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Chaudhari, Bharat S., Marco Zennaro, and Suresh Borkar. "LPWAN Technologies: Emerging Application Characteristics, Requirements, and Design Considerations." Future Internet 12, no. 3 (March 6, 2020): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi12030046.
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Low power wide area network (LPWAN) is a promising solution for long range and low power Internet of Things (IoT) and machine to machine (M2M) communication applications. This paper focuses on defining a systematic and powerful approach of identifying the key characteristics of such applications, translating them into explicit requirements, and then deriving the associated design considerations. LPWANs are resource-constrained networks and are primarily characterized by long battery life operation, extended coverage, high capacity, and low device and deployment costs. These characteristics translate into a key set of requirements including M2M traffic management, massive capacity, energy efficiency, low power operations, extended coverage, security, and interworking. The set of corresponding design considerations is identified in terms of two categories, desired or expected ones and enhanced ones, which reflect the wide range of characteristics associated with LPWAN-based applications. Prominent design constructs include admission and user traffic management, interference management, energy saving modes of operation, lightweight media access control (MAC) protocols, accurate location identification, security coverage techniques, and flexible software re-configurability. Topological and architectural options for interconnecting LPWAN entities are discussed. The major proprietary and standards-based LPWAN technology solutions available in the marketplace are presented. These include Sigfox, LoRaWAN, Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT), and long term evolution (LTE)-M, among others. The relevance of upcoming cellular 5G technology and its complementary relationship with LPWAN technology are also discussed.
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Istiana, Tri, R. Yudha Mardyansyah, and G. S. Budhi Dharmawan. "Kajian Pemanfaatan IoT Berbasis LPWAN Untuk Jaringan Akuisisi Data ARG." Elektron : Jurnal Ilmiah 12, no. 1 (May 4, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.30630/eji.12.1.155.
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One of parameters for observing weather elements is the amount of rainfall. The rainfall observation system is using ARG. The existing condition uses cellular network-based IoT. In this study, researchers tried to provide an alternative communication system for ARG data acquisition networks using LPWAN-based IoT technology. Comparison of three LPWAN IoT technologies that can be applied to ARG communication systems, namely NB-IoT, Sigfox, and LoRaWAN. The three LPWAN technologies have followed the Republic of Indonesia Minister of Communication and Information Regulation No. 1 of 2019. These three technologies can be used for ARG data acquisition networks. LoRaWAN technology in rural areas reaches 20 km. LoRaWAN devices that meet frequency requirements have been sold freely on the internet with the 920 MHz frequency band. Of these three technologies, only LoRaWAN can be used to build private or internal communication networks. This is an added value for BMKG to build district or provincial scale LPWA WAN networks in regions that are constrained by the transmission of ARG data through cellular networks.
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Peruzzi, Giacomo, and Alessandro Pozzebon. "A Review of Energy Harvesting Techniques for Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs)." Energies 13, no. 13 (July 3, 2020): 3433. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13133433.
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The emergence of Internet of Things (IoT) architectures and applications has been the driver for a rapid growth in wireless technologies for the Machine-to-Machine domain. In this context, a crucial role is being played by the so-called Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs), a bunch of transmission technologies developed to satisfy three main system requirements: low cost, wide transmission range, and low power consumption. This last requirement is especially crucial as IoT infrastructures should operate for long periods on limited quantities of energy: to cope with this limitation, energy harvesting is being applied every day more frequently, and several different techniques are being tested for LPWAN systems. The aim of this survey paper is to provide a detailed overview of the the existing LPWAN systems relying on energy harvesting for their powering. In this context, the different LPWAN technologies and protocols will be discussed and, for each technology, the applied energy harvesting techniques will be described as well as the architecture of the power management units when present.
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Aguilar, Sergio, Antonis Platis, Rafael Vidal, and Carles Gomez. "Energy Consumption Model of SCHC Packet Fragmentation over Sigfox LPWAN." Sensors 22, no. 6 (March 9, 2022): 2120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22062120.
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The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) has standardized a new framework, called Static Context Header Compression and fragmentation (SCHC), which offers adaptation layer functionality designed to support IPv6 over Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs). The IETF is currently profiling SCHC, and in particular its packet fragmentation and reassembly functionality, for its optimal use over certain LPWAN technologies. Considering the energy constraints of LPWAN devices, it is crucial to determine the energy performance of SCHC packet transfer. In this paper, we present a current and energy consumption model of SCHC packet transfer over Sigfox, a flagship LPWAN technology. The model, which is based on real hardware measurements, allows to determine the impact of several parameters and fragment transmission strategies on the energy performance of SCHC packet transfer over Sigfox. Among other results, we have found that the lifetime of a device powered by a 2000 mAh battery, transmitting packets every 5 days, is 168 days for 2250-byte packets, while it increases to 1464 days for 77-byte packets.
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Paul, Biswajit. "An Overview of LoRaWAN." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS 19 (January 13, 2021): 231–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/23204.2020.19.27.
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LoRa is an IoT enabling technology which is particularly suitable for low data rate applications. The technology can achieve extended network coverage while operating in unlicensed ISM band and falls into the category of LowPowerWideAreaNetworks (LPWANs) technologies. Among the noncellular based LPWAN enabling technologies, LoRa has got remarkable attention due to its fast adoption by industries. LoRa through wireless modulation enables the endnodes to establish long distance communication while LoRaWAN refers to the communication protocol and system architecture. In this paper, an overview of LoRaWAN is presented.
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Mroue, Hussein, Guillaume Andrieux, Eduardo Motta Cruz, and Gilles Rouyer. "Evaluation of LPWAN technology for Smart City." EAI Endorsed Transactions on Smart Cities 2, no. 6 (December 20, 2017): 153494. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.20-12-2017.153494.
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Rahman, Mahbubur, Dali Ismail, Venkata P. Modekurthy, and Abusayeed Saifullah. "LPWAN in the TV White Spaces." ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems 20, no. 4 (June 2021): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3447877.
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Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN) is an enabling Internet-of-Things technology that supports long-range, low-power, and low-cost connectivity to numerous devices. To avoid the crowd in the limited ISM band (where most LPWANs operate) and cost of licensed band, the recently proposed Sensor Network over White Spaces (SNOW) is a promising LPWAN platform that operates over the TV white spaces. As it is a very recent technology and is still in its infancy, the current SNOW implementation uses the Universal Software Radio Peripheral devices as LPWAN nodes, which has high costs (≈$750 USD per device) and large form-factors, hindering its applicability in practical deployment. In this article, we implement SNOW using low-cost, low form-factor, low-power, and widely available commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) devices to enable its practical and large-scale deployment. Our choice of the COTS device (TI CC13x0: CC1310 or CC1350) consequently brings down the cost and form-factor of a SNOW node by 25× and 10×, respectively. Such implementation of SNOW on the CC13x0 devices, however, faces a number of challenges to enable link reliability and communication range. Our implementation addresses these challenges by handling peak-to-average power ratio problem, channel state information estimation, carrier frequency offset estimation, and near-far power problem. Our deployment in the city of Detroit, Michigan, demonstrates that CC13x0-based SNOW can achieve uplink and downlink throughputs of 11.2 and 4.8 kbps per node, respectively, over a distance of 1 km. Also, the overall throughput in the uplink increases linearly with the increase in the number of SNOW nodes.
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Khan, Zeeshan Ali, Ubaid Abbasi, and Sung Won Kim. "Machine Learning and LPWAN Based Internet of Things Applications in Healthcare Sector during COVID-19 Pandemic." Electronics 10, no. 14 (July 6, 2021): 1615. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10141615.
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Low power wide area networks (LPWAN) are comprised of small devices having restricted processing resources and limited energy budget. These devices are connected with each other using communication protocols. Considering their available resources, these devices can be used in a number of different Internet of Things (IoT) applications. Another interesting paradigm is machine learning, which can also be integrated with LPWAN technology to embed intelligence into these IoT applications. These machine learning-based applications combine intelligence with LPWAN and prove to be a useful tool. One such IoT application is in the medical field, where they can be used to provide multiple services. In the scenario of the COVID-19 pandemic, the importance of LPWAN-based medical services has gained particular attention. This article describes various COVID-19-related healthcare services, using the the applications of machine learning and LPWAN in improving the medical domain during the current COVID-19 pandemic. We validate our idea with the help of a case study that describes a way to reduce the spread of any pandemic using LPWAN technology and machine learning. The case study compares k-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) and trust-based algorithms for mitigating the flow of virus spread. The simulation results show the effectiveness of KNN for curtailing the COVID-19 spread.
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Almuhaya, Mukarram A. M., Waheb A. Jabbar, Noorazliza Sulaiman, and Suliman Abdulmalek. "A Survey on LoRaWAN Technology: Recent Trends, Opportunities, Simulation Tools and Future Directions." Electronics 11, no. 1 (January 5, 2022): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11010164.
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Low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) technologies play a pivotal role in IoT applications, owing to their capability to meet the key IoT requirements (e.g., long range, low cost, small data volumes, massive device number, and low energy consumption). Between all obtainable LPWAN technologies, long-range wide-area network (LoRaWAN) technology has attracted much interest from both industry and academia due to networking autonomous architecture and an open standard specification. This paper presents a comparative review of five selected driving LPWAN technologies, including NB-IoT, SigFox, Telensa, Ingenu (RPMA), and LoRa/LoRaWAN. The comparison shows that LoRa/LoRaWAN and SigFox surpass other technologies in terms of device lifetime, network capacity, adaptive data rate, and cost. In contrast, NB-IoT technology excels in latency and quality of service. Furthermore, we present a technical overview of LoRa/LoRaWAN technology by considering its main features, opportunities, and open issues. We also compare the most important simulation tools for investigating and analyzing LoRa/LoRaWAN network performance that has been developed recently. Then, we introduce a comparative evaluation of LoRa simulators to highlight their features. Furthermore, we classify the recent efforts to improve LoRa/LoRaWAN performance in terms of energy consumption, pure data extraction rate, network scalability, network coverage, quality of service, and security. Finally, although we focus more on LoRa/LoRaWAN issues and solutions, we introduce guidance and directions for future research on LPWAN technologies.
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Bt. Zainal, Nur Aishah, Mohamed Hadi Habaebi, Israth Chowdhury, and Md Rafiqul Islam. "Cluttered Traffic Distribution in LoRa LPWAN." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 10, no. 1 (April 1, 2018): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v10.i1.pp214-223.
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<p>Low Power WAN (LPWAN) is a wireless broad area network technology. It is interconnects using only low bandwidth, less power consumption at long range. This technology is operating in unauthorized spectrum which designed for wireless data communication. To have an insight of such long-range technology, this paper evaluates the performance of LoRa radio links under shadowing effect and realistic smart city utilities clutter grid distribution. Such environment is synonymous to residential, industrial and modern urban centers. The focus is to include the effect of shadowing on the radio links while attempting to study the optimum sink node numbers and their locations for maximum sensor node connectivity. Results indicate that the usual unrealistic random node distribution does not reflect actual real-life scenario where many of these sensing nodes follow the built infrastructure around the city of smart buildings. The system is evaluated in terms of connectivity and packet loss ratio.</p>
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Torres, Nuno, Pedro Pinto, and Sérgio Ivan Lopes. "Security Vulnerabilities in LPWANs—An Attack Vector Analysis for the IoT Ecosystem." Applied Sciences 11, no. 7 (April 2, 2021): 3176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11073176.
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Due to its pervasive nature, the Internet of Things (IoT) is demanding for Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) since wirelessly connected devices need battery-efficient and long-range communications. Due to its low-cost and high availability (regional/city level scale), this type of network has been widely used in several IoT applications, such as Smart Metering, Smart Grids, Smart Buildings, Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), SCADA Systems. By using LPWAN technologies, the IoT devices are less dependent on common and existing infrastructure, can operate using small, inexpensive, and long-lasting batteries (up to 10 years), and can be easily deployed within wide areas, typically above 2 km in urban zones. The starting point of this work was an overview of the security vulnerabilities that exist in LPWANs, followed by a literature review with the main goal of substantiating an attack vector analysis specifically designed for the IoT ecosystem. This methodological approach resulted in three main contributions: (i) a systematic review regarding cybersecurity in LPWANs with a focus on vulnerabilities, threats, and typical defense strategies; (ii) a state-of-the-art review on the most prominent results that have been found in the systematic review, with focus on the last three years; (iii) a security analysis on the recent attack vectors regarding IoT applications using LPWANs. Results have shown that LPWANs communication technologies contain security vulnerabilities that can lead to irreversible harm in critical and non-critical IoT application domains. Also, the conception and implementation of up-to-date defenses are relevant to protect systems, networks, and data.
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Catherwood, Philip A., Michael Little, Dewar Finlay, and James McLaughlin OBE. "Recovery of Incapacitated Commercial Delivery Drones Using LPWAN Technology." IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine 12, no. 2 (2020): 6–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mits.2019.2898972.
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Ertürk, Mehmet Ali, Muhammed Ali Aydın, Muhammet Talha Büyükakkaşlar, and Hayrettin Evirgen. "A Survey on LoRaWAN Architecture, Protocol and Technologies." Future Internet 11, no. 10 (October 17, 2019): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi11100216.
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Internet of Things (IoT) expansion led the market to find alternative communication technologies since existing protocols are insufficient in terms of coverage, energy consumption to fit IoT needs. Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) emerged as an alternative cost-effective communication technology for the IoT market. LoRaWAN is an open LPWAN standard developed by LoRa Alliance and has key features i.e., low energy consumption, long-range communication, builtin security, GPS-free positioning. In this paper, we will introduce LoRaWAN technology, the state of art studies in the literature and provide open opportunities.
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Zanaj, Elma, Deivis Disha, Susanna Spinsante, and Ennio Gambi. "A Wearable Fall Detection System based on LoRa LPWAN Technology." Journal of communications software and systems 16, no. 3 (September 15, 2020): 232–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.24138/jcomss.v16i3.1039.
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The fall problem affects approximately one third of people aged over 65 years. Falls and fall-related injuries are one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in the elderly population. Since many years, research activities have been targeted towards the development of technological solutions for the automatic detection and notification of falls. Among them, wearable based systems offer the advantage of being available ideally everywhere and cost-effective in terms of economy and computational burden. However, their use poses different challenges, from acceptability to battery usage. The choice of the communication technology, in particular, plays a fundamental role in the realization of a suitable solution, able to meet the target users’ needs. In this paper, we present a fall detection system, based on a pair of instrumented shoes. They communicate the alarming events to a supervising system through the LoRa LPWAN technology, without the need of a portable gateway. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the chosen communication technology and fall detection reliability.
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Muaz Abdul Rahman, Amir, Fadhlan Hafizhelmi Kamaru Kamaru Zaman, and Syahrul Afzal Che Abdullah. "Performance Analysis of LPWAN Using LoRa Technology for IoT Application." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.11 (October 2, 2018): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.11.20808.
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This paper was dedicated to study the performance of an Internet of Things (IoT) application using LoRa Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN). LoRa is a Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) technology developed for IoT applications specifically. Due to the facts that LoRa is a new product, there are questions about its reliability. Hence, a conclusive experiment has been made. The experiment conducted to get an insight to LoRa received signal strength (RSSI) and packet loss. The analysis also includes a measurement of the application Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) between the transmitter and receiver. The results of the experiment show that with a higher spreading factor, LoRa end device provides more immunity against multi-path and signal fading. The proposed IoT application based on this LoRa technology is for autonomous vehicle status information transmission and intervehicle communications, specifically deployed in UiTM Autonomous Vehicle 1 (UiTM AV1).
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Muaz Abdul Rahman, Amir, Fadhlan Hafizhelmi Kamaru Zaman, and Syahrul Afzal Che Abdullah. "Performance Analysis of LPWAN Using LoRa Technology for IoT Application." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.11 (October 2, 2018): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.11.21387.
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This paper was dedicated to study the performance of an Internet of Things (IoT) application using LoRa Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN). LoRa is a Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) technology developed for IoT applications specifically. Due to the facts that LoRa is a new product, there are questions about its reliability. Hence, a conclusive experiment has been made. The experiment conducted to get an insight to LoRa received signal strength (RSSI) and packet loss. The analysis also includes a measurement of the application Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) between the transmitter and receiver. The results of the experiment show that with a higher spreading factor, LoRa end device provides more immunity against multi-path and signal fading. The proposed IoT application based on this LoRa technology is for autonomous vehicle status information transmission and intervehicle communications, specifically deployed in UiTM Autonomous Vehicle 1 (UiTM AV1).
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Revathi, G. P., and S. Supreetha. "Smart Farm Monitoring Using Internet of Things and LoRa Technology Based on Wireless Sensor Networks." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 17, no. 9 (July 1, 2020): 4136–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2020.9033.
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In the recent years there has been rapid evolution in Smart farming and IOT. Farmers are interested in applying new technologies to their farm field to increase their crop yield, but only few farmers are able to apply this to their crop field due to many reasons like excessive cost, lack of user friendliness. Most wireless communication innovations have high utilization of power and cover small transmission distance and therefore do not satisfy the prerequisites required for applications on IoT’s for establishing networks. Consequently, LoRa technology has been proposed. LoRa™ is a low power wide area wireless network (LPWAN) protocol mainly used for applications based on Internet of Things (IoTs) technology. LPWAN ia a viable empowering innovation for largescale wireless sensor networks (WSNs). This paper proposes Monitoring of crop field and Automatic irrigation using LoRa technology.
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Habaebi, Mohamed Hadi, Israth Jahan Chowdhury, Md Rafiqul Islam, and Nur Aishah Binti Zainal. "Effects of Shadowing on LoRa LPWAN Radio Links." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 7, no. 6 (December 1, 2017): 2970. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v7i6.pp2970-2976.
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LoRaWAN is a long-range, low-power, wireless telecommunications method; expected to play a big role for the Internet of Things. End appliances use LoRaWAN through a single wireless hop to communicate with gateways linked to the Internet that function as transparent bridges relaying messages amongst these end-devices and a central network server. This technology youtes a combination of extended range, low power utilization and protected data communication and is gaining significant traction in IoT networks being deployed by wireless network operators. However, no comprehensive evaluation of the technology exists in the open literature. The main intention of this paper is to investigate the effects of shadowing on LoRaWAN links and analyze the performance in terms of packet loss ratio for different physical layer settings. Results indicate large differences in performance when shadowing is taken into consideration upsetting the expected performance tremendously.
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Singh, Ritesh Kumar, Priyesh Pappinisseri Puluckul, Rafael Berkvens, and Maarten Weyn. "Energy Consumption Analysis of LPWAN Technologies and Lifetime Estimation for IoT Application." Sensors 20, no. 17 (August 25, 2020): 4794. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20174794.
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The spectrum of Internet of Things (IoT) applications is exponentially growing, driving the demand for better energy performance metrics. In conjunction, Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) have evolved as long-range connectivity enabler with low management cost. The integration of LPWAN communication assists in reliable IoT operation with extended lifetime. Notable LPWAN technologies that contend for many of the IoT applications are LoRaWAN, DASH7, Sigfox, and NB-IoT. Most of the end-devices such as sensors and actuators are battery powered, therefore investigating energy consumption becomes crucial. To estimate the consumed power, it is important to analyze the energy consumption in wireless communication. This paper describes an empirical evaluation of energy consumption for LPWAN wireless technologies. We measure the current consumption of LoRaWAN, DASH7, Sigfox, and NB-IoT and derive the respective battery lifetime. These measurements help to quantify the energy performance of different protocols. We observe that LoRaWAN and DASH7 are more energy efficient when compared to Sigfox and NB-IoT. Finally, a case study on energy consumption is done on precision agriculture in the greenhouse, showing that battery lifetime in real applications can drop significantly from the ideal case. These results can be used for increasing the effectiveness of the IoT application by selecting the right technology and battery capacity.
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Nurelmadina, Nahla, Mohammad Kamrul Hasan, Imran Memon, Rashid A. Saeed, Khairul Akram Zainol Ariffin, Elmustafa Sayed Ali, Rania A. Mokhtar, Shayla Islam, Eklas Hossain, and Md Arif Hassan. "A Systematic Review on Cognitive Radio in Low Power Wide Area Network for Industrial IoT Applications." Sustainability 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13010338.
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The Industrial Internet of things (IIoT) helps several applications that require power control and low cost to achieve long life. The progress of IIoT communications, mainly based on cognitive radio (CR), has been guided to the robust network connectivity. The low power communication is achieved for IIoT sensors applying the Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) with the Sigfox, NBIoT, and LoRaWAN technologies. This paper aims to review the various technologies and protocols for industrial IoT applications. A depth of assessment has been achieved by comparing various technologies considering the key terms such as frequency, data rate, power, coverage, mobility, costing, and QoS. This paper provides an assessment of 64 articles published on electricity control problems of IIoT between 2007 and 2020. That prepares a qualitative technique of answering the research questions (RQ): RQ1: “How cognitive radio engage with the industrial IoT?”, RQ2: “What are the Proposed architectures that Support Cognitive Radio LPWAN based IIOT?”, and RQ3: What key success factors need to comply for reliable CIIoT support in the industry?”. With the systematic literature assessment approach, the effects displayed on the cognitive radio in LPWAN can significantly revolute the commercial IIoT. Thus, researchers are more focused in this regard. The study suggests that the essential factors of design need to be considered to conquer the critical research gaps of the existing LPWAN cognitive-enabled IIoT. A cognitive low energy architecture is brought to ensure efficient and stable communications in a heterogeneous IIoT. It will protect the network layer from offering the customers an efficient platform to rent AI, and various LPWAN technology were explored and investigated.
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Muñoz, Rodrigo, Juan Saez Hidalgo, Felipe Canales, Diego Dujovne, and Sandra Céspedes. "SCHC over LoRaWAN Efficiency: Evaluation and Experimental Performance of Packet Fragmentation." Sensors 22, no. 4 (February 16, 2022): 1531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22041531.
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Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) are expected to enable the massive connectivity of small and constrained devices to the Internet of Things. Due to the restricted nature of both end devices and network links, LPWAN technologies employ network stacks where there is no interoperable network layer as a general case; instead, application data are usually placed directly into technology-specific two-layer frames. Besides not being able to run standard IP-based protocols at the end device, the lack of an IP layer also causes LPWAN segments to operate in an isolated manner, requiring middleboxes to interface non-IP LPWAN technologies with the IP world. The IETF has standardized a compression and fragmentation scheme, called Static Context Header Compression and Fragmentation (SCHC), which can compress and fragment IPv6 and UDP headers for LPWAN in a way that enables IP-based communications on the constrained end device. This article presents a model to determine the channel occupation efficiency based on the transmission times of SCHC messages in the upstream channel of a LoRaWAN™ link using the ACK-on-Error mode of standard SCHC. The model is compared against experimental data obtained from the transmission of packets that are fragmented using a SCHC over LoRaWAN implementation. This modeling provides a relationship between the channel occupancy efficiency, the spreading factor of LoRa™, and the probability of an error of a SCHC message. The results show that the model correctly predicts the efficiency in channel occupation for all spreading factors. Furthermore, the SCHC ACK-on-Error mode implementation for the upstream channel has been made fully available for further use by the research community.
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Cruz, Nuno, Nuno Cota, and João Tremoceiro. "LoRaWAN and Urban Waste Management—A Trial." Sensors 21, no. 6 (March 18, 2021): 2142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21062142.
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The city of Lisbon, as any other capital of a European country, has a large number of issues regarding managing waste and recycling containers spread throughout the city. This document presents the results of a study promoted by the Lisbon City Council for trialing LPWAN (Low-Power Wide-Area Network) technology for the waste management vertical under the Lisbon Smart City initiative. Current waste management is done using GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) sensors, and the municipality aims to use LPWAN in order to improve range and reduce costs and provisioning times when changing the communications provider. After an initial study, LoRa (Long Range) and LoRAWAN (LoRa Wide Area Network) as its network counterpart, were selected as the LPWAN technology for trials considering several use cases, exploring multiple distances, types of recycling waste containers, placements (underground or surface) and kinds of commercially available waste level measurement LoRa sensors. The results showed that the underground waste containers proved to be, as expected, the most difficult to operate correctly, where the container itself imposed attenuation levels of 26 dB on the LoRa link budget. The successful results were used to promote the deployment of a city-wide LoRa network, available to all the departments inside the Lisbon City Council. Considering the network capacity, the municipality also decided to make the network freely available to citizens.
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Zaraket, Carine, Panagiotis Papageorgas, Michel Aillerie, and Kyriakos Agavanakis. "LoRaWAN IoT Technology for Energy Smart Metering Case Study Lebanon." Key Engineering Materials 886 (May 2021): 30–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.886.30.
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Internet of things (IoT) technology is based on connecting each real object to the internet. Every single object is uniquely recognized and reachable over the network. IoT last mile connectivity is based on different communication technologies and protocols, where the majority is categorized as short-range networks that operate in ISM band like Zigbee, Wifi and Bluetooth. Short-range technologies were successfully tested and deployed in different industrial sectors. However, in the energy sectors its deployment is challenging in certain hard to reach areas where a reliable last mile connectivity is required between the home area network (HAN) smart meters and the meter data management system (MDMS). Therefore recently, Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) technology, which offers a long range connectivity, has emerged as a promising technology for IoT. Within LPWAN, variety of platforms exist and operate in licensed and unlicensed spectrum respectively like NB-IoT, and LoRaWAN, Sigfox. In this paper we discuss both the performance of LoRaWAN in a real-world environment and its deployment as a low cost, long range and reliable last mile solution for energy smart metering in urban area scenario where short range solution may not work the best. Furthermore, a prototype that is adapted to the existing Lebanese traditional energy sector was developed to test LoRaWAN usefulness in Lebanon.
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Singh, Ritesh, Michiel Aernouts, Mats De Meyer, Maarten Weyn, and Rafael Berkvens. "Leveraging LoRaWAN Technology for Precision Agriculture in Greenhouses." Sensors 20, no. 7 (March 25, 2020): 1827. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20071827.
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The technology development in wireless sensor network (WSN) offers a sustainable solution towards precision agriculture (PA) in greenhouses. It helps to effectively use the agricultural resources and management tools and monitors different parameters to attain better quality yield and production. WSN makes use of Low-Power Wide-Area Networks (LPWANs), a wireless technology to transmit data over long distances with minimal power consumption. LoRaWAN is one of the most successful LPWAN technologies despite its low data rate and because of its low deployment and management costs. Greenhouses are susceptible to different types of interference and diversification, demanding an improved WSN design scheme. In this paper, we contemplate the viable challenges for PA in greenhouses and propose the successive steps essential for effectual WSN deployment and facilitation. We performed a real-time, end-to-end deployment of a LoRaWAN-based sensor network in a greenhouse of the ’Proefcentrum Hoogstraten’ research center in Belgium. We have designed a dashboard for better visualization and analysis of the data, analyzed the power consumption for the LoRaWAN communication, and tried three different enclosure types (commercial, simple box and airflow box, respectively). We validated the implications of real-word challenges on the end-to-end deployment and air circulation for the correct sensor readings. We found that temperature and humidity have a larger impact on the sensor readings inside the greenhouse than we initially thought, which we successfully solved through the airflow box design.
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Pereverziev, O. A., T. F. Humen, and K. O. Trapezon. "RESEARCH OF FEATURES OF USING LPWAN TECHNOLOGY IN MODERN HOUSEHOLD SECURITY SYSTEMS." Scientific notes of Taurida National V.I. Vernadsky University. Series: Technical Sciences 1, no. 3 (2020): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.32838/tnu-2663-5941/2020.3-1/11.
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Petäjäjärvi, Juha, Konstantin Mikhaylov, Rumana Yasmin, Matti Hämäläinen, and Jari Iinatti. "Evaluation of LoRa LPWAN Technology for Indoor Remote Health and Wellbeing Monitoring." International Journal of Wireless Information Networks 24, no. 2 (February 7, 2017): 153–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10776-017-0341-8.
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Frangoudis, Pantelis A., Christos Tsigkanos, Schahram Dustdar, and Schahram Dustdar. "Connectivity Technology Selection and Deployment Strategies for IoT Service Provision Over LPWAN." IEEE Internet Computing 25, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mic.2020.3031104.
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Lakshmi Narayana, Chavala, Rajesh Singh, and Anita Gehlot. "Performance evaluation of LoRa based sensor node and gateway architecture for oil pipeline management." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 12, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 974. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v12i1.pp974-982.
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These days, the oil industrial industry is leaning toward employing smart field improvements to streamline various activities in the midstream area. Oil transportation over large distances via pipelines has a cheap cost and high efficiency in this sector. If pipelines are not properly maintained, they may fail, potentially causing catastrophic, long-term, and irreversible consequences on both natural and human conditions. Low power wide area networks (LPWANs) are without a doubt one of the domains that cause the most from industrial fields when it comes to realizing the vision of the internet of things (IoT). Long-range (LoRa) is an emerging LPWAN technology that is particularly useful for transmitting data over long distances. The goal of this work is to offer a methodology for managing oil pipelines over long distances utilizing the LoRa communication protocol and the installation of sensor nodes and LoRa gateways along the pipeline. We also used the optimized network engineering tools (OPNET) simulator to examine various simulation findings of LoRa performance.
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Raad, Nibras, Taha Mohammed Hasan, and Ahmed Chalak Shakir. "ECC Based Data Retrieval Using LoRaWAN Technology." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4 (November 28, 2018): 4918. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.19850.
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LoRaWAN is a low-bandwidth network technology (LPWAN) that enables low-cost and low-power communications for Internet-connected devices even in dense urban areas. This paper aimed to add an additional encryption layer plus with an electronic signature to transferred data through the Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC). Although this technology has important benefits such as a provides the security in data transmission where it uses the AES 128 in the process of encryption and decoding, but many studies have reported a safety vulnerability that can be exploited by brute force attack in the LoRaWAN technology termed ’Bit-flipping attack’. Accordingly, an additional layer of protection has been added to the proposed system
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Lee, KangJung, JiHwan Kim, MinSoo Ha, and KookHwan Cho. "Measurement Management System Using LoRa, Sensor Node, and Cloud Platform." Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 20, no. 6 (December 31, 2020): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2020.20.6.143.
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With the recent Fourth Industrial Revolution, communication and sensor fields are developing remarkably. Among them, LoRa low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) uses low-power Internet-of-things-only technology, which is cheaper than the existing long-term evolution network, and it is a communication technology that provides wider coverage than short-range communication methods (such as Bluetooth, WiFi, and Zigbee). In this study, a measurement management system was developed using LoRa LPWAN communication. It was constructed as a hybrid measurement system using public and private networks for the ground and underground sections, respectively. We developed a sensor node that could process unique signals by selecting sensors suitable for each mechanism and an integrated monitoring program that could store raw data in the Cloud Platform. The results showed that the communication success rate was 90% for the first transmission and reception and 99% for the second transmission and reception. It was confirmed that the measured values at the sensor and when communication was completed after connecting the sensor node were equal.
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Paredes-Parra, José Miguel, Antonio Javier García-Sánchez, Antonio Mateo-Aroca, and Angel Molina-Garcia. "An Alternative Internet-of-Things Solution Based on LoRa for PV Power Plants: Data Monitoring and Management." Energies 12, no. 5 (March 6, 2019): 881. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12050881.
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This paper proposes a wireless low-cost solution based on long-range (LoRa) technologyable to communicate with remote PV power plants, covering long distances with minimum powerconsumption and maintenance. This solution includes a low-cost open-source technology atthe sensor layer and a low-power wireless area network (LPWAN) at the communication layer,combining the advantages of long-range coverage and low power demand. Moreover, it offers anextensive monitoring system to exchange data in an Internet-of-Things (IoT) environment. A detaileddescription of the proposed system at the PV module level of integration is also included in the paper,as well as detailed information regarding LPWAN application to the PV power plant monitoringproblem. In order to assess the suitability of the proposed solution, results collected in real PVinstallations connected to the grid are also included and discussed.
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Pham, Congduc, and Muhammad Ehsan. "Dense Deployment of LoRa Networks: Expectations and Limits of Channel Activity Detection and Capture Effect for Radio Channel Access." Sensors 21, no. 3 (January 26, 2021): 825. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21030825.
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With worldwide deployment of LoRa/LoRaWAN LPWAN networks in a large variety of applications, it is crucial to improve the robustness of LoRa channel access which is largely ALOHA-like to support environments with higher node density. This article presents extensive experiments on LoRa Channel Activity Detection and Capture Effect property in order to better understand how a competition-based channel access mechanisms can be optimized for LoRa LPWAN radio technology. In the light of these experimentation results, the contribution continues by identifying design guidelines for a channel access mechanism in LoRa and by proposing a channel access method with a lightweight collision avoidance mechanism that can operate without a reliable Clear Channel Assessment procedure. The proposed channel access mechanism has been implemented and preliminary tests show promising capabilities in increasing the Packet Delivery Rate in dense configurations.
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Han, Jialuo, and Jidong Wang. "An Enhanced Key Management Scheme for LoRaWAN." Cryptography 2, no. 4 (November 2, 2018): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryptography2040034.
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The LoRaWAN is one of the new low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) standards applied to Internet of Things (IoT) technology. The key features of LPWAN are its low power consumption and long-range coverage. The LoRaWAN 1.1 specification includes a basic security scheme. However, this scheme could be further improved in the aspect of key management. In this paper, LoRaWAN 1.1 security is reviewed, and enhanced LoRaWAN security with a root key update scheme is proposed. The root key update will make cryptoanalysis of security keys in LoRaWAN more difficult. The analysis and simulation show that the proposed root key update scheme requires fewer computing resources compared with other key derivation schemes, including the scheme used in the LoRaWAN session key update. The results also show the key generated in the proposed scheme has a high degree of randomness, which is a basic requirement for a security key.
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Germani, Lorenzo, Vanni Mecarelli, Giuseppe Baruffa, Luca Rugini, and Fabrizio Frescura. "An IoT Architecture for Continuous Livestock Monitoring Using LoRa LPWAN." Electronics 8, no. 12 (December 1, 2019): 1435. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8121435.
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The Internet of Things (IoT) architecture is quickly becoming popular even outside of its originating scenario of home automation. This paper reports the design, implementation, and performance of an IoT hardware and software architecture conceived for the continuous monitoring of livestock located in barns and during grazing. We have adopted the LoRa low power wide area network (LPWAN) technology to cover the diverse environments, and a suitable configuration of web services to perform data storage, analysis, and visualization. Since the LoRa LPWAN (LoRaWAN) medium access control (MAC) layer does not provide a listen-before-talk (LBT) mechanism, we propose a custom MAC layer with LBT-based carrier-sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA). The devised system has been implemented using off-the-shelf hardware, and its performance has also been estimated with the help of a C++ event-based simulator. The preliminary results of our HW implementation on the field confirm the stability of the conceived system and its reliability.
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Foubert, Brandon, and Nathalie Mitton. "Long-Range Wireless Radio Technologies: A Survey." Future Internet 12, no. 1 (January 14, 2020): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi12010013.
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Wireless networks are now a part of the everyday life of many people and are used for many applications. Recently, new technologies that enable low-power and long-range communications have emerged. These technologies, in opposition to more traditional communication technologies rather defined as "short range", allow kilometer-wide wireless communications. Long-range technologies are used to form Low-Power Wide-Area Networks (LPWAN). Many LPWAN technologies are available, and they offer different performances, business models etc., answering different applications’ needs. This makes it hard to find the right tool for a specific use case. In this article, we present a survey about the long-range technologies available presently as well as the technical characteristics they offer. Then we propose a discussion about the energy consumption of each alternative and which one may be most adapted depending on the use case requirements and expectations, as well as guidelines to choose the best suited technology.
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Bouras, Christos John, Apostolos Gkamas, Spyridon Aniceto Katsampiris Salgado, and Nikolaos Papachristos. "A Comparative Study of Machine Learning Models for Spreading Factor Selection in LoRa Networks." International Journal of Wireless Networks and Broadband Technologies 10, no. 2 (July 2021): 100–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijwnbt.2021070106.
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Low power wide area networks (LPWAN) technologies offer reasonably priced connectivity to a large number of low-power devices spread over great geographical ranges. Long range (LoRa) is a LPWAN technology that empowers energy-efficient communication. In LoRaWAN networks, collisions are strongly correlated with spreading factor (SF) assignment of end-nodes which affects network performance. In this work, SF assignment using machine learning models in simulation environment is presented. This work examines three approaches for the selection of the SF during LoRa transmissions: 1) random SF assignment, 2) adaptive data rate (ADR), and 3) SF selection through machine learning (ML). The main target is to study and determine the most efficient approach as well as to investigate the benefits of using ML techniques in the context of LoRa networks. In this research, a library that enables the communication between ML libraries and OMNeT++ simulator was created. The performance of the approaches is evaluated for different scenarios using the delivery ratio and energy consumption metrics.
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Ojo, Mike Oluwatayo, Davide Adami, and Stefano Giordano. "Experimental Evaluation of a LoRa Wildlife Monitoring Network in a Forest Vegetation Area." Future Internet 13, no. 5 (April 29, 2021): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi13050115.
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Smart agriculture and wildlife monitoring are one of the recent trends of Internet of Things (IoT) applications, which are evolving in providing sustainable solutions from producers. This article details the design, development and assessment of a wildlife monitoring application for IoT animal repelling devices that is able to cover large areas, thanks to the low power wide area networks (LPWAN), which bridge the gap between cellular technologies and short range wireless technologies. LoRa, the global de-facto LPWAN, continues to attract attention given its open specification and ready availability of off-the-shelf hardware, with claims of several kilometers of range in harsh challenging environments. At first, this article presents a survey of the LPWAN for smart agriculture applications. We proceed to evaluate the performance of LoRa transmission technology operating in the 433 MHz and 868 MHz bands, aimed at wildlife monitoring in a forest vegetation area. To characterize the communication link, we mainly use the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), received signal strength indicator (RSSI) and packet delivery ratio (PDR). Findings from this study show that achievable performance can greatly vary between the 433 MHz and 868 MHz bands, and prompt caution is required when taking numbers at face value, as this can have implications for IoT applications. In addition, our results show that the link reaches up to 860 m in the highly dense forest vegetation environment, while in the not so dense forest vegetation environment, it reaches up to 2050 m.
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Nimaje, D. S., and Prashanth Ragam. "Performance evaluation of LoRa LPWAN technology for IoT-based blast-induced ground vibration system." Journal of Measurements in Engineering 7, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 119–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21595/jme.2019.20586.
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Kufakunesu, Rachel, Gerhard P. Hancke, and Adnan M. Abu-Mahfouz. "A Survey on Adaptive Data Rate Optimization in LoRaWAN: Recent Solutions and Major Challenges." Sensors 20, no. 18 (September 5, 2020): 5044. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20185044.
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Long-Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) is a fast-growing communication system for Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) in the Internet of Things (IoTs) deployments. LoRaWAN is built to optimize LPWANs for battery lifetime, capacity, range, and cost. LoRaWAN employs an Adaptive Data Rate (ADR) scheme that dynamically optimizes data rate, airtime, and energy consumption. The major challenge in LoRaWAN is that the LoRa specification does not state how the network server must command end nodes pertaining rate adaptation. As a result, numerous ADR schemes have been proposed to cater for the many applications of IoT technology, the quality of service requirements, different metrics, and radio frequency (RF) conditions. This offers a challenge for the reliability and suitability of these schemes. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the research on ADR algorithms for LoRaWAN technology. First, we provide an overview of LoRaWAN network performance that has been explored and documented in the literature and then focus on recent solutions for ADR as an optimization approach to improve throughput, energy efficiency and scalability. We then distinguish the approaches used, highlight their strengths and drawbacks, and provide a comparison of these approaches. Finally, we identify some research gaps and future directions.
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Heeger, Derek, Maeve Garigan, Eirini Eleni Tsiropoulou, and Jim Plusquellic. "Secure LoRa Firmware Update with Adaptive Data Rate Techniques." Sensors 21, no. 7 (March 30, 2021): 2384. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21072384.
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Internet of Things (IoT) devices rely upon remote firmware updates to fix bugs, update embedded algorithms, and make security enhancements. Remote firmware updates are a significant burden to wireless IoT devices that operate using low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) technologies due to slow data rates. One LPWAN technology, Long Range (LoRa), has the ability to increase the data rate at the expense of range and noise immunity. The optimization of communications for maximum speed is known as adaptive data rate (ADR) techniques, which can be applied to accelerate the firmware update process for any LoRa-enabled IoT device. In this paper, we investigate ADR techniques in an application that provides remote monitoring of cattle using small, battery-powered devices that transmit data on cattle location and health using LoRa. In addition to issues related to firmware update speed, there are significant concerns regarding reliability and security when updating firmware on mobile, energy-constrained devices. A malicious actor could attempt to steal the firmware to gain access to embedded algorithms or enable faulty behavior by injecting their own code into the device. A firmware update could be subverted due to cattle moving out of the LPWAN range or the device battery not being sufficiently charged to complete the update process. To address these concerns, we propose a secure and reliable firmware update process using ADR techniques that is applicable to any mobile or energy-constrained LoRa device. The proposed system is simulated and then implemented to evaluate its performance and security properties.
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Fujdiak, Radek, Konstantin Mikhaylov, Jan Pospisil, Ales Povalac, and Jiri Misurec. "Insights into the Issue of Deploying a Private LoRaWAN." Sensors 22, no. 5 (March 5, 2022): 2042. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22052042.
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The last decade has transformed wireless access technologies and crystallized a new direction for the internet of things (IoT). The modern low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) technologies have been introduced to deliver connectivity for billions of devices while keeping the costs and consumption low, and the range of communication high. While the 5G (fifth generation mobile network) LPWAN-like radio technologies, namely NB-IoT (narrowband internet of things) and LTE-M (long-term evolution machine type communication) are emerging, the long-range wide-area network (LoRaWAN) remains extremely popular. One unique feature of this technology, which distinguishes it from the competitors, is the possibility of supporting both public and private network deployments. In this paper we focus on this aspect and deliver original results comparing the performance of the private and public LoRAWAN deployment options; these results should help understand the LoRaWAN technology and give a clear overview of the advantages and disadvantages of the private versus public approaches. Notably, we carry the comparison along the three dimensions: the communication performance, the security, and the cost analysis. The presented results illustratively demonstrate the differences of the two deployment approaches, and thus can support selection of the most efficient deployment option for a target application.
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Sounder, Nolan Samraj Godwin David, Taiwo Samuel Aina, and Oluwaseun Olanrewaju Akinte. "Development of a Smart Motion Detection Device for Home and Office Security Applications." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 2 (February 28, 2022): 268–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.40246.
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Abstract: The aim of this paper is to develop, implement and test an effective and practical working solution to a smart motion detector for LPWAN technologies using appropriate software and hardware platform. The smart motion detection system consists of a Raspberry Pi, an LCD display, PIR sensors, and wires. The hardware design collaborates with Python programming by being installed on a Raspberry Pi, and it is a key function to detect who is entering a room. The proposed smart motion detector will be able to detect whether a person is leaving or entering a room by analyzing signals from multiple motion sensors. The research carried out a comparative analysis of LoRA, SigFox, NB-IOT Low Power Wide Area Network technologies which include the principle of operation, characteristics, hardware, and make recommendation for the most suitable technology. The remote status update function implementation was done where the system sends the motion events to the cloud over a wireless interface using MQTT protocol. The evaluation which was based on extensive simulation demonstrated the detection of each sensor. Keywords: Smart motion detector, Raspberry pi, Python coding, PIR sensors, LPWAN technologies
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Matz, Andreas Philipp, Jose-Angel Fernandez-Prieto, Joaquin Cañada-Bago, and Ulrich Birkel. "A Systematic Analysis of Narrowband IoT Quality of Service." Sensors 20, no. 6 (March 14, 2020): 1636. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20061636.
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Narrowband-IoT (NB-IoT) is part of a novel group of access technologies referred to as Low-Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs), which provide energy-efficient and long-range network access to IoT devices. Although NB-IoT Release 13 has been deployed by Mobile Network Operators (MNO), detailed Quality of Service (QoS) evaluations in public networks are still rare. In this paper, systematic physical layer measurements are conducted, and the application layer performance is verified. Special consideration is given to the influence of the radio parameters on the application layer QoS. Additionally, NB-IoT is discussed in the context of typical smart metering use cases. The results indicate that NB-IoT meets most theoretical Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) design goals in a commercial deployment. NB-IoT provides a wide coverage by using signal repetitions, which improve the receiver sensitivity, but simultaneously increase the system latency. The maximum data rates are consistent over a wide range of coverage situations. Overall, NB-IoT is a reliable and flexible LPWAN technology for sensor applications even under challenging radio conditions. Four smart metering transmission categories are analyzed, and NB-IoT is verified to be appropriate for applications that are not latency sensitive.
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Santa, José, Ramon Sanchez-Iborra, Pablo Rodriguez-Rey, Luis Bernal-Escobedo, and Antonio Skarmeta. "LPWAN-Based Vehicular Monitoring Platform with a Generic IP Network Interface." Sensors 19, no. 2 (January 11, 2019): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19020264.
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Remote vehicle monitoring is a field that has recently attracted the attention of both academia and industry. With the dawn of the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm, the possibilities for performing this task have multiplied, due to the emergence of low-cost and multi-purpose monitoring devices and the evolution of wireless transmission technologies. Low Power-Wide Area Network (LPWAN) encompasses a set of IoT communication technologies that are gaining momentum, due to their highly valued features regarding transmission distance and end-device energy consumption. For that reason, in this work we present a vehicular monitoring platform enabled by LPWAN-based technology, namely Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN). Concretely, we explore the end-to-end architecture considering vehicle data retrieving by using an On-Board Diagnostics II (OBD-II) interface, their compression with a novel IETF compression scheme in order to transmit them over the constrained LoRaWAN link, and information visualization through a data server hosted in the cloud, by means of a web-based dashboard. A key advance of the proposal is the design and development of a UNIX-based network interface for LPWAN communications. The whole system has been tested in a university campus environment, showing its capabilities to remotely track vehicle status in real-time. The conducted performance evaluation also shows high levels of reliability in the transmission link, with packet delivery ratios over 95%. The platform boosts the process of monitoring vehicles, enabling a variety of services such as mechanical failure prediction and detection, fleet management, and traffic monitoring, and is extensible to light vehicles with severe power constraints.
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Babu Natha, Rajesh, and K. Sreenivasa Ravi. "Smart Cluster Communication Integration and Architecture." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.24 (April 25, 2018): 407. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.24.12122.
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In the present day modern world, most of the people are making use of the technology in many ways which made man feasible to complete his tasks at very low time. In this aspect of digitalization, almost all the levels of the society is able to use the services of modern technology like wireless communication, Information Storage and transfer. In this aspect, an emerging medium for smart solution is LPWAN. It uses LoRa communication protocol for Information Interchange. This paper deals with the architecture of smart clusters of cities and solutions to some problems like Public safety, Pollution, Traffic management, Parking Solutions.
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Afifah Binti Masadan, Nurul, Mohamed Hadi Habaebi, and Siti Hajar Yusoff. "Long range channel characteristics through foliage." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 8, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 941–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v8i3.1489.
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Long Range Low Power Wide Area Network (LoRa LPWAN) technology is unique and remarkable technology because of its long-range coverage, low power consumption and low cost system architecture. These features have allowed Lora LPWAN to become a favorable option for performing communication in most of IoT wireless applications. In this paper, the foliage effect has been studied in terms of attenuation and its overall contribution to the path-loss and link budget calculations. Specifically, 5 tree types were studied and their contribution to the path loss were quantified for different path crossings (e.g., trunk, tree-top and branches). The trees are Licuala Grandis, Mimusops Elengi, Mangifera Indica, Cyrtostachys Renda and Livistona Chinensis. Mimusops Elengi tree gave the strongest mean foliage attenuation accumulating up to 20 dB, due to its big size and crown density. Trunks contribute even higher attenuation in comparison to tree-tops and branches. The Okumura/Hata, Log-normal shadowing and foliage models are used as references for this propagation models development in this paper. Our study showed that Okumura fails to capture the effect of foliage in an environment rich in trees and biodiversity. This demonstrates the need for considering the tropical environment where the characterization of foliage attenuation plays an important role in determining the propagation model path-loss and link budget needed for network design and planning.
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Wibisono, Gunawan, and Nofiandri Badruzzaman. "Strategy of smart meter infrastructure implementation using LPWAN technology, pilot project PLN Bali Case Study." MATEC Web of Conferences 218 (2018): 03013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201821803013.
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To realize the Bali Eco Smart Grid program, state electricity company (PLN) Bali implemented the advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) through the deployment of a pilot project of 1,000 2 ways smart meters based on LoRa WAN in the Kuta area, Bali. The selection of long range wide area network (LoRa WAN) as smart meter access technology is due to low costs, low power, ease of implementation and technology readiness. LoRa WAN is one of low power wide area network (LPWAN) technology. For deploying smart meter AMI based on LoRa WAN throughout Bali, the right strategy is needed. This research will analyze the strategy of deploying smart meter AMI based on LoRa WAN using strength, weakness, opportunity, and threat (SWOT) analysis. The stages of SWOT analysis are through the collection of internal and external factors obtained through techno-economic studies and surveys to customers, the general public, and PLN employees. Next, matching it by compiling an internal and external evaluation matrix, where an appropriate strategy is a progressive strategy (SO strategy). Components S and W are obtained from the survey while O and T are obtained from observing conditions outside of PLN. It is shown from the SWOT analysis results, obtained S-W = 5.95 and O-T = 2.59, so the strategy is in location (5.95, 2.59) quadrant I. Strategies for deploying smart meters based on WAN LoRa are progressive strategies.
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Asad Ullah, Muhammad, Junnaid Iqbal, Arliones Hoeller, Richard Souza, and Hirley Alves. "K-Means Spreading Factor Allocation for Large-Scale LoRa Networks." Sensors 19, no. 21 (October 30, 2019): 4723. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19214723.
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Low-power wide-area networks (LPWANs) are emerging rapidly as a fundamental Internet of Things (IoT) technology because of their low-power consumption, long-range connectivity, and ability to support massive numbers of users. With its high growth rate, Long-Range (LoRa) is becoming the most adopted LPWAN technology. This research work contributes to the problem of LoRa spreading factor (SF) allocation by proposing an algorithm on the basis of K-means clustering. We assess the network performance considering the outage probabilities of a large-scale unconfirmed-mode class-A LoRa Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) model, without retransmissions. The proposed algorithm allows for different user distribution over SFs, thus rendering SF allocation flexible. Such distribution translates into network parameters that are application dependent. Simulation results consider different network scenarios and realistic parameters to illustrate how the distance from the gateway and the number of nodes in each SF affects transmission reliability. Theoretical and simulation results show that our SF allocation approach improves the network’s average coverage probability up to 5 percentage points when compared to the baseline model. Moreover, our results show a fairer network operation where the performance difference between the best- and worst-case nodes is significantly reduced. This happens because our method seeks to equalize the usage of each SF. We show that the worst-case performance in one deployment scenario can be enhanced by 1 . 53 times.
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Wang, Haiyuan, and Hongxian Tian. "Anti-Multipath Performance Improvement of an M-ary Position Phase Shift Keying Modulation System." Sensors 19, no. 8 (April 25, 2019): 1938. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19081938.
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Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN) is the technology that the Internet-of-Things (IoT) uses in long-distance, wide-coverage scenarios. As one of the ultra-narrowband (UNB) modulation techniques, M-ary position phase shift keying (MPPSK) modulation can provide high coverage and high reliability for LPWAN. This paper proposes a multipath separation method based on MPPSK modulation, which aims to eliminate the influence of multipath on the main path without increasing the spectrum overhead and system complexity. Specifically, the modulation parameter of the system is adjusted according to the delay value, so that the phase jump of the multipath signal falls outside the phase jump of the main path symbol to achieve separation of the multipath from the main path. Moreover, a normalized symbol joint decision method is proposed in order to reduce the introduced noise while using multipath information for decisions. The simulation results indicate that the multipath separation conditions given in this paper can meet the requirements of multipath separation of MPPSK signals. Compared with the existing mainstream decision scheme, the normalized symbol joint decision improves the demodulation performance of the system.
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Kim, Seungku, Heonkook Lee, and Sungho Jeon. "An Adaptive Spreading Factor Selection Scheme for a Single Channel LoRa Modem." Sensors 20, no. 4 (February 13, 2020): 1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20041008.
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When the low power wide area network (LPWAN) was developed for the internet of things (IoT), it attracted significant attention. LoRa, which is one of the LPWAN technologies, provides low-power and long-range wireless communication using a frequency band under 1 GHz. A long-range wide area network (LoRaWAN) provides a simple star topology network that is not scalable; it supports multi-data rates by adjusting the spreading factor, code rate, and bandwidth. This paper proposes an adaptive spreading factor selection scheme for corresponding spreading factors (SFs) between a transmitter and receiver. The scheme enables the maximum throughput and minimum network cost, using cheap single channel LoRa modules. It provides iterative SF inspection and an SF selection algorithm that allows each link to communicate at independent data rates. We implemented a multi-hop LoRa network and evaluated the performance of experiments in various network topologies. The adaptive spreading factor selection (ASFS) scheme showed outstanding end-to-end throughput, peaking at three times the performance of standalone modems. We expect the ASFS scheme will be a suitable technology for applications requiring high throughput on a multi-hop network.