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Journal articles on the topic 'Lower income countries'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Pratysto, Tangguh, and Ingrid Panjaitan. "Eradicating Income Inequality in Lower Middle-Income Countries." Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan: Kajian Masalah Ekonomi dan Pembangunan 20, no. 2 (January 9, 2020): 222–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/jep.v20i2.8517.

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Studying the distribution of income is an important issue to know what factors which affect to make income distribution more equitable, what factors can be the key to resolving the problem of income inequality, and shortening the distance between the poor and the rich. This paper studies the relationship between human capital, inflation rate, unemployment rate, physical capital, fiscal expenditure, gross domestic product growth, and urbanization on income inequality in 52 Lower Middle-Income Countries throughout 1990-2014. The authors estimate the impact of seven independent variables on income inequality as a dependent using Prais-Winsten with the robust model over period 1990-2014 at 52 Lower Middle-Income Countries. The results indicate an increase in human capital (gross school enrollment tertiary) can make the income distribution more even in the long run. The writers conclude that increases in human capital can reduce Gini coefficient and hence make income distribution fairer.

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Olayemi, Edeghonghon, Eugenia V. Asare, and Amma A. Benneh-Akwasi Kuma. "Guidelines in lower-middle income countries." British Journal of Haematology 177, no. 6 (March 14, 2017): 846–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bjh.14583.

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Jayasekera, Channa R., Michele Barry, Lewis R. Roberts, and Mindie H. Nguyen. "Treating Hepatitis C in Lower-Income Countries." New England Journal of Medicine 370, no. 20 (May 15, 2014): 1869–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmp1400160.

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Roberts, David J., Nichola Cooper, and Imelda Bates. "Haematology in Lower and Middle Income Countries." British Journal of Haematology 177, no. 6 (March 29, 2017): 833–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bjh.14639.

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5

Schertz, Lyle P. "Nutrition Realities in the Lower Income Countries." Nutrition Reviews 31, no. 7 (April 27, 2009): 201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.1973.tb05061.x.

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6

Urbatsch, R. "Do expert surveys underrate lower-income countries?" Research Policy 49, no. 8 (October 2020): 104058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2020.104058.

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Ochieng, B. O., D. Gibson, and E. K. Wangeci. "Contextualizing randomized trials in lower income countries." Annals of Global Health 82, no. 3 (August 20, 2016): 548. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aogh.2016.04.478.

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Gupta, Poonam, Thierry Tressel, and Enrica Detragiache. "Finance in Lower Income Countries: An Empirical Exploration." IMF Working Papers 05, no. 167 (2005): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451861860.001.

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9

Turner, Hugo C., Guy E. Thwaites, and Hannah E. Clapham. "Vaccine-preventable diseases in lower-middle-income countries." Lancet Infectious Diseases 18, no. 9 (September 2018): 937–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(18)30478-x.

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10

Makinen, M., M. Kaddar, V. Molldrem, and L. Wilson. "New vaccine adoption in lower-middle-income countries." Health Policy and Planning 27, suppl 2 (April 17, 2012): ii39—ii49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czs036.

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Okwen, Patrick M. "Evidence implementation in lower- and middle-income countries." JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports 15, no. 9 (September 2017): 2227–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.11124/jbisrir-2017-003559.

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12

Rubagumya, Fidel, Wilma M. Hopman, Bishal Gyawali, Deborah Mukherji, Nazik Hammad, C. S. Pramesh, Mykola Zubaryev, et al. "Participation of Lower and Upper Middle–Income Countries in Clinical Trials Led by High-Income Countries." JAMA Network Open 5, no. 8 (August 18, 2022): e2227252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.27252.

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ImportanceMany randomized clinical trials (RCTs) led by high-income countries (HICs) now enroll patients from lower middle–income countries (LMICs) and upper middle–income countries (UMICs). Although enrolling diverse populations promotes research collaborations, there are issues regarding which countries participate in RCTs and how this participation may contribute to global research.ObjectiveTo describe which UMICs and LMICs participate in RCTs led by HICs.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsA cross-sectional study of all oncology RCTs published globally during January 1, 2014, to December 31, 2017, was conducted. The study cohort was restricted to RCTs led by HICs that enrolled participants from LMICs and UMICs. Study analyses were conducted in November 1, 2021, to May 31, 2022.Main Outcomes and MeasuresA bibliometric approach (Web of Science 2007-2017) was used to explore whether RCT participation was proportional to other measures of cancer research activity. Participation in RCTs (ie, percentage of RCTs in the cohort in which each LMIC and UMIC participated) was compared with country-level cancer research bibliometric output (ie, percentage of total cancer research bibliometric output from the same group of countries that came from a specific LMIC and UMIC).ResultsAmong the 636 HIC-led RCTs, 186 trials (29%) enrolled patients in LMICs (n = 84 trials involving 11 LMICs) and/or UMICs (n = 181 trials involving 26 UMICs). The most common participating LMICs were India (42 [50%]), Ukraine (39 [46%]), Philippines (23 [27%]), and Egypt (12 [14%]). The most common participating UMICs were Russia (115 [64%]), Brazil (94 [52%]), Romania (62 [34%]), China (56 [31%]), Mexico (56 [31%]), and South Africa (54 [30%]). Several LMICs are overrepresented in the cohort of RCTs based on proportional cancer research bibliometric output: Ukraine (46% of RCTs but 2% of cancer research bibliometric output), Philippines (27% RCTs, 1% output), and Georgia (8% RCTs, 0.2% output). Overrepresented UMICs include Russia (64% RCTs, 2% output), Romania (34% RCTs, 2% output), Mexico (31% RCTs, 2% output), and South Africa (30% RCTs, 1% output).Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cross-sectional study, a substantial proportion of RCTs led by HICs enrolled patients in LMICs and UMICs. The LMICs and UMICs that participated in these trials did not match overall cancer bibliometric output as a surrogate for research ecosystem maturity. Reasons for this apparent discordance and how these data may inform future capacity-strengthening activities require further study.

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Vande Maele, Nathalie, Ke Xu, Agnes Soucat, Lisa Fleisher, Maria Aranguren, and Hong Wang. "Measuring primary healthcare expenditure in low-income and lower middle-income countries." BMJ Global Health 4, no. 1 (February 21, 2019): e001497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001497.

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Primary healthcare (PHC) is considered as the pathway to Universal Health Coverage (UHC) and to achieving sustainable development goals. Measuring PHC expenditure is a critical first step to understanding why some countries improve access to health services, provide financial risk protection and achieve UHC. In this paper, we tested and examined different measurement options using the System of Health Accounts (SHA) 2011 for systematic monitoring of PHC expenditure. We used the ‘first-contact’ approach to PHC and applied it to the healthcare function or healthcare provider classifications of SHA 2011. Data comes from 36 recent low-income and middle-income countries health accounts 2011–2016. Country spending on PHC varies largely, across countries and across definition options. For example, PHC expenditure ranges from US$15 to US$60 per capita. The sensitivity analysis highlighted the weight of including or excluding medical goods. The correlation analysis comparing countries ranking is strong between options. The study identified the major challenges in developing standard monitoring of PHC expenditure. One, there is a lack of clear operational definition for PHC, suggesting that a global standard definition would not replace the need for country context specific definition. Two, there is insufficient data granularity both because the standard framework does not offer it and because quality data breakdown is unavailable.

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Larkin, Howard D. "Preventing COVID-19, Saving Lives in Lower-Income Countries." JAMA 328, no. 7 (August 16, 2022): 611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2022.13667.

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Froelich, Warren. "Pediatric Cancer in Lower-Income Countries During COVID-19." Oncology Times 44, no. 11 (June 5, 2022): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.cot.0000834240.38855.57.

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Scott, Christiaan, Sujata Sawhney, and Laura B. Lewandowski. "Pediatric Rheumatic Disease in Lower to Middle-Income Countries." Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America 48, no. 1 (February 2022): 199–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rdc.2021.09.001.

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Porter, Peggy. "“Westernizing” Women's Risks? Breast Cancer in Lower-Income Countries." New England Journal of Medicine 358, no. 3 (January 17, 2008): 213–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmp0708307.

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18

Torrey, E. Fuller, and Barbara Boyle Torrey. "The US Distribution of Physicians from Lower Income Countries." PLoS ONE 7, no. 3 (March 21, 2012): e33076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0033076.

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19

Nortje, Gareth, and Soraya Seedat. "Recruiting medical students into psychiatry in lower income countries." International Review of Psychiatry 25, no. 4 (August 2013): 385–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/09540261.2013.813838.

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20

Kredo, Tamara, Nathan Ford, Folasade B. Adeniyi, and Paul Garner. "Decentralising HIV treatment in lower- and middle-income countries." Sao Paulo Medical Journal 132, no. 6 (December 2014): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1516-3180.20141326t2.

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21

Dunne, Christine E., Peter J. Atkins, Michael J. Blakemore, and Janet G. Townsend. "Teaching Geographical Information Handling Skills for Lower-income Countries." Transactions in GIS 3, no. 4 (October 1999): 319–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9671.00025.

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22

Sattar, Rashid, and Rana Ejaz Ali Khan. "Troika of Trade Openness, Poverty and Income Inequality: Empirical Evidence from Lower and Middle Income Countries." Review of Economics and Development Studies 7, no. 2 (June 20, 2021): 243–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.47067/reads.v7i2.355.

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The current study investigates the relationship among trade openness, poverty and income inequality in the developing economies classified as lower and middle income countries. Kao and Fisher cointegration tests are employed to see the long-run equilibrium relationship among the variables. Panel cointegration regression is employed to calculate the magnitude of variables through FMOLS and DOLS techniques. The results demonstrate that interaction of these three variables differ for income groups of countries, however, trade openness and poverty increase income inequality in both groups. Similarly, income inequality decreases trade openness in both lower income and middle income groups of the economies. Trade openness increases poverty in lower income countries only. Poverty increases income inequality in lower income countries but in middle income countries it decreases trade openness. In the control variables the financial development has shown encouraging effect on trade openness in lower and middle income countries. GDP growth has shown positive impact on income inequality in lower income countries but negative impact in middle income countries. As trade openness has discoursing effect so the economies should carefully deal with the implications through proper policy framework.

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23

Hartisa, Novilia, and Dewi Zaini Putri. "Analisis Kausalitas Ketimpangan Pendapatan, Korupsi dan Kemiskinan di Negara Lower Middel Income Asean." Jurnal Kajian Ekonomi dan Pembangunan 3, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/jkep.v3i1.13514.

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This study is to see whether there is a causal relationship between income inequality, corruption and poverty in ASEAN countries. This study uses a panel of data in five lower middle income countries in ASEAN from 2010-2018, using the Vector Auto Regression (PVAR) processing method. From the results of the investigation that: (1) There is a causality relationship between income inequality and corruption in the five lower middle income countries in ASEAN, (2) There is no causality relationship between income inequality and poverty in the five lower middle income countries in ASEAN, but only there is a one-way relationship of income and corruption in five lower middle income countries in ASEAN, (3) There is no causal relationship between corruption and poverty either one way or reciprocally in five lower middle income countries in ASEAN.S

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Shah, Rajendra Kumar. "LCT in Developing, Lower and Middle Income and Developed Countries." Shanlax International Journal of Education 9, no. 3 (June 1, 2021): 110–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/education.v9i3.3784.

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LCT has been a recurrent theme in many national educational policies in the global South and has had wide donor support through aid programs and smaller projects and localized innovations. However, the history of the implementation of LCT in different contexts is riddled with stories of failures, grand and small. This article provides an overview of the four major topics-context of LCT, LCT in lower and middle-income countries, LCT in the developing and LCT in the developed countries. The major aim of the article is to explore the status of LCT in underdeveloped, to develop and developed countries. For this purpose, I searched scholarly and online databases(Google Scholar, JStor, Proquest) that focus on LCT and related policies, trends, and issues in various countries. I used search terms associated with the various LCT topics in lower and middleincome countries, LCT in developing countries, and LCT in the developed countries. LCT is a traveling policy that has been endorsed by international agencies, national governments, and local innovators. As a globally traveling policy and practice, prescriptions and innovations regarding LCT are often found in contexts where it is culturally new and where the realities of educational governance and resources for schools have not historically accommodated it. Though there are several successful LCT projects, these are too few compared to the magnitude of the failures of the approach in developing countries. In a number of these countries, attempts at transforming traditional classrooms into LCT classrooms have failed. In a recent analysis of the research on LCT implementation, it was evident that the history of the implementation of LCT in different contexts is riddled with stories of failures, grand and small. Across a wide range of developing country contexts, the reports of tissue rejection as teachers and learners struggle to make the paradigm shift far outnumbered the stories of successful transitions from the pedagogies in place towards LCT.

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Lyeonov, S. V., T. A. Vasylieva, and O. V. Lyulyov. "Macroeconomic stability evaluation in countries of lower-middle income economies." Scientific Bulletin of National Mining University 1 (2018): 138–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.29202/nvngu/2018-1/4.

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26

Kisigo, Godfrey A., and Robert N. Peck. "Should lower income countries use higher blood pressure treatment targets?" Lancet Healthy Longevity 2, no. 2 (February 2021): e56-e57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2666-7568(20)30071-4.

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Santidrián Tomillo, Pilar, Eugenia Zandonà, Juan Pablo Iñamagua, and Ana Payo‐Payo. "Open Access perpetuates differences between higher‐ and lower‐income countries." Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 20, no. 6 (August 2022): 343–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fee.2538.

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Bhalotra, Sonia R., Alberto Diaz-Cayeros, Grant Miller, Alfonso Miranda, and Atheendar S. Venkataramani. "Urban Water Disinfection and Mortality Decline in Lower-Income Countries." American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 13, no. 4 (November 1, 2021): 490–520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.20180764.

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Historically, improvements in municipal water quality led to substantial mortality decline in today’s wealthy countries. However, water disinfection has not consistently produced large benefits in lower-income countries. We study this issue by analyzing a large-scale municipal water disinfection program in Mexico that increased water chlorination coverage in urban areas from 58 percent to over 90 percent within 18 months. We estimate that the program reduced childhood diarrheal disease mortality rates by 45 to 67 percent. However, inadequate sanitation infrastructure and age (degradation) of water pipes may have attenuated these benefits substantially. (JEL I12, I18, L95, O13, O18, Q25, Q53)

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Kaló, Zoltán, Lieven Annemans, and Louis P. Garrison. "Differential pricing of new pharmaceuticals in lower income European countries." Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research 13, no. 6 (December 2013): 735–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/14737167.2013.847367.

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Siagian, Ria Christine, and Jorge Emilio Osorio. "Novel approaches to vaccine development in lower-middle income countries." International Journal of Health Governance 23, no. 4 (December 3, 2018): 288–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhg-03-2018-0011.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to identify, analyze and describe the novel approaches that affect vaccine development in lower-middle income countries (LMICs).Design/methodology/approachThe vaccine market in LMICs currently focuses on traditional Expanded Program for Immunization vaccines instead of new ones. Unlike the successful introduction of those traditional vaccines, the introduction of new vaccines appears to be very slow, mainly due to financial issues. This paper systematically reviews a set of published papers on vaccine development and analyzes them against a specific region-setting framework.FindingsPublic–private partnership alone could not ensure long-term vaccine sustainability. Several factors that encourage domestic vaccine development were identified. The findings demonstrate that the regulatory approach of hybrid collaboration and market opportunity strategies can be a major breakthrough for domestic vaccine development in LMICs.Research limitations/implicationsFurther research is required to include qualitative and quantitative methods for policy analysis, as all of the discussion in this research focused on literature reviews. The authors did not discuss how strategic decisions are affected from a political perspective and this needs to be specified in future research. Think tanks, considerably and fundamentally, affect policy ideas and decisions. However, important breakthroughs continue to be made at the same time.Social implicationsThe development of vaccines in LMICs is expected to be a mechanism to overcome the inadequate access to vaccines in those countries, as solving this problem requires tackling issues from both the supply and demand sides.Originality/valueThis is a literature review that creates recommendation and approaches for domestic vaccine development in LMICs. This review aims to encourage LMICs to produce their own vaccines for sustainability of the vaccine access through vaccine development lifecycle, instead of expecting donor that provides funding and vaccines (vaccine access) in certain period of time. Donor is not always the solution for the problem, since vaccine development requires finance to function infrastructure. There are many efforts in revoking this, including World Health Organization through several reports; however, this effort still has many doubts. Therefore, the article would like to try to see this as a viable solution from the policy perspectives, with several examples to make recommendations more practical.

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Suryanto, Virginia Plummer, and Malcolm Boyle. "EMS Systems in Lower-Middle Income Countries: A Literature Review." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 32, no. 1 (December 12, 2016): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x1600114x.

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AbstractIntroductionPrehospital care is one of the many issues that require addressing by lower-middle income countries (LMICs) where approximately 90% of global injuries occur. This may arise from more traffic in LMICs, poor road conditions, lack of public awareness of the importance of road safety, and the lack of ability to provide first aid to the victims. However, prehospital care in LMICs remains underdeveloped.ProblemThere is insufficient evidence regarding the development of prehospital care among LMICs. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the status of Emergency Medical Services (EMS) systems in these countries.MethodsA review of medical-related electronic databases was designed to identify the development of EMS systems in LMICs. A search of the literature was undertaken using three electronic databases, CINAHL, Ovid Medline, and EMBASE via Ovid, from their commencement date until the end of July 2015. The grey literature was searched using Google Scholar. Articles were included if they reported on the establishment and current status of an EMS system and were excluded if they were letters to the editor, articles focusing on disaster management, a combination of more than one country if the other country was not a LMIC, written in a language other than English or Bahasa Indonesia, and/or focusing only on in-hospital care.ResultsThere were 337 articles identified in CINAHL, 731 in Ovid Medline, 891 in EMBASE via Ovid, and 41 in Google Scholar. Based on the title and abstract, 31 articles from CINAHL, 40 from Ovid Medline, 43 from EMBASE, and 11 from Google Scholar were retrieved for further review. There were 92 articles that met the inclusion criteria with 35 articles removed, as they were duplicated, leaving 57 articles to be reviewed. From those 48 countries categorized as LMICs, there were 16 (33.3%) countries that had information about an EMS system, including injury types, patient demographic, prehospital transport, and the obstacles in implementing the prehospital care system.ConclusionThe implementation and development of an EMS system is varied among LMICs. Many LMICs lack an organized EMS system with most ambulances used purely for transport and not as an emergency care vehicle. Financial issues are the most common problems faced by LMICs with support from developed countries a necessity.Suryanto,PlummerV,BoyleM.EMS systems in lower-middle income countries: a literature review.Prehosp Disaster Med.2017;32(1):64–70.

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Maza, Mauricio, and Julia C. Gage. "Considerations for HPV primary screening in lower-middle income countries." Preventive Medicine 98 (May 2017): 39–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.12.029.

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Brison, Mike, and Yann LeTallec. "Transforming cold chain performance and management in lower-income countries." Vaccine 35, no. 17 (April 2017): 2107–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.11.067.

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Courtright, P., A. K. Hutchinson, and S. Lewallen. "Visual impairment in children in middle- and lower-income countries." Archives of Disease in Childhood 96, no. 12 (August 24, 2011): 1129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2011-300093.

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35

Otto, Friederike E. L., Luke Harrington, Katharina Schmitt, Sjoukje Philip, Sarah Kew, Geert Jan van Oldenborgh, Roop Singh, Joyce Kimutai, and Piotr Wolski. "Challenges to Understanding Extreme Weather Changes in Lower Income Countries." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 101, no. 10 (October 1, 2020): E1851—E1860. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-19-0317.1.

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AbstractThe science of event attribution has emerged to routinely answer the question whether and to what extent human-induced climate change altered the likelihood and intensity of recently observed extreme weather events. In Europe a pilot program to operationalize the method started in November 2019, highlighting the demand for timely information on the role of climate change when it is needed most: in the direct aftermath of an extreme event. Independent of whether studies are provided operationally or as academic studies, the necessity of good observational data and well-verified climate models imply most attributions are currently made for highly developed countries only. Current attribution assessments therefore provide very little information about those events and regions where the largest damages and socio-economic losses are incurred. Arguably, these larger damages signify a much greater need for information on how the likelihood and intensity of such high-impact events have been changing and are likely to change in a warmer world. In short, why do we not focus event attribution research efforts on the whole world, and particularly events in the developing world? The reasons are not just societal and political but also scientific. We simply cannot attribute these events in the same probabilistic framework employed in most studies today. We outline six focus areas to lessen these barriers, but we will not overcome them in the near future.

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Kabir, M. Adnan, and Ashraf Ahmed. "An empirical approach to understanding the lower-middle and upper-middle income traps." International Journal of Development Issues 18, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 171–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdi-09-2018-0138.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the factors that are significant in contributing to the per capita income growth of countries that are experiencing or have experienced the lower-middle and upper-middle income traps. Design/methodology/approach The study comprises 85 countries over the period 1960 to 2017 spanning across three income groups: lower-middle, upper-middle and high. A panel data structure was used to run a fixed effect and random effect estimation on three models of income groups. The Hausman specification test, which was used for further statistical fitness, confirmed the appropriateness of fixed effect over the random in explaining the estimation of factor variables. Findings The results show that unemployment is a pervasive problem that negatively affect countries at all income levels. Foreign direct investment and population of dependents are associated with economic progression of countries that have experienced or are experiencing the lower-middle income trap. Furthermore, rising income inequality and foreign aid assistance are detrimental to countries that have experienced or are experiencing the upper-middle income trap. Moreover, income inequality, disproportionate urban population and rising dependent population are damaging for high income countries that never experienced any of the middle-income traps. Conversely, openness to trade, inflation and exchange rate volatility had limited capacity in explaining growth dynamics. Research limitations/implications This study could not incorporate geopolitical, demographic, geographical and other such exogenous factors, which could have episodes of influences on the economic development of countries. These were outside the study's realm of quantitative analysis. Originality/value This paper contributes to existing literature by providing an empirical cross-sectional comparative analysis of countries belonging to different income groups. The prevailing literature lacks such a cross-tabulated presentation of factors affecting countries that avoided the middle income trap and those that could not.

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Abdu, Mohammed, Amie Wilson, Chisale Mhango, Fatima Taki, Arri Coomarasamy, and David Lissauer. "Resource availability for the management of maternal sepsis in Malawi, other low-income countries, and lower-middle-income countries." International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 140, no. 2 (November 8, 2017): 175–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.12350.

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38

Listiono, Listiono. "The relationship between transport, economic growth and environmental degradation for ninety countries." Sustinere: Journal of Environment and Sustainability 2, no. 1 (May 8, 2018): 11–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.22515/sustinere.jes.v2i1.28.

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This paper investigates the relationship between freight transport, economic growth and environmental degradation (CO2 emissions) experienced by ninety countries over the period 1980-2014. The estimation is divided into the global panel, high-income countries, upper-middle income countries, lower-middle income countries, and lower-income countries. This paper employed simultaneous equation Model and was estimated by Three-Stage Least Squares (3SLS). The results discovered the existence of bi-directional causality relationship between economic growth and freight transport in the high-income countries and lower-income countries. The result also indicated the bi-directional causality relationship between the transportation and CO2 emissions in the panel upper-middle-income countries. Lastly, the finding indicated the bi-directional causality between economic growth and CO2 emissions in lower-middle income countries.

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Irfan, Aulia, and Hasdi Aimon. "Pertumbuhan Ekonomi, Korupsi dan Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): Studi pada Lower Middle Income Countries ASEAN." Ecosains: Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi dan Pembangunan 9, no. 1 (May 4, 2020): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/ecosains.11549657.00.

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This study intends to look at the causality relationship between economic growth, corruption and foreign direct investment (FDI) in lower middle income countries in ASEAN. This study uses panel data starting from 2009-2018, which consists of 6 countries in ASEAN using the Vector Auto Regression (VPAR) processing method. The results of this study show that: (1) No causal relationship was found between economic growth and corruption in lower middle income countries in ASEAN, but only had a one-way relationship of economic growth against corruption in lower middle income countries in ASEAN, (2) No found a causal relationship between economic growth and foreign direct investment (FDI) in lower middle income countries in ASEAN, both one way and reciprocity, (3) No causal relationship was found between corruption and foreign direct investment (FDI) in lower middle income countries in ASEAN, but has a one-way relationship from corruption to foreign direct investment (FDI) in lower middle income countries in ASEAN

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Patterson, Jacquelyn K., Stuti Pant, Denise F. Jones, Syed Taha, Michael S. Jones, Melissa S. Bauserman, Paolo Montaldo, Carl L. Bose, and Sudhin Thayyil. "Informed consent rates for neonatal randomized controlled trials in low- and lower middle-income versus high-income countries: A systematic review." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 9, 2021): e0248263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248263.

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Objective Legal, ethical, and regulatory requirements of medical research uniformly call for informed consent. We aimed to characterize and compare consent rates for neonatal randomized controlled trials in low- and lower middle-income countries versus high-income countries, and to evaluate the influence of study characteristics on consent rates. Methods In this systematic review, we searched MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane for randomized controlled trials of neonatal interventions in low- and lower middle-income countries or high-income countries published 01/01/2013 to 01/04/2018. Our primary outcome was consent rate, the proportion of eligible participants who consented amongst those approached, extracted from the article or email with the author. Using a generalised linear model for fractional dependent variables, we analysed the odds of consenting in low- and lower middle-income countries versus high-income countries across control types and interventions. Findings We screened 3523 articles, yielding 300 eligible randomized controlled trials with consent rates available for 135 low- and lower middle-income country trials and 65 high-income country trials. Median consent rates were higher for low- and lower middle-income countries (95.6%; interquartile range (IQR) 88.2–98.9) than high-income countries (82.7%; IQR 68.6–93.0; p<0.001). In adjusted regression analysis comparing low- and lower middle-income countries to high-income countries, the odds of consent for no placebo-drug/nutrition trials was 3.67 (95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.87–7.19; p = 0.0002) and 6.40 (95%CI 3.32–12.34; p<0.0001) for placebo-drug/nutrition trials. Conclusion Neonatal randomized controlled trials in low- and lower middle-income countries report consistently higher consent rates compared to high-income country trials. Our study is limited by the overrepresentation of India among randomized controlled trials in low- and lower middle-income countries. This study raises serious concerns about the adequacy of protections for highly vulnerable populations recruited to clinical trials in low- and lower middle-income countries.

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Jameel, Bismah, Aeda Bhagaloo, Khadija Rashid, and Umair Majid. "Conceptualizing "access" of maternal health services in lower-middle-income countries." Health Science Inquiry 11, no. 1 (August 10, 2020): 108–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/hsi286.

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A considerable number of women die each year worldwide due to preventable causes during pregnancy and childbirth. The high mortality of women who die from pregnancy-related issues can be attributed to inadequate access of high-quality maternal health services. However, access is a nebulous concept with a compendium of conceptualizations and definitions. In this paper, we discuss the various conceptualizations of access to maternal health services in lower middle-income countries, and compare how issues related to access differ between high- and lower middle-income countries. This discussion informs two priorities that we suggest for researchers conducting health system improvement work in lower middle-income countries: 1) develop a robust understanding of the barriers to access that continue to persist due to cultural, socioeconomic, and political factors, and 2) formulate frameworks and theories specific to lower middle-income countries to guide research.

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Stossberg, Sibylle, and Hansjörg Blöchliger. "Fiscal Decentralisation and Income Inequality: Empirical Evidence from OECD Countries." Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik 237, no. 3 (September 26, 2017): 225–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbnst-2017-1108.

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Abstract Fiscal decentralisation might be partially responsible for rising income inequality by exacerbating competition between sub-national governments and compromising national government’s ability to redistribute. This paper investigates the relationship between fiscal decentralisation and economy-wide disposable income inequality. Drawing on a dataset of up to 20 OECD countries and covering the period 1996 to 2011, the analysis links a set of income inequality indicators and a wide array of fiscal decentralisation indicators. Results indicate that decentralisation might actually reduce income inequality, as measured by the Gini coefficient, but the effect is rather small and unstable across specifications. Fine-graining the analysis by using income percentile ratios, in turn, produces more significant and stable results. As such, the effects of fiscal decentralisation are not the same along the income distribution. While decentralisation tends to be associated with a reduction in income inequality between high incomes and the median, it is linked to a divergence of low income groups from the median, notably via sub-central tax autonomy. Transfers between levels of government also tend to be associated with an increase in the gap between lower and middle incomes. Interpreting these effects jointly, it seems that mainly middle income earners benefit from fiscal decentralisation.

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Zessner, Matthias, Christoph Lampert, H. Kroiss, and S. Lindtner. "Cost comparison of wastewater treatment in Danubian countries." Water Science and Technology 62, no. 2 (July 1, 2010): 223–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.271.

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This paper investigates the costs of wastewater treatment (including sludge management) within the Danube catchment countries A, CZ, SK, HU, SL, RO, BG and UA. TK is considered as well. Additionally, the paper compares the total costs of wastewater management (including sewerage) with the incomes in the different countries. The annual costs of wastewater treatment in Austria are about 30 €/p.e. y for large plants with nitrogen and phosphorus removal. In low income countries of the Danube and Black Sea catchment areas they are at a maximum 30% lower than in Austria. However, the incomes in countries like Bulgaria, Romania or Ukraine are 85% to 90% lower. The total annual costs for wastewater management (sewer development plus treatment) amount at least to 90€/p.e. y. Considering the level of income in those countries, financing of wastewater management completely by charges of the population equivalents connected is not feasible. Therefore other approaches for financing wastewater treatment are required.

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Edeme, Richardson Kojo, Chigozie Nelson Nkalu, and Evelyn Nwamaka Ogbeide Osaretin. "Analysing poverty-growth-inequality linkage in lower and lower-middle income countries in Africa." International Journal of Sustainable Development 24, no. 1 (2021): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijsd.2021.10038119.

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Edeme, Richardson Kojo, Evelyn Nwamaka Ogbeide Osaretin, and Chigozie Nelson Nkalu. "Analysing poverty-growth-inequality linkage in lower and lower-middle income countries in Africa." International Journal of Sustainable Development 24, no. 1 (2021): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijsd.2021.115232.

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Lechman, Ewa, and Magdalena Popowska. "Harnessing digital technologies for poverty reduction. Evidence for low-income and lower-middle income countries." Telecommunications Policy 46, no. 6 (July 2022): 102313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2022.102313.

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Scanlon, Andrew, Maria Murphy, Janice Smolowitz, and Virginia Lewis. "National Nursing Association and Regulatory Authority Websites of Low-Income and Lower-Middle–Income Countries." Journal of Nursing Regulation 11, no. 1 (April 2020): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2155-8256(20)30061-2.

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Lopez, Marisol J., Bernadette Anne-Marie O'Hare, Eilish Hannah, and Stephen Hall. "An analysis of tax abuse, debt, and climate change risk in low-income and lower-middle-income countries." BMJ Paediatrics Open 6, no. 1 (July 2022): e001518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2022-001518.

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IntroductionClimate change is exacerbating a pre-existing child rights crisis. Lower- (low- and lower-middle-) income countries have borne 99% of the disease burden from the crisis, of which children under five carry 90%. In response, much of the recent global policy efforts focus on climate action. However, unsustainable levels of debt and tax abuses are draining countries of crucial revenue to handle the crisis. Like the climate crisis, these are primarily facilitated by entities domiciled within higher- (upper-middle- and high-) income countries. This paper aims to review these revenue leaks in countries where children are at the greatest risk of climate change to identify opportunities to increase climate change resilience.MethodsWe compiled data on tax abuse, debt service and climate risk for all lower-income countries with available data to highlight the need for intervention at the global level. We used the Climate Change Risk Index (CCRI), developed by UNICEF. Additionally, we used figures for tax abuse and debt service as a percentage of government revenue.ResultsWe present data on 62 lower-income countries with data on revenue losses, of which 55 have CCRI data. Forty-two of these 62 countries (67.7%) are at high risk of lost government revenues. Forty-one (74.5%) of the 55 countries with CCRI data are at high risk of climate change. Thirty-one countries with data on both (56.4%) are at high risk of both climate change and revenue losses. Most countries at high risk of both are located in sub-Saharan Africa. This shows that countries most in need of resources lose money to arguably preventable leaks in government revenue.DiscussionHigher-income countries and global actors can adopt policies and practices to ensure that they do not contribute to human rights abuses in other countries. Highlighting the impact of a failing global economic model on children’s economic and social rights and one which increases their vulnerability to the climate emergency could help drive the transition towards a model that prioritises human rights and the environment on which we all depend.

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Tsouli, Driss. "Financial Inclusion, Poverty, and Income Inequality: Evidence from High, Middle, and Low-income Countries." Scientific Annals of Economics and Business 69, no. 1 (March 11, 2022): 69–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.47743/saeb-2022-0005.

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The past two decades have witnessed a high national importance to financial inclusion around the world. This paper intends to explore the impact of financial inclusion on poverty reduction and income inequality in the world, high, middle, and low-income countries. For this purpose, a new composite financial inclusion was constructed with three dimensions for finding various macroeconomic variables affecting the level of financial inclusion for 122 economies, including 32 from high-income, 38 from upper middle income, 38 from lower middle income, and 14 from low-income countries. Then the impact of financial inclusion, on poverty and income inequality, for the world and then for high, middle, and low-income countries was investigated. The estimates reveal that rule of law significantly affects financial inclusion for the world, high, middle, and low-income countries. But age dependency ratio influences the financial inclusion only for our full sample. However, population density significantly decreases financial inclusion just in the full sample and Upper middle-income countries. Education completion impacts significantly financial inclusion just in upper middle income. While literacy has a higher impact on financial inclusion in high-income countries. The findings also indicate that financial inclusion is significantly correlated with lower poverty for the full sample. The link between financial inclusion and income inequality has been found for high-income countries and lower-middle-income countries.

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Cassidy, Omni, Hye Won Shin, Edmund Song, Everett Jiang, Ravindra Harri, Catherine Cano, Rajesh Vedanthan, Gbenga Ogedegbe, and Marie Bragg. "Comparing McDonald’s food marketing practices on official Instagram accounts across 15 countries." BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health 4, no. 2 (December 2021): 510–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000229.

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BackgroundSocial media advertising by fast food companies continues to increase globally, and exposure to food advertising contributes to poor diet and negative health outcomes (eg, cardiovascular disease). McDonald’s—the largest fast food company in the world—operates in 101 countries, but little is known about their marketing techniques in various regions. The objective of this study was to compare the social media advertising practices of McDonald’s—the largest fast food company in the world—in 15 high-income, upper-middle-income and lower-middle-income countries.MethodsWe randomly selected official McDonald’s Instagram accounts for 15 high-income, upper-middle-income and lower-middle-income countries. We captured all the screenshots that McDonald’s posted on those Instagram accounts from September to December 2019. We quantified the number of followers, ‘likes’, ‘comments’ and video views associated with each account in April 2020. We used content analysis to examine differences in the marketing techniques.ResultsThe 15 accounts collectively maintained 10 million followers and generated 3.9 million ‘likes’, 164 816 comments and 38.2 million video views. We identified 849 posts. The three lower-middle-income countries had more posts (n=324; M, SD=108.0, 38.2 posts) than the five upper-middle-income countries (n=227; M, SD=45.4, 37.5 posts) and seven high-income countries (n=298; M, SD=42.6, 28.2 posts). Approximately 12% of the posts in high-income countries included child-targeted themes compared with 22% in lower-middle-income countries. Fourteen per cent of the posts in high-income countries included price promotions and free giveaways compared with 40% in lower-middle-income countries.ConclusionsSocial media advertising has enabled McDonald’s to reach millions of consumers in lower-middle-income and upper-middle-income countries with disproportionately greater child-targeted ads and price promotions in lower-middle-income countries. Such reach is concerning because of the increased risk of diet-related illnesses, including cardiovascular disease, in these regions.

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