Journal articles on the topic 'LTE-V networks'
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Chen, Shanzhi, Jinling Hu, Yan Shi, and Li Zhao. "LTE-V: A TD-LTE-Based V2X Solution for Future Vehicular Network." IEEE Internet of Things Journal 3, no. 6 (December 2016): 997–1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2016.2611605.
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Nkenyereye, Lionel, Ramavath Prasad Naik, Jong-Wook Jang, and Wan-Young Chung. "Software-Defined Small Cell-Linked Vehicular Networks: Architecture and Evaluation." Electronics 12, no. 2 (January 6, 2023): 304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12020304.
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Vehicle-to-everything services are in the implementation phase, and automakers agree that V2X would improve the safety-critical applications already deployed. 3GPP Release 12 introduces LTE-V for V2V and V2I services. The LTE-V is extended to C-V2X to support V2N. Because of the challenge of high mobility in the V2X system, cutting-edge technologies, such as SDN and small cell in 5G networks, pave the way to the next generation of vehicular networks. SDN is a network technology concept that divides the data and control planes. The OpenFlow protocol is used for communication between the control layer and the network layer in SDN. Different from wireless traditional cellular base stations, small cells are lower-power cell sites that are deployed every few blocks. Small cells can transmit data using mid- and high-band spectrums. Small cell-linked road side unit (RSU) is considered a key enabling technology because it has the capability to create a logical cluster platform residing at the edge of the network, which provides high computation performance. Accordingly, we consider a novel distributed software-defined small cell-linked road side unit vehicular network architecture (diSRsVN). Based on diSRsVN, logical software-defined on-board wireless vehicle, and topology discovery over diSRsVN are presented. The proposed architecture is evaluated under an omnet++ network simulator. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed architecture, which improves the packet delivery ratio and minimizes end-to-end delay.
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Aslani, Rojin, Ebrahim Saberinia, and Mehdi Rasti. "Resource Allocation for Cellular V2X Networks Mode-3 With Underlay Approach in LTE-V Standard." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 69, no. 8 (August 2020): 8601–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2020.2997853.
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Sanyal, Rajarshi, and Ramjee Prasad. "Enabling Cellular Device to Device Data Exchange on WISDOM 5G by Actuating Cooperative Communication Based on SMNAT." International Journal of Interdisciplinary Telecommunications and Networking 6, no. 3 (July 2014): 37–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijitn.2014070104.
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The key attributes envisioned for LTE-Advanced pertaining to 5G Networks are ubiquitous presence, device convergence, massive machine connectivity, ultrahigh throughput and moderated carbon footprint of the network and the user equipment actuated by offloading cellular data traffic and by enabling device to device communication. The present method of mobility management and addressing as the authors have foreseen in LTE Advanced can solve some issues of cellular traffic backhaul towards the access and core network by actuating a local breakout and enabling communication directly between devices. But most of the approaches look forward towards an enhancement in the radio resource allocation process and prone to interference. Besides, most of these proposals delve in Device to Device (D2D) mode initiation from the device end, but no research has so far addressed the concept of a network initiated D2D process, which can optimise the channel utilisation and network operations further. In their attempt to knot these loose ends together, the auhtors furnish the concept of WISDOM (Wireless Innovative System for Dynamic Operating Mega communications) (Badoi Cornelia-I., Prasad N., Croitoru V., Prasad R., 2011) (Prasad R., June 2013) (Prasad R.,December 2013) and SMNAT (Sanyal, R., Cianca, E. and Prasad,R.,2012a) () () () (. Further, the authors explore how SMNAT (Smart Mobile Network Access Topology) can engage with WISDOM in cooperative communication to actuate D2D communication initiated by the device or the network. WISDOM is an architectural concept for 5G Networks based on cognitive radio approach. The cognition, sustained by adaptation techniques, is a way to provide communication, convergence, connectivity, co-operation, and content, anytime and anywhere. Though D2D communication using a dedicated spectrum in multi cell environment is possible through advanced network coding or by use of fractional frequency reuse, but physical proximity of the 2 devices is still a key requisite. In this paper the authors will discuss SMNAT which employs physical layer addressing to enable D2D communication agnostic to the spatial coordinates of the devices.
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Wen, Qingji, and Bin-Jie Hu. "Integrated Communication and Control Design for Fuel-Efficient Vehicle Platooning." Electronics 10, no. 24 (December 14, 2021): 3117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10243117.
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As a promising application for autonomous driving, vehicle platooning aims at increasing traffic throughput, improving road safety, and reducing air pollution and fuel consumption. However, frequent traffic perturbations will bring more fuel consumption because vehicles driving in a platoon require more control to ensure safe driving, especially in high-density scenes. In this paper, considering the traffic perturbations and high-density scenes, we integrate communication and control systems to reduce the fuel consumption of a platoon. By obtaining the velocities of multiple vehicles ahead through a long-term evolution-vehicle (LTE-V) network, we propose a modified distributed model predictive control (DMPC) method to smooth traffic perturbations and handle the constraints of vehicle state and control. In addition, considering a limited number of uplink channels that can be reused in the platoon and the uncertainty of wireless channels, a radio resource allocation optimization problem in the LTE-V network is modeled. This problem is solved in two steps including maximum vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) broadcast distance and minimum weight matching. This resource allocation scheme increases the platoon-based V2V broadcast distance while ensuring the ergodic capacity requirement of the cellular user (CUE) uplink communication and the reliability of platoon-based V2V communication. Simulation results show that the proposed method improves fuel efficiency compared to the existing schemes.
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Di Zenobio, Dario, Massimo Celidonio, Lorenzo Pulcini, and Arianna Rufini. "A Femtocellular-Cabled Solution for Broadband Wireless Access." International Journal of Interdisciplinary Telecommunications and Networking 3, no. 2 (April 2011): 38–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jitn.2011040103.
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Broadband Wireless Access is a strategic opportunity for mobile operators which aim to provide connectivity in digital divide areas, in order to accelerate speed of deployment and save in installation costs. This paper presents an innovative approach to access the end user, relying on infrastructural integration of femtocellular technology with existing cabled network. Usually, the adoption of Femtocell Access Points, operating in the licensed cellular bands typically designed to be used in SOHO, improves the radio coverage and the building penetration of the existing mobile networks, based on macrocells. In the proposed solution, the peculiar functionality of femtocells is further improved using a MATV/SMATV cabled infrastructure which facilitates the signal connection inside the building. The potentiality of the solution is even more evident, taking into account the growing interest towards the possible deployment of new mobile technologies, like LTE in both the last portion of the UHF band V and the GSM frequency band, resulting from the re-farming process.
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Mahdi, Hussain, Baidaa Al-Bander, Mohammed Hasan Alwan, Mohammed Salah Abood, and Mustafa Maad Hamdi. "Vehicular Networks Performance Evaluation Based on Downlink Scheduling Algorithms for High-Speed Long Term Evolution – Vehicle." International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM) 15, no. 21 (November 9, 2021): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v15i21.22475.
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<p class="Abstract"><span lang="EN-US">Moving is the key to modern life. Most things are in moving such as vehicles and user mobiles, so the need for high-speed wireless networks to serve the high demand of the wireless application becomes essential for any wireless network design. The use of web browsing, online gaming, and on-time data exchange like video calls as an example means that users need a high data rate and fewer error communication links. To satisfy this, increasing the bandwidth available for each network will enhance the throughput of the communication, but the bandwidth available is a limited resource which means that thinking about techniques to be used to increase the throughput of the network is very important. One of the techniques used is the spectrum sharing between the available networks, but the problem here is when there is no available channel to connect with. This encourages researchers to think about using scheduling as a technique to serve the high capacity on the network. Studying scheduling techniques depends on the Quality-of-Service (QoS) of the network, so the throughput performance is the metric of this paper. In this paper, an improved Best-CQI scheduling algorithm is proposed to enhance the throughput of the network. The proposed algorithm was compared with three </span><span lang="MS">user scheduling algorithms to evaluate the throughput performance which are Round Robin (RR), Proportional Fair (PF), and Best-CQI algorithms. The study is performed under Line-of-Sight (LoS) link at carrier frequency 2.6 GHz to satisfy the Vehicular Long Term Evolution (LTE-V) with the high-speed scenario. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms the throughput performance of the other algorithms.</span></p>
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Sridhar, Nagisetty, Dr Chinnaiyan Senthilpari, Dr Mardeni R, and Dr Wong Hin Yong. "An enhanced broadband class-J mode power amplifier for 5G smart meter applications." F1000Research 10 (October 29, 2021): 1099. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.73498.1.
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Background: With the tremendous increase in the usage of smart meters for industrial/ household purposes, their implementation is considered a crucial challenge in the Internet of Things (IoT) world, leading to a demand for emerging 5G technology. In addition, a large amount of data has to be communicated by smart meters efficiently, which needs a significant enhancement in bandwidth. The power amplifier (PA) plays a major role in deciding the efficiency and bandwidth of the entire communication system. Among the various modes of PAs, a newly developed Class-J mode PA has been proven to achieve high efficiency over a wide bandwidth by maintaining linearity. Methods: This paper proposes a Class-J mode PA design methodology using a CGH40010F-GaN device that operates at a 3.5 GHz frequency to meet the requirements of 5G wireless communication technology for the replacement of existing 4G/LTE technology used for advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) in smart grids. This research's main objective is to design the proper matching networks (M.Ns) to achieve Class-J mode operation that satisfies the bandwidth requirements of 5G smart grid applications. With the target impedances obtained using the load-pull simulation, lumped element matching networks are analyzed and designed in 3 ways using the ADS EDA tool. Results: The simulation results reveal that the proposed Class-J PA provides a maximum drain efficiency (D.E) of 82%, power added efficiency (PAE) of 67% with 13 dB small-signal gain at 3.5 GHz, and output power of 40 dBm (41.4 dBm peak) with a power gain of approximately 7 dB over a bandwidth of approximately 400 MHz with a 28 V power supply into a 50 Ω load. Conclusion: The efficiency and bandwidth of the proposed Class-J PA can be enhanced further by fine-tuning the matching network design to make it more suitable for 5G smart meter/grid applications.
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Kamil, Ismaila Adeniyi, and Sunday Oyinlola Ogundoyin. "A lightweight certificateless authentication scheme and group key agreement with dynamic updating mechanism for LTE-V-based internet of vehicles in smart cities." Journal of Information Security and Applications 63 (December 2021): 102994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jisa.2021.102994.
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An, Yong Li, Li Ping Liu, Yan Liu, and Yang Xiao. "Effcient High Throughput Algorithm of MIMO LTE Network." Applied Mechanics and Materials 443 (October 2013): 513–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.443.513.
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in order to improve the performance of lte system using mimo technology, we proposed an algorithm for lte mimo system based on the transmitting time delay. This algorithm can improve the throughput of mimo lte system. One access point can support more clients at the same time by using this method. A two antennas' base station may support 3 users simultaneously by using this algorithm to access the lte network. Moreover, it is easer for lte network to select pairing users for v-mimo system.
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Mai, Yi-Ting, and Chi-En Li. "Design of Semipersistent Resource Allocation in LTE-V Network." Computer Systems Science and Engineering 45, no. 1 (2023): 131–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.32604/csse.2023.027833.
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Suryawanshi, Rajashree, P. Kavipriya, and B. P. Patil. "A Novel Modulation Scheme of 8x8 MIMO in Industry 4.0." Journal of Cases on Information Technology 23, no. 3 (July 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jcit.20210701.oa1.
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A key component in the usage of Industry 4.0 arrangements is the up and coming age of system network, LTE/LTE advanced today, and 5G, later on. Industry 4.0 is conveying private LTE arranges today, as they trust it will give them an upper hand and a solid head start when 5G opens up. LTE uses multiple input multiple output (MIMO), a promising technique to accomplish the necessary data rate. This article presents consequences of 8x8 MIMO framework in fading channel utilizing V-BLAST by means of zero-forcing (ZF) with standard ZF. The relative investigation in the fading channel on account of symbol error proves V-BLAST by means of ZF has predominant execution than standard ZF finder. In addition to this, in order to support adaptive modulation, various M-QAM modulation schemes for these detectors are compared. This comparison shows 128-QAM performs superiorly to staying two. This investigation is carried out to help utilization of MIMO in LTE to support Industry 4.0.
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Arlow, Ruth. "Ekermawi v Nine Network Australia Ltd." Ecclesiastical Law Journal 21, no. 3 (September 2019): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956618x19000851.
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Halili, Rreze, Maarten Weyn, and Rafael Berkvens. "Comparing Localization Performance of IEEE 802.11p and LTE-V V2I Communications." Sensors 21, no. 6 (March 13, 2021): 2031. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21062031.
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The future of transportation systems is going towards autonomous and assisted driving, aiming to reach full automation. There is huge focus on communication technologies expected to offer vehicular application services, of which most are location-based services. This paper provides a study on localization accuracy limits using vehicle-to-infrastructure communication channels provided by IEEE 802.11p and LTE-V, considering two different vehicular network designs. Real data measurements obtained on our highway testbed are used to model and simulate propagation channels, the position of base stations, and the route followed by the vehicle. Cramer–Rao lower bound, geometric dilution of precision, and least square error for time difference of arrival localization technique are investigated. Based on our analyses and findings, LTE-V outperforms IEEE 802.11p. However, it is apparent that providing larger signal bandwidth dedicated to localization, with network sites positioned at both sides of the highway, and considering the geometry between vehicle and network sites, improve vehicle localization accuracy.
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Dilloway, Cliff. "Arbitration — IBM v FUJITSU Ltd." Computer Law & Security Review 3, no. 6 (March 1988): 32–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0267-3649(88)90134-3.
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Ning, Zhenni, Ping Wang, and Nguyen Ngoc Van. "A Message Distribution Mechanism Based on Distributed Game Theory in Lte-V Network." Procedia Computer Science 107 (2017): 590–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2017.03.140.
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Patel, Krishna. "Vehicular communication: Technology Advances and Market Analysis." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 9 (September 30, 2021): 2001–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.38311.
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Abstract: The strong and healthy wireless network of the vehicular communication is needed to enable the detailed system and semiconductor demand analysis. The report presents the automotive wireless communication such as V2V (Vehicle to Vehicle communication), V2X (Vehicle to Everything communication). It explains the formation and working of these automotive wireless protocols and the technology involved in vehicular communication like On-Board, LTE-V and VANETS. Wireless communications will give driver sixth sense what is going around them to help avoid accidents and improve traffic flow. This report also describes the DSRC (Dedicated Short-Range Communication) and also the involvement of 5G in these vehicular communication network. Besides, the road for a successful presentation of vehicular communication we likewise examined the investigation of potential security threats and the structure of a robust security engineering. The analysis carried in this report is to look at and evaluate the most important frameworks, applications, and its market demand that will recognize the future road infrastructures utilized by vehicles. Moreover, we have introduced future research issues of this technology and its scope for the future generation. The principle of this study is to investigate the running project in vehicular communication and make our road and surrounding safer from traffic and accidents. Keywords: Vehicular communication, V2V, V2X, LTE-V, VANETS, Security system, Applications, Market Demand
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Shi, Mengkai, Yaohan Tang, Xiangyun Zhang, Yi Zhang, and Jun Xu. "Modeling and simulation of packet delivery rate in LTE-V network based on Markov chain." Tsinghua Science and Technology 25, no. 3 (June 2020): 357–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.26599/tst.2018.9010142.
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Hilt, Attila. "Availability and Fade Margin Calculations for 5G Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Anyhaul Links." Applied Sciences 9, no. 23 (December 2, 2019): 5240. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9235240.
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The deployment of new radio access technologies always provides a good opportunity and timing to optimize the existing mobile front- and backhaul (commonly called “anyhaul”). The legacy systems (Long-Term Evolution (LTE), High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA), third-generation mobile (3G), second-generation mobile (2G)) already extensively utilize the transmission and transport capacities of the mobile anyhaul. With the current launch of 5G (fifth-generation mobile) and recent LTE-A (Advanced Long-Term Evolution), additional new transmission capacities are required again. Depending on the traffic and network topology, additional cell sites are built, and even more locations are connected with fiber optics. The existing microwave and millimeter-wave links are rotated toward those aggregation points that already have optical-fiber access. Due to the increased cell-site density, the average distance of the radio access links can be reduced by network and topology optimization. The reduced hop lengths combined with adaptive modulation and automatic power control bring an opportunity for capacity increase in shortened radio links. Links newly deployed for 5G find a wide spectrum in the millimetric V, E, W, and D frequency bands. This paper discusses the availability and hop-length targets of the anyhaul links that should be carefully kept by proper planning and monitoring.
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Denysiuk, Vasyl. "And in the fence, and in the mill, and in the silver gate (Review of the book: Kovalenko N. D. Frazeolohia v ukrainskomu dialektnomu movlenni [Phraseology in Ukrainian dialect speech] : monograph. Kaminets-Podilsky : «Ruta Printing House» Ltd., 2021. 404 p.)." Philological Review, no. 2 (December 5, 2021): 189–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.31499/2415-8828.2.2021.246104.
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Karthik, C., K. Murali Babu, K. Lakshmi Narasamma, Ch Sandhya, and L. Bharath. "Tri-Strip Monopole Antenna for LTE, WLAN and WiMAX Communication Applications." International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer Science and Technology 9, no. 3 (May 31, 2021): 190–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.55524/ijircst.2021.9.3.37.
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In this research, we present a Tri-strip monopole antenna for LTE, WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) and WIMAX (Wireless interoperability for microwave access) Applications. This is due to the fact that wireless applications is not needed to connect all operating frequencies simultaneously, Which will effect improving functionalities without increasing size of antenna. A miniaturized triple wideband coplanar waveguide-fed patch antenna with the defected ground structure isused for LTE, WLAN and WIMAX applications. The proposed antenna with overall size of 40 mm×40 mm×1mm and the design simulation are carried on a Rogers RT/ duroid 5880 substrate using HFSS v.13.0 simulation software. The proposed antenna shows the gain of 9dB at notch band frequency therefore it is good for its working conditions. Moreover, the proposed antenna is fabricated with a new metamaterial approach by placing the unit cell we have observed the triple band notch characteristics and depth in resonant frequency. There is enhancement in gain and radiation patterns, return loss is analyzed and parametric analysis is presented for optimization of antenna. The average gain that is observed through the band is 3.5dB and the average radiation efficiency that is observed for the model is 94%.
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Lewis, Rupert. "Economic Torts: Where are we now?" Business Law Review 29, Issue 9 (September 1, 2008): 186–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/bula2008042.
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Following the decisions in OBG Ltd & Ors v Allan & Ors [2007] UKHL 21, Meretz Investments N.V. & Anor v ACP Limited & Ors [2007] EWCA Civ 1303 and Total Network SL v HMRC [2008] UKHL 19 the main economic torts are now: procuring a breach of contract; causing loss by unlawful means; and conspiracy (lawful means and unlawful means). It is also probable that the tort of intimidation continues to exist as a separate tort in situations involving two parties, although none of the above decisions expressly answered this question. The first part of this two–part article seeks to simplify the key findings in those cases.
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Hayat, Babar, Jinling Zhang, Abdul Majeed, Muhammad Ishfaq, Adil Khan, and Shabeer Ahmad. "A Low Profile Wideband Linear to Circular Polarization Converter Metasurface with Wide Axial Ratio and High Ellipticity." Electronics 13, no. 2 (January 14, 2024): 352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics13020352.
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This paper introduces an ultra-wideband (UWB) reflective metasurface that exhibits the characteristics of a linear to circular (LTC) polarization conversion. The LTC polarization conversion is an orthotropic pattern comprising two equal axes, v and u, which are mutually orthogonal. Additionally, it possesses a 45° rotation with respect to the y-axis which extends vertically. The observed unit cell of the metasurface resembles a basic dipole shape. The converter has the capability to transform LP (linear polarized) waves into CP (circular polarized) waves within the frequency range 15.41–25.23 GHz. The band that contains its 3dB axial ratio lies within 15.41–25.23 GHz, which corresponds to an axial ratio (AR) bandwidth of 49.1%, and the resulting circular polarized wave is specifically a right-hand circular polarization (RHCP). Additionally, an LTC polarization conversion ratio (PCR) of over 98% is achieved within the frequency range between 15 and 24 GHz. A thorough theoretical investigation was performed to discover the underlying mechanism of the LTC polarization conversion. The phase difference Δφμν among the reflection coefficients of both the v- as well as the u-polarized incidences is approximately ±90° that is accurately predictive of the AR of the reflected wave. This study highlights that the reflective metasurfaces can be used as an efficient LTC polarization conversion when the Δφμν approaches ±90°. The performance of the proposed metasurface enables versatile applications, especially in antenna design and polarization devices, through LTC polarization conversion.
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Propp, Kenneth. "Google LLC v. Commission Nationale de l'Informatique et des Libertés (CNIL) and Eva Glawischnig-Piesczek v. Facebook Ireland Ltd. (C.J.E.U.)." International Legal Materials 59, no. 3 (June 2020): 428–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ilm.2020.25.
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During the fall of 2019, the European Court of Justice (hereinafter the ECJ or the Court) delivered judgments in two cases addressing the responsibility of internet platform companies for the personal information they control. In Google LLC v. Commission Nationale de l'Informatique et des Libertés (CNIL), the ECJ considered the geographic scope of its notable recent jurisprudence on the obligations of search engines to implement the “right to be forgotten” set forth in European Union (EU) data protection law. In Eva Glawischnig-Piesczek v. Facebook Ireland Limited, the Court examined whether Facebook was obliged under EU law to remove information available on the social network that previously had been found under Austrian law to defame an Austrian politician.
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Greaves, David. "Eurodynamics systems PLC-V-general automation ltd. (As yet unreported — September 1988)." Computer Law & Security Review 4, no. 5 (January 1989): 40–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0267-3649(89)90154-4.
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Naylor, David, and Andrew Jaworski. "Linking your way to liability? – Cooper v. Universal Music Australia Ltd [2006]." Computer Law & Security Review 23, no. 3 (January 2007): 285–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2007.03.007.
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Majeed, Abdul, Jinling Zhang, Muhammad Aqeel Ashraf, Saifullah Memon, Khalid Hussain Mohammadani, Muhammad Ishfaq, and Mun Sun. "An Ultra-Wideband Linear-to-Circular Polarization Converter Based on a Circular, Pie-Shaped Reflective Metasurface." Electronics 11, no. 11 (May 25, 2022): 1681. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11111681.
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In this paper, we present an ultrawideband reflective metasurface with the properties of an LTC-PC, which is an orthotropic composition with two mutually orthogonal symmetric axes, v and u, and 45° rotation about the vertical y-axis. Based on the metasurface unit cell, it seems like a circular pie embedded with a rectangular patch. The converter can convert LP electromagnetic (EM) waves to CP waves over the bands from 20.18 GHz to 33.93 GHz, with a 3-dB AR bandwidth of up to 50.8% and a circular polarization wave that is RHCP (right hand CP). Moreover, the linear-to-circular PCR exceeds 98% in the frequency bands of 20–34 GHz. A comprehensive theoretical investigation was conducted to determine the fundamental cause of the LTC polarization conversion. The ∆φuv between two reflection coefficients at v- and u-polarized incidences is ±90°, which fully anticipates the axial ratio of the reflected wave. Any reflective metasurface can be used as an efficient LTC-PC if the ∆φuv is close to ±90°.
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Lewis, Rupert. "Economic Torts: Where Are We Now?" Business Law Review 29, Issue 10 (October 1, 2008): 216–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/bula2008048.
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Following the decisions in OBG Ltd & Ors v Allan & Ors [2007] UKHL 21, Meretz Investments NV & Anor v ACP Limited & Ors [2007] EWCA Civ 1303 and Total Network SL v HMRC [2008] UKHL 19, the main economic torts are now: procuring a breach of contract; causing loss by unlawful means; and conspiracy (lawful means and unlawful means). It is also probable that the tort of intimidation continues to exist as a separate tort in situations involving two parties, although none of the above decisions expressly answered this question. The first part of this two–part article sought to simplify the key findings in those cases. This second part provides an overview of the new landscape for economic torts and identifies some areas which are likely to see further developments in the future.
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Ma, Qi Yan, and Li Jun Qin. "Application Schemes of IEEE1588 Protocol in Communication Network of Electric Power Dispatching." Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (January 2012): 3669–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.3669.
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By reviewing the application status of traditional clock synchronization methods and architectures under different protocols in a comparative way in China, this paper analyzes the application of IEEE1588 protocol in power dispatching automation and puts forward new clock synchronizing schemes in electricity dispatching communication network based on IEEE1588 protocol (or Std. IEC61588) and proposes some futuristic research fields referring to IEEE1588 protocol in power dispatching automation. New schemes have better clock synchronizing precision, featuring in low implementation cost compared with other clock synchronization schemes. At the same time, it will effectively lower system resource requirements, relieve current excessive reliance on GPS clock source, mitigate data fetching and exchange congestion. It will shed light on building domestic power dispatching networks under the PTP protocol as well as constructing smarter power grid both at home and abroad in the future. This work is supported by North China Electric Power University, Sifang & Huaneng Power System Control Co., Ltd and Zhuhai Power Electricity Supply Company in SMART SYNCHRONOUS DEVICE RESEARCH BASED ON IEC61850 AND IEEE 1588 project, which involves a wholesale research in clock synchronization of power dispatching communication networks and developed China’s first set of smart clock synchronization devices, including the clock synchronization handler CSE6000 (briefly introduced in part v) and corresponding kilomega Ethernet switch. Our research results have reached the advanced level at home, and we are applying for a patent protection accordingly.
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Ito, Masao. "Cerebellar Long-Term Depression: Characterization, Signal Transduction, and Functional Roles." Physiological Reviews 81, no. 3 (July 1, 2001): 1143–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.2001.81.3.1143.
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Cerebellar Purkinje cells exhibit a unique type of synaptic plasticity, namely, long-term depression (LTD). When two inputs to a Purkinje cell, one from a climbing fiber and the other from a set of granule cell axons, are repeatedly associated, the input efficacy of the granule cell axons in exciting the Purkinje cell is persistently depressed. Sectioni of this review briefly describes the history of research around LTD, and section ii specifies physiological characteristics of LTD. Sections iii and ivthen review the massive data accumulated during the past two decades, which have revealed complex networks of signal transduction underlying LTD. Section iii deals with a variety of first messengers, receptors, ion channels, transporters, G proteins, and phospholipases. Section iv covers second messengers, protein kinases, phosphatases and other elements, eventually leading to inactivation ofdl-α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolone-propionate-selective glutamate receptors that mediate granule cell-to-Purkinje cell transmission. Section v defines roles of LTD in the light of the microcomplex concept of the cerebellum as functionally eliminating those synaptic connections associated with errors during repeated exercises, while preserving other connections leading to the successful execution of movements. Section vi examines the validity of this microcomplex concept based on the data collected from recent numerous studies of various forms of motor learning in ocular reflexes, eye-blink conditioning, posture, locomotion, and hand/arm movements. Section vii emphasizes the importance of integrating studies on LTD and learning and raises future possibilities of extending cerebellar research to reveal memory mechanisms of implicit learning in general.
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Warren, Lynda M. "Is Japanese Knotweed inherently damaging? Network Rail Infrastructure Ltd v Williams and Waistell [2018] EWCA Civ 1514." Environmental Law Review 21, no. 3 (September 2019): 226–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461452919850309.
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The Court of Appeal in Network Rail Infrastructure Ltd v Williams and Waistell [2018] EWCA Civ 1514 held that the encroachment of Japanese Knotweed can be grounds for an action in nuisance if development or improvement of the property would require the treatment of contaminated soil and/or its licensed removal as controlled waste. The damage in this case was to the quiet enjoyment of the owners’ properties as a result of the loss in amenity value occasioned by the limitations on their use of the property without being encumbered with requirements for costly remediation. The case has potentially serious implications for conveyancing. The nature of the risk posed by Japanese Knotweed has recently been questioned and is being considered by the House of Commons Select Committee on Science and Technology.
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Lawless, James. "Conflicting Notifications in the EU's Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF): ‘Destabilization’ in Food Risk Communication?" European Journal of Risk Regulation 1, no. 4 (December 2010): 451–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1867299x00000957.
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Case T-212/06, Bowland Dairy Products Ltd v. CommissionThe Commission, as co-ordinator of the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF), is not entitled to refuse the circulation of a supplementary notification made by a Member State to the system, regardless of its own reservations about the content of that notification. This is in accordance with the non-hierarchical nature of RASFF as a form of risk information exchange envisaged in Article 50 of Regulation 178/2002. However, as the Commission itself is also a member of this network it may legitimately make notifications to the system which directly conflict with notifications made by Member States (author's headnote).
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Reynolds, Rocque. "The Police Logic of Balancing the Interests in Copyright Law." Public Space: The Journal of Law and Social Justice 5 (December 9, 2010): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/psjlsj.v5i0.1874.
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This article examines the use of the phrase ‘balancing the interests’ in political debate relating to copyright law. I argue that this phrase no longer leads to broad debate on the proper balance to be struck between private, public and social interests in copyright law. Rather, today the phrase has come to represent a type of police logic which reflects the private interests of copyright owners and users as they already exist. Drawing on the work of Jacques Rancière I suggest that this balance of private interests may be upset by a strategy of ‘subjectivisation’ which challenges the existing distribution of social bodies by making new subjects appear. I conclude that the recent cases of Telstra Corporation v Phone Directories Company Pty Ltd1 and IceTV Pty Ltd v Nine Network Australia Pty Ltd2 represent a surprising and effective use of this strategy by reintroducing the ‘artist’ and the ‘maker’ into copyright law in such a way as to upset and displace the prior claims of copyright owners and users.
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Wilde, Mark. "Japanese Knotweed and Economic Loss in Nuisance: Framing Environmental Harm in Tort." Journal of Environmental Law 31, no. 2 (June 3, 2019): 343–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jel/eqz016.
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Abstract In two recent cases, the courts have had to grapple with liability issues arising from the spread of Japanese Knotweed, a pernicious weed, which is said to cause structural damage. One of those cases, Network Rail Infrastructure Ltd v Williams, was heard by the UK Court of Appeal where the arguments focused on the applicability of the tort of nuisance. The claimants were principally concerned about the property blight caused by the spread of the weed from a railway embankment onto their land. The litigation raises some important doctrinal points on the recoverability of economic loss in private nuisance. On a wider level, it also sheds light on how environmental harms can be framed as private financial losses which engage remedies in tort.
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Goldswain, G. K., and O. Swart. "The Port Elizabeth Electric Tramway case:1 Is the meaning ascribed to the phrase “in the production of the income” by Watermeyer AJP in the Port Elizabeth Electric Tramway case still religiously followed today?" Southern African Business Review 19 (February 12, 2019): 71–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/1998-8125/5791.
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This article analyses the meaning attributed to the phrase “in the production of the income” as used in the present section 11(a) of the Income Tax Act, which provides for general expenses to be allowed as deductions against income. Read together with section 23(g), section 11(a) is commonly referred to as the “general deduction formula”. It has been said that the meaning ascribed to the phrase by Watermeyer AJP (as he was then) in his judgment in the Port Elizabeth Electric Tramway Company Ltd v CIR is “too mechanical and contrived”. Consequently, the judiciary, in applying the meaning as attributed to it by Watermeyer AJP in subsequent cases, has sometimes led to inconsistent and conflicting judgments. In fact, the application of the meaning so ascribed takes no account of the economic and other non-economic realities of doing business in the 21st century. The main objective of this article has been to re-ignite the debate surrounding Watermeyer AJP’s interpretation of the phrase, “in the production of the income”, in the Port Electric Tramway case and in so doing establish whether the narrow meaning ascribed by him to that phrase has subtly been changed and widened by the judiciary in subsequent cases. It can be concluded from an analysis of the case law discussed in this article that Watermeyer AJP’s interpretation, if strictly adhered to, can and does lead to absurd results. However, it is submitted that sanity has fi nally prevailed. The Supreme Court of Appeal in the comparatively recently decided cases of C:SARS v Mobile Telephone Networks Holdings (Pty) Ltd and Warner Lambert SA (Pty) Ltd v C:SARS, have considerably widened the ambit of expenses that may now be claimed in terms of section 11(a) of the Income Tax Act. The deduction of expenditure as was allowed in those two cases by the Supreme Court of Appeal, would appear not to have been permissible in terms of Watermayer AJP’s interpretation of the meaning of the phrase “in the production of income”. It is submitted that the economic realities =of doing business in South Africa in the 21st century are now taken into account in determining whether a business expense falls within the ambit of the phrase “incurred in the production of the income”.
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ME Manamela. "The Contest Between Religious Interests and Business Interests ‒ TFD Network Africa (Pty) Ltd v Faris (2019) 40 ILJ 326 (LAC)." Obiter 41, no. 4 (March 24, 2021): 961–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/obiter.v41i4.10498.
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The right to freedom of religion is one of the fundamental human rights. This is evident from several sections of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 (the Constitution), including sections 9, 15 and 31. Section 9(4) prohibits unfair discrimination (whether direct or indirect) against anyone on one or more of the grounds listed in section 9(3), which includes religion. Section 15(1) states that everyone has the right to freedom of conscience, religion, thought, belief and opinion, while section 31(1)(a) provides that persons belonging to a religious community may not be denied the right to practise their religion with other members of the community.In line with the Constitution, labour legislation such as the Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995 (LRA) and the Employment Equity Act 55 of 1998 (EEA) also protects this right. Section 187(1)(f) of the LRA provides that if an employee is discriminated against and is dismissed based on religion, among other grounds, such a dismissal will be deemed to be an automatically unfair dismissal. Section 6(1) of the EEA prohibits unfair discrimination, whether direct or indirect, in any employment policy or practice based on prohibited grounds such as religion. It is evident from all the above provisions that the right to freedom of religion is vital to people’s lives, including employees’ lives.Although an employee has the right to practise religion, he or she also has the common-law duty to render services or to put his or her labour potential at the disposal of the employer as agreed in terms of the contract of employment – except during the employee’s annual leave, sick leave and maternity leave. An employee may therefore be in breach of this duty if he or she refuses to work or deserts his or her employment or absconds from his or her employment or is absent from work without permission. In addition to the above duty, employees have a duty to serve the employer’s interests and to act in good faith.
Often, employees’ right to freedom of religion collides with their duty to render services and to serve the employer’s interests; employees present various reasons related to their religious practices for their failure to render services. As a result, employers are regularly required to be lenient and make efforts to accommodate employees’ religious beliefs in the workplace. At times, this becomes a burden to employers as they have to accommodate employees with diverse individual religious interests, but also ensure that their businesses remain operational. Religion remains one of the most contentious and problematic areas for employees and employers to deal with in the workplace.The discussion that follows evaluates the court’s finding in view of relevant constitutional provisions, labour law legislation and common law. It further considers the position under American law regarding religion and reasonable accommodation in the workplace.
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Maletic, Isidora. "The Story of the EU and the Happily Roaming Consumers Case No. C58/08, Vodafone Ltd, et al. v. Secretary of State for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform." Legal Issues of Economic Integration 38, Issue 2 (May 1, 2011): 199–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/leie2011012.
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Once upon a time, there were roaming charges and disgruntled consumers. As a result of a preliminary ruling1 concerning the validity of a legislative measure2 on roaming on public mobile telephone networks within the European Union (hereinafter 'Union'), the regulation of roaming charges may have been changed forever. The reference had been made in proceedings between operators of public mobile telephone networks, including Vodafone Ltd, Telefónica O2 Europe plc, T-Mobile International AG, and Orange Personal Communications Services Ltd, and the Secretary of State for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform. The roaming regulation aimed to cap the wholesale and retail charges mobile operators could charge for the provision of roaming services on public mobile networks for voice calls between Member States. The validity of the roaming regulation was challenged on three grounds, namely that its legal basis was inadequate, that it infringed the principle of proportionality, and that it offended the principle of subsidiarity. It was left to the Court of Justice to seal the fate of the roaming consumers.
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Goswami, M., K. M. O'Connor, K. P. Bhattarai, and A. Y. Shamseldin. "Assessing the performance of eight real-time updating models and procedures for the Brosna River." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 9, no. 4 (October 7, 2005): 394–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-9-394-2005.
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Abstract. The flow forecasting performance of eight updating models, incorporated in the Galway River Flow Modelling and Forecasting System (GFMFS), was assessed using daily data (rainfall, evaporation and discharge) of the Irish Brosna catchment (1207 km2), considering their one to six days lead-time discharge forecasts. The Perfect Forecast of Input over the Forecast Lead-time scenario was adopted, where required, in place of actual rainfall forecasts. The eight updating models were: (i) the standard linear Auto-Regressive (AR) model, applied to the forecast errors (residuals) of a simulation (non-updating) rainfall-runoff model; (ii) the Neural Network Updating (NNU) model, also using such residuals as input; (iii) the Linear Transfer Function (LTF) model, applied to the simulated and the recently observed discharges; (iv) the Non-linear Auto-Regressive eXogenous-Input Model (NARXM), also a neural network-type structure, but having wide options of using recently observed values of one or more of the three data series, together with non-updated simulated outflows, as inputs; (v) the Parametric Simple Linear Model (PSLM), of LTF-type, using recent rainfall and observed discharge data; (vi) the Parametric Linear perturbation Model (PLPM), also of LTF-type, using recent rainfall and observed discharge data, (vii) n-AR, an AR model applied to the observed discharge series only, as a naïve updating model; and (viii) n-NARXM, a naive form of the NARXM, using only the observed discharge data, excluding exogenous inputs. The five GFMFS simulation (non-updating) models used were the non-parametric and parametric forms of the Simple Linear Model and of the Linear Perturbation Model, the Linearly-Varying Gain Factor Model, the Artificial Neural Network Model, and the conceptual Soil Moisture Accounting and Routing (SMAR) model. As the SMAR model performance was found to be the best among these models, in terms of the Nash-Sutcliffe R2 value, both in calibration and in verification, the simulated outflows of this model only were selected for the subsequent exercise of producing updated discharge forecasts. All the eight forms of updating models for producing lead-time discharge forecasts were found to be capable of producing relatively good lead-1 (1-day ahead) forecasts, with R2 values almost 90% or above. However, for higher lead time forecasts, only three updating models, viz., NARXM, LTF, and NNU, were found to be suitable, with lead-6 values of R2 about 90% or higher. Graphical comparisons were made of the lead-time forecasts for the two largest floods, one in the calibration period and the other in the verification period.
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Van Eck, Stefan, and Tungamirai Kujinga. "The Role of the Labour Court in Collective Bargaining: Altering the Protected Status of Strikes on Grounds of Violence in National Union of Food Beverage Wine Spirits & Allied Workers v Universal Product Network (Pty) Ltd (2016) 37 ILJ 476 (LC)." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal 20 (December 18, 2017): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2017/v20i0a1774.
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This note explores the powers of the Labour Court as envisaged in the Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995 (LRA), where a protected strike disintegrates into violent riotous conduct. The legal status of protected strikes raises important questions of law, namely: whether the Labour Court has the authority to alter the legal status of a strike; the autonomy of collective bargaining; and the legal test which the Labour Court should apply when intervening. The court in National Union of Food Beverage Wine Spirits & Allied Workers v Universal Product Network (Pty) Ltd 2016 37 ILJ 476 (LC) dealt with this precise problem. There can be no doubt that South Africa is plagued by widespread strike violence which often occur during protected strikes. However, this contribution poses the question whether the Labour Court has not overstepped its mandated jurisdiction and it questions whether such alterations of the status of strikes would have a positive effect on the institution of collective bargaining.
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Mohanty, Srikant Kumar, Kuppam Poshan Kumar Reddy, Chien-Hung Wu, Po-Tsung Lee, Kow-Ming Chang, Prabhakar Busa, and Yaswanth Kuthati. "Investigation of Barrier Layer Effect on Switching Uniformity and Synaptic Plasticity of AlN Based Conductive Bridge Random Access Memory." Electronics 11, no. 21 (October 23, 2022): 3432. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11213432.
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In this work, we investigated the effect of the tungsten nitride (WNx) diffusion barrier layer on the resistive switching operation of the aluminum nitride (AlN) based conductive bridge random access memory. The WNx barrier layer limits the diffusion of Cu ions in the AlN switching layer, hence controlling the formation of metallic conductive filament in the host layer. The device operated at a very low operating voltage with a Vset of 0.6 V and a Vreset of 0.4 V. The spatial and temporal switching variability were reduced significantly by inserting a barrier layer. The worst-case coefficient of variations (σ/µ) for HRS and LRS are 33% and 18%, respectively, when barrier layer devices are deployed, compared to 167% and 33% when the barrier layer is not present. With a barrier layer, the device exhibits data retention behavior for more than 104 s at 120 °C, whereas without a barrier layer, the device fails after 103 s. The device demonstrated synaptic behavior with long-term potentiation/depression (LTP/LTD) for 30 epochs by stimulating with a train of identical optimized pulses of 1 µs duration.
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Skripnyuk, O. V., and A. R. Krusyan. "The concept of «State Sovereignty» in classical Western theoriesand modern domestic political science." INTERPRETATION OF LAW: FROM THE THEORY TO THE PRACTICE, no. 12 (2021): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.33663/2524-017x-2021-12-2.
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1.Kuyan I. A. Suverenitet: problemy teoriyi i praktyky: konstytutsiyno-pravovyy aspekt : monohrafiya. Kyyiv : VTS «Akademiya», 2013. 560 s. 2.Pravove zabezpechennya derzhavnoho suverenitetu Ukrayiny : monohrafiya / YU. S. Shemshuchenko, V. M. Shapoval,I. O. Kresina, V. P. Horbatenko, I. V. Alyeksyeyenko, O. V. Skrypnyuk, D. YE. Prokopov, I. A. Kuyan, O. I. Yushchyk,D. M. Luk’yanetsʹ, O. M. Kostenko, V. O. Antonov, N. M. Parkhomenko, O. V. Batanov, Z. M. Makarukha / Za zah.red. akad. NAN Ukrayiny YU. S. Shemshuchenka. Kyyiv : Vyd-vo «Yurydychna dumka», 2011. 300 s. 3.Tam samo. 4. Mamut L. S. Narod v pravovom hosudarstve. Moskva : NORMA, 1999. 150 s. 5.Rishennya Konstytutsiynoho Sudu Ukrayiny vid 5.10.2005 r., № 6-rp/2005 u spravi za konstytutsiynym podannyam 60 narodnykh deputativ Ukrayiny pro ofitsiyne tlumachennya polozhenʹ chastyny pershoyi statti 103 Konstytutsiyi Ukrayiny v konteksti polozhenʹ yiyi statey 5, 156 ta za konstytutsiynym zvernennyam hromadyan Halaychuka Vadyma Serhiyovycha, Podhornoyi Viktoriyi Valentynivny, Kysloyi Tetyany Volodymyrivny pro ofitsiyne tlumachennya polozhenʹ chastyn druhoyi, tretʹoyi, chetvertoyi statti 5 Konstytutsiyi Ukrayiny (sprava pro zdiysnennya vlady narodom). Ofitsiynyy visnyk Ukrayiny. 2005. № 41. St. 2605. 6.Konstytutsiyno-pravovi formy bezposerednʹoyi demokratiyi v Ukrayini: problemy teoriyi i praktyky. Do 10-yi rechnytsi nezalezhnosti Ukrayiny / Pohorilko V. F., Stavniychuk M. I., Ruda N. I. ta in. Kyyiv : In-t derzhavy i prava im. V.M. Koretsʹkoho NAN Ukrayiny, 2001. 356 s. 7.Vlada v Ukrayini: shlyakhy do efektyvnosti / holova red. rady O. D. Svyatotsʹkyy. Kyyiv : Zhurn. «Pravo Ukrayiny» : In Yure, 2010. 688 s. 8.Shcherbanyuk O.V. Narodnyy suverenitet i realizatsiya vladospromozhnosti demokratychnoyi derzhavy : monohrafiya. Kyyiv: Lohos, 2013. 306 s. 9.Velykyy entsyklopedychnyy yurydychnyy slovnyk / za red. akad. NAN Ukrayiny YU. S. Shemshuchenka. 2-he vyd., pererobl. i dopovn. Kyyiv : Vyd-vo «Yurydychna dumka», 2012. 1020 s. 10.Pravove zabezpechennya derzhavnoho suverenitetu Ukrayiny : monohrafiya / YU. S. Shemshuchenko, V. M. Shapoval,I. O. Kresina, V. P. Horbatenko, I. V. Alyeksyeyenko, O. V. Skrypnyuk, D. YE. Prokopov, I. A. Kuyan, O. I. Yushchyk,D. M. Luk’yanetsʹ, O. M. Kostenko, V. O. Antonov, N. M. Parkhomenko, O. V. Batanov, Z. M. Makarukha / Za zah.red. akad. NAN Ukrayiny YU. S. Shemshuchenka. Kyyiv : Vyd-vo «Yurydychna dumka», 2011. 300 s. 11.Skakun O. F. Teoryya hosudarstva y prava (éntsyklopedycheskyy kurs) : uchebnyk. Kharʹkov: Éspada, 2005. 840 s. 12. Kuyan I. A. Suverenitet: problemy teoriyi i praktyky: konstytutsiyno-pravovyy aspekt : monohrafiya. Kyyiv : VTS «Akademiya», 2013. 560 s. 13. Zhakke ZH-P. Konstytutsyonnoe pravo y polytycheskye ynstytuty / per. s fr. V. V. Maklakova. Moskva : «Yuryst», 2002. 365 s. 14. Shapoval V. M. Suchasnyy konstytutsionalizm. Kyyiv : Salkom ; Yurinkom Inter, 2005. 560 s. 15.Frytsʹkyy YU. O. Derzhavna vlada v Ukrayini: stanovlennya, orhanizatsiya, funktsionuvannya : monohrafiya. Dnipro :Dniprop. derzh. un-t vnutr. sprav; Lira LTD, 2006. 360 s. 16.Shapoval V. M. Suchasnyy konstytutsionalizm. Kyyiv : Salkom ; Yurinkom Inter, 2005. 560 s. 17.Velykyy entsyklopedychnyy yurydychnyy slovnyk / za red. akad. NAN Ukrayiny YU.S. Shemshuchenka. 2-he vyd.,pererobl. i dopovn. Kyyiv : Vyd-vo «Yurydychna dumka», 2012. 1020 s. 18.Dyuhi Leon. Konstytutsiyne pravo: Zahalʹna teoriya derzhavy. Reprynt vydannya 1908 r. Odesa : Yurydychna literatura. 2005. 1008 s. 19.Pravove zabezpechennya derzhavnoho suverenitetu Ukrayiny : monohrafiya / YU. S. Shemshuchenko, V. M. Shapoval,I. O. Kresina, V. P. Horbatenko, I. V. Alyeksyeyenko, O. V. Skrypnyuk, D. YE. Prokopov, I. A. Kuyan, O. I. Yushchyk,D. M. Luk’yanetsʹ, O. M. Kostenko, V. O. Antonov, N. M. Parkhomenko, O. V. Batanov, Z. M. Makarukha / Za zah.red. akad. NAN Ukrayiny YU. S. Shemshuchenka. Kyyiv : Vyd-vo «Yurydychna dumka», 2011. 300 s. 20.Hromadsʹka merezha publichnoho prava ta administratsiyi UPLAN (Ukrainian Public Law and Administration Network). URL: https://uplan.org.ua/news/naikrashcha-forma-pravlinnia-dlia-ukrainy-parlamentsko-prezydentskarespublika-eksperty (data zvernennya: 24.05.2021 r.).
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Crichard, Mark. "OK ! So we now have a final decision, or do we? – Douglas & Ors v. Hello! Ltd & Ors [2007] UKHL 21 (2 May 2007)." Computer Law & Security Review 23, no. 4 (January 2007): 378–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2007.05.004.
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Kotelevych, V. A., and K. S. Larina. "Veterinary and sanitary evaluation of sausage products in Zhytomyr according to quality and safety indicators." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 22, no. 97 (May 7, 2020): 112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet9718.
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Considering the issue of proper veterinary and sanitary control over the production of sausage products, identification of their quality and safety criteria is extremely important. The aim of our research was to carry out a comparative analysis of the quality and safety of sausage products “Miasna Hyldia” of Ltd Zhytomyr Meat Processing Plant i VTF “Marian” Ltd, which is implemented in the trade network of Zhytomyr. The research and production experiment was carried out in the conditions of the sanitary-hygienic laboratory and bacteriological laboratory of the State Institution “Zhytomyr Regional Laboratory Center of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine”. Samples of sausages (6 samples of each species) were taken directly from the trading kiosks of Zhytomyr in the autumn season. According to organoleptic studies, the sausages boiled and smoked by both producers had a dry, durable, elastic shell, mold, and no mildew; the consistency of the section was dense both at the periphery and in the center; noted pink, uniform coloring of minced meat on the cut, white pork. Samples of cooked sausages were made by both manufacturers: there was no dry, elastic shell without damage, mucus and mold; minced sausage slices were evenly colored, white pork. The texture of the sausages was elastic, the taste of the sausages and wipes was juicy, with the inherent taste and aroma of these products, without the foreign smell and taste, moderately salty. According to the results of bacteriological studies, which were carried out in accordance with the requirements of regulatory documents, bacteria of the group of Escherichia coli were detected in the samples of sausages “Shynkova” and “Sardelky with cheese” manufactured by Ltd VTF Marian. In the samples of “Shynkova” sausage “Miasna Hildiya” Ltd “Zhytomyr Meat Processing Plant” the salt content was 2.6 % at the rate of 2.5 %. According to the regulatory requirements, the permissible content of sodium nitrite is up to 0.005 %, and in the samples of the “Miasna Hildiya” sausage “Molochna”, the Zhytomyr meat processing plant Ltd, this indicator reached 0.0082 %. To increase the safety of sausages, we propose to use a natural dye by the method of Kovbasenko V. M., Gorobeya O. M. (2001), which is made from the blood of slaughter animals by stabilizing its 2–3 % table salt and treatment with 6 % or 9 % alcohol solution of acetic acid and gives the sausages a stable color. To eliminate the risk of hazards in the production of sausages, it is necessary to apply an effective system of quality control and safety according to the HACCP system using critical points of veterinary and sanitary control from procurement of raw materials to processing into meat products, storage, transportation and sale.
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Chao, Kuei-Hsiang, and Jia-Yan Li. "Global Maximum Power Point Tracking of Photovoltaic Module Arrays Based on Improved Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm." Electronics 11, no. 10 (May 14, 2022): 1572. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11101572.
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In this paper, an improved artificial bee colony (I-ABC) algorithm for the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) of a photovoltaic module array (PVMA) is presented. Even though the P-V output characteristic curve with multi-peak was generated due to any damages or shading discovered on the PVMA, the I-ABC algorithm could get rid of stuck on tracking the local maximum power point (LMPP), but quickly and stably track the global maximum power point (GMPP), thereby improving the power generation efficiency. This proposed I-ABC algorithm could search for the higher power point of a PVMA by a small bee colony, determine the next tracking direction through the perturb and observe (P&O) method, and keep tracking until the GMPP is obtained. This method could prevent tracking the GMPP for too long due to applying a small bee colony. First, in this study, the photovoltaic modules produced by Sunworld Co., Ltd. were used and were configured as a PVMA with four series and three parallel connections under different numbers of shaded modules and different shading ratios, so that corresponding P-V output characteristic curves with multi-peak values were generated. Then, the GMPP was tracked by the proposed MPPT method. The simulation and experimental results showed that the proposed method performed better both in dynamic response and steady-state performance than the traditional artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm. According to the experimental results, it showed that the tracking accuracy for the GMPP based on the proposed MPPT with 100 iterations under 5 different shading ratios was about 100%; on the other hand, that of the traditional ABC algorithm was 70%, and that of the P&O method was lower at about 30%.
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Boon, James. "Software patents: Where does all this leave us? In The Matter of Autonomy Corporation Ltd. v. Comptroller General of Patents, Trade Marks & Designs Ch D (Patents Ct) 6/2/2008." Computer Law & Security Review 24, no. 3 (January 2008): 265–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2008.03.007.
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Walton, Matthew, Ros Wade, Lindsay Claxton, Sahar Sharif-Hurst, Melissa Harden, Jai Patel, Ian Rowe, Robert Hodgson, and Alison Eastwood. "Selective internal radiation therapies for unresectable early-, intermediate- or advanced-stage hepatocellular carcinoma: systematic review, network meta-analysis and economic evaluation." Health Technology Assessment 24, no. 48 (September 2020): 1–264. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/hta24480.
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Background Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most common type of primary liver cancer. Treatment choice is dependent on underlying liver dysfunction and cancer stage. Treatment options include conventional transarterial therapies for patients with intermediate-stage disease and systemic therapy [e.g. sorafenib (Nexavar®; Bayer plc, Leverkusen, Germany)] for patients with advanced-stage disease. Selective internal radiation therapies deliver radiation to liver tumours via microspheres that are injected into the hepatic artery. There are three selective internal radiation therapies: TheraSphere™ [BTG Ltd, London, UK (now Boston Scientific, Marlborough, MA, USA)], SIR-Spheres® (Sirtex Medical Ltd, Woburn, MA, USA) and QuiremSpheres® (Quirem Medical BV, Deventer, the Netherlands). Objective To assess the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of selective internal radiation therapies for treating patients with unresectable early-, intermediate- or advanced-stage hepatocellular carcinoma. Methods A search was undertaken to identify clinical effectiveness literature relating to selective internal radiation therapies and relevant comparators for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Studies were critically appraised and summarised. The network of evidence was mapped to estimate the relative effectiveness of the different selective internal radiation therapies and comparator treatments. An economic analysis evaluated the cost-effectiveness. Results Twenty studies were included in the clinical effectiveness review. Two large randomised controlled trials rated as having a low risk of bias [SARAH: Vilgrain V, Pereira H, Assenat E, Guiu B, Ilonca AD, Pageaux GP, et al. Efficacy and safety of selective internal radiotherapy with yttrium-90 resin microspheres compared with sorafenib in locally advanced and inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma (SARAH): an open-label randomised controlled Phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 2017;18:1624–36; and SIRveNIB: Chow PKH, Gandhi M, Tan SB, Khin MW, Khasbazar A, Ong J, et al. SIRveNIB: selective internal radiation therapy versus sorafenib in Asia-Pacific patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2018;36:1913–21] found no significant difference in overall survival or progression-free survival between SIR-Spheres and sorafenib (systemic therapy) in an advanced population, despite greater tumour response in the SIR-Spheres arm of both trials. There were some concerns regarding generalisability of the SARAH and SIRveNIB trials to UK practice. All other studies of SIR-Spheres, TheraSphere or QuiremSpheres were either rated as being at a high risk of bias or caused some concerns regarding bias. A network meta-analysis was conducted in adults with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma who had Child–Pugh class A liver cirrhosis and were ineligible for conventional transarterial therapies. The analysis included the SARAH and SIRveNIB trials as well as a trial comparing lenvatinib (Kisplyx®; Eisai Ltd, Tokyo, Japan) (systemic therapy) with sorafenib. There were no meaningful differences in overall survival between any of the treatments. The base-case economic analysis suggested that TheraSphere may be cost-saving relative to both SIR-Spheres and QuiremSpheres. However, incremental cost differences between TheraSphere and SIR-Spheres were small. In a fully incremental analysis, which included confidential Patient Access Scheme discounts, lenvatinib was the most cost-effective treatment and dominated all selective internal radiation therapies. In pairwise comparisons of sorafenib with each selective internal radiation therapy, sorafenib also dominated all selective internal radiation therapies. Limitations The existing evidence cannot provide decision-makers with clear guidance on the comparative effectiveness of treatments in early- and intermediate-stage hepatocellular carcinoma or on the efficacy of TheraSphere or QuiremSpheres. Conclusions In the advanced-stage hepatocellular carcinoma population, two large randomised trials have shown that SIR-Spheres have similar clinical effectiveness to sorafenib. None of the selective internal radiation therapies was cost-effective, being more costly and less effective than lenvatinib, both at list price and with Patient Access Scheme discounts. Future work Future studies may wish to include early- and intermediate-stage hepatocellular carcinoma patients and the low tumour burden/albumin–bilirubin 1 subgroup of advanced-stage patients. Future high-quality studies evaluating alternative selective internal radiation therapies would be beneficial. Study registration This study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42019128383. Funding This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 24, No. 48. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.
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Lisman, John. "Glutamatergic synapses are structurally and biochemically complex because of multiple plasticity processes: long-term potentiation, long-term depression, short-term potentiation and scaling." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 372, no. 1715 (March 5, 2017): 20160260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0260.
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Synapses are complex because they perform multiple functions, including at least six mechanistically different forms of plasticity. Here, I comment on recent developments regarding these processes. (i) Short-term potentiation (STP), a Hebbian process that requires small amounts of synaptic input, appears to make strong contributions to some forms of working memory. (ii) The rules for long-term potentiation (LTP) induction in CA3 have been clarified: induction does not depend obligatorily on backpropagating sodium spikes but, rather, on dendritic branch-specific N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) spikes. (iii) Late LTP, a process that requires a dopamine signal (and is therefore neoHebbian), is mediated by trans-synaptic growth of the synapse, a growth that occurs about an hour after LTP induction. (iv) LTD processes are complex and include both homosynaptic and heterosynaptic forms. (v) Synaptic scaling produced by changes in activity levels are not primarily cell-autonomous, but rather depend on network activity. (vi) The evidence for distance-dependent scaling along the primary dendrite is firm, and a plausible structural-based mechanism is suggested. Ideas about the mechanisms of synaptic function need to take into consideration newly emerging data about synaptic structure. Recent super-resolution studies indicate that glutamatergic synapses are modular (module size 70–80 nm), as predicted by theoretical work. Modules are trans-synaptic structures and have high concentrations of postsynaptic density-95 (PSD-95) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor. These modules function as quasi-independent loci of AMPA-mediated transmission and may be independently modifiable, suggesting a new understanding of quantal transmission. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Integrating Hebbian and homeostatic plasticity.’
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Papadakos, Sofia, Hawraa Issa, Abdulaziz Alamri, Abdullah Alamri, and Abdelhabib Semlali. "Rapamycin as a Potential Alternative Drug for Squamous Cell Gingiva Carcinoma (Ca9-22): A Focus on Cell Cycle, Apoptosis and Autophagy Genetic Profile." Pharmaceuticals 17, no. 1 (January 19, 2024): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph17010131.
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Oral cancer is considered as one of the most common malignancies worldwide. Its conventional treatment primarily involves surgery with or without postoperative adjuvant therapy. The targeting of signaling pathways implicated in tumorigenesis is becoming increasingly prevalent in the development of new anticancer drug candidates. Based on our recently published data, Rapamycin, an inhibitor of the mTOR pathway, exhibits selective antitumor activity in oral cancer by inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing cancer cell apoptosis, autophagy, and cellular stress. In the present study, our focus is on elucidating the genetic determinants of Rapamycin’s action and the interaction networks accountable for tumorigenesis suppression. To achieve this, gingival carcinoma cell lines (Ca9-22) were exposed to Rapamycin at IC50 (10 µM) for 24 h. Subsequently, we investigated the genetic profiles related to the cell cycle, apoptosis, and autophagy, as well as gene–gene interactions, using QPCR arrays and the Gene MANIA website. Overall, our results showed that Rapamycin at 10 µM significantly inhibits the growth of Ca9-22 cells after 24 h of treatment by around 50% by suppression of key modulators in the G2/M transition, namely, Survivin and CDK5RAP1. The combination of Rapamycin with Cisplatin potentializes the inhibition of Ca9-22 cell proliferation. A P1/Annexin-V assay was performed to evaluate the effect of Rapamycin on cell apoptosis. The results obtained confirm our previous findings in which Rapamycin at 10 μM induces a strong apoptosis of Ca9-22 cells. The live cells decreased, and the late apoptotic cells increased when the cells were treated by Rapamycin. To identify the genes responsible for cell apoptosis induced by Rapamycin, we performed the RT2 Profiler PCR Arrays for 84 apoptotic genes. The blocked cells were believed to be directed towards cell death, confirmed by the downregulation of apoptosis inhibitors involved in both the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways, including BIRC5, BNIP3, CD40LG, DAPK1, LTA, TNFRSF21 and TP73. The observed effects of Rapamycin on tumor suppression are likely to involve the autophagy process, evidenced by the inhibition of autophagy modulators (TGFβ1, RGS19 and AKT1), autophagosome biogenesis components (AMBRA1, ATG9B and TMEM74) and autophagy byproducts (APP). Identifying gene–gene interaction (GGI) networks provided a comprehensive view of the drug’s mechanism and connected the studied tumorigenesis processes to potential functional interactions of various kinds (physical interaction, co-expression, genetic interactions etc.). In conclusion, Rapamycin shows promise as a clinical agent for managing Ca9-22 gingiva carcinoma cells.
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Shikoski, Jovan, Rumen Arnaudov, and Tinko Eftimov. "Photonic powering of sensors with bidirectional communication along a single fiber." Photonics Letters of Poland 12, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v12i1.919.
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In this paper we propose and study simultaneous transmission of photonic power and bidirectional communication to and from sensors via 840/1310 nm WDMs. The photovoltaic converter is used both for power conversion and data transfer from the high power laser at 808nm up to 1Mb/s while the 1310nm link can be up to 155 Mb/s.Full Text: PDF References:J.C.V.da Silva, E.L.A.S.de Souza, V.Garcia, J.B.Rosolem, C.Floridia, M.A.B.Sanches, "Design of a Multimode Fiber Optic Cable to Transmit Optical Energy for Long Reach in PoF Systems", Proceedings of the 63rd IWCS Conference, International Wire & Cable Symposium, Shrewsbury, PA, USA, 2014, pp.832-839. [CrossRef]J.B. Rosolem, E.K.Tomiyama, D.C.Dini, F.R.Bassan, R.S.Penze, A.A.Leonardi, C. Floridia, J.P.Fracarolli, R.M.Teixeira, "A fiber optic powered sensor designed for partial discharges monitoring on high voltage bushings". Proc. of SBMO/IEEE MTT‐S International Microwave and Optoelectronics Conference (IMOC); 3-6 Nov. 2015; Porto de Galinhas, Brazil, pp. 1-5. [CrossRef]T.C. Banwell, R.C.Estes, L.A.Reith, P.W.Shumate, E.M.Vogel, "Powering the fiber loop optically - a cost analysis", IEEE J. of Lightwave Techn., Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 481-494, 1993. [CrossRef]M. Dumke, G. Heiserich, S. Franke, L. Schulz, and L. Overmeyer, "Power Transmission by Optical Fibers for Component Inherent Communication", Systemics, Cybernetics And Informatics, Vol.8, No.1, pp. 55-60, (2010) [DirectLink]C. Gao, J. Wang, L. Yin, J. Yang, J. Jiang, H. Wan, Optically Powered Active Sensing System for Internet Of Things, Proc. SPIE 9270, Optoelectronic Devices and Integration V, 927016 (24 October 2014) [CrossRef]J. Yan, J. Wang, Y. Lu, J. Jiang, H. Wan, Novel Wireless Sensor System Based on Power-over-Fiber Technique, 14th Int. Conf. on Optical Comm. and Networks (ICOCN) 3-5 July 2015, Nanjing, China, 15382393 [CrossRef]Böttger, G.; Dreschmann, M.; Klamouris, C.; Hü bner, M.; Röger, M.; Bett, A. W.; Kueng, T.; Becker, J.; Freu de, W.; Leuthold, J.: An Otically Powered Video Camera Link. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, Vol. 20, No. 1, pages 39-41, 2008. [CrossRef]M. Matsuura and J. Sato, Bidirectional Radio-Over-Fiber Systems Using Double-Clad Fibers for Optically Powered Remote Antenna Units, IEEE Photonics J., Vol. 7, No. 1, 2015, 7900609 [CrossRef]J. Wang, Q. Li, J. Yan, Y. Ding, Y. Lu, Y. Zhang, H. Wan, Power-Over-Fiber Technique based Sensing System for Internet оf Things, 15th International Conference on Optical Communications and Networks (ICOCN), Hangzhou, China, Sep. 24-27, 2016. [CrossRef]S. Kartalopoulos, Optical Bit Error Rate: An Estimation Methodology (2004) Willey- IEEE Press. [CrossRef]J. Shikoski, R. Arnaudov, and T. Eftimov, A study of the frequency characteristics of a photovoltaic convertor РРС-4Е, Photonics Letters of Poland, Vol. 10(3), (2018), pp. 70-72 [CrossRef]J. B. Rosolem, Optical Fiber and Wireless Communications, Ed. by R. Róka, Ch. 13, Power‐Over‐Fiber Applications for Telecommunications and for Electric Utilities, Intech Open Ltd, London, 2017, pp.255-278. [CrossRef]
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Berry, H., C. Tucker, Y. Kuye, A. Graves, and S. Brown. "Exploring the impact of attending an online CPPE return to prescribing (RTP) programme." International Journal of Pharmacy Practice 30, Supplement_2 (November 30, 2022): ii6—ii7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijpp/riac089.006.
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Abstract Introduction Within the Interim NHS people plan, pharmacist prescribers are described as a central part of the multi professional team across primary care networks.1 Non-medical prescribers (NMP) constitute a small proportion of the pharmacy workforce and a proportion of NMPs do not use their qualification.2 CPPE has designed a series of three online workshops to support return to prescribing by improving NMP’s knowledge of law and ethics, improve confidence and discuss barriers and solutions with peers in a safe supportive environment. We routinely evaluate all of our programmes and used this data to inform this study. Aim To explore the learner’s feedback following attendance at the online CPPE RTP series of workshops by asking for their views on: the impact of the course on their knowledge of the topic, how exploring the barriers and solutions influenced their prescribing practice and the usefulness of the programme and resources. Methods Between March 2020 and July 2022, 119 people attended the CPPE RTP online workshops. Using online post workshop evaluation surveys sent to all attendees, participants were asked to share feedback on their experience of the programme via a course specific survey adapted from the CPPE standard post workshop evaluation. In July 2022 there were 59 responses. The data was analysed using thematic analysis3 to highlight common themes from the free text survey comments. This evaluation considered the intentions of learners at the sessions, follow up surveys would permit the exploration of the impact on sustained practice change. Ethical approval was not required as this was a course evaluation Results 98% of participants felt that the workshops increased their knowledge of the topic and 97% of participants felt the workshops were thought provoking. Barriers to prescribing were identified included: no defined role (26%), no support (32%), no personal confidence (26%), lack of understanding of prescribing role from GP colleagues (10%), prescribing not in job description, therefore not covered by indemnity (6%). After attending the RTP workshops 70% of pharmacists were using their prescribing qualification and 40% were prescribing more often. The programme evaluation showed 56% of participants felt that sharing and listening to others experiences gave them confidence and support to consider starting to prescribe, 21% of participants found the knowledge and enthusiasm of the CPPE tutors supportive and 16% found discussion of the case studies to be useful. 7% of participants found sign posting to resources helpful. Discussion/Conclusion This evaluation demonstrated that the RTP programme helped pharmacists to identify barriers to prescribing and facilitated peer discussion of solutions and of sharing best practice. The course was shown to increase the confidence of participants and facilitate their journey to start prescribing again. Increasing the number of pharmacist prescribers using their qualification has a positive impact on patient care.1 Our research shows that participating in the CPPE return to prescribing workshop series enables pharmacists to return to or start prescribing in practice. References 1. Interim NHS People plan: the future pharmacy workforce. https://www.longtermplan.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Interim-NHS-People-Plan_June2019.pdf (accessed 19/7/22) 2. Graham-Clarke E, Rushton A, Noblet T, Marriott J (2018) Facilitators and barriers to nonmedical prescribing – A systematic review and thematic synthesis. PLoS ONE 13(4): e0196471. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.019647tics (accessed 19/7/22) 3. Braun, V. & Clarke, V. (2013). Successful qualitative research a practical guide for beginners. London: SAGE publishers Ltd.