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Journal articles on the topic 'Lubricant Industry'
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1
Gokarn, Narendra, and K. N. Kiran. "Role of Lubricants in Industry: A Review." Journal of ISAS 2, no. 1 (July 31, 2023): 69–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.59143/isas.jisas.2.1.wfjr9779.
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Lubricants are available in our daily lives for functioning as coolants, to dissipate heat and lubricate different surfaces which can be either in solid, liquid or gaseous forms. It reduces friction by the formation of thin film between two surfaces in contact and by improving efficiency and reducing wear. For any system to work efficiently and effectively appropriate lubricant is needed. Fresh lubricating oil needs to meet specifications of Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs). Applying lubricant regularly on tool increases life on usage and durability but a situation comes when the oil starts degrading may be due to depletion of additives or tool break down. Degraded oil is tested by using different physicochemical properties and also by employing different sophisticated analytical techniques like infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Gas chromatography (GC), Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICPAES), etc. In this article, we shall discuss some basics of lubrication, different lubrication regimes and various kinds of lubricants used for various industrial and automotive applications. Some case studies of oil and also their representative formulations, testing and interpretation of results is being presented for understanding of various lubricants.
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Li, Yanhong, TianTian Liu, Yujuan Zhang, Pingyu Zhang, and Shengmao Zhang. "Study on the tribological behaviors of copper nanoparticles in three kinds of commercially available lubricants." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 70, no. 3 (April 9, 2018): 519–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-05-2017-0143.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study the tribological properties of Cu nanoparticles (NPs) as lubricant additives in three kinds of commercially available lubricants. Design/methodology/approach A four-ball machine is used to estimate the tribological properties of Cu NPs as lubricant additives in three kinds of commercially available lubricants. Three-dimensional optical profiler and electrical contact resistance are evaluated to investigate the morphology of the worn surfaces and the influence of Cu NPs on tribofilms. Findings Wear tests show that the addition of Cu NPs as lubricant additives could reduce wear and increase load-carrying capacity of commercially available lubricants remarkably, indicating that Cu NPs have a good compatibility with the existing lubricant additives in commercially available lubricants. Originality/value The tribological properties of Cu NPs as lubricant additives in three kinds of commercially available lubricants were investigated in this paper. These results are reliable and can be very helpful for application of Cu NPs as lubricant additives in industry.
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Gahir, Gurmeet Singh, and Surendrapal Singh Matharu. "Characterization of Non-Edible Oil for Development of Stable Industrial Lubricant." E3S Web of Conferences 405 (2023): 04045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202340504045.
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Lubricant derived from Mineral oil are not renewable, detrimental to health, and fluctuating in price. As a result, vegetable based oils are regarded as best substitute of mineral oil in the manufacturing of lubricants. It has become vital to do analysis on the application of unconsumable oils for stable industry lubricant development. In this work, the characteristic investigation of lubricant derived from vegetable which are not edible (ex-Jatropha) that can be used for industrial application is analysed. The oil was analysed and changed to make it suitable for development as lubricants for industrial uses. As a control, a mineral based oil that is commercially available as lubricant (SAE 20/W50) was employed. Jatropha oil was modified to improve viscosity while modification has also reduced the viscosity index in parallel. Jatropha oil, contrasting any other vegetable oils, has outstanding cold-flow capabilities, and mitigation of the oils has further improved oil’s cold-flow properties. The pH exhibited by modified Jatropha oil is in the alkaline scale, a high viscosity index. Thus, both modified and unmodified (Esterified) Jatropha oil have been proven to be appropriate for industry usage in low-temperature networks. The modified Jatropha oil was discovered to be an environmentally safe substitute of the oil that are mineral based lubricant (SAE 20/W50) to be used in 2- stroke engines, metal shaping, and gear lubrication in the food treating industry.
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Ibrahim, Asriana, Siti Sakinah Munirah Ishak, and Mohd Fadhren Kamaruddin. "Comparison between Sunflower Oil and Soybean Oil as Gear Lubricant." Applied Mechanics and Materials 699 (November 2014): 443–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.699.443.
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Advanced research on vegetable oils as gear lubricants became a topic of interest in green technology where natural resources could be appliedin transportation and industry. The main objectives are to meet demand and monitor the impact of human involvement. Many researches have suggested that vegetable oil has the potential as an alternative lubricant for many engineering process although it has some disadvantages such as oxidative instability and poor properties at low temperature. The use of vegetable oils as a helical gear lubricant has not been studied before. This study is to experimentally analyse the performance of sunflower oil and soybean oil as gear lubricants. An oil test data was taken periodically from the gear test rig within 80 consecutive hours. The performance of sunflower and soybean oils were analysed based on lubricant properties such as kinematic viscosity and viscosity index. The experimental data was compared to the ideal performance of a synthetic gear lubricant. The findings show that sunflower oil has better lubricant properties compared to soybean oil. Sunflower oil shows appreciable high temperature properties as synthetic gear lubricant.
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Baluch, Nazim, Nordin Norani, and Shahimi Mohtar. "AHSS Auto Structural Metal Stampings: Crucial Role of Lubricant." Applied Mechanics and Materials 590 (June 2014): 289–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.590.289.
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To improve crash worthiness and fuel economy, the automotive industry is, increasingly, using Advanced High Strength Steel (AHSS). However, in recent years, stampers, particularly those serving the automotive industry, have begun to face new challenges related to the increased use of AHSS. Stamping AHSS can push the capability limits of some lubricants and often cause lubricant film break down and galling thereby increasing scrap rate and tool maintenance cost. This paper discusses the advantages of AHSS in auto metal stampings, highlights the new challenges faced by stampers, and delineates the exigency of draw lubricant in producing high quality auto stampings from AHSS.
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Żaba, K., P. Kita, M. Nowosielski, M. Kwiatkowski, and M. Madej. "Influence Of Lubricants On Wear Resistance Of Aluminum Alloy Strips Series 2XXX." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 60, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 1833–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2015-0313.
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Abstract The article presents a properly planned and designed tests of the abrasive wear resistance 2024 aluminum alloy strips under friction conditions involving various lubricants. Test were focused on the selection of the best lubricant for use in industrial environment, especially for sheet metal forming. Three lubricants of the Orlen Oil Company and one used in the sheet metal forming industry, were selected for tests. Tests without the use of lubricant were performed for a comparison. The tester T-05 was used for testing resistance to wear. As the counter samples were used tool steel - NC6 and steel for hot working - WCL, which are typical materials used for tools for pressing. The results are presented in the form of the force friction, abrasion depth, weight loss and coefficient of friction depending on the lubricant used and the type of counter samples. The results allowed for predicting set lubricant-material for tools which can be applied to sheet metal made of aluminum alloy 2024.
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Taylor, R. I., R. Mainwaring, and R. M. Mortier. "Engine Lubricant Trends Since 1990." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 219, no. 5 (May 1, 2005): 331–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/135065005x9718.
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A review is undertaken of the important trends in engine lubricant performance tests that have taken place over the last 10-15 years. Lubricant formulations are driven by industry standard specifications, original equipment manufacturer requirements, and consumer needs. A review is given of the important specifications and associated performance tests, and how these have impacted on lubricant development. The key trends are, firstly, the need for improved fuel economy, secondly, the need for improved oxidation stability, thirdly, the need for improved handling of contaminants (e.g. soot), and, fourthly, the recent move to lubricants containing low levels of sulphur, phosphorus, and sulphated ash, for after-treatment device compatibility reasons.
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Boran, Sorina, and Sabina Nitu. "Synthesis and Characterization of Some Ester-type Biolubricants of Soiabean Fatty Acids." Materiale Plastice 54, no. 2 (June 30, 2017): 386–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.17.2.4856.
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Growing demands from industry for the use of eco-friendly lubricants led research towards finding environmentally friendly products with superior lubricating characteristics. Vegetable oils and synthetic ester oils are competitive base oils used to obtain lubricants with good physico-chemical, rheological and tribotechnical properties, biodegradable lubricants without negative environmental impacts. In this study we aimed the synthesis and characterization of bioesters with lubricant properties, using as acid component the soybean oil fatty acids in conjunction with the following hydroxyl compounds n-buthanol (P1) and 1,2-propilenglycole (P2), respectively. These complex esters were synthesized in a microwave reactor in a single stage in the presence of the catalyst at the reflux temperature. Characterization was carried out in the respective of structural point of view and as a lubricant.
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Asminah, Ninin, Elli Prasetyo, and Indah Dhamayanthie. "Evaluation of optimal time blending process on medripal 412 And Prima XP SAE 20W – 50 samples with homogenity test." Gema Wiralodra 14, no. 2 (July 5, 2023): 681–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31943/gw.v14i2.431.
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Prima XP SAE 20W - 50 is a multigrade lubricant used for gasoline and Medripal 412 engine lubricants used for marine industry engines which are non-carcinogenic and environmentally friendly. The main factor in testing lubricants is the Blending process, which is the process of mixing base oil with additives. In the blending process, an inhomogeneous lubricant was found which caused the lubricant test not to comply with specifications. This experiment aims to determine the optimal time of the blending process with the KAN homogeneity test method. Homogeneity testing can be seen from the viscosity value of the lubricant. So the optimum time for the blending process is needed for the continuity of the production process of this lubricant. Medripal 412 products have an optimum blending time of 30 minutes with a viscosity value at 100 C ranging from 14.79 mm2 / s based on the SNI 7069.1 Th. 2012, the product specification value of Medripal 412 is 12.5 - <16.3 mm2 / s and the Prima XP SAE 20W - 50 product has an optimum blending time of 45 minutes with a viscosity value at 100oC of 20.28 mm2 / s based on the SNI 7069.1 Th. 2012, the value of the Prima XP SAE 20W - 50 product specification is 5.6 - <21.9 mm2 / s. This shows that the lubricant is by the standard quality standards set by the company and the government so that the lubricant product is still suitable for use.
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Chandran Suja, V., A. Kar, W. Cates, S. M. Remmert, P. D. Savage, and G. G. Fuller. "Evaporation-induced foam stabilization in lubricating oils." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 31 (July 16, 2018): 7919–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1805645115.
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Foaming in liquids is ubiquitous in nature. Whereas the mechanism of foaming in aqueous systems has been thoroughly studied, nonaqueous systems have not enjoyed the same level of examination. Here we study the mechanism of foaming in a widely used class of nonaqueous liquids: lubricant base oils. Using a newly developed experimental technique, we show that the stability of lubricant foams can be evaluated at the level of single bubbles. The results obtained with this single-bubble technique indicate that solutocapillary flows are central to lubricant foam stabilization. These solutocapillary flows are shown to originate from the differential evaporation of multicomponent lubricants—an unexpected result given the low volatility of nonaqueous liquids. Further, we show that mixing of some combinations of different lubricant base oils, a common practice in the industry, exacerbates solutocapillary flows and hence leads to increased foaming.
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Gokul Biju, Anandu S, Jithin S S, and Milan B. "Feasibility Study of Developing an Eco-Friendly Bio Lubricant from Flaxseed Oil." International Research Journal on Advanced Engineering Hub (IRJAEH) 2, no. 04 (April 10, 2024): 751–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.47392/irjaeh.2024.0105.
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The increasing global demand for sustainable and environmentally friendly lubricants has led to the exploration of bio-based alternatives. This study focuses on the production of a bio- lubricant using Flax Seed oil as the feedstock through an epoxidation process followed by acid testing. The first step involves the epoxidation of Flax Seed, where the unsaturated fatty acids present in the oil are converted into epoxides. This process is carried out using a catalyst and a peroxide source. The reaction conditions, such as temperature, time, and reactant ratios, are optimized to achieve the highest conversion and selectivity of epoxidized Flax Seed oil. The epoxidized Flax Seed is then subjected to acid testing to evaluate its suitability as a bio- lubricant. The acid value, which measures the amount of acidic compounds present, is determined. A low acid value indicates good stability and resistance to oxidation. Additionally, the viscosity, flash point and other relevant properties are assessed to ensure that the bio- lubricant meets industry standards. The results of the acid testing provide valuable insights into the quality and performance of the produced bio-lubricant. By analyzing the acid value and other properties, the effectiveness of the epoxidation process and the feasibility of using Flax Seed oil as a sustainable feedstock for bio-lubricant production can be determined. This research contributes to the development of eco-friendly lubricants by utilizing Flax Seed oil as a renewable resource. The epoxidation process and subsequent acid testing serve as crucial steps in the production and evaluation of bio-lubricants, highlighting their potential as a viable alternative to conventional petroleum-based lubricants
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Bulut, Dilek, Tatjana Krups, Gerhard Poll, and Ulrich Giese. "Lubricant compatibility of FKM seals in synthetic oils." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 72, no. 5 (July 11, 2019): 557–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-02-2019-0065.
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Purpose Elastomer seals are used in many applications. They are exposed to lubricants and additives at elevated temperatures, as well as mechanical stresses. They can only provide good sealing function when they have resistance to those factors. There are many elastomer-lubricant compatibility tests based on DIN ISO 1817 in industry. However, they are insufficient and costly. Correlations between the tests and the applications are inadequate. The purpose of this study is investigating lubricant compatibility of fluoroelastomers (FKM) seals in polyethylene-glycol (PG)- and polyalphaolefin (PAO)- based synthetic oils and developing a methodology to predict seal service life. Design/methodology/approach A new compatibility test which is more sufficient in terms of time and cost was developed and compared with a standard test, currently used in industry. Compatibility of FKM radial lip seals with PG- and PAO-based synthetic oils with different additives was investigated chemically and dynamically. Failure mechanisms were examined. Findings The new method and the Freudenberg Flender Test FB 73 11 008 showed similar results concerning damages and similar tendencies regarding wear. The additive imidazole derivative was the most critical. Static tests give indications of possible chemically active additives, but alone they are insufficient to simulate the dynamic applications. Originality/value The paper describes a new method to investigate elastomer-lubricant compatibility and gives first results with a variety of lubricants.
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Bovington, C. "Elastohydrodynamic lubrication: A lubricant industry perspective." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 213, no. 5 (May 1999): 417–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/1350650991542785.
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A A Alhilo, Zaman, Gaukhar Zhumagalieva, and Tatiana Pasko. "Environmentally friendly technology for the modification of lubricants with graphene nanostructures." MATEC Web of Conferences 315 (2020): 06005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202031506005.
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Nanomaterials, and in particular graphene, significantly increase the basic tribological characteristics of lubricants. One of the most effective ways to quickly use laboratory results on an industrial scale is to modify traditional lubricants with graphene concentrates. The research results showed that in order to solve this problem successfully, it is necessary to create graphene concentrate and distribute it evenly over the total volume of the lubricant. It is necessary that the concentrate be prepared on the same basis as the lubricant. In the present work, previous studies on the mechanical activation and exfoliation of graphite in a core drum mill, liquid-phase shear exfoliation in a rotary apparatus with moving blades, and the homogenization of graphene nanostructures in lubricants using a rotary mixer are combined. Changes were made to the design of the main components, taking into account the use of this technology in the industry. The presented technology is environmentally friendly, since only oil and graphite are used and there are no harmful wastes that must be disposed of.
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Tonge, Parikshit, Amit Roy, Payank Patel, Charles J. Beall, and Pantcho Stoyanov. "Tribological Evaluation of Lead-Free MoS2-Based Solid Film Lubricants as Environmentally Friendly Replacements for Aerospace Applications." Lubricants 10, no. 1 (January 6, 2022): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants10010007.
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Solid lubricants, such as MoS2 have been widely used in the aerospace industry with the primary purpose of reducing the friction and wear of tribological interfaces. MoS2 based solid film lubricants are generally doped with other compounds, which can help overcome some of their limitations related to environmental conditions. For instance, compounds like Sb2O3 and Pb have been traditionally used to improve the endurance life of these lubricants. However, with the recent zest in transferring to eco-friendly lubricants, there is a strong push to eliminate Pb based compounds. The main purpose of this work is to better understand the influence of Pb based compounds on the tribological behavior of MoS2 based solid film lubricants as well as to critically evaluate the performance of Pb free lubrication strategies. More specifically, the baseline ‘non-green’ lubricant was doped with Pb compound and Sb2O3 and the Pb compound in the ‘Green’ alternative lubricant was replaced by more Sb2O3. The wear test was done using a ball-on-disk tribometer for specific loads and for 5000 cycles. Ex-situ analysis was conducted using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), and micro-Raman to capture the interfacial processes of these lubricants at different loads. Overall, the non-green lubricant performed better in terms of the tribological behavior (i.e., lower friction and wear), which was attributed to the formation of a dense MoS2-based tribo-/transfer-film with the basal planes oriented in the parallel direction to the sliding. The finding on the interfacial phenomena provided critical insights into the development of novel green alternatives that may have the ability to replace Pb based compounds in the future for a sustainable environment.
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Krika, Wafa, and Azzedine Bouzaouit. "The modeling of the effect of lubricant viscosity on the vibration of a gear system." Engineering review 38, no. 3 (2018): 253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.30765/er.38.3.1.
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As a part of conditional maintenance, rotating machines are monitored and diagnosed in real time to increase their service life and ensure their availability in the industry. Our work aims to follow the evolution of the vibration for rotating machines through the integration of inverse problems such as degradation of the lubricant quality. Experimental tests were made in order to characterize the influence of quality lubricant (viscosity) on the vibration of a component of a rotating machine. Realized experimental bench is composed of gear device lubricated with lubricants of different viscosity grades and rotated at a variable rotational speed. In each case we measure the value of vibration. Following this experience, a vibration model has been developed depending on the change of state of lubricants, based on the results of planned experience. Further, a correlation analysis on the model obtained was realized and the results show an agreement between theory and experiment.
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Sulaiman, S., M. K. A. M. Ariffin, T. S. Hong, and N. A. Mustafa. "Effect of Boric Acid Mixture as Solid Lubricant towards Machining Processes." Advanced Materials Research 651 (January 2013): 372–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.651.372.
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Milling is widely used metal removal process in manufacturing industry that involves generation of high cutting forces and temperature. Lubricants become important to reduce the cutting force and temperature for better machining processes and performances. Conventional cutting fluid has some limitations. The applications of conventional cutting fluid create some techno-environmental problems like environmental pollution, biological problems to operators and water pollution. Application of solid lubricant in milling has proved to be a feasible alternative to the conventional cutting fluids. The present work investigates the effect of boric acid as solid lubricant towards machining performances such as tool wear and surface roughness. The results indicate that boric acid can improve the cutting processes and performance compared to conventional cutting fluid.
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Timm, Dagmar, Christel Kurowski, Uwe Grummisch, Ulrich Meyhack, and Horst Grunewald. "Applications of near Infrared Spectroscopy for Qualification of Lubricants and other Mineral Oil Products." Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy 6, A (January 1998): A243—A246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1255/jnirs.202.
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This is a poster presentation. Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is now recognised worldwide as technology appropriate for industrial quality and process control. NIR is used not only for quantitative analysis but also for identification of materials anywhere in the formulation process: raw materials, intermediates, and finished products. Additives for lubricants like oxidation inhibitors, corrosion inhibitors, and metal deactivators are highly specialised chemicals. Their function is an important part of the lubricant behavior. Some are readily distinguished because their NIR spectra are different. Similar compounds with nearly identical NIR spectra require special chemometric treatment in order to identify them as a proper substance. These same chemometric methods can be used to qualify the material as the specified grade and quality. Water soluble cooling lubricants are used in the metal working industry. The durability of the lubricant in process depends on the amount of impurities by reaction products and hydraulic or other process oils. NIR spectroscopy can be used as quick and effective method to determine the whole oil content and oil impurities continuously (at line) within seconds. The inaccurate and time consuming reference method with the oil tester can be replaced. Along with all the usual benefits of NIR analysis, this identification and qualification method provides a more complete quality assurance program for lubricant production.
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Fedorov, A. M. "LUBRICANT MONITORING SYSTEM FOR COAL INDUSTRY FACILITIES." Ugol', no. 03 (March 8, 2018): 50–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.18796/0041-5790-2018-3-50-51.
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Sharma, Gulnar K., and Vinaya K. Ratna Pandey. "Scope for Relationship Marketing in Lubricant Industry." Paradigm 4, no. 1 (January 2000): 35–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971890720000105.
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Morgan, Wani J., and Hsiao-Yeh Chu. "Development of a Reliable Vibration Based Health Indicator for Monitoring the Lubricating Condition of the Toggle Clamping System of a Plastic Injection Molding Machine." Applied Sciences 12, no. 1 (December 25, 2021): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12010196.
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Plastic injection molding has become one of the most widely used polymer processing methods due to its ability to viably produce large volumes of complex parts in a short time frame. Most of the plastic injection molding machines currently used in industry possess a toggle clamping mechanism that undergoes a repeated clamping and unclamping cycle during operation. This toggle must therefore be properly lubricated to avoid catastrophic failure and eventual machine downtime. To overcome this limitation, the industry currently relies on the experience of a skilled operator, paired with a fixed empirical value, to determine the timing for re-lubrication. This method often leads to the machine operator either wasting lubricant by over-lubricating the toggle, or damaging the toggle by failing to re-lubricate when needed. Herein, we explore the use of vibration analysis to perform real-time condition monitoring of the lubrication condition of the toggle clamping system. In this study, our novel structural response analysis out performed both traditional time domain and frequency domain analyses in isolating the vibrational signatures indicative of lubricant degradation. Additionally, this study confirms that the vibration generated during the unclamping period of the toggle, proved to contain more valuable information relevant to the instantaneous lubricant quality than provided by its corresponding clamping period.
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Costa, Henara Lillian, Tiago Cousseau, and Roberto Martins Souza. "Current Knowledge on Friction, Lubrication, and Wear of Ethanol-Fuelled Engines—A Review." Lubricants 11, no. 7 (July 12, 2023): 292. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11070292.
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The urgent need for drastic reduction in emissions due to global warming demands a radical energy transition in transportation. The role of biofuels is fundamental to bridging the current situation towards a clean and sustainable future. In passenger cars, the use of ethanol fuel reduces gas emissions (CO2 and other harmful gases), but can bring tribological challenges to the engine. This review addresses the current state-of-the-art on the effects of ethanol fuel on friction, lubrication, and wear in car engines, and identifies knowledge gaps and trends in lubricants for ethanol-fuelled engines. This review shows that ethanol affects friction and wear in many ways, for example, by reducing lubricant viscosity, which on the one hand can reduce shear losses under full film lubrication, but on the other can increase asperity contact under mixed lubrication. Therefore, ethanol can either reduce or increase engine friction depending on the driving conditions, engine temperature, amount of diluted ethanol in the lubricant, lubricant type, etc. Ethanol increases corrosion and affects tribocorrosion, with significant effects on engine wear. Moreover, ethanol strongly interacts with the lubricant’s additives, affecting friction and wear under boundary lubrication conditions. Regarding the anti-wear additive ZDDP, ethanol leads to thinner tribofilms with modified chemical structure, in particular shorter phosphates and increased amount of iron sulphides and oxides, thereby reducing their anti-wear protection. Tribofilms formed from Mo-DTC friction modifier are affected as well, compromising the formation of low-friction MoS2 tribofilms; however, ethanol is beneficial for the tribological behaviour of organic friction modifiers. Although the oil industry has implemented small changes in oil formulation to ensure the proper operation of ethanol-fuelled engines, there is a lack of research aiming to optimize lubricant formulation to maximize ethanol-fuelled engine performance. The findings of this review should shed light towards improved oil formulation as well as on the selection of materials and surface engineering techniques to mitigate the most pressing problems.
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Grewal, Harinder Singh, Avtar Singh, and Jaiinder Preet Singh. "Effect of Various Parameters on Finishing of Inner Surfaces of Brass Tubes Using Magnetic Abrasive by RSM: A Study." Asian Review of Mechanical Engineering 4, no. 1 (May 5, 2015): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/arme-2015.4.1.2387.
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With the increase of technology and the demand of industry the surface finish requirements are also increasing. Conventional echnologies like grinding and lapping etc. fail to finish some pieces such as pipes, complex shape tubes consisting of straight and bent sections up to desired accuracy. Magnetic Abrasive Finishing (MAF) is one of the a dvanced finishing methods, proposed to produce highly finished surfaces of brass340 pipes. In this research work the process, finishing characteristics and the principle of magnetic abrasive finishing of pipes using sintered magnetic abrasives are described. The sintered based of Al2O3 magnetic abrasives with iron particle of size 106 μm were used in this work. The Statistically designed experiments based on Taguchi methods show that weight of abrasive, Revolutions per minute (rpm), finishing time and type of lubricant which have significant effect on the surface roughness obtained. The effects of lubricants on surface finish are also analyzed in this work by using different types of lubricants. It is noticed that the surface finish was affected by the change of type of lubricant and the internal surface finish of pipes were analyzed in terms of percent improvement in surface finish (PISF) and using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The obtained maximum PISF was 60% by using toothpaste as a lubricant and minimum surface r oughness w as 0 .126 μ m R a. T he improvement in surface finish was further validated using RRay Diffraction (XRD) technique.
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Deepak, T. P. Jeevan, and S. R. Jayaram. "Tribological Study of Vegetable Oil Based Lubricants - A Review." Applied Mechanics and Materials 895 (November 2019): 212–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.895.212.
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Lubricants have a very crucial role in machinery industry for friction reduction and wear reduction between two relatively moving parts. The current study enlightens the works from various authors on evaluating the tribological behavior of environment friendly vegetable based oils as emerging biodegradable lubricants. The influences of the vegetable oils on friction and wear performance using different Tribometers were reported. The review focuses efforts on the development and commercialization of these vegetable based oils as industrial lubricants for manufacturing industries, mainly, metal forming and metal cutting. The review reveals that, many vegetable oils can be used as industrial lubricant, due to their exemplary attributes in terms of friction and wear reduction, which would help to decrease the universal demand of commercial lubricants which are based on petroleum resources to a great extent.
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Taha-Tijerina, Jaime, Ruben Calderón, and Bárbara Rodriguez. "Optimization and Nanoreinforcements of Lubricant Concentration for Steel Sheet Forming Process." International Journal of Modern Manufacturing Technologies 13, no. 2 (December 20, 2021): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.54684/ijmmt.2021.13.2.137.
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In metal-mechanic industry, lubricants are applied to improve products’ quality and tools useful life, while reducing friction and wear, also removing the generated heat during the material processing. Tribological evaluations are performed varying the water content of two widely used lubricants in automotive metal-forming operations. Evaluations are first performed to determine the optimal lubricant dilutions, followed by reinforcement of 2D-nanostructures of hexagonal Boron Nitride (h-BN). Tribological characterization under extreme pressures (EP) are performed with a four-ball tribometer according to the Institute for Sustainable Technologies –National Research Institute (ITeE-PIB) Polish method under scuffing conditions. The optimized concentrations are determined for Ecodraw and Montgomery lubricants, representing a 28% and 3% improvement in pressure loss limit at 1:8 and 1:6 concentrations, respectively. Block-on-ring tribotest is used to determine the coefficient of friction (COF) of the optimized lubricant dilutions and h-BN nanolubricants, which represent ~10% improvement. These results could be attributed to diverse factors such as a layering mechanism of the 2D nanostructures, soft van der Waals forces between 2D h-BN layers, and the deposition of h-BN on the worn surface, decreasing the shearing stress and COF. Finally, thermal conductivity evaluations showed an enhancement by 30% and 15% with addition of h-BN, demonstrating the potential of 2D nanostructures for improving the efficiency on antiwear and thermal transport.
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Sutriah, Komar, Zainal Alim Mas’ud, Tun Tedja Irawadi, and Mohammad Khotib. "Performance of Zinc-Difattyalkyldithyocarbamate as Anti-Friction/Anti-Wear Lubricant Additives." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 14, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.21271.
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Dithyocarbamate is an organosulphur compound that has long been known and widely applied in various fields, including in agriculture and industry. Several variants of synthesized vegetable oil-based Zinc-difattyalkyldithyocarbamate were tested its anti-friction/anti-wear performance on four ball machine using the method of ASTM-D2783. Anti-friction/anti-wear test to six of additive variants of Zinc-difattyalkyldithyocarbamate at doses of 1.2% indicated that all variants of the product has welding point value higher than the lube base oil lubricant HVI 60, and from US Steel 136 standard for Hydraulic lubricants, but only two additive variants of Zinc-bis(lauryl palmityl)dithyocarbamate and Zinc-bis(lauryl oleyl)dithyocarbamate which has a larger load wear index value than the standard, and meet the criteria as an additive extreme pressure according to US steel 136 standard. Zinc-bis(lauryl palmityl)dithyocarbamate is an additive variant with the best performance, meet bi-functional lubricant additives criteria, as anti-friction/anti-wear and antioxidant additive.
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Sakamoto, Hidetoshi, Yoshifumi Ohbuchi, Hiroyuki Kuramae, and Jian Shi. "Deep Drawing Formability Analysis of AZ31 Mg-Alloy." Advanced Materials Research 337 (September 2011): 701–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.337.701.
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Light and highly resistant, magnesium has been more and more included into alloys composition, especially in automotive and electronic devices. Usual automotive applications for magnesium alloys are gearbox, cylinder head covers and other types of covers, when electronic industry uses this alloys for mobile computers and mobile phones frames (chassis). However casting is still the first production process for magnesium application, press forming is considered as having significant potential. Yet, influences of many key parameters are not clearly known. In this report, sheets of AZ31 magnesium alloy were submit to deep drawing tests to investigate the influence of temperature, lubricant, blank holding pressure and speed. As a result, an appropriate lubricant was selected out of a set of potentially interesting lubricants selected with respect to their announced properties. Deep drawing tests also enlighten the poor formability of AZ31 even at 160°C and an apparent optimum formability temperature at 200°C. Other tests and controls, like thickness profile, were also performed to complete knowledge of AZ31 properties.
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Sklenak, Sebastian, Jens Brimmers, Christian Brecher, Bastian Lenz, and Andreas Mehner. "Tribologisches Einsatzverhalten von PVD-Festschmierstoffsystemen im fluidfreien Wälzkontakt." Tribologie und Schmierungstechnik 68, no. 3-4 (September 21, 2021): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.24053/tus-2021-0023.
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For special applications, the lubrication of gearboxes with liquid lubricants is not feasible. Liquid lubricants lose their positive lubricating properties when exposed to high contact stress and temperature fluctuations, for example. In the food industry and medical technology, liquid lubricants are often not permitted due to hygiene regulations. Solid lubricants offer an approach to implement dry tooth contacts. In this report, three different solid lubricant coating systems are investigated under different operating conditions. The focus of the experi mental investigation is the application behavior in terms of friction force and wear behavior. In a direct comparison, the MoS2:Ti-TiN coating system achieves the highest load level and exhibits a station ary frictional force behavior compared to the a-C:H:Ti-TiN coating system. In the wear investigation, continuous coating wear was found in addition to coating delamination. The layer wear correlates with an increasing friction force in interval operation.
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Scholz, Peter, Richard Börner, Ralf Kühn, Roland Müller, and Andreas Schubert. "Dry Forming of Aluminium Sheet Metal: Influence of Different Types of Forming Tool Microstructures on the Coefficient of Friction." Key Engineering Materials 651-653 (July 2015): 516–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.651-653.516.
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In the sheet metal forming industry lubricants are applied in forming processes to expand the technological boundaries by reducing friction and wear. The friction between tool and sheet metal is crucial to the deep drawing process. Due to economic and ecological reasons the aim of the manufacturers is to reduce or even avoid the use of lubricants. Consequently, this approach enables both a shortening of the process chains and an essential saving of resources. The advantages of structured forming tools in lubricated processes concerning the reduction of the coefficient of friction by the appearance of lubricating micro pockets are well-known. However, without using any lubricant this effect does not work. In this case the contact area is reduced by structuring the forming tool which affects the tribological system.In this paper the influence of microstructures with different geometries and surface treatments (uncoated / a-C:H:Si-coating) on the coefficient of friction in dry metal forming of the alloy AA5182 is compared to the frictional behaviour of unstructured forming tools using lubricant as reference. Before coating, the forming tools are machined by milling to generate tribologically effective microstructures. With the use of a strip drawing plant the effects of different surface microstructures and materials on the coefficient of friction are investigated.
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Speece, Mark W., and Nguyen Van Hai. "Marketing conflicts in joint ventures in Vietnam’s lubricant industry." der markt 38, no. 1 (March 1999): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03036918.
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Latifi, Seyedmorteza. "Effect of Shear Strength of Oil on Lubrication of Cold Strip Rolling in Full-Fil Regime." Logic : Jurnal Rancang Bangun dan Teknologi 20, no. 3 (November 30, 2020): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31940/logic.v20i3.1811.
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Cold strip rolling is a major deformation process in industry. The need for high quality products and increased production speed, makes the application of the lubricant important. In the present study, oil property effect is investigated in cold rolling using oil lubricant in full-film lubrication regime. The model predicts decisive role of oil property in rolling parameters.
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Heoy Geok How, Yeoh Jun Jie Jason, Yew Heng Teoh, and Hun Guan Chuah. "Investigation of Tribological Properties of Graphene Nanoplatelets in Synthetic Oil." Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 96, no. 1 (July 6, 2022): 115–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.96.1.115126.
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Lubricants are commonly utilized in industry to minimize friction and wear for tools and components, and additives play indispensable roles in lubricants to attain overall enhanced tribological properties. Because of environmental concerns, the introduction of nanoparticles is regarded as a promising lubricant additive capable of replacing conventional additives and improving lubricant tribological properties. This study investigated the tribological behaviour of 5W30 PAO+ester fully synthetic oil (SO) with and without the addition of graphene nanoplatelets. Besides, this study also focuses on the tribological effect of graphene's concentration (0.01, 0.02, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 wt%). The experiments were conducted using a four-ball tester according to ASTM D4172 and surface analysis was done on the worn surfaces using scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. The results show that the presence of graphene significantly improves the tribological properties. SO enriched 0.05 wt% graphene exhibits the lowest coefficient of friction and wear scar diameter, and the friction and wear were reduced by 33.78% and 34.42%, respectively. The protective film formed on the worn surface is responsible for friction and wear reduction. In addition, the worn surface becomes smoother after being lubricated by nanolubricants, which can be observed through the SEM analysis. EDX analysis revealed the presence of element carbon on the worn surface, implying that nanoparticles had deposited on the worn surface.
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Sgarabotto, Francesco, Andrea Ghiotti, and Stefania Bruschi. "Effects of Surface Roughness on Frictional Behaviour of Solid Organic Lubricants for Sheet Metal Forming Processes." Key Engineering Materials 549 (April 2013): 381–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.549.381.
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In the last decades, national legislations have become even more restrictive about the application and the disposal of hazardous lubricants in sheet metal forming. As a result, metal forming industry, which traditionally has made large use of synthetic and oil-based lubricants to enhance the production rate and reducing the wear of tools, has been forced to study and develop new solutions to reduce the environmental impact of production processes. The introduction and the continuous improvement of environmental friendly lubrication systems has seen a continuous growth and attention, but today the usage of traditional hazardous lubricants is still significant, requiring expensive cleaning operations and harmful cleaning agents to remove them. The use of solid organic lubricants can reduce or eliminate this drawback, despite their performances may be significantly affected by specific process parameters and the presence of debris. In this paper the performances of a solid organic lubricant have been compared to traditional liquid lubricants applied to sheet metal forming applications. Different surface topographies have been reproduced and the effects in terms of frictional behaviour have been investigated.
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Rahman, Md Hafizur, Sadat Shahriar, and Pradeep L. Menezes. "Recent Progress of Machine Learning Algorithms for the Oil and Lubricant Industry." Lubricants 11, no. 7 (July 10, 2023): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11070289.
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Machine learning (ML) algorithms have brought about a revolution in many industries where otherwise operation time, cost, and safety would have been compromised. Likewise, in lubrication research, ML has been utilized on many occasions. This review provides an in-depth understanding of seven ML algorithms from a tribological perspective. More specifically, it presents a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in ML applied to lubrication research, organized into four distinct categories. The first category, experimental parameter prediction, highlights the significant contributions of artificial neural networks (ANNs) in accurately forecasting operating conditions related to friction and wear. These predictions offer valuable insights that aid in forensic preparation. Discriminant analysis, Bayesian modeling, and transfer learning approaches have also been used to predict experimental parameters. Second, to predict the lubrication film thickness and identify the lubrication regime, algorithms such as logistic regression and ANN were useful. Such predictions provide up to 99.25% accuracy. Third, to predict the friction and wear for a given experimental condition, support vector machine (SVM), polynomial regression, and ANN offered an accuracy above 93%. Finally, for condition monitoring for bearings, gearboxes, gear trains, and similar critical situations where regular in-person inspection is difficult, Naïve Bayes, SVM, decision trees, and ANN were utilized to predict the safe life of lubricants. This review highlighted these four aspects with state-of-the-art examples and discussed the current situation and projected future possibilities of lubricant design facilitated by ML techniques.
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A A Alhilo, Zaman, Vladimir Pershin, and Aleksey Osipov. "Kinetics of liquid-phase shear exfoliation of graphite in synthetic oils." MATEC Web of Conferences 315 (2020): 06003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202031506003.
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Lubricants modified with nanosized particles are of great interest to science and industry, since they have much better tribological characteristics compared to traditional lubricants. One of the most promising nanoparticles is graphene, which has an extremely low coefficient of friction, is very wear-resistant and environmentally friendly. Today, the main problem for the development of a new nano-lubricant is the creation of an environmentally friendly and cheap technology for the industrial production of graphene suspensions or graphene concentrates for the modification of traditional lubricants. The article describes the process of liquid-phase shear exfoliation of graphite in a rotary apparatus with moving blades, in synthetic oils. The kinetic dependences of the exfoliation process, i.e. the dependence of the concentration of graphene nanostructures in suspension over time at different values of the process parameters. It has been experimentally proved that using a stator-rotor mixer with moving blades, it is possible to obtain graphene nanostructure concentrations of at least 2 mg / ml.
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Magalhães Viegas Junior, Daniel. "MONITORING OF OIL ANALYSIS THROUGH SENSORS." Journal of Interdisciplinary Debates 5, no. 01 (March 8, 2024): 95–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.51249/jid.v5i01.1931.
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Inserting the Industry 4.0 universe into companies is necessary to guarantee their competitiveness and continuity in the market. And, one of the areas in which industry 4.0 and its technologies are most prominent is maintenance, as the use of intelligent mechanisms are capable of promoting the reliability of systems functioning, predicting failures and anticipating problems and breakdowns in equipment. , thus contributing to increased performance and reduced aggregate costs. The present study then starts from the idea of using Lab-on-chip technology for the hydraulic fluid and lubricant monitoring system and aims to verify the application of Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) in maintenance. From the literary review, it was possible to verify that studies relating the use of microsensors for monitoring lubricants are still scarce and from this, applied research was suggested for this purpose, developing a lab-on-chip that be capable of replacing complex and high-cost laboratory analyses.
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DRABIK, Jolanta, Magdalena TRZOS, Rafał KOZDRACH, Grzegorz DUSZYŃSKI, Jerzy JANECKI, and Mariusz PIĄTKOWSKI. "ANALYSIS OF TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF VEGETABLE GREASES FOR APPLICATIONS IN AGRI-FOOD INDUSTRIES." Tribologia 282, no. 6 (December 31, 2018): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.8413.
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The article presents the results of research and development works and analyses the results in order to develop an ecological lubricant for use in food industry equipment. The research was carried out as part of a project undertaken by a scientific and industrial consortium. While the specialized lubricants were composed, particular attention was paid to the selection of components, taking into account both their functional and ecological properties. A vegetable oil and a mixture of vegetable and synthetic oil were used as the dispersion phase for the preparation of lubricants. Prior to the verification of the quality of developed lubricants in operation, oxidation stability and lubricating properties were tested in model experimental studies. The lubrication properties of the developed greases under operating conditions were verified. The properties of the developed lubricants have been verified in extreme operating conditions, namely, high dust environments, moisture, the presence of water. As a result, greases resistant to the oxidation process and with favourable anti-seizure and anti-wear properties have been developed.
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Jha, Akhil. "BS VI Norms by 2020: Contribution Lubricant Industry Can Make." Auto Tech Review 5, no. 7 (June 22, 2016): 14–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1365/s40112-016-1162-3.
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Wickramasinghe, W. D. Dilupa S. "Impact of Content Marketing Values on Brand Value Co-Creation Effect: A Study on The Lubricant Industry in Sri Lanka." Sri Lanka Journal of Marketing 9, no. 1 (July 12, 2023): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/sljmuok.v9i1.117.
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The main objective of this study is to identify the relationship between content marketing values and brand value co-creation effect in the Lubricants industry in Sri Lanka. The concept of this study is still the less examined concept, as claimed in empirical research. There are studies found indirectly and directly examine those concepts in a different market but still require further investigation in the lubricant industry. The value co-creation of customer participation is essential for the institution to achieve commercial value and sustain itself in the market. Content marketing is also a powerful communication tool for assisting consumers in making decisions, enhancing brand image, establishing trust, and establishing long-term connections while creating value co-creation. Accordingly, this paper attempts to study the concept of content marketing values and brand value co-creation to verify how the consumer is used to reconnecting with the brand.The positivism philosophy view that only 'factual' knowledge gained through observation, including measurement, is trustworthy. This research proposes to follow the positivism paradigm as the research philosophy since it discusses the existing theoretical and empirical arguments. Thus, a deductive approach will follow to present the empirical relationships proposing future research plans. The research tool will be based on a questionnaire developed using literature reviews and associated journal articles, book chapters, and industry publications to review the theoretical and empirical justifications while revealing industry-related rationales (Anggraini, 2018; Becerra & Badrinarayanan, 2013; Becerra & Korgaonkar, 2011; Lou et al., 2019; Shaari & Shafinaz, 2016; Sharma et al., 2021). Responces were selected based on the convenient sampling method, mainly through the DBA students of the University of Kelaniya. Altogether 128 questionnaires were distributed through a google form, and 128 completed questionnaires were taken into the final analysis. The sample comprised a higher proportion of male respondents (78.9 percent) than female respondents (21.1 percent). As per the age distribution, most respondents (78.9 percent) were aged between 31 and 50. Therefore, the demographic structure of the sample was sufficient to examine the research issue of the given context.It reveals a strong positive correlation between content marketing values with brand value co-creation. The analysis correlation statics of 0.683 demonstrates a significantly strong relationship between content marketing values and brand value co-creation. Lubricant industry marketers can deliver tangible benefits to customers by providing relevant, informative, and entertaining content that helps to develop brand value co-creation.According to the survey data referring to the author's screening question, customers are following the service provider's word-of-mouth referrals (55.5 %) other than content marketing values to create brand value co-creation.This study has certain limitations, such as the survey was not conducted on the whole island. We ignore Sri Lanka's digital literacy rates, digital resource distribution parity, and present economic factors.The value co-creation theory connects the theoretical framework with practical issues in the industry to identify the reality of the industry. Multinational companies that import lubricants have more content to market their products. They gradually use digital content values to create the brand value co-creation effect. Nevertheless, local blenders are only attacking to price-conscious market; they are fewer content creators to build brand values. Marketers need to identify the correct content and product portfolios to create the brand value co-creation effects to market lubricant brands in the Sri Lankan market. According to the analysis, researchers have to do more research related to digital content marketing and word-of-mouth recommendations.
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Carmona-Cervantes, Isabel Ariadna, Iván Campos-Silva, Ulises Figueroa-López, and Andrea Guevara-Morales. "Effect of Recycled Polyvinyl Butyral (rPVB) Addition on the Tribological Performance of Glass–Fiber Reinforced Polyamide (PAGF) during Reciprocating Sliding Wear Conditions." Polymers 15, no. 11 (June 5, 2023): 2580. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15112580.
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Plastic recycling in the automotive industry is a priority. In this study, the effect of adding recycled polyvinyl butyral (rPVB) from automotive windshields on the coefficient of friction (CoF) and specific wear rate (k) of a glass–fiber reinforced polyamide (PAGF) is investigated. It was found that, at 15 and 20 wt.% of rPVB, it acts as a solid lubricant, reducing CoF and k up to 27% and 70%, respectively. Microscopical analysis of the wear tracks showed that rPVB spreads over the worn tracks, forming a lubricant layer, which protects the fibers from damage. However, at lower rPVB content, fiber damage cannot be prevented as the protective lubricant layer is not formed.
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Taha-Tijerina, Jaime, Karla Aviña, Juan Manuel Martínez, Patsy Yessenia Arquieta-Guillén, and Marlon González-Escobedo. "Carbon Nanotori Structures for Thermal Transport Applications on Lubricants." Nanomaterials 11, no. 5 (April 29, 2021): 1158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11051158.
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Carbon nanostructures have been recently applied to improve industrial manufacturing processes and other materials; such is the case for lubricants used in the metal-mechanic industry. Nanotori are toroidal carbon nanostructures, obtained from chemical treatment of multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). This material has been shown to have superb anti-wear and friction reduction performance, having the ability to homogeneously disperse within water in concentrations between 1–2 wt.%. Obtained results of these novel nanostructures under water mixtures and novel additives were a set point to our studies in different industrial lubricants. In the present work, nanotori structures have been applied in various filler fractions as reinforcement to evaluate the behavior in thermal transport of water-based (WB) and oil-based (OB) lubricants. Temperature-dependent experiments to evaluate the thermal conductivity were performed using a thermal water bath ranging from room temperature up to 323 K. The obtained results showed a highly effective and favorable improvement in the heat transport of both lubricants; oil-based results were better than water-based results, with nanotori structures increasing the lubricants’ thermal transport properties by 70%, compared to pure lubricant.
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Píška, Miroslav, Petra Sliwková, Zuzana Vnuková, Martin Petrenec, and Eva Sedláková-Valášková. "Exquisite Energy Savings at Cold Metal Forming of Threads through the Application of Polymers." Polymers 14, no. 6 (March 8, 2022): 1084. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14061084.
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One of the global problems today is energy—its production and distribution. As the human population grows, the consumption of energy rises simultaneously. However, the natural sources are limited, and so the focus on power savings becomes more and more important. One of the ways to reduce consumption is the use of effective lubricants and tribological fluids in industry, especially in processes with high demands on energy but high quality of products as well. Forming is a typical example of such technology, and the application of polymers seems to be a very important challenge, because the application of straight oils or lubricant with extreme pressure additives seems to be prevailing in that field. Nevertheless, the polymer lubricant should fulfill all European standards as well as the environmental and ecological limitations with respect to health and the natural environment and its recycling and disposal. This paper is focused on the forming technology of threads and the application of selected polymers to the forming process. The measured and quantified criteria are torque and force loadings, energy consumption, and quality of the produced surfaces. Kistler dynamometers, scanning electron microscopy, and advanced surface topography with the use of Alicona IF-G5 were applied to assess all aspects of the tribological and energy aspects of six modern process fluids, three lubricating pastes, and two fluid modifications. The results show that the polymer synthetic lubricant (at volume concentration 20% in water) can reduce the total energy consumption by up to 40% per forming cycle (in mean values) at average surface roughness below 0.8 μm.
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Patil, Sanket Laxman, Kumarom Mahesh Kasve, Bhavesh Shashikant Pagar, Dinesh Chaudhari, Vinay Kumar, and Vishal N. Sulakhe. "Tribological Performance of Brass Journal Bearing Working Under Contaminated Conditions." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 6 (June 30, 2023): 4124–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.54403.
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Abstract: Bearings for sugar mills are known to withstand high load and low speed operations. A temperature rise was detected in the warehouse of a sugar factory, when working in the polluted or contaminated environment of the sugar industry. Therefore, an experiment was conducted on brass (CuZn) plain bearings when lubricated with water with different flow rates. In this study, the rise in temperature of a plain bearing in a sugar factory was analyzed. By simulating the operating conditions in a sugar mill the causes for rise in temperature in the bearing were identified and commissioning in a plain bearing test rig that takes into account the combination of operating conditions (self-load, speed, dirt, lubricants, etc). Insufficient supply of internal lubricant can lead to plain bearing failure. This affects the production costs of the industry and can also endanger human lives. The brass journal bearing gives the best performance under the Q3 flow of water and also have lesser rise in temperature.
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Chen, Chih Ming, and Cheng Ho Chen. "Friction Characteristics of Clasp Locked Precision Locknuts under Different Conditions." Advanced Materials Research 853 (December 2013): 447–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.853.447.
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As the machine tool industry moves towards high speed and high precision, we must have detection technology for the mechanical properties of fasteners, in order to overcome technical bottlenecks. This article is especially aimed at machine tools and special-purpose machines that commonly use clasp locking precision locknuts. In this research, the anti-loosening characteristics of precision nuts are investigated under different conditions, such as the clearances, end processing methods, nut cutting speeds, lubricants, and tightening speeds. The results can provide the precision nut manufacturers a data base for product design. The experimental results show that with the end surface machining method using concentric grinding, nut cutting speed 800rpm, 2rpm speed of tightening, and the use of lubricant 2TML, the nut has better anti-loosening characteristics.
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Henderson, A. James, and Ronnie Singh. "Improvements in P/M Green Strength using Micronized Cellulose Particles (MCP)." Materials Science Forum 530-531 (November 2006): 92–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.530-531.92.
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New P/M lubricant formulations implement micron-sized (“micronized”) cellulose particles (MCP) to create MCP-enhanced lubricants. Surprising increases in green strength, up to 70% for iron and even higher for stainless steel are obtained with standard transverse rupture bars shapes made with 0.75 wt-% additive concentrations in iron (MPIF F-0000) and 316L stainless steel powders in comparison with the same parts made under the same conditions with industry standard lubricantbinders of zinc stearate, ethylene-bis-stearamide (EBS), and oxidized polyolefin (OP) wax. Two specific forms of new MCP materials are used in these tests: micronized cotton fibers (MCF), and micronized starch particles (MSP). The findings support expectations of significantly increased process yields for green parts and related production cost savings.
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Rahim, Erween Abdul, and Hiroyuki Sasahara. "Surface Integrity in MQL Drilling Nickel-Based Superalloy." Key Engineering Materials 447-448 (September 2010): 811–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.447-448.811.
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Nickel-based superalloys remain the most widely used of all materials in aerospace industry, contributed over 50 % of the weight of a jet engine. In machining of any jet engine components, it is necessary to satisfy the surface quality or surface integrity requirements to facilitate high reliability components. In the present study, surface integrity of Inconel 718 was studied when drilling under different lubricants. The holes were drilled individually using indexable AlTiN coated carbide drill under minimum quantity of lubricant (MQL) conditions. The results demonstrated that the machining conditions and lubricants strongly influence the surface integrity. The surface roughness decreases with the increase in cutting speed and increases with the increase in feed rate. Microhardness profiles indicated that the subsurface deformation extends up to a 100 and 150 μm for palm oil and synthetic ester, respectively underneath the machined surface. Pit holes, cavities, grooves, microcracks and surface smearing were the dominant surface damages criteria for all cases.
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Syahrullail, Samion, and Paiman Zulhanafi. "The Oxidation Effect of Palm Oil Based Lubricant Using Four – Ball Tribotester." Applied Mechanics and Materials 554 (June 2014): 281–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.554.281.
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Lubrications industry is widely expand throughout the years. Well established mineral oil based promised the highest demand all over the world. But as the environmental concern is debated at most of world conferences, people are thinking to find the alternative for mineral oil replacement due to its non-biodegradable behaviour. The best suited source that having quite a par characteristic with mineral oil is vegetable oil. Vegetable oil is well known with its super bio-degradable characteristic. The source is renewable and does not require huge cost as compared to mineral and synthetic oil in term of exploration, development, production and transportation. Palm oil based is best suited among the vegetable oil series because of its stability and sources around the world. The major issue of palm oil based lubricant is low oxidative stability as the lubricant is commonly used at very high temperature and long shelf life application. Therefore some modification of molecule structure is needed by adding selected anti-oxidant at certain ratios. Tertier-butyl-hydroquinone (TBHQ) is used as anti-oxidantin this study. The results showing that a sufficient concentration of anti-oxidantprovides better solution for the low oxidative stability issues raised in palm oil based lubricants. The TBHQ also showed good characteristic in protecting two mating surfaces in wear scar analysis.
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Chappuis, Laurent, and Robert Sanders. "Automotive Aluminum, Part 9: Obstacles on the Road to Aluminum Vehicle Production." AM&P Technical Articles 177, no. 8 (November 1, 2019): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.amp.2019-08.p024.
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Abstract Industry consolidation, lubricant concerns, and springback issues continued to test automakers and materials producers as they worked toward aluminum-intensive vehicles in the first decade of the twenty-first century.
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Gruber, Ralph, Tanja Denise Singewald, Thomas Maximilian Bruckner, Laura Hader-Kregl, Martina Hafner, and David Stifter. "Influence of Dry-Film Lubricants on Bond Strength and Corrosion Behaviour of 6xxx Aluminium Alloy Adhesive Joints for the Automotive Industry." Lubricants 11, no. 10 (October 11, 2023): 437. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11100437.
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In the automotive industry, the application of dry lubricants on aluminium is indispensable for achieving a high-quality forming behaviour. To provide a short production time, these forming aids are not removed during the joining step. The aim of this study is the characterisation of the influence of dry lubricants on the bond strength and the corrosion resistance of a 6xxx aluminium alloy for automotive applications. For this purpose, samples with a well-defined surface were coated with 1 g/m2 dry lubricant and joined with a commercial thermosetting 1K epoxy structural adhesive. The bond strength was measured with lap shear tests. To evaluate the corrosion resistance of the adhered aluminium samples, an immersion test in a 5 wt.% NaCl solution was used. Based on the fracture pattern analysis, the corrosion behaviour could be described, and the possible corrosion mechanisms are proposed. The influence of the load quantity of the dry lubricants is observed microscopically and mechanically. The environmentally induced degradation process of the adhesive is examined by an investigation of the volumetric change during the testing and with scanning electron microscopy. Using a simulation, the changes in the adhesive polymer matrix at the metal–adhesive interface caused by the dry lubricants are examined using polymer test procedures like dynamic mechanical analysis, differential scanning calorimetry and tensile tests. The results show a significant effect of the forming aid on the corrosion resistance of the adhered aluminium samples against the corrosive infiltration of the metal–adhesive interface.
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Hernández-Sierra, M. T., R. Ortega-Álvarez, M. G. Bravo-Sánchez, L. D. Aguilera-Camacho, J. S. García-Miranda, and K. J. Moreno. "Tribological improvement of hardened and tempered AISI 4140 steel against Al2O3 by using bio-lubricant." MRS Advances 2, no. 62 (2017): 3873–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2018.2.
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ABSTRACTAISI 4140 steel is a popular low alloy steel due to its wide applications as workpiece in the metal-mechanic industry; there are extensive research about surface modification to enhance its properties for specific applications. The focus of this study was to investigate the influence of the nature of lubricants, mineral and vegetable oils, on the tribological performance of the hardened and tempered AISI 4140 steel against alumina (Al2O3). For this purpose, friction tests were conducted in a pin on disc tribometer according to ASTM standard G 99-05, at room temperature of 25 °C and in air with about 30% relative humidity. Lubricants were selected to be commercial Holifa B22/2 oil as mineral oil and Castor Oil as bio-lubricant, with kinematic viscosity at 25 °C of 667 and 662 cSt respectively. The following conditions were settled for all the experiments: relative sliding speed of 0.05 ms-1, sliding distance of 1000 m and wear track radius of 2 mm. Friction behaviour was reported as the average kinetic friction coefficient (µK) while wear performance was evaluated as wear rate (K). In order to identify and determine wear mechanisms, worn surfaces were analyzed by optical microscopy and profilometry. It was found that, for these tribosystems, hardened and tempered AISI 4140 steel had the best friction and wear performance under lubrication with Castor Oil. The lowest µK achieved was 0.035, whereas the lowest K was 1.02x10-8 mm3/Nm. With this bio-lubricant, there were reductions in friction and wear up to 72% compared with those under mineral oil lubrication.