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Published: 10 March 2023
Last updated: 11 March 2023

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1

Bettner, Stefan, and Reinhard Schertz. "Lower powers of elliptic units." Journal de Théorie des Nombres de Bordeaux 13, no. 2 (2001): 339–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5802/jtnb.326.

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2

Seguin, Maurice K. "Palaeomagnetism of Lower Devonian units from Gaspé, Quebec." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 78, no. 1 (May 1986): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821x(86)90179-2.

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3

Chaudhuri, S., and R. A. Walker. "Computing lower bounds on functional units before scheduling." IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems 4, no. 2 (June 1996): 273–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/92.502199.

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4

Liang, Zezhou, Lihe Yan, Jinhai Si, Pingping Gong, Xiaoming Li, Deyu Liu, Jianfeng Li, and Xun Hou. "Rational Design and Characterization of Symmetry-Breaking Organic Semiconductors in Polymer Solar Cells: A Theory Insight of the Asymmetric Advantage." Materials 14, no. 21 (November 8, 2021): 6723. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14216723.

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Asymmetric molecule strategy is considered an effective method to achieve high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of polymer solar cells (PSCs). In this paper, nine oligomers are designed by combining three new electron-deficient units (unitA)—n1, n2, and n3—and three electron-donating units (unitD)—D, E, and F—with their π-conjugation area extended. The relationships between symmetric/asymmetric molecule structure and the performance of the oligomers are investigated using the density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TD–DFT) calculations. The results indicate that asymmetry molecule PEn2 has the minimum dihedral angle in the angle between two planes of unitD and unitA among all the molecules, which exhibited the advantages of asymmetric structures in molecular stacking. The relationship of the values of ionization potentials (IP) and electron affinities (EA) along with the unitD/unitA π-extend are revealed. The calculated reorganization energy results also demonstrate that the asymmetric molecules PDn2 and PEn2 could better charge the extraction of the PSCs than other molecules for their lower reorganization energy of 0.180 eV and 0.181 eV, respectively.
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5

Tomita, Koshi, and Kouji Yamamuro. "Lower bounds for fundamental units of real quadratic fields." Nagoya Mathematical Journal 166 (June 2002): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0027763000008230.

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AbstractLet d be a square-free positive integer and l(d) be the period length of the simple continued fraction expansion of ωd, where ωd is integral basis of ℤ[]. Let εd = (td + ud)/2 (> 1) be the fundamental unit of the real quadratic field ℚ(). In this paper new lower bounds for εd, td, and ud are described in terms of l(d). The lower bounds of εd are sharper than the known bounds and those of td and ud have been yet unknown. In order to show the strength of the method of the proof, some interesting examples of d are given for which εd and Yokoi’s d-invariants are determined explicitly in relation to continued fractions of the form .
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6

Wanas, H. A. "The Lower Paleozoic rock units in Egypt: An overview." Geoscience Frontiers 2, no. 4 (October 2011): 491–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2011.06.004.

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7

Plakht, Josef. "Pebble units in the lower Nahal Zin area: Environmental interpretation." Israel Journal of Earth Sciences 53, no. 2 (February 1, 2004): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1560/j38d-1wpt-aaj2-blc2.

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8

Papavassiliou, G. C. "Synthetic Three-and Lower-Dimensional Semiconductors Based on Inorganic Units." Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Science and Technology. Section A. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 286, no. 1 (July 1996): 231–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10587259608042291.

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9

Nikolov, Todor, Nikolina Ruskova, and Khrischo Khrischev. "Principles of the Lower Cretaceous lithostratigraphy in Bulgaria." Geologica Balcanica 21, no. 6 (December 30, 1991): 3–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.52321/geolbalc.21.6.3.

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The Lower Cretaceous deposits are widespread in North Bulgaria: in the Fore-Balkan, the Transitional Zone, and the Moesian Platform. The scheme of the formal lithostratigraphic units includes 37 Formations and has been elaborated for all this territory on the basis of outcrops and numerous boreholes. Four Groups (West-Balkan Carbonatic Group, Central-Balkan Flysch Group, Vraca Urgonian Group and Loveč Urgonian Group) consist of 19 Formations, and the other 18 Formations are independent. A total of 15 Members has been introduced within 9 of the Formations. The composition and interrelations of tbe lithostratigraphic units reflect the inhomogeneities and the different tendencies of the development of tile Early Cretaceous basin. The most expressive facies boundary in the west-east direction is the so-called Jablanica Line. West of it, carbonatic and marly deposits predominate in the Fore-Balkan. The carbonatic Formations belong to the West-Balkan Carbonatic Group and the Vraca Urgonian Group. The Salaš Formation is built up of clayey limestones and marls, and is widespread in the West Fore-Balkan, as well as in the western part of .the Moesian Platform. The asymmetry of the basin with a dry land as source region to the south of it, is clearly outlined to the east of the Jablanica Line, within: the Central and East Fore-Balkan and the adjacent Transitional Zone. This character of the basin controlled a facies differentiation with development of predominantly terrigeneous units in the south, and of carbonatic and marly units, to the north. This difference is expressed at its best at the lower levels of the Lower Cretaceous where units of the Central-Balkan Flysch Group are interfingering with units of the West-Balkan Carbonatic Group. The lateral transition takes place within the Transitional Zone. At higher stratigrapic levels (Hauterivian - Aptian) the asymmetry is expressed into a horizontal transition of terrigenous non-flysch deposits (Kamchija Formation and Roman Formation) with predominantly marly deposits (Gorna-Orjahovica and Trâmbeš Formations) to the north. A specific feature is the presence of Urgonian deposits in the Transitional Zone (Loveč Urgonian Group). At both sides of its development area, fans of the terrigeneous deposits of the Roman Formation are traced towards north. They are bounded to the Iskar (at the west) and Etar (to the east) depressions. Urgonian limestones occur also within the Moesian Platform in the area of Ruse (Ruse Formation). The highest (Albian) levels of the Lower Cretaceous section have been observed only in northwest Bulgaria. They are represented by the marls of the Sumer Formation, the glauconitic predominantly sandy deposits of Malo Peštene Formation, and the marls of Rabiša Formation.
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10

Loescher, A. R., and P. P. Robinson. "Receptor characteristics of periodontal mechanosensitive units supplying the cat's lower canine." Journal of Neurophysiology 62, no. 4 (October 1, 1989): 971–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1989.62.4.971.

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1. Forces have been applied to the lower canine teeth of cats, and the range of directions over which single periodontal mechanoreceptors are sensitive (arc of sensitivity) has been determined. We have further studied the response of each unit to forces applied in the direction of maximum sensitivity and investigated whether there is any relationship between the properties of the unit and its location within the periodontal ligament. 2. Recordings were made from 91 single units dissected from the inferior alveolar nerve in six cats. The mean arc of sensitivity to a 0.5 N force applied at right angles to the long axis of the tooth was 312 degrees. The arc of sensitivity was dependent on the force applied and the threshold of the receptor. 3. More units responded maximally to forces applied in a distolingual direction than would have been expected had the responses been evenly distributed around the tooth. Thirty-four of the units were bidirectionally sensitive, 28 became active when the force was removed, and 20 were spontaneously active. 4. The force threshold decreased with increasing rates of force application. 5. The majority of the units (81%) were slowly adapting. The rapidly adapting units had significantly higher force thresholds. 6. Twenty-eight of the receptors could be localized in the periodontal ligament after removing bone overlying the tooth root. There was no apparent relationship between the distance of the receptor from the fulcrum and its arc of sensitivity, threshold, maximum frequency of discharge, or adaptation properties.
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11

SCHELLART, NICO A. M., and WALTHER E. I. RIKKERT. "Response Features of Visual Units in the Lower Midbrain of the Rainbow Trout." Journal of Experimental Biology 144, no. 1 (July 1, 1989): 357–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.144.1.357.

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In the mesencephalic torus semicircularis of fish, visual processing is carried out in addition to acousticolateral processing, and takes place in unimodal and bimodal units. To study the encoding of visual stimuli in the torus of the rainbow trout, unit recordings made in the torus were compared with recordings made in the tectum. The receptive fields (RFs) of the torus units in the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) mostly measured more than 80°, generally had no well-defined borders and showed non-X type behavior. As in the tectum, the majority of the units showed On-responses and the RFs of On units were smaller than those of On/Off and Off units. From single unit and evoked potential data, obtained up to an eccentricity of 45°, it appears that the rostral visual field projects to the rostral and central part of the torus. In contrast to the features of tectal units, the RFs lacked spatial antagonism, wavelength coding was practically absent and directional selectivity rare. The responses, generally with latencies between 40 and 160ms, were often erratic. The most striking neurophysiological feature of the torus units as habituation to repetition of the stimulus, e.g. to an on-off flashing spot. The visuo-auditory interaction of most bimodal units showed algebraic summation, but for about 20% the visual modality enhanced the sensitivity to auditory stimulation. The data from the trout confirm that the tectum plays an important role in visual functions such as acuity, pattern vision and vision of movement. The common feature of habituation in the torus suggests that the torus may be involved in signalling of sudden changes in the visual scenery.
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12

Urmancheeva, Irina S. "Phraseological Units Based on Pseudo-Exhaustion in the Lower Pechora Dialects." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Filologiya, no. 73 (October 1, 2021): 137–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/19986645/73/8.

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13

Hagset, A., S. A. Grundvåg, B. Badics, R. Davies, and A. Rotevatn. "Tracing Lower Cretaceous organic-rich units across the SW Barents Shelf." Marine and Petroleum Geology 140 (June 2022): 105664. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2022.105664.

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14

Faithfull, John W. "The Lower Eastern Layered Series of Rhum." Geological Magazine 122, no. 5 (September 1985): 459–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001675680003538x.

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AbstractThe Lower Eastern Layered Series (LELS) comprises approximately units 1–5 of previous workers. Remapping has revealed considerable along-strike lithological variation in the units of the LELS. It is suggested, on the basis of field and geochemical evidence, that two layers formerly regarded as ‘conformable intrusive sheets of fine-grained olivine gabbro’, may be evolved alii valite layers rather than later intrusions. Xenolith suites, in these layers and elsewhere, indicate a component derived from the roof or walls of the magma chamber. Cryptic variation is more extensive in the LELS than in other parts of Rhum: olivine forsterite content varies from 85.6 to 70, and clinopyroxene Mg×100/(Mg+Fe) varies from 88 to 74. Postcumulus effects and subsolidus re-equilibration have altered the initial compositions of the mineral phases. The data are consistent with a model of repeated replenishment by picritic magma, although the replenishing liquids may have been slightly less magnesian than those subsequently available, during the formation of the upper ELS.
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15

BULTYNCK, Pierre, and Léon DEJONGHE. "Devonian lithostratigraphic units (Belgium)." Geologica Belgica 4, no. 1-2 (April 15, 2002): 39–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.20341/gb.2014.043.

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This contribution briefly describes seventy Devonian formations from the Dinant and Namur Synclinoria, the Vesdre Nappe and the Theux Window, that were revised or introduced during the previous two decades. The descriptions of the formations are organized in four parts, Lower Devonian, Middle Devonian, Frasnian and Famennian, corresponding to major and minor transgressive and regressive events and demonstrating each typical lithological characteristics. In each part, the following presentation has been adopted: the formations occurring in the Southern part of the Dinant Synclinorium are first described from base upwards, followed by a description of the formations restricted to the central and/or northern part of the Dinant Synclinorium, the Namur Synclinorium, the Vesdre Nappe and the Theux Window.
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16

Smith, M. Paul, Jan Audun Rasmussen, Steve Robertson, A. K. Higgins, and A. Graham Leslie. "Lower Palaeozoic stratigraphy of the East Greenland Caledonides." Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) Bulletin 6 (December 30, 2004): 5–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.34194/geusb.v6.4815.

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The Lower Palaeozoic stratigraphy of the East Greenland Caledonides, from the fjord region of North-East Greenland northwards to Kronprins Christian Land, is reviewed and a number of new lithostratigraphical units are proposed. The Slottet Formation (new) is a Lower Cambrian quartzite unit, containing Skolithos burrows, that is present in the Målebjerg and Eleonore Sø tectonic windows, in the nunatak region of North-East Greenland. The unit is the source of common and often-reported glacial erratic boulders containing Skolithos that are distributed throughout the fjord region. The Målebjerg Formation (new) overlies the Slottet Formation in the tectonic windows, and comprises limestones and dolostones of assumed Cambrian–Ordovician age. The Lower Palaeozoic succession of the fjord region of East Greenland (dominantly limestones and dolostones) is formally placed in the Kong Oscar Fjord Group (new). Amendments are proposed for several existing units in the Kronprins Christian Land and Lambert Land areas, where they occur in autochthonous, parautochthonous and allochthonous settings.
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17

Pestchevitskaya, E. B. "Lower Cretaceous biostratigraphy of Northern Siberia: palynological units and their correlation significance." Russian Geology and Geophysics 48, no. 11 (November 2007): 941–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rgg.2007.10.004.

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18

Cvetkovic, Milos. "The role of dignitaries of lower-rank thematic units in Byzantine society." Zbornik radova Vizantoloskog instituta, no. 59 (2022): 55–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zrvi2259055c.

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The paper aims to elucidate the place and role, i.e., the real power of functionaries of lower-ranking units in the Byzantine theme system. Their status in the Byzantine bureaucratic and aristocratic society was essentially determined by honorary dignities and by their place in the commanding staff, which was accompanied by precisely defined powers in the army and administration. Military powers or, more specifically, access to military resources, were one of the main factors in the process of acquiring influence. However, the real power of a functionary in society often transcended that framework. In addition to the factors listed above, it also rested on personal wealth and familial or other ties with the most influential circles in society. The real power they wielded was reflected in their participation in the most important political developments in the Empire, which will be discussed in more detail in the text.
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19

Schwarz, Conrad J. "Psychiatric Short-Stay Units across Canada." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 33, no. 3 (April 1988): 179–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674378803300303.

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The limited literature on brief hospitalization programs raised questions about the actual extent of use of this process in Canada. Inquiry was first made to all Health Ministers, University Department Heads and Section Chairmen. A questionnaire was mailed to the hospitals identified and this also requested any supplementary names of units known to the respondents. Initially, 22 hospitals were named as having short-stay units, but eight of these proved not to have one. Basic data on the 14 units actually found is provided. It is suggested that units of this type could be separated into two main groups according to the rate of discharge of patients directly into the community. Those with a high community discharge rate might be called Short-Stay Treatment Units and those with a lower community discharge rate might be known as Assessment Units. The former tend to have fewer admissions per bed, lower occupancy rates, somewhat longer LOS and location in or near the main psychiatric inpatient unit. These factors tend to be reversed in the latter.
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20

Kaňovský, Petr, Florian Heinen, A. Sebastian Schroeder, Henry G. Chambers, Edward Dabrowski, Thorin L. Geister, Angelika Hanschmann, et al. "Safety and efficacy of repeat long-term incobotulinumtoxinA treatment for lower limb or combined upper/lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy." Journal of Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine 15, no. 1 (March 29, 2022): 113–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/prm-210041.

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PURPOSE: The open-label phase 3 “Treatment with IncobotulinumtoxinA in Movement Open-Label” (TIMO) study investigated longer-term safety and efficacy of incobotulinumtoxin A in children/adolescents with cerebral palsy (CP). METHODS: Patients on standard treatment, with unilateral or bilateral lower limb (LL) or combined upper limb (UL)/LL spasticity received four incobotulinumtoxinA injection cycles (16 or 20 Units/kg bodyweight total [maximum 400 or 500 Units] per cycle depending on ambulatory status/clinical pattern treated), each followed by 12–16 weeks’ observation. Treatment for pes equinus was mandatory; flexed knee or adducted thigh were options for unilateral treatment and/or ULs for unilateral/bilateral treatment. The primary endpoint was safety; changes in Ashworth Scale and Gross Motor Function Measure-66 scores, and Global Impression of Change Scale scores at week 4 of each injection cycle were also evaluated. RESULTS: IncobotulinumtoxinA (≤500 Units for ≤98 weeks) was safe, well-tolerated, and effective across all endpoints for multipattern treatment of LL and combined LL/UL spasticity in ambulant/nonambulant children/adolescents with CP. Treatment effects increased with each injection cycle. No new/unexpected safety concerns were identified. CONCLUSION: IncobotulinumtoxinA showed a good safety and tolerability profile, with efficacy over multiple clinical presentations. As an adjunct treatment, it offers an effective, individualized treatment option for pediatric CP-related spasticity.
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21

LAGA, Pieter, Stephen LOUWYE, and Stéphane GEETS. "Paleogene and Neogene lithostratigrafic units (Belgium)." Geologica Belgica 4, no. 1-2 (April 15, 2002): 135–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.20341/gb.2014.050.

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The presented lithostratigraphy of the Paleogene and Neogene deals only with the formal lithostratigraphic units of formation rank or higher (groups). The names of the lower rank units (members and beds) are just mentioned without description or other information. This lithostratigraphy corresponds largely with the legend of the new series of geological maps of Belgium - Flanders Region on scale 1:50,000, edited since 1993.
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22

Journal, Baghdad Science. "A study copepoda invertebrates ecology in lower Zab." Baghdad Science Journal 2, no. 3 (September 4, 2005): 350–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2.3.350-354.

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The samples were collected monthly crustaceans Mjmafah foot of two stations in tributary Zab down and two others in the Tigris River for one year with effect from November 2001 until October 2002 recorded during the study period the current 41 units taxonomic and were higher density of Mjmafah foot Guy Tigris River before the mouth of the tributary
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23

Glovatskiy, Oleg, Temur Djavburiyev, Ziyoda Urazmukhamedova, A. Gazaryan, and Farkhod Akhmadov. "Interconnection of influent channel and pumping station units." E3S Web of Conferences 97 (2019): 05011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199705011.

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This paper reports on the results obtained the priority recommended strategy for carrying out reconstructive work aimed of the reliability control and safety of Jizzakh main pumping station. It has been established that the safe operation level of Jizzakh main pumping station is supported under the following conditions: The watermark in the pump station forebay are not lower than 314.55 and watermark in the headpond is not higher than 337.80 and not lower than 336.90 for the main units. At the station, no more than 5 “main” and 2 “subsidiary” units work, one “main” unit must be constantly in reserve.
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24

VERNIERS, Jacques, Alain HERBOSCH, Michel VANGUESTAINE, Fernand GEUKENS, Bernard DELCAMBRE, Jean-Louis PINGOT, Isabelle BELANGER, et al. "Cambrian - Ordovician - Silurian lithostratigraphic units (Belgium)." Geologica Belgica 4, no. 1-2 (April 15, 2002): 5–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.20341/gb.2014.042.

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The National Subcommission on the Stratigraphy of the Lower Palaeozoic of Belgium has evaluated the previous and present definitions of the Cambrian, Ordovician and Silurian lithostratigraphical units (groups, formations and members) and presents in this paper the results of this evaluation. Some of these units described in published or unpublished documents are considered to be junior synonyms of previously described units. Other units were given a higher or lower ranking. Units that are too thin or too thick were abandoned. The Subcommission reached agreement on the validity and usefulness of all the units that are described below. For each of them, a lithological and sedimentological description is given, the area of distribution and possible facies changes, the thickness of the unit, the arguments for the age determination, some remarks about the history of the definitions, and the names of units considered to be junior synonyms. In the Brabant Massif 32 formations are (re) defined and described, in the Condroz inlier 18 formations, in the Stavelot Massif 3 groups, 8 formations and 8 members, with an additional formation with an unspecified Mid Ordovician-earliest Devonian age, in the Rocroi Massif 3 groups, 7 formations and 2 members, in the Givonne Inlier 4 formations and in the Serpont Inlier 2 formations. The formations are shown in chronostratigraphical tables with a colour encoding the dominant lithology or sedimentology.
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25

Hassan, Mai, and Ryan Sheely. "Executive–Legislative Relations, Party Defections, and Lower Level Administrative Unit Proliferation: Evidence From Kenya." Comparative Political Studies 50, no. 12 (December 21, 2016): 1595–631. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414016679179.

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Over the past 25 years, there has been a dramatic increase in the number of subnational administrative units within developing countries. Existing literature argues that presidents create new units to deliver patronage to citizens. But proliferation at lower tiers of the state, that are too administratively distant from the president to credibly serve as patronage, does not follow this logic. We build from the premise that the creation of a new lower level unit comes with the appointment of a local administrator who develops a neopatrimonial relationship with the legislator whose constituency subsumes their jurisdiction. Presidents leverage this neopatrimonial relationship and create lower level units for copartisan legislators to ensure legislative support and prevent party defections. We find evidence supporting this argument using new data from Kenya. These findings illuminate how leaders can use administrative reform to undermine legislative checks against executive power.
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26

Tang, Min An, Bao Ling Sun, and Huan Yan Xu. "Study on Flow Units and Residual Oil Distribution of Lower S2 Formation in Wen-X Fault Block, Wenliu Oilfield." Advanced Materials Research 524-527 (May 2012): 217–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.524-527.217.

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Flow units are divided into E,G and P types for the Lower S2reservoir of Wen-X fault block in the Wenliu Oilfield, which are identificated based on six parameters including porosity, permeability, sandstone thickness, effective thickness, formation conductivity and flow index. A 3-D model for the flow units is established by sequential gaussian stochastic simulation approach. It is believed that type- E flow units are well exploited, with the distribution of the remaining oils related to fault as a barrier；type-G flow units are less exploited, with enrichment of remaining oil, due to the influence of interlayer or lateral heterogeneity；and type-P flow units are difficult to be exploited because of the poor percolation and a lower reserves abundance
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27

Schulz, Bernhard, and Joachim Krause. "Electron probe petrochronology of polymetamorphic garnet micaschists in the lower nappe units of the Austroalpine Saualpe basement (Carinthia, Austria)." Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geowissenschaften 172, no. 1 (May 7, 2021): 19–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zdgg/2021/0247.

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28

Schiøler, Poul, Jan Andsbjerg, Ole R. Clausen, Gregers Dam, Karen Dybkjær, Lars Hamberg, Claus Heilmann-Clausen, Lars E. Kristensen, Iain Prince, and Jan A. Rasmussen. "A revised lithostratigraphy for the Palaeogene – lower Neogene of the Danish North Sea." Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) Bulletin 7 (July 29, 2005): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.34194/geusb.v7.4825.

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Intense drilling activity following the discovery of the Siri Field in 1995 has resulted in an improved understanding of the siliciclastic Palaeogene succession in the Danish North Sea sector (Fig. 1). Many of the new wells were drilled in the search for oil reservoirs in sand bodies of Paleocene–Eocene age. The existing lithostratigraphy was based on data from a generation of wells that were drilled with deeper stratigraphic targets, with little or no interest in the overlying Palaeogene sediments, and thus did not adequately consider the significance of the Palaeogene sandstone units in the Danish sector. In order to improve the understanding of the distribution, morphology and age of the Palaeogene sediments, in particular the economically important sandstone bodies, a detailed study of this succession in the Danish North Sea has recently been undertaken. An important aim of the project was to update the lithostratigraphic framework on the basis of the new data.The project was carried out at the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) with participants from the University of Aarhus, DONG E&P and Statoil Norway, and was supported by the Danish Energy Agency. Most scientific results cannot be released until September 2006, but a revised lithostratigraphic scheme may be published prior to that date. Formal definition of new units and revision of the lithostratigraphy are in preparation. All of the widespread Palaeogene mudstone units in the North Sea have previously been formally established in Norwegian or British wells, and no reference sections exist in the Danish sector. As the lithology of a stratigraphic unit may vary slightly from one area to another, Danish reference wells have been identified during the present project, and the lithological descriptions of the formations have been expanded to include the appearance of the units in the Danish sector. Many of the sandstone bodies recently discovered in the Danish sector have a limited spatial distribution and were sourced from other areas than their contemporaneous counterparts in the Norwegian and British sectors. These sandstone bodies are therefore defined as new lithostratigraphic units in the Danish sector, and are assigned Danish type and reference sections. There is a high degree of lithological similarity between the Palaeogene–Neogene mudstone succession from Danish offshore boreholes and that from onshore exposures and boreholes, and some of the mudstone units indeed seem identical. However, in order to acknowledge the traditional distinction between offshore and onshore stratigraphic nomenclature, the two sets of nomenclature are kept separate herein. In recent years oil companies operating in the North Sea have developed various in-house lithostratigraphic charts for the Paleocene–Eocene sand and mudstone successions in the Danish and Norwegian sectors. A number of informal lithostratigraphic units have been adopted and widely used. In the present project, these units have been formally defined and described, maintaining their original names whenever feasible, with the aim of providing an unequivocal nomenclature for the Palaeogene – lower Neogene succession in the Danish sector. It has not been the intention to establish a sequence stratigraphic model for this succession in the North Sea; the reader is referred to the comprehensive works of Michelsen (1993), Neal et al. (1994), Mudge & Bujak (1994, 1996a, b), Michelsen et al. (1995, 1998), Danielsen et al. (1997) and Rasmussen (2004).
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Fournier, M., and G. C. Sieck. "Mechanical properties of muscle units in the cat diaphragm." Journal of Neurophysiology 59, no. 3 (March 1, 1988): 1055–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1988.59.3.1055.

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1. Muscle units in the right sternocostal region of the cat diaphragm (DIA) were isolated in situ by dissecting filaments of the C5 ventral root. Isometric contractile and fatigue properties of DIA units were then measured. Contractile properties included: twitch contraction time (CT), peak twitch tension (Pt), maximum tetanic tension (P0), and the frequency dependence of tension production. Muscle-unit fatigue resistance was estimated using a 2-min fatigue test. 2. DIA muscle units were classified as fast (F) or slow (S) based on the presence or absence of sag in their unfused tetanic force responses. Muscle-unit fatigue indices (FI) were used to further classify DIA units as slow-twitch fatigue-resistant (S), fast-twitch fatigue-resistant (FR) fast-twitch fatigue-intermediate (FInt), or fast-twitch fatigable (FF) types. 3. Based on a total of 47 completely characterized DIA muscle units, 21% were classified as S, 4% as FR, 28% as FInt, and 47% as FF. In contrast to the distribution of unit types in other mixed appendicular muscles, the DIA was composed of a very low proportion of FR units and a relatively high proportion of FInt units. An interval of FIs between 0.50 and 0.75 separated units into fatigue-resistant and fatigable groups. The distribution of FIs for FF and most FInt units was continuous, indicating that they formed a single fatigable group. Relatively few FF units in the DIA had FIs less than 0.10. 4. A wide range of contractile properties was observed for DIA muscle units. Type S units had longer CTs and lower Pt and P0 values than type F units. The mean Pt and P0 of FF and FInt units were comparable, whereas the mean Pt and P0 of the two FR units were lower. Type S units produced a greater proportion of their P0 at lower frequencies of activation than type F units. The lower P0S produced by type F units in the DIA indicated that they were smaller than similar units in appendicular muscles. It was concluded that in meeting most normal ventilatory requirements, adequate force could be generated by the recruitment of only type S and FR units. The recruitment of the more fatigable FF and FInt units may occur only during more forceful respiratory and nonrespiratory behaviors of the DIA.
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30

Page, Kevin N. "The Lower Jurassic of Europe: its subdivision and correlation." Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) Bulletin 1 (October 28, 2003): 21–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.34194/geusb.v1.4646.

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The Lower Jurassic Sub-system comprises four stages, in chronological order, the Hettangian, Sinemurian, Pliensbachian and Toarcian. Each stage is subdivided into a sequence of ‘standard zones’ (= chronozones) and subzones – each correlated primarily on the basis of its ammonite fauna. A further increase in stratigraphical resolution is available by the use of intra-subzonal units known collectively as ‘horizons’. The close link between ammonites and chronostratigraphy means that faunal provincialism may determine which zonal framework, and therefore which subdivision of the Lower Jurassic, applies in different regions of Europe. Such provincialism is of minor importance in the early Jurassic (Hettangian – Lower Pliensbachian) but increases significantly in the Upper Pliensbachian and into the Toarcian where at least three ammonoid faunal provinces are distinguishable. The standard zonal schemes for each relevant faunal area are discussed here, with greatest emphasis being placed on the Northwest European Province, which is characteristic of much of northern Europe throughout most of the Early Jurassic. Intra-subzonal units have only been described in certain regions for parts of the Lower Jurassic but where recognisable these are introduced.
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S. Tanna, Rashmin, and Chandulal H. Vithalani. "Classification of lower limb rehabilitation exercises with multiple and individual inertial measurement units." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 28, no. 2 (November 1, 2022): 840. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v28.i2.pp840-849.

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Straight leg raise rehabilitation exercises (for both lying and seated position) for lower limb injuries play a critical role in terms of stress on joints after the injury. The primary objective of the paper is to find how accurately and efficiently a single and a two IMU sensor-based system could classify SSLR (Seated straight leg raise) and LSLR (Lying straight leg raise) exercises using machine learning. Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) that include accelerometer and gyroscope were calibrated and tested, individual and combined, for classified seating as well as lying exercise and for different demanded personalities. Individual IMUs achieved about 96 % accuracy in binary classification. However, the combined (two) IMUs achieved about 96.8 % accuracy. The merits of the proposed IMU based sensor system are that it is easy to install, cost effective and very useful for telemedical operations in pandemic situations like COVID19. On the basis of these results, it could be concluded that the accuracy of a single IMU sensor system and a two IMU sensor-based system is approximately 96% and both were efficiently able to classify SSLR and LSLR exercises as well as identify the individual performing the exercise.
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32

Benssaou, Mohammed. "Geodynamic Significance of Stacking Lower Cambrian Sequences Units in the Western Anti-Atlas." International Journal of Materials Science and Applications 6, no. 3 (2017): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmsa.20170603.15.

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33

Tagliamonte, N. L., A. Peruzzi, D. Accoto, A. Cereatti, U. Della Croce, and E. Guglielmelli. "Assessment of lower limbs kinematics during human–robot interaction using inertial measurement units." Gait & Posture 40 (August 2014): S24—S25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2014.05.050.

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34

Linebarger, Darel A., and Don H. Johnson. "Superposition models of the discharge patterns of units in the lower auditory system." Hearing Research 23, no. 2 (January 1986): 185–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-5955(86)90015-8.

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35

Angenon, G., J. Uotila, S. A. Kurkela, T. H. Teeri, J. Botterman, M. Van Montagu, and A. Depicker. "Expression of dicistronic transcriptional units in transgenic tobacco." Molecular and Cellular Biology 9, no. 12 (December 1989): 5676–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.9.12.5676-5684.1989.

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We investigated whether the two cistrons of a dicistronic mRNA can be translated in plants to yield both gene products. The coding sequences of various reporter genes were combined in dicistronic units, and their expression was analyzed in stably transformed tobacco plants at the RNA and protein levels. The presence of an upstream cistron resulted in all cases in a drastically reduced expression of the downstream cistron. The translational efficiency of the gene located downstream in the dicistronic units was 500- to 1,500-fold lower than that in a monocistronic control; a 500-fold lower value was obtained with a dicistronic unit in which both cistrons were separated by 30 nucleotides, whereas a 1,500-fold lower value was obtained with a dicistronic unit in which the stop codon of the upstream cistron and the start codon of the downstream cistron overlapped. As a strategy to select indirectly for transformants with enhanced levels of expression of a gene which is by itself nonselectable, the gene of interest can be cloned upstream from a selectable marker in a dicistronic configuration. This strategy can be used provided that the amount of dicistronic mRNA is high. If, on the other hand, the expression of the dicistronic unit is too low, selection of the downstream cistron will primarily give clones with rearranged dicistronic units.
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Angenon, G., J. Uotila, S. A. Kurkela, T. H. Teeri, J. Botterman, M. Van Montagu, and A. Depicker. "Expression of dicistronic transcriptional units in transgenic tobacco." Molecular and Cellular Biology 9, no. 12 (December 1989): 5676–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.9.12.5676.

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We investigated whether the two cistrons of a dicistronic mRNA can be translated in plants to yield both gene products. The coding sequences of various reporter genes were combined in dicistronic units, and their expression was analyzed in stably transformed tobacco plants at the RNA and protein levels. The presence of an upstream cistron resulted in all cases in a drastically reduced expression of the downstream cistron. The translational efficiency of the gene located downstream in the dicistronic units was 500- to 1,500-fold lower than that in a monocistronic control; a 500-fold lower value was obtained with a dicistronic unit in which both cistrons were separated by 30 nucleotides, whereas a 1,500-fold lower value was obtained with a dicistronic unit in which the stop codon of the upstream cistron and the start codon of the downstream cistron overlapped. As a strategy to select indirectly for transformants with enhanced levels of expression of a gene which is by itself nonselectable, the gene of interest can be cloned upstream from a selectable marker in a dicistronic configuration. This strategy can be used provided that the amount of dicistronic mRNA is high. If, on the other hand, the expression of the dicistronic unit is too low, selection of the downstream cistron will primarily give clones with rearranged dicistronic units.
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37

Le Beau, F. E., A. Rees, and M. S. Malmierca. "Contribution of GABA- and glycine-mediated inhibition to the monaural temporal response properties of neurons in the inferior colliculus." Journal of Neurophysiology 75, no. 2 (February 1, 1996): 902–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1996.75.2.902.

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1. To determine the contribution of inhibition to the generation of the temporal response patterns of neurons in the inferior colliculus (IC), the effects of iontophoretically applied gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glycine, and the GABAA and glycine receptor antagonists, bicuculline and strychnine were studied on 121 neurons in the IC of urethan-anesthetised guinea pig. 2. The neurons temporal discharge patterns were classified into six categories on the basis of their peristimulus time histograms (PSTHs). 1) Onset units fired at the stimulus onset and could be divided into two subtypes: narrow (1-2 spikes only) or broad (response lasting up to approximately 30 ms). 2) Pauser units had a precisely timed onset peak separated from a lower level of sustained activity by either a marked reduction or complete cessation of firing. 3) Chopper units had three or more clearly defined peaks near stimulus onset or evidence of regularly spaced peaks over the duration of the stimulus. 4) Onset-chopper units had three clearly defined peaks at onset but no sustained firing. 5) On-sustained units had a clearly defined single onset peak followed by a lower level of sustained activity. 6) Sustained units fired throughout the stimulus, but lacked an onset peak. 3. Iontophoretic application of GABA and glycine produced a dose-dependent reduction in firing rate in 76% (42/55) and 79% (11/14) of units, respectively. Application of bicuculline or strychnine increased the discharge rate in 91% (64/70) and 94% (16/17) of neurons, respectively. 4. The effects of bicuculline and strychnine on PSTH class were studied in detail on 70 neurons. Changes in discharge rate were accompanied by changes in PSTH in 49% (34/70) of neurons tested with bicuculline and 41% (7/17) tested with strychnine. Pauser units were the most affected with 69% changing their PSTH class, but some units in all PSTH classes, except the chopper group, exhibited changes in PSTH pattern after application of bicuculline. The majority of units (approximately 50%) that changed PSTH pattern in the presence of bicuculline became chopper units. Units of all PSTH classes could become choppers, but the proportion of units showing this change was dependent on the unit's control response pattern. All seven units that changed PSTH class with strychnine also became choppers. Changes in PSTH, including the appearance of a chopper pattern, did not depend on either a unit's control discharge rate or the magnitude of the change in discharge rate induced by the antagonists. 5. Bicuculline and strychnine had no significant effect on latency for units in the chopper, onset-chopper, onset, pauser, and on-sustained groups. A few sustained and unclassified units that had long predrug latencies did show marked reductions in latency when tested with bicuculline. 6. The majority of units did not fire spontaneously, and neither bicuculline or strychnine produced a significant increase in spontaneous rate. 7. In many units, the changes in firing rate did not occur equally over the duration of the response. Firing rates at the onset and in the last quarter of the sustained response were compared. Three effects of bicuculline and strychnine were observed. For 80% of units the largest change in firing rate occurred in the sustained response, while in 14% of units the change was greatest at onset.
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38

Carver, Ronald P. "Measuring Readability using DRP Units." Journal of Reading Behavior 17, no. 4 (December 1985): 303–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10862968509547547.

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The DRP is a new technique for measuring the readability of reading material. In this study, DRP-Difficulty scores were rescaled into grade equivalent (GE) units, called DRP-GE-Difficulty, and the reliability and validity of both versions were investigated. The formula for obtaining DRP-Difficulty is based on Bormuth's research that involved 330 passages sampled from curriculum materials. Using these same 330 passages, plus 30 more sampled from graduate school materials, the DRP-Difficulty scores were rescaled into DRP-GE-Difficulty units by finding comparable GE values obtained from the Rauding Scale of Prose Difficulty. The DRP-Difficulty and the DRP-GE-Difficulty scores correlated highly with cloze (-.84 and -.81, respectively), and with the grade level at which the passages were used (.80 and .78, respectively). DRP-GE-Difficulty values were found to be accurate to within about one grade level for materials used in the lower grades and to within about two grade levels in the upper grades. The DRP appears to provide estimates of readability that are reasonably reliable and valid.
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39

Pandya, Reeni K., Mohamad Anas Sukkari, and Darin E. Olson. "Libre in Inpatient Covid Units." Journal of the Endocrine Society 5, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2021): A428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvab048.873.

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Abstract Continuous glucose monitors (CGM) have demonstrated accuracy in outpatients and were accurate with pilot data using blinded systems in inpatients. Libre CGMs were approved and donated to hospitalsfor use during the COVID-19 to minimize exposure and PPE use. We made a prospective plan to assess accuracy of the Libre on inpatients admitted to COVID units during an initial “validation phase”. Fingerstick blood glucose (FSBG) was checked for the first three days after placing the sensor and compared to Libre values within the next 1–15 minutes. Patients were instructed to scan the sensor after each FSBG, and at other times as clinically warranted. FSBG values were recorded from the medical record (CPRS) and compared to Libre values downloaded to LibreView. The mean absolute relative difference (MARD) between FSBG and Libre was calculated for each patient for one to three days. The average MARD across all patients was calculated. Accuracy was further assessed using the Bland-Altman Plot and error grid analysis using web-based tool. Of the 21 patients assessed in the validation phase, 19 had at least one day of data and 11 had at least three days. The mean MARD was 11.2% after one day, and 12.5% after three days. Four patients after one day and three patients after three days had a MARD of 15–20% where use of the Libre was continued with confirmatory FSBG. In 15/19 (78%) patients with one day of data and 8/11 (73%) of patients with 3 days of data had a MARD <15% and continued using the Libre without further FSBG. One patient had a MARD >20% that did not improve with changing the sensor, and Libre was discontinued. In 16 of 19 patients, the Libre values were lower than FSBG. No adverse events relating to Libre use were identified. Error grid analysis showed that most patients had no values outside the A and B ranges, and very few values outside of the clinically accurate range, occurring in 2 of the 19 patients (9% of values in the “slight risk” zone in 9% in one and 6% in the other). The Libre was well-accepted by patient and nursing staff, but did not have measurable effect on glycemic control, hypoglycemic events, or hospitalization measures. The libre was deemed a useful intervention in inpatients, but it can be inaccurate or only moderately accurate compared to FSBG in enough patients to require checking accuracy for at least 1–3 days. Inaccurate Libre values were mostly lower than FSBG requiring confirmatory measures of low Libre values with FSBG in our experience.
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40

Gottwald, Sebastian, and Daniel A. Braun. "Systems of Bounded Rational Agents with Information-Theoretic Constraints." Neural Computation 31, no. 2 (February 2019): 440–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_01153.

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Specialization and hierarchical organization are important features of efficient collaboration in economical, artificial, and biological systems. Here, we investigate the hypothesis that both features can be explained by the fact that each entity of such a system is limited in a certain way. We propose an information-theoretic approach based on a free energy principle in order to computationally analyze systems of bounded rational agents that deal with such limitations optimally. We find that specialization allows a focus on fewer tasks, thus leading to a more efficient execution, but in turn, it requires coordination in hierarchical structures of specialized experts and coordinating units. Our results suggest that hierarchical architectures of specialized units at lower levels that are coordinated by units at higher levels are optimal, given that each unit's information-processing capability is limited and conforms to constraints on complexity costs.
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41

Host, George E., Kurt S. Pregitzer, Carl W. Ramm, David P. Lusch, and David T. Cleland. "Variation in overstory biomass among glacial landforms and ecological land units in northwestern Lower Michigan." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 18, no. 6 (June 1, 1988): 659–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x88-101.

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Variation in overstory biomass and mean annual biomass increment (MABI) of upland forest stands was studied at two spatial scales: glacial landforms (1: 250 000–1: 000 000) and ecological land units (1: 10 000–1: 80 000). Ecological land units were defined based on combinations of ground-flora vegetation, soil, and physiography. Biomass estimates were based on allometric regression equations developed in the Lake States area. Analyses of covariance were used to study the patterns of total biomass and biomass increment among glacial landforms and among ecological land units; stand age was used as the covariate. Overstory biomass ranged from 105 t/ha (MABI = 1.5 t ha−1 year−1) on glacial outwash landforms to 208 t/ha (MABI = 3.2 t ha−1 year−1) on morainal landforms; 37% of the total variation in biomass was accounted for by landform. Analysis at the ecological land unit scale accounted for a higher proportion of variation, approximately 60% of the total. Overstory biomass among ecological land units ranged from 85 t/ha (MABI = 1.3 t ha−1 year−1) for oak-dominated forests occurring on xeric sandy outwash sediments to almost 250 t/ha (MABI = 3.6 t ha−1 year−1) for sugar maple–red oak forests occurring in mesic morainal positions. Variation in biomass appeared to be strongly related to differences in species composition and variation in soil moisture availability, as evidenced by differences in soil texture and the presence or absence of deep-lying textural bands. Since ground-flora composition often reflects variation in soil properties, we examined the relationship between ground-flora composition and biomass increment. Detrended correspondence analysis was used to ordinate stands along a floristic gradient. Regression of stand ordination scores against MABI was significant (r2 = 0.65), indicating a relatively strong association between ground-flora composition and productivity. One advantage of understanding spatial variation in site productivity is that ecological land units can be readily mapped, whereas traditional estimates of site potential, such as site index, are point specific.
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42

Ahn, Seoungpil. "Spinoffs and Firm Policy." Asian Journal of Finance & Accounting 9, no. 2 (December 24, 2017): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ajfa.v9i2.12234.

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I investigate the nature of reconstructing by examining the changes in firm policies around spinoff. Because the pre-spinoff contract structure is more suitable for larger divisions of firms, separated units experience relatively large changes in contracts following spinoffs. Compared to the post-spinoff parent firms, separated units have lower tendency to pay dividends, lower ownership by CEOs, higher fraction of outside directors, smaller board, younger board members, higher block ownerships, and higher incentive payment. There are significant changes in the firm policies in both high q and low q units, however the market response is more positive for units with higher growth opportunities.
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43

Woodsworth, G. J., and M. J. Orchard. "Upper Paleozoic to lower Mesozoic strata and their conodonts, western Coast Plutonic Complex, British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 22, no. 9 (September 1, 1985): 1329–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e85-137.

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Six lithologic units, including two newly named formations, were mapped on Randall, Dunira, and nearby islands. The islands are characterized by greenschist-facies metamorphism and westerly directed thrusting. The oldest unit is a Late Mississippian, massive limestone on Ducie Island. The Dunira Formation, composed of thin-bedded limestone and siltstone, is Early and Middle Pennsylvanian in age. It is unconformably overlain by limestone and dolomite of the Upper Triassic Randall Formation. The Randall Formation grades upwards into a green phyllitic unit of Late Triassic(?) age. Rhyolitic and more mafic volcanic rocks may represent a bimodal volcanic suite of Early Jurassic age, based on a U–Pb date of 188 Ma on zircons. These five units correlate with rocks in the Alexander Terrane in southeastern Alaska. The sixth and presumed youngest unit consists of flysch-like sedimentary rocks of probable Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous age that may correlate with rocks of the Gravina–Nutzotin belt. The three older units yielded 15 conodont genera from 29 localities. The 13 Paleozoic genera are described and illustrated.
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44

Larsson, Helena, and Karin Harms-Ringdahl. "A Lower-Limb Functional Capacity Test for Enlistment into Swedish Armed Forces Ranger Units." Military Medicine 171, no. 11 (November 2006): 1065–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.7205/milmed.171.11.1065.

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45

Gubernat, Ewa. "Investment Potential of Local Government Units in the Lower Silesian in Period 2007–2013." Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego Finanse Rynki Finansowe Ubezpieczenia 84 (2016): 71–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.18276/frfu.2016.6.84/2-07.

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46

Kurichi, Jibby E., Dylan S. Small, Barbara E. Bates, Janet A. Prvu-Bettger, Pui L. Kwong, W. Bruce Vogel, Douglas E. Bidelspach, and Margaret G. Stineman. "Possible Incremental Benefits of Specialized Rehabilitation Bed Units Among Veterans After Lower Extremity Amputation." Medical Care 47, no. 4 (April 2009): 457–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mlr.0b013e31818b08c6.

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47

Kim, Myung-Shin, Yoshihisa Masakado, Yutaka Tomita, Naoichi Chino, Young Sook Pae, and KyungEun Lee. "Synchronization of single motor units during voluntary contractions in the upper and lower extremities." Clinical Neurophysiology 112, no. 7 (July 2001): 1243–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1388-2457(01)00549-1.

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48

Bergoglio, M., and A. Calcatelli. "The physical measurement of pressure in SI units and its extension to lower pressures." Vacuum 64, no. 2 (November 2001): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0042-207x(01)00385-2.

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49

Blair, Claudia. "Firing and contractile properties of human lower lip motor units during sustained isometric contractions." Experimental Neurology 99, no. 2 (February 1988): 269–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-4886(88)90147-1.

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50

K.-Seguin, Maurice. "Palaeomagnetism of some lithological units from the lower palaeozoic of the Vendée, France—Reply." Tectonophysics 118, no. 1-2 (September 1985): 88–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(85)90158-1.

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