Taste.” 2009. 24 Aug. 2009 < http://www.fondazioneslowfood.it/eng/arca/lista.lasso >. (UNISG) University of Gastronomic Sciences. “Who We Are.” 2009. 24 Aug. 2009 < http://www.unisg.it/eng/chisiamo.php >. Vileisis, Ann. Kitchen Literacy: How We Lost Knowledge of Where Food Comes From and Why We Need to Get It Back. Washington: Island Press/Shearwater Books, 2008. Weissbrodt, David, and Anti-Slavery International. Abolishing Slavery and its Contemporary Forms. 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