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Journal articles on the topic 'Lubricants'
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1
Jung, Yeonjin, and Changdong Yeo. "Mechano-Chemical Properties and Tribological Performance of Thin Perfluoropolyether (PFPE) Lubricant Film under Environmental Contaminants." Lubricants 11, no. 7 (July 21, 2023): 306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11070306.
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Through molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with ReaxFF potential, the effects of chemical contaminants on the mechano-chemical properties and tribological performance of perfluoropolyether (PFPE) lubricants were investigated. For the two types of contaminants, i.e., silicon dioxide (SiO2) nanoparticles and water (H2O), their molecular interactions with the two different PFPE lubricants, i.e., Ztetraol and ZTMD, were evaluated at the two different temperatures, i.e., 300 K and 700 K. Contaminants were adsorbed onto the PFPE lubricants at a controlled temperature. Then, air shear simulations were conducted to examine the mechano-chemical behaviors of the contaminated lubricants. Sliding contact simulations were performed to further investigate the tribological performance of the contaminated lubricants, from which the resulting friction and surface contamination were quantified. Lastly, chemical reactions between PFPE lubricants and contaminants were studied to investigate the degradation of PFPE lubricants. It was observed that SiO2 nanoparticles stiffened the PFPE lubricant, which decreased its shear displacement and increased friction. In the case of the H2O contaminant, it weakened and decreased the PFPE lubricant’s viscosity, increasing its shear displacement and lowering friction. However, the decreased viscosity by H2O contaminants can weaken the lubricity of the PFPE lubricant, leading to a higher chance of direct solid-to-solid contact under high contact force conditions.
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Nakamura, Tamotsu, Shigekazu Tanaka, Kunio Hayakawa, and Yoshiaki Fukai. "A Study of the Lubrication Behavior of Solid Lubricants in the Upsetting Process." Journal of Tribology 122, no. 4 (March 22, 2000): 803–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1310159.
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Four kinds of solid lubricants were tested in order to examine the frictional characteristics and the yield shear stress by the friction testing apparatus developed by the authors. The frictional shear stresses τf increased approximate linearly with the punch pressure p in every solid lubricant, and the friction coefficients μ were approximately constant. The yield shear stress k was also increased with the punch pressure p. In order to investigate lubrication behaviors of solid lubricants in upsetting processes, FEM simulations for upsetting of circular plates have been carried out. Some experimental upsetting tests of circular plate were tried using some kinds of solid lubricants. It has been confirmed that the solid lubricants can lubricate successfully without metal-to-metal contact when μD at the interface between tool and solid lubricant is relatively low and μM at the interface between work piece and solid lubricant is relatively high. On the other hand, metal-to-metal contact occurs easily at the peripheral regions of the work piece, when μD is relatively high and μM is relatively low. [S0742-4787(00)00804-3]
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IINO, Shinji. "Lubricants and Lubricant Additives." Journal of the Japan Society of Colour Material 89, no. 10 (2016): 356–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4011/shikizai.89.356.
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Zheng, Fa Zheng, Shan Dan Zhou, Feng Xie, Xin Nian Li, and Yu Meng Yu. "Analysis on Lubricating and Viscosity-Temperature Characteristics of the Vegetable Oil." Applied Mechanics and Materials 184-185 (June 2012): 1451–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.184-185.1451.
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The reduction of oil reserves will cause the exhaustion of mineral oil. Therefore, the development of new lubricants that can replace oil-based lubricants has become the trend of the lubricant. The vegetable lubricant is excellently biodegradable, non-toxic, and renewable, meanwhile, it will not be impacted by the crisis of oil resources, and the development of new lubricants will surely become the important way to replace the mineral oil-based lubricants. The article Analysis the lubricating and viscosity-temperature characteristics of 15 lubricants, and a comparison with those properties of the mineral oil-based lubricants are performed.
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Li, Yanhong, TianTian Liu, Yujuan Zhang, Pingyu Zhang, and Shengmao Zhang. "Study on the tribological behaviors of copper nanoparticles in three kinds of commercially available lubricants." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 70, no. 3 (April 9, 2018): 519–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-05-2017-0143.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study the tribological properties of Cu nanoparticles (NPs) as lubricant additives in three kinds of commercially available lubricants. Design/methodology/approach A four-ball machine is used to estimate the tribological properties of Cu NPs as lubricant additives in three kinds of commercially available lubricants. Three-dimensional optical profiler and electrical contact resistance are evaluated to investigate the morphology of the worn surfaces and the influence of Cu NPs on tribofilms. Findings Wear tests show that the addition of Cu NPs as lubricant additives could reduce wear and increase load-carrying capacity of commercially available lubricants remarkably, indicating that Cu NPs have a good compatibility with the existing lubricant additives in commercially available lubricants. Originality/value The tribological properties of Cu NPs as lubricant additives in three kinds of commercially available lubricants were investigated in this paper. These results are reliable and can be very helpful for application of Cu NPs as lubricant additives in industry.
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Gokarn, Narendra, and K. N. Kiran. "Role of Lubricants in Industry: A Review." Journal of ISAS 2, no. 1 (July 31, 2023): 69–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.59143/isas.jisas.2.1.wfjr9779.
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Lubricants are available in our daily lives for functioning as coolants, to dissipate heat and lubricate different surfaces which can be either in solid, liquid or gaseous forms. It reduces friction by the formation of thin film between two surfaces in contact and by improving efficiency and reducing wear. For any system to work efficiently and effectively appropriate lubricant is needed. Fresh lubricating oil needs to meet specifications of Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs). Applying lubricant regularly on tool increases life on usage and durability but a situation comes when the oil starts degrading may be due to depletion of additives or tool break down. Degraded oil is tested by using different physicochemical properties and also by employing different sophisticated analytical techniques like infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Gas chromatography (GC), Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICPAES), etc. In this article, we shall discuss some basics of lubrication, different lubrication regimes and various kinds of lubricants used for various industrial and automotive applications. Some case studies of oil and also their representative formulations, testing and interpretation of results is being presented for understanding of various lubricants.
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Dedi Rosa Putra Cupu and Kahar Osman. "Numerical Analysis of the Effect of Temperature on the Pressure and Film Thickness for Line Contact Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication Using Bio-Based Oils as Lubricants." Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 92, no. 1 (March 5, 2022): 90–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.92.1.90104.
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This paper develops a numerical model to study the effect of lubricant’s temperature on generated pressure and film thickness formation for the line contact elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) using some bio-based oils as lubricants. In this study, a contact between inner ring and cylindrical roller of rolling element bearing is modelled as the line contact of EHL. The Reynolds equation is simultaneously solved with elastic deformation equation and pressure-viscosity equation. This aims to calculate the pressure distributions and film thickness profiles with a range of seven vegetable oils as bio-based lubricants at the various temperature. Moreover, the minimum film thickness is investigated in more detail to show the effect of the lubricant’s temperature. Obtained results show that palm oil has the highest of the minimum film thickness among other vegetable oils. However, all vegetable oils simulated in this study are suitable to replace mineral oil as lubricant for application of roller element bearing.
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Devlin, Mark. "Common Properties of Lubricants that Affect Vehicle Fuel Efficiency: A North American Historical Perspective." Lubricants 6, no. 3 (August 3, 2018): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants6030068.
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The development of advanced lubricants to improve vehicle fuel efficiency can appear to be as simple as lowering the viscosity and frictional properties of a fluid. However, applied research studies have shown that it is quite difficult to quantify the fuel efficiency properties of advanced lubricants in vehicles. A review of the historical research predominantly performed in North America in this area reveals that there are many factors to consider in order to demonstrate the effectiveness of advanced lubricants. First, the methodology used to measure vehicle fuel efficiency will impact the results since there are many factors not related to the lubricant which will influence vehicle fuel efficiency. Second, developing advanced fuel-efficient lubricants under well controlled conditions overlooks the issue that lubricant properties such as viscosity and friction affect the operating conditions encountered by the lubricant in the vehicle. Finally, the physical properties of lubricants that historically control fuel economy do not have the same effect on fuel efficiency in all vehicles. The proper vehicle or system level test needs to be selected to properly assess the benefits of new advanced lubricants.
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Katpatal, Dhananjay C., Atul B. Andhare, and Pramod M. Padole. "Performance of nano-bio-lubricants, ISO VG46 oil and its blend with Jatropha oil in statically loaded hydrodynamic plain journal bearing." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 234, no. 3 (July 18, 2019): 386–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350650119864242.
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In this experimental study, three stable nano-bio-lubricants were prepared by dispersing CuO nanoparticles in three bio-lubricants and later investigations were carried out to determine pressure distribution and frictional performance of ISO VG46 oil, bio-lubricants and nano-bio-lubricants in hydrodynamic journal bearing under different loads and speeds. The experimental results revealed that pressure of oils inside bearing depends on viscosity of oils. Addition of nanoparticles in bio-lubricants did not help to enhance the maximum pressure of oil inside bearing. Frictional performance of ISO VG46 oil and bio-lubricants was according to their viscosity but coefficient of friction of nano-bio-lubricants was higher compared to ISO VG46 oil inspite of having approximately same viscosity compared to ISO VG46 oil. Among all the oils, ISO VG46 oil and bio-lubricant 9010 had similar performance and hence Bio-lubricant 9010 can be used in place of ISO VG46 oil in journal bearing.
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Streator, J. L., B. Bhushan, and D. B. Bogy. "Lubricant Performance in Magnetic Thin Film Disks With Carbon Overcoat—Part II: Durability." Journal of Tribology 113, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2920600.
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Several perfluoropolyether (PFPE) lubricants are evaluated in terms of their ability to maintain low friction and resist wear. The lubricants tested include three nonpolar liquid lubricants and one polar liquid lubricant. Dynamic friction measurements are presented for an IBM 3380-type slider in contact with 130 mm carbon-coated thin film disks. Disk surface run-in and disk durability are evaluated by monitoring the friction force during constant speed sliding. Disk run-in is presented as a function of lubricant thickness and sliding speed, while disk durability is determined for different disk topographies and lubricant thicknesses. It was found that lubricant viscosity was well correlated with the amount of disk run-in and the number of sliding cycles until disk failure. It is proposed that the greater wear durability of the less viscous lubricants can be attributed to their greater mobility on the disk surface.
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Voinov, Kirill N., and Altyn Z. Esbulatova. "Unique Information about Lubricants." Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering 22, no. 1 (August 12, 2020): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mme-2018-0013.
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AbstractThe positive and negative properties/characteristics of liquid and plastic lubricants are presented here in brief. General aim: to show the ways to improve the positive role of lubricants for mobile junctions, namely, for pairs of friction. At the same time, there are two devices which are represented to make the effective control both the quality and viscosity for lubricant as well. And the new very important effect with the organic lubricant was discovered. It is the electro-magnet property which helps to keep organic lubricant in a zone of friction constantly.
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Dubois, André, Mirentxu Dubar, Laurent Dubar, and Brahim Tlili. "Tribological Performances of Two White Lubricants in Hot Steel Forging." Key Engineering Materials 504-506 (February 2012): 561–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.504-506.561.
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The tasks of a lubricant used in the hot forging of steel is to reduce friction, cool down tool surfaces, and limit tool surfaces pollution by wear debris and oxides scales transferred from work piece surfaces. The most widely used lubricants in hot forging are dispersions of graphite particles in water or in oil. The graphite is involved to reduce friction. The liquid is used, first, to carry the graphite solid particles to the tool surfaces and, second, to reduce tool surface temperature. But graphite and vapours resulting from the lubricant deposition on hot surfaces lead to dirty workspaces. Some new lubricants are then developed in order to reduce friction in a cleaner way. When they are graphite free, those new lubricants are called “white lubricants”. The aim of the present work is to test two different white lubricants. The first one is a mineral salt; the second one is an organic salt. Lubricant performances are classified using the Warm and Hot Upsetting Sliding Test (WHUST). This friction bench simulates tests with contact pressure, sliding velocity, contactor and specimen temperatures similar to industrial ones. Before performing friction tests, work piece are heated up to 1200°C, contactors are heated up to 200°C, and lubricants are sprayed on contactor surfaces. Then the contactor slides against the specimen with a constant penetration, leaving a residual deformed track on its surface. Direct WHUST results are tangential and normal loads measured on contactor, surface roughness and chemical compositions on specimen and contactor surfaces. “Wear markers” are derived from those direct results, and provide useful information on the ability of the tested lubricants to reduce friction and protect tool surfaces. In the present study, tests are performed with different sliding speed and different contact pressure. The two white lubricants are compared to a generic graphite in water dispersion. Results show the tested white lubricants lead to coefficient of friction in the same range of the graphite lubricant one, but white lubricants lose their ability to reduce friction as soon as the sliding lengths becomes greater to 10 mm, where graphite lubricants can undergo sliding length greater than 30 mm.
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Townsend, D. P., E. V. Zaretsky, and H. W. Scibbe. "Lubricant and Additive Effects on Spur Gear Fatigue Life." Journal of Tribology 108, no. 3 (July 1, 1986): 468–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3261243.
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Spur gear endurance tests were conducted with six lubricants using a single lot of consumable-electrode vacuum melted (CVM) AISI 9310 spur gears. The sixth lubricant was divided into four batches each of which had a different additive content. Lubricants tested with a phosphorous-type load carrying additive showed a statistically significant improvement in life over lubricants without this type additive. The presence of sulphur type antiwear additives in the lubricant did not appear to affect the surface fatigue life of the gears. No statistical difference in life was produced with those lubricants of different base stocks but with similar viscosity, pressure-viscosity coefficients and antiwear additives. Gears tested with a 0.1 wt percent sulfur and 0.1 wt percent phosphorus EP additives in the lubricant had reactive films that were 200 to 400 Å (0.8 to 1.6 μin) thick.
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Suryawanshi, Shubham Rajendra, and Jayant T. Pattiwar. "Tribological performance of commercial Mobil grade lubricants operating with titanium dioxide nanoparticle additives." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 71, no. 2 (March 11, 2019): 188–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-04-2018-0147.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the tribological performance (anti-friction and anti-wear properties) of commercial Mobil grade lubricants used in a journal bearing system in a power plant. Design/methodology/approach Three grades of Mobil lubricants (DTE 24, DTE 25 and DTE 26) are considered during the study. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2, 0.5 Wt.%) of size 40 nm are used as a lubricant additive to examine the performance of the lubricants. The viscosity of the lubricant is computed using modified Krieger–Dougherty viscosity model. The morphology of TiO2 nanoparticles is studied with the help of scanning electron microscopy, ultra violet spectrophotometer and X-ray diffraction. The study of antifriction and antiwear properties for lubricants is carried out on four-ball tribo-tester for operating conditions specified by ASTM standards. Findings The tribochemical reaction film is formed between ball surfaces during the experiments on four-ball tester that minimizes the asperity contact due to addition of TiO2 nanoparticles in the lubricant. The viscosity of the lubricant is enhanced due to the addition of TiO2 nanoparticles. The frictional coefficient and wear scar diameters of balls in the lubricants are reduced in the range of 6-26 and 2-7 per cent, respectively. Originality/value The tribological properties of TiO2 as a lubricant additive in three commercial Mobil grade lubricants are investigated in this paper. The results obtained in this paper are expected to be helpful to bearing designers, researchers and academicians concerned with the relevant study.
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Rodríguez Leal, Bárbara, Justine Decrozant-Triquenaux, Jens Hardell, and Leonardo Pelcastre. "Development of a Laboratory-Scale Test Methodology for Performance Evaluation of Lubricants for Hot Stamping of an Aluminium Alloy." Lubricants 11, no. 9 (August 23, 2023): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11090359.
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In hot stamping of aluminium, the need for efficient methods to evaluate, compare, and rank lubricants based on their tribological performance is critical in the early stages of selection. Pilot and simulative testing can be costly, time-consuming, and complex, making it inefficient for initial benchmarking. This work aims to develop a test methodology to assess lubricant performance for hot stamping under key operating conditions without fully simulating the forming process. The proposed method distinguishes the impact of temperature on lubricant degradation, friction, wear response, and cleanability. The tests utilised a conventional hot work tool steel and a 6010S aluminium alloy with two commercially available lubricants: a polymeric lubricant and a lubricant containing graphite. The tribological tests involved a reciprocating, sliding flat-on-flat configuration at two temperatures (100 °C and 300 °C). The methodology showed that the graphite-containing lubricant exhibited over a four times lower friction coefficient than the polymer-based lubricant at 10 wt.% concentration and 300 °C. At 100 °C, both lubricants provide lubrication and can be cleaned, but increasing temperature led to a significant decline of both aspects. The observed temperature range where the lubricants degrade was between 120 °C and 170 °C.
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Annisa, Arianti N., and Widayat Widayat. "A Review of Bio-lubricant Production from Vegetable Oils Using Esterification Transesterification Process." MATEC Web of Conferences 156 (2018): 06007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815606007.
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Since long time ago, petroleum oil has been used as a lubricant in motor vehicles. But, the uses of lubricants petroleum can pollute the environment and disrupt marine ecosystems and terrestrial. On the other hand, the use of lubricants in the world in 2008 reached 46 million kiloliters/year and increased by 2% every year. The future prospect the uses of lubricant petroleum on the vehicle’s engine is predicted to have a bad prospect. Thus began research to identify suitable materials to replace petroleum based lubricants. It can produce from vegetable oils and animals oils by chemical modification. But, bio-lubricant properties are easily damaged so we need more research to improve the shelf life of the bio-lubricant. The research must be done to improve the characteristics by adding a bio-lubricant additive.
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Gavariev, R. V., E. N. Soldatkina, and K. N. Gavarieva. "Coatings and Lubricant to Forming Surfaces of Molds for Casting under Pressure." Solid State Phenomena 316 (April 2021): 789–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.316.789.
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The article considers the main points for choosing lubricants, taking into account the specifics of the injection molding process. The main drawbacks of modern lubricant compositions are identified, and based on them, the main requirements for lubricants for injection molding are determined. The most critical parameters of lubricants are specified, depending on the melt to be filled. The methods of applying lubricants are considered, and the most optimal ones are selected.
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Patil, Amla, Jay Raval, Tim Bangma, Immanuel Edinbarough, Bruce Tai, David Stephenseon, Obeidat Suleiman, and Wayne NP Hung. "Characterization and Performance of Minimum Quantity Lubricants in Through-Tool Drilling." International Journal of Engineering Materials and Manufacture 5, no. 4 (October 20, 2020): 98–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.26776/ijemm.05.04.2020.01.
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This study characterized airborne microdroplet diameters and size distribution from two commercially available lubricants A and B for internal minimum quantity lubrication (MQL). The effects of air pressure, oil channel size, physical properties of lubricants on the resultant microdroplets and through-tool MQL drilling performance were studied. Airborne microdroplet diameters were highly sensitive to the coolant channel sizes and air pressure. Cluster method was used to divide microdroplets into smaller clusters for comparison. Experimental data show that the average airborne microdroplet of lubricant B was larger than that of lubricant A at different air pressures and channel sizes. The contact angle of lubricant A was at least 10° less than that of lubricant B when depositing on glass or aluminium. High-speed imaging showed the tendency of more viscous lubricant B sticking to the drill tip, and higher pressure and longer time was required to atomize this viscous oil. Built-up-edges were less significant when drilling A380 aluminium with lubricant A. Due to high machinability of A380 aluminium, variation of hole diameter and hole cylindricity were minimal when drilling with different lubricants. Insignificant improvement in hole quality was observed when drilling with excessive amount of MQL lubricants or high concentration of lubricant C in flood coolant.
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A. Shalwan, Talal Alajmi, and Naser Alajmi. "Study on the tribological performance of bio-lubricant conditions- Review." Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances 16, no. 2 (August 30, 2023): 001–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gjeta.2023.16.2.0125.
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The products based on fossil oils are increasing with the concerns of the environmental sectors and academics as well. In this era, there are challenges to finding alternative resources replacing fossil oil for different engineering applications. One of the fossil oil products is lubricant. Fossil lubricants have many industrial applications and involve millions of dollars each year in the development of lubricants due to their huge needs. Accordingly and to satisfy the industrial needs with the environmental considerations, alternative environmentally-friendly-Lubricants are nowadays the main aim identity by the tribologists. The main objective of this work is to investigate the usage of vegetarian oils as lubricant. For that , many bio-lubricants based on vegetable oil were studied and investigated the influence of these oils on wear and frictional characteristics of adhesive wear. Also, the results are very encouraging to candy the bio-lubricant as an alternative to synthetic oils any many industrial applications.
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Streator, J. L., B. Bhushan, and D. B. Bogy. "Lubricant Performance in Magnetic Thin Film Disks With Carbon Overcoat—Part I: Dynamic and Static Friction." Journal of Tribology 113, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2920599.
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Static and dynamic friction coefficients are presented for an Al2O3·TiC slider in contact with 130 mm carbon-coated rigid thin film disks lubricated with several different perfluoropolyether lubricants. The lubricants tested include three nonpolar liquid lubricants and one polar liquid lubricant with dihydroxyl end groups. The effects of lubricant film thickness, disk surface topography, sliding speed and lubricant viscosity are investigated. In many cases, the interfaces exhibited a sharp increase in the dynamic and static friction coefficients after a certain film thickness was reached, due to strong adhesion in the interface. In most cases, the lubricant thickness for the onset of high friction forces was found to increase with increasing disk surface roughness, lubricant viscosity and sliding speed. Under certain conditions stick/slip of the slider occurred during which the static friction increased with time of contact. The various data suggest that the rate at which strong adhesion develops depends on the lubricant viscosity.
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Jersák, J., and S. Simon. "Influence of Cooling Lubricants on the Surface Roughness and Energy Efficiency of the Cutting Machine Tools." International Journal of Applied Mechanics and Engineering 22, no. 3 (August 1, 2017): 779–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijame-2017-0050.
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Abstract The Technical University of Liberec and Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg investigated the influence of cooling lubricants on the surface roughness and energy efficiency of cutting machine tools. After summarizing the achieved experimental results, the authors conclude that cooling lubricants extensively influence the cutting temperature, cutting forces and energy consumption. Also, it is recognizable that cooling lubricants affect the cutting tools lifetime and the workpiece surface quality as well. Furthermore, costs of these cooling lubricants and the related environmental burden need to be considered. A current trend is to reduce the amount of lubricants that are used, e.g., when the Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) technique is applied. The lubricant or process liquid is thereby transported by the compressed air in the form of an aerosol to the contact area between the tool and workpiece. The cutting process was monitored during testing by the three following techniques: lubricant-free cutting, cutting with the use of a lubricant with the MQL technique, and only utilizing finish-turning and finish-face milling. The research allowed the authors to monitor the cutting power and mark the achieved surface quality in relation to the electrical power consumption of the cutting machine. In conclusions, the coherence between energy efficiency of the cutting machine and the workpiece surface quality regarding the used cooling lubricant is described.
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PIĄTKOWSKA, Anna, Magdalena ROMANIEC, Danuta GRZYBEK, Małgorzata MOŻDŻONEK, Anna ROJEK, and Ryszard DIDUSZKO. "A STUDY ON ANTIWEAR PROPERTIES OF GRAPHENE WATER-BASED LUBRICANT AND ITS CONTACT WITH METALLIC MATERIALS." Tribologia 281, no. 5 (November 1, 2018): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.7656.
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Due to their ecological and financial aspects, water-based lubricants may be competitive in use for production and sustainable technology. The paper presents tribological measurements results in the ball-flat friction node with reciprocal movement. The friction element manufactured of 316L stainless steel and 100Cr6 bearing steel cooperated under mixed friction with the use of water-based lubricants. Firstly, graphene flakes and graphite were applied as lubricant additives, both used as a similar reference material. Secondly, graphene lubricant reduced the friction coefficient and wear of friction elements. Interaction between water and graphene lubricants with 0.1 wt % and 1 wt % of graphene flakes and metal was also investigated. After 30 days of oxidation test in water and graphene lubricants, the Fe sample (Armco iron) surface was covered in graphene flakes with iron oxide structures. A compact coverage of the surface creates a protective layer against intensive oxidation in the distilled water-based graphene lubricant. The tests results have proven that the greater density of graphene flakes in the lubricant, the smaller is the amount of detected oxides. Graphene flakes agglomeration was observed in contact with the iron metal.
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Yanto, Tri, and Aiman Abulkhair. "PENENTUAN STRATEGI BAURAN PEMASARAN PELUMAS FOOD GRADE GREASE BERBAHAN DASAR KELAPA SAWIT DI KABUPATEN PURBALINGGA." SEPA: Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian dan Agribisnis 12, no. 2 (February 5, 2016): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/sepa.v12i2.14210.
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<p>The objective of this study is to determine the merchant and the user preferences to the specification lubricating grease lubricants, color lubricants, package sizes, shape packaging labels, distribution of lubricants, promotion, and price. Sampling using purposive sampling technique. Analysis of data using friedman test with 5% error level. If there are differences then test ed further by LSD. The results of this research note that lubricant specifications preferred by merchants, which is preferred by the user while the grease is food grade lubricants and general machinery lubrication; the color lubricant preferred by merchantsis natural and blue, which is preferred by the user while the grease is the natural color; pack sizespreferred by merchants is size 350 g and 150 g with packing cup and bulk, while users liked the size of 350 g with packing cup; form label lubricants are preferred by merchants grease a round shape that is labeled with red and green as well as a square shape label in red, while the grease is preferred by the user labels round and square shapes in red; lubricants distribution are preferred by merchants grease ie grocery stores, retail stores, repair shops, and peddlers, while the grease is preferred by the user distribution through grocery stores and workshops; lubricants promotion are preferred by merchants grease is through internet media, banners, brochures, radio and posters, while users of grease liked by media promotion banners, brochures and posters; the price lubricant grease favored by merchants as preferred by the user of grease that low price low quality, medium quality and medium price high price of high quality.</p><p> </p>
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Sadiq, Muhammad Imran, Wan Aizon Ghopa, Mohd Zaki Nuawi, Mohammad Rasidi Rasani, and Sofian Ibrahim. "An Experimental Investigation of Static Properties of Bio-Oils and SAE40 Oil in Journal Bearing Applications." Materials 15, no. 6 (March 18, 2022): 2247. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15062247.
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Considerable research has been conducted in the past decade and a half regarding the bio-lubricants potential to replace mineral-based lubricants as mainstream lubricants such as engine oil, hydraulic oil, compressor oil, and metalworking oil. This study studied several bio-lubricants (rapeseed oil, palm olein, and soybean oil) and a mineral-based lubricant, SAE40. The bio-lubricants have better physiochemical, tribological characteristics and environmental friendly nature, and are promising to replace mineral-based lubricants. In this study, a journal bearing test rig (JBTR) was developed in order to investigate the effect of journal speed on the temperature of oil film with time. Additionally, the load-carrying capacity of bio-oils was tested against the mineral-based lubricant SAE40 by adding a load on the journal. For all three speeds, i.e., 1000, 1500, and 2000 rpm, the bio-lubricants recorded minimum temperature. At 1000 rpm, rapeseed oil recorded a 9.2% lower temperature than SAE40. Similarly, at 2000 rpm, rapeseed oil recorded a minimum temperature that was 2.5% lower than SAE40; in comparison, at 1500 rpm, palm olein recorded a minimum temperature that was 1.8% less than SAE40. Overall, the results of this study revealed that bio-oils recorded a lower temperature rise than mineral oil. These results are very encouraging for further research in this area.
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Sagbas, Binnur. "Tribological performance of peek with green lubricant enhanced by nano hexagonal boron nitride powder." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 72, no. 2 (October 8, 2018): 203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-05-2018-0178.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate applicability of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) powder as a solid lubricant additive in coconut oil and to determine the tribological behavior of PEEK rubbed with DIN2080 tool steel, under prepared green lubricating condition. Design/methodology/approach In this study, tiribological performance of PEEK against the DIN2080 tool steel is investigated with green lubricant. Coconut oil was used as green lubricant and 4 per cent wt. h-BN powder was added as lubricant additive into the coconut oil. Reciprocal pin-plate tribological test were applied under dry, coconut oil and coconut oil+h-BN lubrication condition. Friction coefficients were recorded and wear behavior of the samples investigated by mass loss measurement and topographical inspection of wear track by optical profilometer. Findings Using coconut oil as lubricant provided 80 per cent reduction of friction coefficient and 33.4 per cent reduction of wear rate. Addition of h-BN into the coconut oil provide 84 per cent reduction of friction coefficient and 56 per cent reduction of wear rate. The results showed that vegetable oil is promising lubricant for sustainable manufacturing. h-BN serves to increase lubricant performance and decrease wear of the surfaces. Practical implications Petrochemical lubricants are one of the major sources of environmental pollution and health hazards. Development and use of environmental and health friendly lubricants support sustainability and reduce wear, friction and energy consumption. With this consciousness, recent studies have focused on green tribology and green lubricants such as vegetable oils, ionic liquid bio-lubricants and bio-based polymers. Originality/value In literature study coconut oil was proposed as green lubricant while h-BN powder was proposed as solid lubricant. However, applicability of h-BN powder in coconut oil has not been explored yet. Moreover, wear and friction property of PEEK material with DIN 2080 tool steel pair surface has not been studied yet with green lubricants.
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Муравьев, Игорь, Igor Muravev, Алексей Корнеев, and Aleksey Korneev. "Metal-Plaque Lubricant Application Problems and Prospects." Services in Russia and abroad 8, no. 1 (January 20, 2014): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2544.
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The article covers the current implementation of metal-plaque lubricants. The authors reveal the contribution of the lubricants to stretching the endurance of machines and mechanisms, and analyse the conceptually new metal-plaque lubricant development and application problems in Russia. The article provides a structure of a systematic approach to activities aimed at introducing new methods of friction units longevity improvement, and evaluates the potential of new technologies in metal-plaque lubricant development.
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Skakun, V. V., R. M. Dzhemalyadinov, and A. I. Aliyev. "Influence of Environmentally Friendly Coolant-Lubricants on the Thermal Loading of the Cutting Process When Countersinking." Proceedings of Higher Educational Institutions. Маchine Building, no. 4 (733) (April 2021): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/0536-1044-2021-4-40-47.
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The paper considers the influence of environmentally friendly coolant-lubricants on the temperature parameters of the cutting process during hole countersinking. Structural steel 20, corrosion-resistant steel 12X18N10T and titanium alloy VT1-0 were selected as the processed materials. Mineral oils, as well as environmentally friendly vegetable oils and esters based on them were used as coolant-lubricants. The coolant-lubricants feed was carried out using an environmentally oriented dosing unit, which allowed the lubricant to be sprayed into the cutting zone in portions of an aerosol, which provided greater penetration and reduced the liquid consumption. The study of the temperature state of the cutting process was carried out using an artificial, chromel-copel thermocouple, the junction of which was placed in the immediate vicinity of the cutting zone. The data obtained when using vegetable oils as a coolant-lubricant in operations running under conditions of pronounced adhesive wear indicate their competitiveness not only with mineral oils, but also with traditionally used oil coolant-lubricants.
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Kumbhar, Sachin Sadanand, Sachin Aatmaram Khiste, and Shilpi Shrivastava. "SYNTHESIS OF DITHIOPHOSPHATE COMPOUNDS AND EVALUATION OF PERFORMANCES AS ANTIWEAR AND ANTIFRICTION LUBRICANT ADDITIVES." Journal of Advanced Scientific Research 13, no. 01 (February 10, 2022): 200–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.55218/jasr.202213122.
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ZDDPs are the most widely used antiwear additive in lubricants. It adds several performances attributes to lubricant but also adds to metal ashes produced due to the aging and burning of the lubricants. Being the major contributor to the ash produced by lubricants, Zinc needs to be replaced or removed out to claim lubricants ashless. This paper gives insights on various dithiophosphate compounds that can be considered a replacement to the ZDDP without compromising the performance of lubricants. In this study, the synthesis methods were analyzed for ashless dithiophosphate compounds. These compounds were tested on a four-ball machine to compare their performance with ZDDP. The effect of the carbon chain length of the alkyl group attached to the dithiophosphate group was also analyzed.
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Tonge, Parikshit, Amit Roy, Payank Patel, Charles J. Beall, and Pantcho Stoyanov. "Tribological Evaluation of Lead-Free MoS2-Based Solid Film Lubricants as Environmentally Friendly Replacements for Aerospace Applications." Lubricants 10, no. 1 (January 6, 2022): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants10010007.
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Solid lubricants, such as MoS2 have been widely used in the aerospace industry with the primary purpose of reducing the friction and wear of tribological interfaces. MoS2 based solid film lubricants are generally doped with other compounds, which can help overcome some of their limitations related to environmental conditions. For instance, compounds like Sb2O3 and Pb have been traditionally used to improve the endurance life of these lubricants. However, with the recent zest in transferring to eco-friendly lubricants, there is a strong push to eliminate Pb based compounds. The main purpose of this work is to better understand the influence of Pb based compounds on the tribological behavior of MoS2 based solid film lubricants as well as to critically evaluate the performance of Pb free lubrication strategies. More specifically, the baseline ‘non-green’ lubricant was doped with Pb compound and Sb2O3 and the Pb compound in the ‘Green’ alternative lubricant was replaced by more Sb2O3. The wear test was done using a ball-on-disk tribometer for specific loads and for 5000 cycles. Ex-situ analysis was conducted using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), and micro-Raman to capture the interfacial processes of these lubricants at different loads. Overall, the non-green lubricant performed better in terms of the tribological behavior (i.e., lower friction and wear), which was attributed to the formation of a dense MoS2-based tribo-/transfer-film with the basal planes oriented in the parallel direction to the sliding. The finding on the interfacial phenomena provided critical insights into the development of novel green alternatives that may have the ability to replace Pb based compounds in the future for a sustainable environment.
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Boran, Sorina, and Sabina Nitu. "Synthesis and Characterization of Some Ester-type Biolubricants of Soiabean Fatty Acids." Materiale Plastice 54, no. 2 (June 30, 2017): 386–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.17.2.4856.
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Growing demands from industry for the use of eco-friendly lubricants led research towards finding environmentally friendly products with superior lubricating characteristics. Vegetable oils and synthetic ester oils are competitive base oils used to obtain lubricants with good physico-chemical, rheological and tribotechnical properties, biodegradable lubricants without negative environmental impacts. In this study we aimed the synthesis and characterization of bioesters with lubricant properties, using as acid component the soybean oil fatty acids in conjunction with the following hydroxyl compounds n-buthanol (P1) and 1,2-propilenglycole (P2), respectively. These complex esters were synthesized in a microwave reactor in a single stage in the presence of the catalyst at the reflux temperature. Characterization was carried out in the respective of structural point of view and as a lubricant.
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Rahman, Md Hafizur, Haley Warneke, Haley Webbert, Joaquin Rodriguez, Ethan Austin, Keli Tokunaga, Dipen Kumar Rajak, and Pradeep L. Menezes. "Water-Based Lubricants: Development, Properties, and Performances." Lubricants 9, no. 8 (July 23, 2021): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants9080073.
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Water-based lubricants (WBLs) have been at the forefront of recent research, due to the abundant availability of water at a low cost. However, in metallic tribo-systems, WBLs often exhibit poor performance compared to petroleum-based lubricants. Research and development indicate that nano-additives improve the lubrication performance of water. Some of these additives could be categorized as solid nanoparticles, ionic liquids, and bio-based oils. These additives improve the tribological properties and help to reduce friction, wear, and corrosion. This review explored different water-based lubricant additives and summarized their properties and performances. Viscosity, density, wettability, and solubility are discussed to determine the viability of using water-based nano-lubricants compared to petroleum-based lubricants for reducing friction and wear in machining. Water-based liquid lubricants also have environmental benefits over petroleum-based lubricants. Further research is needed to understand and optimize water-based lubrication for tribological systems completely.
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Ho¨glund, E., and B. Jacobson. "Experimental Investigation of the Shear Strength of Lubricants Subjected to High Pressure and Temperature." Journal of Tribology 108, no. 4 (October 1, 1986): 571–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3261267.
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In order to evaluate the relationship between limiting shear strength and pressure for a lubricant an experimental apparatus has been built. Pressures up to 2.2 GPa and temperatures up to 200°C are attainable simultaneously. Thus the limiting shear strength-pressure relationship has been surveyed in a wide range. Several types of natural and synthetic lubricants have been tested. The results show that all the mineral oils tested behave in quite a similar way. Synthetic lubricants do not show this behaviour, but the relationship between limiting shear strength and pressure depends strongly upon the chemical base of the synthetic lubricants. The behaviour of grease does not differ from that of liquid lubricants. The pressures at which the lubricants change from a liquid to a solid behaviour have also been measured.
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Katpatal, Dhananjay C., Atul B. Andhare, and Pramod M. Padole. "Viscosity behaviour and thermal conductivity prediction of CuO-blend oil based nano-blended lubricant." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 233, no. 8 (December 19, 2018): 1154–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350650118819634.
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Lubricants play a major role in mechanical machines and studies on various nanolubricants are reported in the literature. This work deals with nanolubricants using blend of oils as base for nanolubricants. Nano-blended lubricants were prepared with a blend of ISO VG46 oil (mineral oil) and Jatropha oil (non-edible vegetable oil) and using them in proportions of 90:10 and 80:20 by dispersing 0.5–3 wt.% of surface-modified CuO nanoparticles by a two-step method. Various properties of these oils such as dispersion stability, viscosity and thermal conductivity were determined. Experimental values of viscosity were compared with the values predicted by using different viscosity models. Nano-blended lubricant 9010 was found more sensitive at lower concentration of nanoparticles compared to nano-blended lubricant 8020. It is observed that nano-blended lubricant 9010 with 1.5 wt.% CuO is more suitable for use in place of ISO VG46 oil compared to nano-blended lubricant 8020. Thermal conductivity values of all types of nano-blended lubricants have been found by thermal conductivity model to be approximately matching with the measured values.
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García-Miranda, J. Santos, Luis Daniel Aguilera-Camacho, María Teresa Hernández-Sierra, and Karla J. Moreno. "A Comparative Analysis of the Lubricating Performance of an Eco-Friendly Lubricant vs Mineral Oil in a Metallic System." Coatings 13, no. 8 (July 27, 2023): 1314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings13081314.
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Eco-friendly lubricant research continues to increase since it has a comparative performance to commercial mineral lubricants to overcome the effects of environmental impact. However, the efficiency of these green lubricants depends on specific applications. In this study, we analyzed the friction and wear performance of a castor/sesame oil mixture as an eco-friendly lubricant and its comparison to a commercial mineral lubricant tested in a metallic system employed in bearing elements. For this purpose, AISI 8620 steel against ISO 100Cr6 was used as tribological pair. The friction and wear tests were carried out through a Tribometer of ball-on-disk configuration under boundary lubricating conditions, whereas the worn surfaces were investigated by using optical and electron microscopy. The physical properties and the rheological properties of the lubricants were also determined. The friction and wear performance between the eco-friendly lubricant and mineral oil were similar so that the CLE were comparable. The CLE values in terms of friction and wear ranged from 86% to 99.4%, respectively.
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Hernández-Sierra, María T., Micael G. Bravo-Sánchez, José E. Báez, Luis D. Aguilera-Camacho, J. Santos García-Miranda, and Karla J. Moreno. "Improvement Effect of Green Lubricants on the Tribological and Mechanical Performance of 4140 Steel." Applied Sciences 9, no. 22 (November 15, 2019): 4896. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9224896.
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Although much has been learned and investigated about environmentally friendly lubricants in recent years, several issues remain critical to their use in specific applications. A key point that could be limiting their utilization is that the effect of green lubricants on the tribological and mechanical properties of the elements has not been thoroughly studied since such attributes determine their performance in industrial applications. For this reason, in this research, the effect of green lubrication on the tribological and hardness properties of AISI 4140 steel was studied. The performance of three bio-based lubricants was studied and compared to that of five of the most representative lubricants. First, the lubricants were chemically and physically characterized. Then, the effect of each lubricant on the friction and wear behavior of the system was analyzed by kinetic friction coefficient, wear rate calculations, and microhardness measurements. In general, the bio-based lubricants exhibited the lowest values of friction and wear. Further the mechanical properties of the systems lubricated by these lubricants were not affected or were affected to a lesser degree.
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Farfan-Cabrera, Leonardo I., Mariana Franco-Morgado, Armando González-Sánchez, José Pérez-González, and Benjamín M. Marín-Santibáñez. "Microalgae Biomass as a New Potential Source of Sustainable Green Lubricants." Molecules 27, no. 4 (February 11, 2022): 1205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27041205.
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Lubricants are materials able to reduce friction and/or wear of any type of moving surfaces facilitating smooth operations, maintaining reliable machine functions, and reducing risks of failures while contributing to energy savings. At present, most worldwide used lubricants are derived from crude oil. However, production, usage and disposal of these lubricants have significant impact on environment and health. Hence, there is a growing pressure to reduce demand of this sort of lubricants, which has fostered development and use of green lubricants, as vegetable oil-based lubricants (biolubricants). Despite the ecological benefits of producing/using biolubricants, availability of the required raw materials and agricultural land to create a reliable chain supply is still far from being established. Recently, biomass from some microalgae species has attracted attention due to their capacity to produce high-value lipids/oils for potential lubricants production. Thus, this multidisciplinary work reviews the main chemical-physical characteristics of lubricants and the main attempts and progress on microalgae biomass production for developing oils with pertinent lubricating properties. In addition, potential microalgae strains and chemical modifications to their oils to produce lubricants for different industrial applications are identified. Finally, a guide for microalgae oil selection based on its chemical composition for specific lubricant applications is provided.
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Luan, Zhiqiang, Wenshuai Liu, Yu Xia, Ruochong Zhang, Bohua Feng, Xiaodong Hu, Shuiquan Huang, and Xuefeng Xu. "Effects of an Electrical Double Layer and Tribo-Induced Electric Field on the Penetration and Lubrication of Water-Based Lubricants." Lubricants 10, no. 6 (June 2, 2022): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants10060111.
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Understanding the effects of electrical double layers (EDL) and tribo-induced electric fields on the electroosmotic behaviors of lubricants is important for developing high-performance water-based lubricants. In this study, EDL conductivities of aqueous lubricants containing a surfactant of 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)-dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate (CHAPS) or cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) were analyzed. The interfacial zeta potentials of the synthesized lubricants and Al2O3 ceramic-alloy steel contacts were measured, and frictional potentials of ceramic and steel surfaces were determined using a modified ball-on-disc configuration. The distribution characteristics of the tribo-induced electric field of the ceramic-steel sliding contact were numerically analyzed. The electroosmotic behaviors of the lubricants were investigated using a four-ball configuration. It was found that an EDL and tribo-induced electric field was a crucial enabler in stimulating the electroosmosis of lubricants. Through altering EDL structures, CHAPS enhanced the electroosmosis and penetration of the water-based lubricant, thus resulting in improved lubrication.
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Tortora, Angela Maria, and Deepak Halenahally Veeregowda. "True Stability of Lubricants Determined Using the Ball-on-Disk Test." Advances in Tribology 2016 (2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4020537.
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True stability of lubricants can be determined when there is minimum change in the contact area and also the intervention of wear debris in the contact zone. Here, we have used the ball-on-disk instrument with the migrating point contact, that is, relative motion between the ball and disk condition to fix the contact area and minimize the wear debris at the contact zone. The jump in the friction coefficient indicates the film failure, which appeared earlier for the motor oil 5W30 compared to 5W40. Such profile was not recorded in absence of relative motion. Therefore, 5W40 was considered to have a better lubricant stability than 5W30. Applying the same test condition to the natural lubricants shows that glycerol has better lubricant stability than glycerol-water mixture. Superior true lubricant stability by glycerol and 5W40 can be related to its high viscosity. However, they were less wear resistant compared to low viscosity lubricants like 5W30 and glycerol-water. We suspect the role of microscopic wear debris at the contact zone for this behavior although it should have been avoided in the migrating point contact condition. Overall, ball-on-disk instrument with a migrating point contact condition is an effective technique to determine the stability of lubricants.
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Sucipto, Try Adi. "Measurement of Friction Coefficient between Glass and Rubik's Beam on the Sloping Field using Rubik Lubricant." Journal of Natural Sciences and Mathematics Research 5, no. 1 (June 30, 2019): 7–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21580/jnsmr.2019.5.1.11023.
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This research is based on a rubik game involving the coefficient of friction. Rubik when difficult to rotate then the coefficient of friction is large. Rubik has several lubricants including Maru Lube, Ellips, and Kit Shampoo. This study aims to determine friction coefficient between the inclined plane of glass and rubik beams with lubricating. The beam is launched on an inclined plane and measured travel time. The results of the measurement of the coefficient of friction of the three lubricants namely Maru Lube lubricant has a coefficient of friction value of 0.4586, Ellips lubricant of 0.4375, and shampoo Kit lubricant of 0.4630. Based on these data it can be concluded that Ellips lubricant is the most slippery and more effective lubricant to use.
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Krachenfels, K., J. Tenner, and M. Merklein. "Nachhaltige Blechumformung durch Trockentiefziehen/Dry deep drawing for sustainability in stamping plants." wt Werkstattstechnik online 108, no. 10 (2018): 652–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.37544/1436-4980-2018-10-16.
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Beim Tiefziehen werden Schmierstoffe zur Reibungs- und Verschleißreduktion eingesetzt. Dies erfordert zusätzliche Prozessschritte für die Beölung und die nachträgliche Reinigung der Bauteile nach der Umformung. Durch den Schmierstoffverzicht wird die Prozesskette verkürzt und die Nachhaltigkeit erhöht, weil konventionelle Schmiermittel in der Regel umweltschädliche Stoffe enthalten. Herausforderungen und Ansätze des Trockentiefziehens werden in diesem Beitrag dargestellt. In deep drawing processes, lubricants are applied in order to reduce friction and wear. This requires additional process steps for applying the lubricant before and drying of the parts after the forming process. The abandonment of lubricants would enable a shorter process chain and increase the sustainability because most lubricants and cleaning detergents contain environmental harmful substances. Challenges and approaches to realize lubricant-free deep drawing are discussed within this paper.
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Cen, Hui, Ardian Morina, and Anne Neville. "Effect of lubricant ageing on lubricants’ physical and chemical properties and tribological performance; Part I: effect of lubricant chemistry." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 70, no. 2 (March 12, 2018): 385–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-03-2017-0059.
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Purpose Ageing has been known to affect the performance of lubricants. However, there is a lot of debate as to whether ageing is beneficial or detrimental to the wear performance of lubricants. Design/methodology/approach The purpose of this research is to evaluate the effect of ageing on the viscosity, total acid number and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy information of a series of lubricants. The tribological performance (friction and wear) of the aged lubricants is also studied, followed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis on the selected post-test samples to study the tribochemical features of the tribofilm. Findings The results show that ageing has a different impact on lubricants and tribological performances based on the physical and chemical properties. Originality/value These findings will be compared with the research on the role of water in lubricant ageing (Part II of this study).
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Glazunov, D. V. "Development of the lubricant for side-mounted rail flange lubricators for traction rolling stock." Vestnik of the Railway Research Institute 78, no. 1 (May 13, 2019): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21780/2223-9731-2019-78-1-59-64.
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Specificity of operating conditions of the rolling stock defines a number of requirements for lubricants intended for the wheel-rail tribosystem. Lubricants are used for “wheel — rail” contact, the aggregate state of which varies from liquid to solid. When evaluating the lubrication properties of these materials, a significant number of factors must be taken into account, in particular, influence of the environment, method of application, condition of the rail surface. The paper discusses the main operational requirements for lubricants operating in a wheel-rail tribosystem. Temperature ranges of the lubricants used for the “wheel — rail” contact on the railway network of the Russian Federation are given. As a result of the research, it was determined that none of the materials used for lubrication of the wheel-rail system satisfies the operating temperature conditions of the traction rolling stock. To solve this problem a lubricant was developed and tested in an industrial environment at the Rostov State University of Railway Transport. Its lubricant composition allows to significantly expand the temperature range of the lubricant. Complex of experimental studies and method of orthogonal central composite plan of the 2nd order established the optimum values of the thickness of the working shell of the 0.846 mm lubricating rod and the 50.411 % percentage of plastic lubricant, allowing to extend the temperature range of lubricant rods and, in particular, completely eliminate the lubricant flow to achieve a temperature of 126.034 °C. Proposed composition of the lubricant was tested on a freight electric locomotive of the VL80T series, equipped with non-power lubricators, under the conditions of the Bataysk — Likhaya section of the North Caucasus Railway. Intensity of wear of the wheel flanges of the traction rolling stock lubricated by the proposed material, compared with the intensity of wear of the wheel flanges without the use of lubrication systems is reduced by 2 times.
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Bair, Scott. "The Variation of Viscosity With Temperature and Pressure for Various Real Lubricants." Journal of Tribology 123, no. 2 (June 27, 2000): 433–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1308024.
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To date, nearly all analyses of lubricant traction behavior in the Hertzian zone of concentrated contact have been performed with viscosity correlations which understate the effect of pressure and temperature at high pressures. We present viscometer measurements of lubricant viscosity for pressures to 1.4 GPa and temperatures to 165°C for various lubricants including automotive transmission fluids, aerospace lubricants, a turbine oil, and a metal working oil. Parameters of a free-volume correlation are provided for use in numerical modeling of traction, film thickness, and roughness interactions in concentrated contact.
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Sentanuhady, Jayan, Akmal Irfan Majid, W. Prashida, W. Saputro, N. P. Gunawan, T. Y. Raditya, and Muhammad Akhsin Muflikhun. "Analysis of the Effect of Biodiesel B20 and B100 on the Degradation of Viscosity and Total Base Number of Lubricating Oil in Diesel Engines with Long-Term Operation Using ASTM D2896 and ASTM D445-06 Methods." TEKNIK 41, no. 3 (December 28, 2020): 269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/teknik.v41i3.32515.
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Based on its characteristics, biodiesel has a higher density, viscosity, and acidity level than diesel fuel, so it has a disadvantages in terms of lubricants especially in the long run. The impact, it can decrease the kinematic viscosity of the lubricant, a decrease in the total base number, and the impact by decreased of the engine performance. This research aims to determine the characteristics of lubricants from the use of biodiesel (B20 and B100) related to the kinematic viscosity of lubricants and Total Base Number (TBN). The testing method were used ASTM D2896-15 and ASTM D445-06 standard. The study used two units Kubota RD 65 DI-NB diesel engines with a cylinder volume of 376 cc. The rotary speed of the machine was keep constant at 2200 rpm and were operated for 300 hours non-stop. Moreover, the sampled was carried out every multiple of 100 hours. Based on the research results, the quality of lubricants with B100 fuel is no better than lubricants with B20 fuel. B100-fueled lubricants have kinematic viscosity values at temperatures of 40 °C and 100 °C and has lower TBN values than B20-fueled lubricants.
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Ahmed, Diyar I., S. Kasolang, M. A. Abu Bakar, and Mohammad H. Yousif. "Alternative Lubricant Based on Renewable Resources for Industrial Applications." Advanced Materials Research 894 (February 2014): 275–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.894.275.
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Bio-lubricants are often touted as a solution but the geographical necessities of cultivation can restrict their practicality as an absolute substitute to petroleum-based lubricants. The development of a novel environmentally-friendly bio-lubricant is the primary focus of this paper. The physico-chemical properties of the bio-lubricant were analyzed using multiple standards tribometers. This study provided sufficient data to conform an ISO VG 68 hydraulic industrial lubricant by blending 52.70 % (wt) soybean oil, 40.55 % (wt) mineral oil, and 6.75 (%) additive packages. This formulated blend as green alternative for machine lubrications will be significant in reducing perilous environmental pollution and depletion of natural resources. Moreover, it can contribute to reduce the global demand of petroleum based lubricant substantially.
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Rahman, Shahriar, Dipesh Purani, Shaikh Ali, and Chang-Dong Yeo. "Effects of SiO2 Contaminant on Thermo-Mechanical/Chemical Properties and Lubricity of PFPE Lubricants." Lubricants 9, no. 9 (September 11, 2021): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants9090090.
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Using the molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with ReaxFF potential, two different types of PFPE lubricants (Ztetraol and ZTMD) are prepared on a-C film, and SiO2 particles are adsorbed onto the lubricants at room temperature. From the simulation results, it is observed that the adsorbed SiO2 particles increase the stiffness of PFPE lubricants leading to less airshear displacement. Since Ztetraol has higher mobility with lower viscosity than ZTMD, the adsorbed SiO2 particles penetrate deeper into the Ztetraol lubricants. Accordingly, the effect of SiO2 on the airshear displacement is more obvious to Ztetraol than ZTMD. In addition, the adsorbed SiO2 particles increase the friction force and the amount of lubricant pick-up during the sliding contact with a nanosized a-C tip.
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Deb Nath, S. K., and C. H. Wong. "Study of the Thermal Decomposition of PFPEs Lubricants on a Thin DLC Film Using Finitely Extensible Nonlinear Elastic Potential Based Molecular Dynamics Simulation." Journal of Nanotechnology 2014 (2014): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/390834.
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Perfluoropolyethers (PFPEs) are widely used as hard disk lubricants for protecting carbon overcoat reducing friction between the hard disk interface and the head during the movement of head during reading and writing data in the hard disk. Due to temperature rise of PFPE Zdol lubricant molecules on a DLC surface, how polar end groups are detached from lubricant molecules during coating is described considering the effect of temperatures on the bond/break density of PFPE Zdol using the coarse-grained bead spring model based on finitely extensible nonlinear elastic potential. As PFPE Z contains no polar end groups, effects of temperature on the bond/break density (number of broken bonds/total number of bonds) are not so significant like PFPE Zdol. Effects of temperature on the bond/break density of PFPE Z on DLC surface are also discussed with the help of graphical results. How bond/break phenomenonaffects the end bead density of PFPE Z and PFPE Zdol on DLC surface is discussed elaborately. How the overall bond length of PFPE Zdol increases with the increase of temperature which is responsible for its decomposition is discussed with the help of graphical results. At HAMR condition, as PFPE Z and PFPE Zdol are not suitable lubricant on a hard disk surface, it needs more investigations to obtain suitable lubricant. We study the effect of breaking of bonds of nonfunctional lubricant PFPE Z, functional lubricants such as PFPE Zdol and PFPE Ztetrao, and multidented functional lubricants such as ARJ-DS, ARJ-DD, and OHJ-DS on a DLC substrate with the increase of temperature when heating of all of the lubricants on a DLC substrate is carried out isothermally using the coarse-grained bead spring model by molecular dynamics simulations and suitable lubricant is selected which is suitable on a DLC substrate at high temperature.
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Karpenko, A. B. "ASSESSMENT OF VIBRATION ACTIVITY OF A REDUCER AT USE OF DIFFERENT LUBRICANTS." Kontrol'. Diagnostika, no. 262 (April 2020): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/td.2020.04.pp.022-027.
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The serviceability and durability of mechanisms substantially depends on a correctness of the choice of lubricants and a way of greasing. As lubricants for gears of reducers and their bearings use liquid hydrocarbon and synthetic oils and also ductile lubricants. Influence of lubricant on a vibration activity of mechanisms is considered. The criterion of quality determined the minimum power of a vibration signal here. As a measuring device the analyzer of vibration Vibro Vision-2 is used. At the beginning of article the studied object – a four-stage reducer is described. Further results of measurements of power of a vibration signal in the given frequency range for each of the considered lubricants are shown. At the same time the frequency range is divided into strips. The root-mean-square value (RMS) of vibration speed which determines vibration signal power was measured in each strip. RMS observed data in each frequency band is presented as a tables and schedules. Further on the basis of the obtained data the histogram of distribution of RMS on frequency stripes where each of the considered lubricants is presented is created. In conclusion the obtained data is analysed, conclusions are drawn on the reasons of vibration and recommendations about the choice of lubricant depending on the frequency range of a gearing of teeth are made.
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Karpenko, A. B. "ASSESSMENT OF VIBRATION ACTIVITY OF A REDUCER AT USE OF DIFFERENT LUBRICANTS." Kontrol'. Diagnostika, no. 262 (April 2020): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/td.2020.04.pp.022-027.
Full textAbstract:
The serviceability and durability of mechanisms substantially depends on a correctness of the choice of lubricants and a way of greasing. As lubricants for gears of reducers and their bearings use liquid hydrocarbon and synthetic oils and also ductile lubricants. Influence of lubricant on a vibration activity of mechanisms is considered. The criterion of quality determined the minimum power of a vibration signal here. As a measuring device the analyzer of vibration Vibro Vision-2 is used. At the beginning of article the studied object – a four-stage reducer is described. Further results of measurements of power of a vibration signal in the given frequency range for each of the considered lubricants are shown. At the same time the frequency range is divided into strips. The root-mean-square value (RMS) of vibration speed which determines vibration signal power was measured in each strip. RMS observed data in each frequency band is presented as a tables and schedules. Further on the basis of the obtained data the histogram of distribution of RMS on frequency stripes where each of the considered lubricants is presented is created. In conclusion the obtained data is analysed, conclusions are drawn on the reasons of vibration and recommendations about the choice of lubricant depending on the frequency range of a gearing of teeth are made.
50
Sidh, Kishan Nath, Dharmender Jangra, and Harish Hirani. "An Experimental Investigation of the Tribological Performance and Dispersibility of 2D Nanoparticles as Oil Additives." Lubricants 11, no. 4 (April 17, 2023): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11040179.
Full textAbstract:
The present study aims to investigate the tribological performance of 2D nanoparticles such as graphene (G), molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) as gear lubricant additives. A new method of additive doping in gear lubricants was proposed and examined in terms of the degradation of lubricants. The additives were energized by ultrasonication, thermal agitation, and mechanical shearing to enhance the dispersibility and stability, which were confirmed using visual and rheological analysis. Further, the tribological performance of the nano-additives was studied by doping them in fresh lubricants, chemically degraded lubricants, and chemically degraded lubricants with surfactants. The results indicate that surface roughness and the method of mixing play a crucial role in reducing wear. The nano-additives exhibit an inverse relationship with the roughness, and their agglomeration results in a decline in performance. To mitigate agglomeration, oleic acid surfactant was employed, which diminished the effects of nano-additives and degraded the lubricant. The attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) analysis revealed that the oleic acid and deteriorating reagent work synergistically, leading to enhanced wear volume and reduced friction. The nano-additives were characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Overall, the study presents a comprehensive plan for new method of additive mixing, stability, dispersibility and tribological performance of the selected 2D nanoparticles.