Journal articles: 'LSWT'

1

Zhang, Xin, Kaicun Wang, Marieke A. Frassl, and Bertram Boehrer. "Reconstructing Six Decades of Surface Temperatures at a Shallow Lake." Water 12, no. 2 (February 3, 2020): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12020405.

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Lake surface water temperature (LSWT) plays a fundamental role in the lake energy budget. However, direct observations of LSWT require considerable effort for acquisition and hence are rare relative to a large number of lakes. In lakes where LSWT has not been covered sufficiently by in situ measurements, remote sensing and lake modeling can be used to produce a fine spatio-temporal record of LSWTs. In our study, the Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) LSWT was used to compare with in situ data at the overpass times over the six sites in Lake Chaohu, a large shallow lake in China. MODIS-derived LSWT reflected the variation of lake surface temperature well, with a correlation coefficient of 0.96 and a cool bias of 1.25 °C. The bias was modified by an “Upper Envelop” smoothing method and then employed to evaluate the general lake model (GLM) performance, a one-dimensional hydrodynamic model. The GLM simulations showed good performance compared with MODIS LSWT data at an interannual time scale. A 57-year record of simulated LSWT was hindcast by the well-calibrated GLM for Lake Chaohu. The results showed that LSWT decreased by 0.08 °C/year from 1960 to 1981 and then increased by 0.05 °C/year. These trends were most likely caused by a cooling effect of decreased surface incident solar radiation and a warming effect of reduced wind speed. Our study promoted the use of MODIS-derived LSWT as an alternative data source, and then combined with a numerical model for inland water surface temperature, and also further provided an understanding of climate warming effect on such a shallow eutrophic lake. Key points: (1) Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) lake water surface temperature (LSWT) was validated with real-time in situ data collected at Lake Chaohu with high accuracy; (2) MODIS LSWT was modified by the bias correction and employed to evaluate a one-dimensional lake model at interannual and intraannual scale; The LSWT hindcast by a well-calibrated model at Lake Chaohu decreased by 0.08 °C/year from 1960 to 1981 and increased by 0.05 °C/year from 1982 to 2016.

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2

Layden, A., S. MacCallum, and C. Merchant. "Determining lake surface water temperatures (LSWTs) worldwide using a tuned 1-dimensional lake model (<i>FLake</i>, v1)." Geoscientific Model Development Discussions 8, no. 10 (October 8, 2015): 8547–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-8-8547-2015.

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Abstract. FLake, a 1-dimensional freshwater lake model, is tuned for 244 globally distributed large lakes using lake surface water temperatures (LSWTs) derived from Along-Track Scanning Radiometers (ATSRs). The model, tuned using only 3 lake properties; lake depth, albedo (snow and ice) and light extinction co-efficient, substantially improves the measured biases in various features of the LSWT annual cycle, including the LSWTs of saline and high altitude lakes. The daily mean absolute differences (MAD) and the spread of differences (±2 standard deviations) across the trial seasonally ice covered lakes (lakes with a lake-mean LSWT remaining below 1 °C for part of the annual cycle) is reduced from 3.01± 2.25 °C (pre-tuning) to 0.84 ± 0.51 °C (post-tuning). For non-seasonally ice-covered trial lakes (lakes with a lake-mean LSWT remaining above 1 °C throughout its annual cycle), the average daily mean absolute difference (MAD) is reduced from 3.55 ± 3.20 °C to 0.96 ± 0.63 °C. The post tuning results for the trial lakes (35 lakes) are highly representative of the post tuning results of the 244 lakes. The sensitivity of the summer LSWTs of deeper lakes to changes in the timing of ice-off is demonstrated. The modelled summer LSWT response to changes in ice-off timing is found to be strongly affected by lake depth and latitude, explaining 0.50 (R2adj, p = 0.001) of the inter-lake variance in summer LSWTs. Lake depth alone explains 0.35 (p =0.003) of the variance. The tuning approach undertaken in this study, overcomes the obstacle of the lack of available lake characteristic information (snow and ice albedo and light extinction co-efficient) for individual lakes. Furthermore, the tuned values for lake depth, snow and ice albedo and light extinction co-efficient for the 244 lakes provide guidance for improving LSWTs modelling in FLake.

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3

Yu, Soon-Ju, Ju-Yeon Son, Ho-Yeong Kang, Yong-Chul Cho, and Jong-Kwon Im. "Effects of Long-Term Increases in Water Temperature and Stratification on Large Artificial Water-Source Lakes in South Korea." Water 13, no. 17 (August 26, 2021): 2341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13172341.

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Long-term changes in air and water temperatures and the resulted stratification phenomena were observed for Soyang Lake (SY), Paldang Lake (PD), Chungju Lake (CJ), and Daecheong Lake (DC) in South Korea. Non-parametric seasonal Kendall and Mann-Kendall tests, Sen slope estimator, and potential energy anomaly (PEA) were applied. The lake surface water temperatures (LSWTs) of SY and DC increased at the same rate (0.125 °C/y), followed by those of CJ (0.071 °C/y) and PD (0.06 °C/y). Seasonally, the LSWT increase rates for all lakes, except PD, were 2–3 times higher than the air temperature increase rates. The lake stratification intensity order was similar to those of the LSWT increases and correlations. SY and DC displayed significant correlations between LSWT (0.99) and PEA (0.91). Thus, the LSWT significantly affected stratification when the water temperature increased. PD demonstrated the lowest correlation between LSWT and PEA. Inflow, outflow, rainfall, wind speed, and retention time were significantly correlated, which varied within and between lakes depending on lake topographical, hydraulic, and hydrological factors. Thus, hydraulic problems and nutrients should be managed to minimize their effects on lake water quality and aquatic ecosystems because lake cyanobacteria can increase as localized water temperatures increase.

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4

Layden, Aisling, Stuart N. MacCallum, and Christopher J. Merchant. "Determining lake surface water temperatures worldwide using a tuned one-dimensional lake model (<i>FLake</i>, v1)." Geoscientific Model Development 9, no. 6 (June 15, 2016): 2167–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-2167-2016.

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Abstract. A tuning method for FLake, a one-dimensional (1-D) freshwater lake model, is applied for the individual tuning of 244 globally distributed large lakes using observed lake surface water temperatures (LSWTs) derived from along-track scanning radiometers (ATSRs). The model, which was tuned using only three lake properties (lake depth, snow and ice albedo and light extinction coefficient), substantially improves the measured mean differences in various features of the LSWT annual cycle, including the LSWTs of saline and high altitude lakes, when compared to the observed LSWTs. Lakes whose lake-mean LSWT persists below 1 °C for part of the annual cycle are considered to be seasonally ice-covered. For trial seasonally ice-covered lakes (21 lakes), the daily mean and standard deviation (2σ) of absolute differences between the modelled and observed LSWTs are reduced from 3.07 °C ± 2.25 °C to 0.84 °C ± 0.51 °C by tuning the model. For all other trial lakes (14 non-ice-covered lakes), the improvement is from 3.55 °C ± 3.20 °C to 0.96 °C ± 0.63 °C. The post tuning results for the 35 trial lakes (21 seasonally ice-covered lakes and 14 non-ice-covered lakes) are highly representative of the post-tuning results of the 244 lakes. For the 21 seasonally ice-covered lakes, the modelled response of the summer LSWTs to changes in snow and ice albedo is found to be statistically related to lake depth and latitude, which together explain 0.50 (R2adj, p = 0.001) of the inter-lake variance in summer LSWTs. Lake depth alone explains 0.35 (p = 0.003) of the variance. Lake characteristic information (snow and ice albedo and light extinction coefficient) is not available for many lakes. The approach taken to tune the model, bypasses the need to acquire detailed lake characteristic values. Furthermore, the tuned values for lake depth, snow and ice albedo and light extinction coefficient for the 244 lakes provide some guidance on improving FLake LSWT modelling.

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5

Aslan, N., and D. Koc-San. "INVESTIGATION OF THE CHANGES OF LAKE SURFACE TEMPERATURES AND AREAS: CASE STUDY OF BURDUR AND EGIRDIR LAKES, TURKEY." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B3-2021 (June 28, 2021): 299–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b3-2021-299-2021.

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Abstract. The world's average surface temperature has been increasing in recent decades. This situation is expected to affect aquatic systems and lakes are one of the most important aquatic systems. The main aims of this study are to examine Lake Surface Water Temperature (LSWT) and area changes of Burdur and Egirdir lakes located in the West Mediterranean Region (TR61) of Turkey for the years 1998, 2008 and 2018 using Landsat satellite images. For this purpose, initially, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) images were generated and the lake shorelines were extracted by thresholding these images. Then, the LSWT values were obtained by using Landsat thermal images. Finally, the area and LSWT changes of Burdur and Egirdir lakes between the years 1998-2008-2018 and the relationships of these parameters with each other were analysed. The obtained results showed that the lake boundaries could be semi-automatically extracted with overall accuracy values higher than 95%. In 20-year time period it was also observed that the Burdur Lake area decreased significantly, while the Egirdir Lake area decreased slightly. When the LSWT values were analysed, it can be stated that the LSWT values increased in both lakes during this time period. The amount of increase in LSWT values was about 2.2 °C for Burdur Lake, while about 1.3 °C for Egirdir Lake.

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Tavares, Matheus, Augusto Cunha, David Motta-Marques, Anderson Ruhoff, J. Cavalcanti, Carlos Fragoso, Juan Martín Bravo, Andrés Munar, Fernando Fan, and Lucia Rodrigues. "Comparison of Methods to Estimate Lake-Surface-Water Temperature Using Landsat 7 ETM+ and MODIS Imagery: Case Study of a Large Shallow Subtropical Lake in Southern Brazil." Water 11, no. 1 (January 18, 2019): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11010168.

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Water temperature regulates many processes in lakes; therefore, evaluating it is essential to understand its ecological status and functioning, and to comprehend the impact of climate change. Although few studies assessed the accuracy of individual sensors in estimating lake-surface-water temperature (LSWT), comparative analysis considering different sensors is still needed. This study evaluated the performance of two thermal sensors, MODIS and Landsat 7 ETM+, and used Landsat methods to estimate the SWT of a large subtropical lake. MODIS products MOD11 LST and MOD28 SST were used for comparison. For the Landsat images, the radiative transfer equation (RTE), using NASA’s Atmospheric Correction Parameter Calculator (AtmCorr) parameters, was compared with the single-channel algorithm in different approaches. Our results showed that MOD11 obtained the highest accuracy (RMSE of 1.05 ° C), and is the recommended product for LSWT studies. For Landsat-derived SWT, AtmCorr obtained the highest accuracy (RMSE of 1.07 ° C) and is the recommended method for small lakes. Sensitivity analysis showed that Landsat-derived LSWT using the RTE is very sensitive to atmospheric parameters and emissivity. A discussion of the main error sources was conducted. We recommend that similar tests be applied for Landsat imagery on different lakes, further studies on algorithms to correct the cool-skin effect in inland waters, and tests of different emissivity values to verify if it can compensate for this effect, in an effort to improve the accuracy of these estimates.

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7

Riffler, M., and S. Wunderle. "Lake surface water temperatures of European Alpine lakes (1989–2013) based on the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) 1 km data set." Earth System Science Data Discussions 7, no. 1 (May 6, 2014): 305–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essdd-7-305-2014.

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Abstract. Lake water temperature (LWT) is an important driver of lake ecosystems and it has been identified as an indicator of climate change. Thus, the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) lists LWT as an Essential Climate Variable (ECV). Although for some European lakes long in situ time series of LWT do exist, many lakes are not observed or only on a non-regular basis making these observations insufficient for climate monitoring. Satellite data can provide the information needed. However, only few satellite sensors offer the possibility to analyse time series which cover 25 years or more. The Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) is among these and has been flown as a heritage instrument for almost 35 years. It will be carried on for at least ten more years finally offering a unique opportunity for satellite-based climate studies. Herein we present a satellite-based lake surface water temperature (LSWT) data set for European (pre-alpine) water bodies based on the extensive AVHRR 1 km data record (1989–2013) of the Remote Sensing Research Group at the University of Bern. It has been compiled out of AVHRR/2 (NOAA-07, -09, -11, -14) and AVHRR/3 (NOAA-16, -17, -18, -19 and Metop-A) data. The high accuracy needed for climate related studies requires careful pre-processing and consideration of the atmospheric state. Especially data from NOAA-16 and prior satellites were prone to noise, e.g., due to transmission errors or fluctuations in the instrument's thermal state. This has resulted in partly corrupted thermal calibration data and may cause errors of up to several Kelvin in the final resulting LSWT. Thus, a multi-stage correction scheme has been applied to the data to minimize these artefacts. The LSWT retrieval is based on a simulation-based scheme making use of the Radiative Transfer for TOVS (RTTOV) Version 10 together with operational analysis and reanalysis data from the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts. The resulting LSWTs were extensively validated using in situ measurements from lakes with various sizes between 14 and 580 km2 and the resulting biases and RMSEs were found to be within the range of −0.4–0.6 K and 1.0–1.9 K, respectively. The upper limits of the reported errors could be rather attributed to uncertainties in the data comparison between in situ and satellite observations than inaccuracies of the satellite retrieval. The cross-platform consistency of the retrieval was found to be within ~0.2 K. A comparison with LSWT derived through global sea surface temperature (SST) algorithms shows lower RMSEs and biases for the simulation-based approach. A running project will apply the developed method to retrieve LSWT from the northern part of Finland to southern Italy to derive the climate signal of the last 30 years. The data are available at doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.831007.

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8

Dye, Adrian, Robert Bryant, Emma Dodd, Francesca Falcini, and David M. Rippin. "Warm Arctic Proglacial Lakes in the ASTER Surface Temperature Product." Remote Sensing 13, no. 15 (July 29, 2021): 2987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13152987.

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Despite an increase in heatwaves and rising air temperatures in the Arctic, little research has been conducted into the temperatures of proglacial lakes in the region. An assumption persists that they are cold and uniformly feature a temperature of 1 °C. This is important to test, given the rising air temperatures in the region (reported in this study) and potential to increase water temperatures, thus increasing subaqueous melting and the retreat of glacier termini from where they are in contact with lakes. Through analysis of ASTER surface temperature product data, we report warm (>4 °C) proglacial lake surface water temperatures (LSWT) for both ice-contact and non-ice-contact lakes, as well as substantial spatial heterogeneity. We present in situ validation data (from problematic maritime areas) and a workflow that facilitates the extraction of robust LSWT data from the high-resolution (90 m) ASTER surface temperature product (AST08). This enables spatial patterns to be analysed in conjunction with surrounding thermal influences, such as parent glaciers and topographies. This workflow can be utilised for the analysis of the LSWT data of other small lakes and crucially allows high spatial resolution study of how they have responded to changes in climate. Further study of the LSWT is essential in the Arctic given the amplification of climate change across the region.

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9

White, Charles, Andrew Heidinger, Steven Ackerman, and Peter McIntyre. "A Long-Term Fine-Resolution Record of AVHRR Surface Temperatures for the Laurentian Great Lakes." Remote Sensing 10, no. 8 (August 2, 2018): 1210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10081210.

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Inland waters are warming at highly variable rates that often differ from regional air temperature trends. This variable warming is partially attributable to an individual lake’s geographical and morphological characteristics. In very large lakes, significant intralake variability in long-term warming trends has also been observed. In light of this intralake and interlake heterogeneity of lake surface water temperature (LSWT) and LSWT trends, we revisit the 1.1 km Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) record for the Laurentian Great Lakes. In this work, we have assembled a long-term (1986–2016) and high-spatial-resolution (0.018°) daily LSWT dataset using AVHRR record. Subtracting an empirically-determined mean diurnal cycle mitigates the effects of varying observation times. Adjustments in the georegistration of the images are made to reduce the impact of AVHRR navigational errors on the earlier platforms. Both the original daily composites, and a gap-filled product using locally weighted interpolation methods will be made available to support fine-scale physical and environmental research in the region.

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Rontu, Laura, Kalle Eerola, and Matti Horttanainen. "Validation of lake surface state in the HIRLAM v.7.4 numerical weather prediction model against in situ measurements in Finland." Geoscientific Model Development 12, no. 8 (August 23, 2019): 3707–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-3707-2019.

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Abstract. The High Resolution Limited Area Model (HIRLAM), used for the operational numerical weather prediction in the Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), includes prognostic treatment of lake surface state since 2012. Forecast is based on the Freshwater Lake (FLake) model integrated into HIRLAM. Additionally, an independent objective analysis of lake surface water temperature (LSWT) combines the short forecast of FLake to observations from the Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE). The resulting description of lake surface state – forecast FLake variables and analysed LSWT – was compared to SYKE observations of lake water temperature, freeze-up and break-up dates, and the ice thickness and snow depth for 2012–2018 over 45 lakes in Finland. During the ice-free period, the predicted LSWT corresponded to the observations with a slight overestimation, with a systematic error of +0.91 K. The colder temperatures were underrepresented and the maximum temperatures were too high. The objective analysis of LSWT was able to reduce the bias to +0.35 K. The predicted freeze-up dates corresponded well to the observed dates, mostly within the accuracy of a week. The forecast break-up dates were far too early, typically several weeks ahead of the observed dates. The growth of ice thickness after freeze-up was generally overestimated. However, practically no predicted snow appeared on lake ice. The absence of snow, presumably due to an incorrect security coefficient value, is suggested to be also the main reason for the inaccurate simulation of the lake ice melting in spring.

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11

Riffler, M., G. Lieberherr, and S. Wunderle. "Lake surface water temperatures of European Alpine lakes (1989–2013) based on the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) 1 km data set." Earth System Science Data 7, no. 1 (February 10, 2015): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-7-1-2015.

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Abstract. Lake water temperature (LWT) is an important driver of lake ecosystems and it has been identified as an indicator of climate change. Consequently, the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) lists LWT as an essential climate variable. Although for some European lakes long in situ time series of LWT do exist, many lakes are not observed or only on a non-regular basis making these observations insufficient for climate monitoring. Satellite data can provide the information needed. However, only few satellite sensors offer the possibility to analyse time series which cover 25 years or more. The Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) is among these and has been flown as a heritage instrument for almost 35 years. It will be carried on for at least ten more years, offering a unique opportunity for satellite-based climate studies. Herein we present a satellite-based lake surface water temperature (LSWT) data set for European water bodies in or near the Alps based on the extensive AVHRR 1 km data record (1989–2013) of the Remote Sensing Research Group at the University of Bern. It has been compiled out of AVHRR/2 (NOAA-07, -09, -11, -14) and AVHRR/3 (NOAA-16, -17, -18, -19 and MetOp-A) data. The high accuracy needed for climate related studies requires careful pre-processing and consideration of the atmospheric state. The LSWT retrieval is based on a simulation-based scheme making use of the Radiative Transfer for TOVS (RTTOV) Version 10 together with ERA-interim reanalysis data from the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts. The resulting LSWTs were extensively compared with in situ measurements from lakes with various sizes between 14 and 580 km2 and the resulting biases and RMSEs were found to be within the range of −0.5 to 0.6 K and 1.0 to 1.6 K, respectively. The upper limits of the reported errors could be rather attributed to uncertainties in the data comparison between in situ and satellite observations than inaccuracies of the satellite retrieval. An inter-comparison with the standard Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Land Surface Temperature product exhibits RMSEs and biases in the range of 0.6 to 0.9 and −0.5 to 0.2 K, respectively. The cross-platform consistency of the retrieval was found to be within ~ 0.3 K. For one lake, the satellite-derived trend was compared with the trend of in situ measurements and both were found to be similar. Thus, orbital drift is not causing artificial temperature trends in the data set. A comparison with LSWT derived through global sea surface temperature (SST) algorithms shows lower RMSEs and biases for the simulation-based approach. A running project will apply the developed method to retrieve LSWT for all of Europe to derive the climate signal of the last 30 years. The data are available at doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.831007.

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12

Gerber, Brandon S., James L. Tangler, Earl P. N. Duque, and J. David Kocurek. "Peak and Post-Peak Power Aerodynamics from Phase VI NASA Ames Wind Turbine Data." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 127, no. 2 (April 25, 2005): 192–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1862260.

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Constant speed/pitch rotor operation lacks adequate theory for predicting peak and post-peak power. The objective of this study was to identify and quantify how measured blade element performance characteristics from the Phase VI NASA Ames 24m×36m80ft×120ft wind tunnel test of a two-bladed, tapered, twisted rotor relate to the prediction of peak and post-peak rotor power. The performance prediction code, NREL’s Lifting Surface Prescribed Wake code (LSWT), was used to study the flow physics along the blade. Airfoil lift and drag coefficients along the blade were derived using the predicted angle of attack distribution from LSWT and Phase VI measured normal and tangential force coefficients. Through successive iterations, the local lift and drag coefficients were modified until agreement was achieved between the predicted and Phase VI measured normal and tangential force coefficients along the blade. This agreement corresponded to an LSWT angle of attack distribution and modified airfoil data table that reflected the measured three-dimensional aerodynamics. This effort identified five aerodynamic events important to the prediction of peak and post-peak power. The most intriguing event was a rapid increase in drag that corresponds with the occurrence of peak power. This is not currently modeled in engineering performance prediction methods.

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13

Junwu, Li, Binhua Li, and Yaoxi Jiang. "An Infrared and Visible Image Fusion Algorithm Based on LSWT-NSST." IEEE Access 8 (2020): 179857–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3028088.

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Li, Peilu, Chunguang Xu, Qinxue Pan, Yuren Lu, and Shuangyi Li. "Denoising of LCR Wave Signal of Residual Stress for Rail Surface Based on Lifting Scheme Wavelet Packet Transform." Coatings 11, no. 5 (April 23, 2021): 496. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11050496.

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According to the acousto elastic effect, the residual stress on the surface of the rail can be evaluated by measuring the change in the propagation velocity of ultrasonic waves, such as longitudinal critically refracted (LCR) waves on the surface of the rail. The LCR wave signal is often polluted by a variety of noise sources, coupled with the influence of the poor surface condition of the inspected component, which greatly reduces the detectability and online measurement ability of the LCR wave signal. This paper proposes the application of the lifting scheme wavelet packet transform (LSWPT) denoising method to solve the noise suppression problem of LCR wave signal. The traditional wavelet transform (WT), wavelet packet transform (WPT), as well as the lifting scheme wavelet transform (LSWT) and lifting scheme wavelet packet transform are compared and analyzed in the soft thresholding and hard thresholding processing of denoising ability and efficiency of the noisy LCR wave signal. The experimental results show that the LSWPT method has the characteristics of fast calculation speed and a good denoising effect, and it is an efficient method of denoising signals for on-line ultrasonic measurement of residual stress on the rail surface.

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Ul Haque, Anwar, Nik Mohamad Amri Hafiz, S. M. Kashif, Waqar Asrar, Ashraf Ali Omar, Erwin Sulaeman, and J. S. Mohamed Ali. "Design and Fabrication of a Winged Hybrid Airship Model for IIUM-LSWT." Advanced Materials Research 1115 (July 2015): 513–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1115.513.

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Wind Tunnel Testing on a subscaled model of a winged hybrid airship requires a faithful reproduction of all geometric details of actual airship. Due to huge volume of hull, geometrical parameters of such airships are quite different from that of an aircraft. In this article, a scheme for designing such models is described alongwith a review of different strategies available for manufacturing of its prototype wind tunnel model in IIUM low speed wind tunnel. Similar to aircrafts, major contributing factors for scaling, design and manufacturing of a subscaled model of hybrid airships are discussed. It is concluded that the required aerodynamic data will be the dictating factor for selection of the manufacturing method.

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Zhang, Runze, Steven Chan, Rajat Bindlish, and Venkataraman Lakshmi. "Evaluation of Global Surface Water Temperature Data Sets for Use in Passive Remote Sensing of Soil Moisture." Remote Sensing 13, no. 10 (May 11, 2021): 1872. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13101872.

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Inland open water bodies often pose a systematic error source in the passive remote sensing retrievals of soil moisture. Water temperature is a necessary variable used to compute water emissions that is required to be subtracted from satellite observation to yield actual emissions from the land portion, which in turn generates accurate soil moisture retrievals. Therefore, overestimation of soil moisture can often be corrected using concurrent water temperature data in the overall mitigation procedure. In recent years, several data sets of lake water temperature have become available, but their specifications and accuracy have rarely been investigated in the context of passive soil moisture remote sensing on a global scale. For this reason, three lake temperature products were evaluated against in-situ measurements from 2007 to 2011. The data sets include the lake surface water temperature (LSWT) from Global Observatory of Lake Responses to Environmental Change (GloboLakes), the Copernicus Global Land Operations Cryosphere and Water (C-GLOPS), as well as the lake mix-layer temperature (LMLT) from the European Centers for Medium-Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) ERA5 Land Reanalysis. GloboLakes, C-GLOPS, and ERA5 Land have overall comparable performance with Pearson correlations (R) of 0.87, 0.92 and 0.88 in comparison with in-situ measurements. LSWT products exhibit negative median biases of −0.27 K (GloboLakes) and −0.31 K (C-GLOPS), whereas the median bias of LMLT is 1.56 K. When mapped from their respective native resolutions to a common 9 km Equal-Area Scalable Earth (EASE) Grid 2.0 projection, similar relative performance was observed. LMLT and LSWT data are closer in performance over the 9 km grid cells that exhibit a small range of lake cover fractions (0.05–0.5). Despite comparable relative performance, ERA5 Land shows great advantages in spatial coverage and temporal resolution. In summary, an integrated evaluation on data accuracy, long-term availability, global coverage, temporal resolution, and regular forward processing with modest data latency led us to conclude that LMLT from the ERA5 Land Reanalysis product represents the most optimal path for use in the development of a long-term soil moisture product.

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Spehr, C., and T. Ahlefeldt. "Comparison of microphone array measurements in the closed test section of LSWT and ETW." CEAS Aeronautical Journal 10, no. 1 (March 2019): 267–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13272-019-00386-1.

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Rogowski, Krzysztof, and Martin O. L. Hansen. "RANS Simulations of Flow Past an DU-91-W2-250 Airfoil at High Reynolds Number." E3S Web of Conferences 44 (2018): 00150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184400150.

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This paper presents numerical results of the DU-91-W2-250 airfoil. Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) simulations of the 2D profile are performed employing the Transient SST turbulence model. The airfoil was investigated for the Reynolds number of 6 106. Lift and drag coefficients are compared with the experimental data from LM Low Speed Wind Tunnel (LSWT). The results of lift and drag coefficients obtained using the SST Transient model are in a good agreement in comparison with the experiment in the angle of attack range from -10° to 10°. The static pressure distributions calculated by the SST Transition model are also in good agreement with the experiment.

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Zolfaghari, Kiana, Claude R. Duguay, and Homa Kheyrollah Pour. "Satellite-derived light extinction coefficient and its impact on thermal structure simulations in a 1-D lake model." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 21, no. 1 (January 24, 2017): 377–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-377-2017.

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Abstract. A global constant value of the extinction coefficient (Kd) is usually specified in lake models to parameterize water clarity. This study aimed to improve the performance of the 1-D freshwater lake (FLake) model using satellite-derived Kd for Lake Erie. The CoastColour algorithm was applied to MERIS satellite imagery to estimate Kd. The constant (0.2 m−1) and satellite-derived Kd values as well as radiation fluxes and meteorological station observations were then used to run FLake for a meteorological station on Lake Erie. Results improved compared to using the constant Kd value (0.2 m−1). No significant improvement was found in FLake-simulated lake surface water temperature (LSWT) when Kd variations in time were considered using a monthly average. Therefore, results suggest that a time-independent, lake-specific, and constant satellite-derived Kd value can reproduce LSWT with sufficient accuracy for the Lake Erie station. A sensitivity analysis was also performed to assess the impact of various Kd values on the simulation outputs. Results show that FLake is sensitive to variations in Kd to estimate the thermal structure of Lake Erie. Dark waters result in warmer spring and colder fall temperatures compared to clear waters. Dark waters always produce colder mean water column temperature (MWCT) and lake bottom water temperature (LBWT), shallower mixed layer depth (MLD), longer ice cover duration, and thicker ice. The sensitivity of FLake to Kd variations was more pronounced in the simulation of MWCT, LBWT, and MLD. The model was particularly sensitive to Kd values below 0.5 m−1. This is the first study to assess the value of integrating Kd from the satellite-based CoastColour algorithm into the FLake model. Satellite-derived Kd is found to be a useful input parameter for simulations with FLake and possibly other lake models, and it has potential for applicability to other lakes where Kd is not commonly measured.

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Gunasekaran, Sidaard, and Daniel Curry. "On the Wake Properties of Segmented Trailing Edge Extensions." Aerospace 5, no. 3 (August 21, 2018): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace5030089.

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Changes in the amount and the distribution of mean and turbulent quantities in the free shear layer wake of a 2D National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) 0012 airfoil and an AR 4 NACA 0012 wing with passive segmented rigid trailing edge (TE) extensions were investigated at the University of Dayton Low Speed Wind Tunnel (UD-LSWT). The TE extensions were intentionally placed at zero degrees with respect to the chord line to study the effects of segmented extensions without changing the effective angle of attack. Force based experiments were used to determine the total lift coefficient variation of the wing with seven segmented trailing edge extensions distributed across the span. The segmented trailing edge extensions had a negligible effect on the lift coefficient, but showed a measurable decrement in the sectional and total drag coefficient. Investigation of turbulent quantities (obtained through Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV)) such as Reynolds stress, streamwise and transverse root-mean square (RMS) in the wake, reveal a significant decrease in magnitude when compared to the baseline. The decrease in the magnitude of turbulent parameters was supported by the changes in coherent structures obtained through two-point correlations. Apart from the reduction in drag, the lower turbulent wake generated by the extensions has implications in reducing structural vibrations and acoustic tones.

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Gunasekaran, Sidaard, and Aaron Altman. "Far Wake and Its Relation to Aerodynamic Efficiency." Energies 14, no. 12 (June 18, 2021): 3641. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14123641.

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Correlations were found between the aerodynamic efficiency and the mean and fluctuating quantities in the far wake of a wall-to-wall SD7003 model and an AR 4 flat plate. This correlation was described algebraically by modeling the wake signature as a function of wing geometry and initial conditions. The model was benchmarked against experimental results to elicit the wing performance as a function of angle of attack by interrogating the wake. In these algebraic models, the drag coefficient along with other initial conditions of the turbulent generator (either airfoil or wing) were used to reconstruct the Reynolds Stress distribution and the momentum deficit distribution in the turbulent wake. Experiments were undertaken at the United States Air Force Research Labs Horizontal Free Surface Water Tunnel (AFRL/HFWT). These experiments build on previous results obtained at the University of Dayton Low Speed Wind Tunnel (UD-LSWT) on a cylinder, an AR 7 SD7062 wing, and a small remote control twin motor aircraft. The Reynolds stress and the momentum deficit of the turbulent generators were experimentally determined using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) with a minimum of 1000 image pairs averaged at each condition. The variation of an empirical factor (γ) used to match the Reynolds stress and momentum deficit distributions showed striking correlation to the variation of drag and aerodynamic efficiency of the turbulent generator. This correlation suggests that the wing performance information is preserved in the free shear layer 10 chord lengths downstream of the trailing edge (TE) of the wing irrespective of the dimensionality of the flow.

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Hien, DoanHuy, Pham Huy Giao, Pham Quy Ngoc, Nguyen Minh Quy, Bui Viet Dung, Dinh Duc Huy, Pham Truong Giang, and Hoang Long. "Numerical Simulation of Low Salinity Water Flooding on Core Samples for an Oil Reservoir in the Nam Con Son Basin, Vietnam." Energies 14, no. 9 (May 6, 2021): 2658. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14092658.

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Low-salinity water flooding (LSWF) is environment-friendly and operates similarly to conventional waterflooding without the need for synthetic chemical materials. The application of LSWF makes sense in Vietnam as HC production has steadily declined since 2002, and the majority of main oil fields have become near mature and mature fields. In the next years, Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) should be a top priority for Petro Vietnam to boost its oil production, for which the key issue is how to select a suitable EOR technology. In this study, LSWF of the Lower Miocene sand using low salinity water from Lower Oligocene sand was investigated. Previously at the Ruby field in the Cuu Long Basin, an LSWF feasibility study was carried out based on a conventional core flooding experiment, which is time-consuming and costly. This study targets the Chim Sao field in the Nam Con Son Basin, for which a cheaper and faster assessing method is required. As a result, a numerical code written in Matlab was developed and successfully validated with the core flooding experiment results obtained at the Ruby field. The LSWF simulation was conducted using the multiple ion-exchange mechanisms (MIE), and the results obtained showed an increase in the oil recovery factor by 2.19% for the Lower Miocene Sand. Another important outcome of this study is the innovative proposal and successful simulation to use the abundant low salinity water from the underlying Lower Oligocene sand as a natural LSW source to inject into the Lower Miocene oil reservoir that can be a decisive factor to help apply LSWF in practice on a wide scale not only for Chim Sao but also other similar oil fields in southern offshore Vietnam.

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Rodrigues, Paula Gomes, Katia de Oliveira, Stéphanie de Souza Vitório Alves, Camila Fernada Fidêncio, Clístenes Gomes de Oliveira, Lahesgyla Nascimento Fontes, José Miradelson Oliveira Carvalho, Camilla Mendonça Silva, and Anselmo Domingos Ferreira Santos. "Muscle and biomechanical response time in patrol horses submitted to functional training." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 3 (March 15, 2021): e26710313204. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i3.13204.

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Physical activities frequency and intensity performed by equine, athletes or workers, have been growing significantly enabling appearance of musculoskeletal disorders. Thus, the objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of a functional training program to measure short-, medium- and long-term response on epaxial musculature development, as well in linear kinematics of patrol horses. Eight 14±3.5 years-old horses, weighing 418±50 kg, were evaluated over a 90 days period to divided in short (30 days), medium (60 days) and long (90 days) responses. All horses were submitted to the same FTP consisting of passive stretching exercises, dynamic mobilization, reflexive mobilization and dynamic imbalance. The monitored traits were the Longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle thickness; the Musculus multifidus (MM) total cross-sectional muscle area; linear kinematic analysis through the stride length at walk (LSW) and trot (LST). The thickness of the right and left side-LD showed increase at 90-day of the training period. The MM total cross-sectional area increased progressively after 30 days on both sides of the body, and at end of the 90-day evaluation. LSW and LST increased after 60 days of training. It is concluded for short-term; exercises promoted the hypertrophy of Musculus multifidus; for medium-term, increased the stride length and, and for long-term, hypertrophy of the Longissimus dorsi was observed.

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Schroeteler, F. E. "LSVT-BIG." Nervenheilkunde 37, no. 04 (March 2018): 243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1641681.

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ZusammenfassungDie Bewegungsamplitude ist einziger Trainingsfokus bei LSVT-Konzepten und Antwort auf die hyperkinetische Symptomatik bei Parkinson. Innerhalb der Sprechtherapie eingeführt (LSVT-LOUD; Lee Silverman Voice Treatment), wurde dies als motorisches Trainingskonzept im letzten Jahrzehnt zusätzlich auf die Bewegungstherapie bei Parkinson als LSVT-BIG ausgeweitet. Der vorliegende Artikel beschreibt das Trainingskonzept LSVT-BIG vor dem Hintergrund anderer Evidenz- basierter, physiotherapeutischer Trainingsverfahren für Menschen mit Parkinson, mit dem Ziel motorische Fähigkeiten und die motorische Selbstständigkeit zu verbessern.Die sensorische Kalibrierung, der zweite Aspekt der LSVT-Konzepte, ermöglicht es den Patienten wieder normale Lautstärke und Bewegungsausschläge als nicht zu laut oder zu groß zu empfinden. Die Kalibrierung setzt sich dadurch mit den Widerständen auseinander, die einem generalisierten Einsatz physiologischer Amplituden im Alltag entgegenstehen. Sowohl das Training als auch die didaktische Vermittlung des Konzeptes sind auf Parkinson-Patienten zugeschnitten. Die Implementierung in den klinischen Alltag bleibt eine Herausforderung, die Akzeptanz für diesen anspruchsvollen Therapieansatz wächst jedoch vielversprechend.

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Tyson, J. A., J. Sasian, C. Claver, G. Muller, K. Gilmor, and M. Klint. "LSST beam simulator." Journal of Instrumentation 9, no. 07 (July 9, 2014): C07010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/9/07/c07010.

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Radeka, V., J. Frank, J. C. Geary, D. K. Gilmore, I. Kotov, P. O'Connor, P. Takacs, and J. A. Tyson. "LSST sensor requirements and characterization of the prototype LSST CCDs." Journal of Instrumentation 4, no. 03 (March 9, 2009): P03002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/4/03/p03002.

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Lund, Michael B., Joshua Pepper, and Keivan G. Stassun. "TRANSITING PLANETS WITH LSST. I. POTENTIAL FOR LSST EXOPLANET DETECTION." Astronomical Journal 149, no. 1 (December 10, 2014): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-6256/149/1/16.

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Das, Suprotim, Supriya Sarkar, and Sanjeev Chaudhari. "Modification of UASB reactor by using CFD simulations for enhanced treatment of municipal sewage." Water Science and Technology 77, no. 3 (November 21, 2017): 766–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2017.584.

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Abstract Up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) has been in use since last few decades for the treatment of organic wastewaters. However, the performance of UASB reactor is quite low for treatment of low strength wastewaters (LSWs) due to less biogas production leading to poor mixing. In the present research work, a modification was done in the design of UASB to improve mixing of reactor liquid which is important to enhance the reactor performance. The modified UASB (MUASB) reactor was designed by providing a slanted baffle along the height of the reactor having an angle of 5.7° with the vertical wall. A two-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation of three phase gas-liquid-solid flow in MUASB reactor was performed and compared with conventional UASB reactor. The CFD study indicated better mixing in terms of vorticity magnitude in MUASB reactor as compared to conventional UASB, which was reflected in the reactor performance. The performance of MUASB was compared with conventional UASB reactor for the onsite treatment of domestic sewage as LSW. Around 16% higher total chemical oxygen demand removal efficiency was observed in MUASB reactor as compared to conventional UASB during this study. Therefore, this MUASB model demonstrates a qualitative relationship between mixing and performance during the treatment of LSW. From the study, it seems that MUASB holds promise for field applications.

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Hancock, Nancy Slonneger. "Logic for the LSAT." Teaching Philosophy 29, no. 2 (2006): 125–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/teachphil200629218.

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Ivezić, Ž., S. M. Kahn, and P. Eliason. "The Gaia-LSST Synergy." EAS Publications Series 67-68 (2014): 211–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/eas/1567038.

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Riccio, G., K. Małek, A. Nanni, M. Boquien, V. Buat, D. Burgarella, D. Donevski, et al. "Preparing for LSST data." Astronomy & Astrophysics 653 (September 2021): A107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202140854.

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Aims. We study how the upcoming Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) data from the Vera C. Rubin Observatory can be employed to constrain the physical properties of normal star-forming galaxies (main-sequence galaxies). Because the majority of the observed LSST objects will have no auxiliary data, we use simulated LSST data and existing real observations to test the reliability of estimates of the physical properties of galaxies, such as their star formation rate (SFR), stellar mass (Mstar), and dust luminosity (Ldust). We focus on normal star-forming galaxies because they form the majority of the galaxy population in the universe and are therefore more likely to be observed with the LSST. Methods. We performed a simulation of LSST observations and uncertainties of 50 385 real galaxies within the redshift range 0 < z < 2.5. In order to achieve this goal, we used the unique multi-wavelength data from the Herschel Extragalactic Legacy Project (HELP) survey. Our analysis focused on two fields, ELAIS N1 and COSMOS. To obtain the physical properties of the galaxies, we fit their spectral energy distributions (SEDs) using the Code Investigating GALaxy Emission. We simulated the LSST data by convolving the SEDs fitted by employing the multi-wavelength observations. We compared the main galaxy physical properties, such as SFR, Mstar, and Ldust obtained from the fit of the observed multi-wavelength photometry of galaxies (from the UV to the far-IR) to those obtained from the simulated LSST optical measurements alone. Results. We present the catalogue of simulated LSST observations for 23 291 main-sequence galaxies in the ELAIS N1 field and for 9093 galaxies in the COSMOS field. It is available in the HELP virtual observatory. The stellar masses estimated based on the LSST measurements agree with the full UV to far-IR SED estimates because they mainly depend on the UV and optical emission, which is well covered by LSST in the considered redshift range. Instead, we obtain a clear overestimate of the dust-related properties (SFR, Ldust, Mstar) estimated with the LSST alone. They are highly correlated with redshift. We investigate the cause of this overestimate and conclude that it is related to an overestimate of the dust attenuation in both UV and near-IR. We find that it is necessary to employ auxiliary rest-frame mid-IR observations, simulated UV observations, or the far-UV attenuation (AFUV)-Mstar relation to correct for the overestimate. We also deliver the correction formula log10(SFRLSST/SFRreal) = 0.26 ⋅ z2 − 0.94 ⋅ z + 0.87. It is based on the 32 384 MS galaxies detected with Herschel.

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Ying, Hong, Yu Shan, Hongyan Zhang, Tao Yuan, Wu Rihan, and Guorong Deng. "The Effect of Snow Depth on Spring Wildfires on the Hulunbuir from 2001–2018 Based on MODIS." Remote Sensing 11, no. 3 (February 6, 2019): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11030321.

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Wildfires are one of the important disturbance factors in natural ecosystems and occur frequently around the world. Detailed research on the impact of wildfires is crucial not only for the development of livestock husbandry but also for the sustainable use of natural resources. In this study, based on the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) burned area product MC464A1 and site snow depth measurements, the kernel density estimation method (KDE), unary linear regression analysis, Sen + Mann-Kendall trend analysis, correlation analysis, and R/S analysis were used to evaluate the relationship between snow and spring wildfires (SWFs) in Hulunbuir. Our results indicated that SWFs decreased during the period of 2001–2018, were mainly distributed in the eastern portion of the study area, and that the highest SWF density was 7 events/km2. In contrast, the maximum snow depth increased during the period of 2001–2018 and the snow depth was deeper in the middle but shallower in the east and west. The SWFs and snow depth have significant negative correlations over space and time. The snow depth mainly affects the occurrence of SWFs indirectly by affecting the land surface temperature (LST) and Land Surface Water Index (LSWI) in spring. The snow depth was positively correlated with the LSWI in most of Hulunbuir and strongly negatively correlated with the LST, and this correlation was stronger in the eastern and western regions of Hulunbuir. The results of the Hurst exponent indicated that in the future, the snow depth trend will be opposite that of the current state, meaning that the trend of decreasing snow depth will increase dramatically in most of the study area, and SWFs may become more prominent. According to the validation results, the Hurst exponent is a reliable method for predicting the snow depth tendency. This research can be based on the snow conditions of the previous year to identify areas where fires are most likely to occur, enabling an improved and more targeted preparation for spring fire prevention. Additionally, the present study expands the theory and methods of wildfire occurrence research and promotes research on disasters and disaster chains.

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Gangler, Emmanuel. "The European perspective for LSST." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 12, S325 (October 2016): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921317000825.

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AbstractLSST is a next generation telescope that will produce an unprecedented data flow. The project goal is to deliver data products such as images and catalogs thus enabling scientific analysis for a wide community of users. As a large scale survey, LSST data will be complementary with other facilities in a wide range of scientific domains, including data from ESA or ESO. European countries have invested in LSST since 2007, in the construction of the camera as well as in the computing effort. This latter will be instrumental in designing the next step: how to distribute LSST data to Europe. Astroinformatics challenges for LSST indeed includes not only the analysis of LSST big data, but also the practical efficiency of the data access.

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Nieswiadomy, Michael. "LSAT Scores of Economics Majors." Journal of Economic Education 29, no. 4 (January 1998): 377–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220489809595930.

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Axelrod, Tim, and Calder Miller. "Improving LSST Photometric Calibration withGaiaData." Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 126, no. 946 (December 2014): 1102–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/679480.

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Nieswiadomy, Michael. "LSAT Scores of Economics Majors." Journal of Economic Education 29, no. 4 (1998): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1182928.

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Feder, Toni. "Chilean site chosen for LSST." Physics Today 59, no. 7 (July 2006): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2337821.

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Lazio, Joseph W., A. Kimball, A. J. Barger, W. N. Brandt, S. Chatterjee, T. E. Clarke, J. J. Condon, et al. "Radio Astronomy in LSST Era1." Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 126, no. 936 (February 2014): 196–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/675262.

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Frohn, Dominic. "Die Arbeitssituation von LSBT*-Beschäftigten." Zeitschrift für Sexualforschung 27, no. 04 (December 16, 2014): 328–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1385658.

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Jones, R. L., S. R. Chesley, A. J. Connolly, A. W. Harris, Z. Ivezic, Z. Knezevic, J. Kubica, A. Milani, and D. E. Trilling. "Solar System Science with LSST." Earth, Moon, and Planets 105, no. 2-4 (May 12, 2009): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11038-009-9305-z.

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Millar, Sarah Louise, and Sharon Tracey Cameron. "Comparison of two low-sensitivity urine pregnancy tests for confirming the success of early medical abortion." BMJ Sexual & Reproductive Health 44, no. 1 (November 25, 2017): 54–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsrh-2017-101868.

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BackgroundWe introduced a single-window low-sensitivity urine pregnancy test (LSPT) to replace a double-window LSPT (both 1000 IU hCG) for self-assessment of the outcome of early medical abortion (EMA) (≤63 days gestation) 2 weeks later. We wished to compare assessment of outcomes of EMA with each LSPT.MethodsA retrospective review of the outcomes of EMA during 10 months' use of the double-window LSPT and the subsequent 10 months' use of the single-window LSPT to compare (i) detection of ongoing pregnancies and (ii) false-positive and invalid results with each LSPT.Results492 and 555 women self-assessed the outcome of their EMA with the double- and single-window LSPTs, respectively. Ongoing pregnancies were uncommon and occurred in 4/1047 women (0.4%). Two of these four women did not conduct a LSPT as they presented before the LSPT was due with scant bleeding or continuing pregnancy symptoms. False-positive LSPT results occurred in 6 (1.2%) and 19 (3.4%) double- and single-window LSPT tests, respectively (P=0.0244). Invalid results were reported in 18 (3.6%) and 6 (1.1%) of double- and single-window LSPT groups, respectively (P=0.01).ConclusionThe introduction of the single-window LSPT has not impacted on the detection of ongoing pregnancy or on contact with the service due to a positive or invalid LSPT. Services could consider use of either LSPT but should also place emphasis on informing women about the clinical signs and symptoms that suggest failed abortion.

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Aharony, Ofer, Amit Giveon, and David Kutasov. "LSZ in LST." Nuclear Physics B 691, no. 1-2 (July 2004): 3–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2004.05.015.

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Trimen, R. "June lst, 1898." Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 46, no. 4 (April 24, 2009): xxi. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1898.tb03290.x.

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Kwong, Patrick W. H., and Shamay S. M. Ng. "Reliability of the Lateral Step-Up Test and Its Correlation with Motor Function and Activity in Chronic Stroke Survivors." BioMed Research International 2020 (April 3, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7859391.

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Background. The Lateral Step-Up Test (LSUT) has been used to evaluate the closed kinetic chain functional muscle strength in people with orthopaedic or neurological conditions. No study has systematically investigated the intrarater, interrater, and test-retest reliabilities of this measure in stroke survivors. In addition, correlations of the LSUT count with other stroke-specific impairment and function measurements remain unidentified. Objectives. This study was aimed at investigating (1) the interrater, intrarater, and test-retest reliability of the LSUT; (2) minimum detectable change in LSUT counts; and (3) correlation between LSUT counts and stroke-specific impairment and function measurements. Methods. Thirty-three stroke survivors were assessed with LSUT and a battery of stroke-specific impairment and function measurements, including Fugl-Meyer assessment of lower extremity (FMA-LE), lower limb muscle strength, Five Times Sit-to-Stand Test (FTSTS), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Timed Up and Go Test (TUG), and Activities-specific Balance Confidence (ABC) scale, by two assessors. Their performance on LSUT was reassessed 1 week later to establish the test-retest reliability. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to assess the reliability of LSUT, and Spearman’s rho was used to quantify the strength of correlations between LSUT counts and secondary outcomes. Results. The LSUT counts exhibited good to excellent intrarater, interrater, and test-retest reliability (ICC: 0.869–0.991). The minimum detectable change in the average LSUT count was 1 step. LSUT counts correlated significantly with the FMA-LE score, lower limb muscle strength (except for the hip abductors), FTSTS time, BBS score, TUG time, and ABC score. Conclusions. The LSUT is a reliable, valid, and easily administered measure of the closed kinetic chain functional muscle strength of stroke survivors.

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ABE, Takaaki, and Taro TOKUI. "Intorduction and expression of LST-I/LST-2 by adenovirus." Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics 16, supplement (2001): 132–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2133/dmpk.16.supplement_132.

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Rhodes, Jason, Robert C. Nichol, Éric Aubourg, Rachel Bean, Dominique Boutigny, Malcolm N. Bremer, Peter Capak, et al. "Scientific Synergy between LSST and Euclid." Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 233, no. 2 (December 7, 2017): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/aa96b0.

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Ivezić, Željko, Krzysztof Suberlak, and Owen M. Boberg. "LSST: making movies of AGB stars." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 14, S343 (August 2018): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921318005690.

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AbstractLSST (www.lsst.org) will be a large, wide-field ground-based system designed to obtain repeated images covering the sky visible from Cerro Pachón in northern Chile. The telescope will have an 8.4m (6.5m effective) primary mirror, a 9.6 sq.deg. field of view, and a 3.2 Gigapixel camera. In a continuous observing campaign, LSST will cover the entire observable sky every three nights to a depth of V ∼ 25 per visit (using 30-second exposures and ugrizy filter set), with exquisitely accurate astrometry and photometry. Close to a half of the sky will be visited about 800 times during the nominal 10-year survey. The project is in the construction phase with first light expected in 2020 and the beginning of regular survey operations by 2022. We describe how these data will impact AGB star research and discuss how the system could be further optimized by utilizing narrow-band TiO and CN filters.

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Wang, Chunhui, Ailing Tian, Hongjun Wang, and Bingcai Liu. "“SSD scattering signal extraction in LSCT”." Physics Procedia 19 (2011): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2011.06.121.

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Jevremović, Darko, Veljko Vujčić, Vladimir A. Srećković, Jovan Aleksić, Sanja Erkapić, and Nenad Milovanović. "AlertSim - Serbian Contribution to the LSST." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 12, S325 (October 2016): 122–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s174392131601303x.

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AbstractWe present simulator of alerts for the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) developed by Belgrade group. This simulator will be used in testing the functionality of external event brokers/Complex Event Processing (CEP) engines. It is based on current LSST Simulation framework and allows for different classes of objects to be ‘alerted’. A Web service based on our simulator is prototyped and can be accessed by developers of brokers/CEP engines.

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Aleksić, Jovan, Veljko Vujčić, and Darko Jevremović. "Transient events in LSST survey data." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 12, S325 (October 2016): 242–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921317000230.

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AbstractLarge Synoptic Survey Telescope will make great contributions to many scientific fields. One of the modules will be time-domain astronomy and detection of transient events. In this paper, some considerations about transient events and alerts are presented.

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Journal articles on the topic 'LSWT'

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