Academic literature on the topic 'LOWER BALASON BASIN'

Recent collecting of the classic Middle Anisian fossil site of the Akol Hill at Barnag (Nagyvázsony Plateau, Balaton Highland) yielded a plenty of new palaeontological data.The Middle Anisian platform carbonate succession (Tagyon Formation) is overlain by 1-2 metres thick reddish, nodular, crinoidal limestone (Vászoly Formation) that contains a very rich fossil assemblage with ammonoids, nautiloids and brachiopods. Some vertebrate fossils were also found. Besides fish teeth, remains of marine reptiles are also present in the fauna. Four vertebrae, a piece of a rib, as well as a tooth crown fragment have also been found.Based on the geological buildup and the new biostratigraphic data the active stage of the Barnag Platform was much shorter than that of the other two Middle Anisian platforms of the Balaton Highland (Tagyon Platform, Kádárta Platform). The ammonoid fauna of the lowermost thin limestone bed above the Tagyon Formation contains elements reworked from the Balatonicus Zone. The overlying some beds contain a very rich lower Illyrian ammonoid fauna which is more diverse than the equivalent faunas of the Tagyon Platform and the Kádárta Platform. The ammonites of the Balatonicus Zone in the basal part of the Vászoly Formation prove that the drowning of the Barnag Platform occured even during the Pelsonian, earlier than in the case of the Tagyon and the Kádárta Platforms where the oldest basin sediments are mid-Illyrian (Camunum Subzone of the Trinodosus Zone) above the drowning surface.The Akol Hill locality also provided the first known occurrence of ichthyosaurs like Cymbospondylus, predators that probably dwelled mostly open marine environments but also might have been well adapted for hunting in shallow environments like submarine highs.

Two new apomictic species of bramble occurring in Hungary and adjacent regions, Rubus gayeri and R. slavonicus, section Rubus, subsection Hiemales E. H. L. Krause, series Micantes Sudre, are described. Diagnostic features, pen drawings and photographs of both new species are presented; moreover, distribution maps, list of revised specimens and habitat characteristics are included as well. R. gayeri is a regional bramble species occurring on the eastern foothills of the Alps (W Hungary, SE Austria and N Slovenia); its range is of approximately 120 km diameter. Originally, it was connected with acidophilous oak-hornbeam and beech forests and forest fringes, expanding later (due to anthropogenic influences) to secondary coniferous woods of base-poor soils. R. slavonicus has a specific long-drawn range from the northwestern Balkans (Bosnia & Herzegovina) to the centre of the Pannonian Basin (Hungary) of approximately 250 km diameter. Throughout its range it typically occurs in pedunculate oak-hornbeam forests of lower altitudes with several sub-Mediterranean elements. In the northernmost isolated part of the range (N of Lake Balaton) it is found in extrazonal beech forests on basalt bedrock.

Мета статті - встановлення межі мінливості основних параметрів врожайності та якості зерна 14 сортів пшениці м’якої озимої в умовах Півночі Степу України. Методика дослідження. Визначення в польових умовах врожайності та параметрів її структури, лабораторний аналіз відсоткового вмісту вологи, білка та клейковини. Результати дослідження. Одержано дані щодо двох можливостей у формуванні високого врожаю в наших умовах – за рахунок вищої продуктивної кущистості, або за рахунок підвищення зернової продуктивності головного колосу. При першому механізмі також отримано зерно високої якості (достатній вміст білку та клейковини). За врожайністю тa якістю зерна в комплексі виділені сорти Каланча та Золото України, за врожайністю сорт Нива Одеська, за вмістом білку та клейковини сорти Вінок Поділля, Полянка, Зелений Гай (з котрих останні два не поступалися стандарту за продуктивністю), за вмістом клейковини сорт Балатон. Елементи наукової новизни. Набули подальшого розвитку спроби щодо можливостей формування основних агрономічно-цінних ознак. Виявлено нові цінні донори цих ознак для селекційних досліджень. Практична значущість. Встановлені шляхи формування врожайності та її характерні ознаки, якість генотипів пшениці озимої м’якої. The purpose of the article was to identify the variability limits of the main yield and grain quality parameters of 14 soft winter wheat varieties under the conditions of the Northern Steppe of Ukraine. Methods of research are defining yield and parameters of its structure, laboratory analysis of moisture, protein and gluten percentage content in field conditions. The research results. Data about two possibilities of high grain yield formation under our conditions at the expense of higher productive tillering capacity or higher grain productivity of the main spike have been obtained. During the first process grain of high quality (sufficient content of protein and gluten) has been received too. As to the yield and grain quality in complex, the varieties Kalancha and Zoloto Ukrainy, as to the yield, the variety Nyva Odeska, as to the content of protein and gluten the varieties Vinok Podillia, Polianka, Zelenyi Hai (from which the latter two were not inferior concerning the standard by grain productivity), as to the gluten content the variety Balaton have been selected. The elements of scientific novelty. Further development of the idea about the possibilities of forming basic agronomic-valuable signs has been discovered. New valuable donors of these signs for breeding research have been revealed. Practical value. The ways of yield formation and its key characteristics, and also the quality of soft winter wheat genotypes have been established. Key words: winter wheat, yield, variety, grain quality. Statement of the problem. The analysis of separate genotypes, as well as procedures of selecting promising genotypes, are becoming more and more localized and require more careful and deep investigation under the specific conditions of a particular region. First of all, it refers to such signs as quality, the presence of certain nutritionally valuable components, genetically stipulated resistance to diseases and pests to eliminate the pesticide loading. More and more attention is being paid not to increasing grain yield as such, but to reducing the cost of cultivation technology due to variety properties, reducing the anthropogenic loading, obtaining more valuable products. Considering the possibility of raising these parameters, it can even lead to reducing the yields (but not quality). The purpose of the research was to establish the limits of main yield and grain quality parameters’ variability of 14 soft winter wheat varieties under the conditions of the Northern Steppe of Ukraine and demonstrate higher adaptive genotypes by individual signs and in the complex of economically-valuable signs. The research task was to analyze yields and their structure of 14 soft winter wheat varieties, as compared with the standard, investigate quality parameters, establish the variability limits of these signs, identify better samples according to separate properties and the complex of such properties under the regional conditions. Materials and methods of research. Experiments were carried out on the experimental fields of Dnipro State Agrarian and Economic University. 14 winter wheat varieties have been analyzed. Podolianka was used as the standard variety. The evaluation of the total grain yield per area was calculated from 2016 to 2018. The testing of winter wheat varieties was set up in three replications and on the area of 1.5 m2. Data on yield structure components were taken from 0.25 randomly selected plots of each variety. Protein, gluten and water content of the samples were measured by Near-infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (Spektran-IT). Triplicate data of each sample were averaged. Mathematical processing of the results was conducted by the method of variance analysis, student's t-test, and cluster analyses. The research results. By the parameter of the number of productive stems per m2 such varieties as Vinok Podillia and Zoloto Ukrainy exceeded the standard, as to the number of grains on the main spike it was Balaton, that exeeded. The weight of grain on the main spike in Talisman, Pochaina, Zelenyi Hai varieties was higher, the weight of grain per m2 in Kalancha and Zoloto Ukrainy varieties exceeded the standard. The yield was higher regarding higher tillering capacity, rather than the increase in the productivity of the main spike for the varieties Zoloto Ukrainy and Kalancha, but for Nyva Odeska variety, usually, the reverse mechanism of yield formation is characteristic not at the expense of a greater number of productive spikes, but because of higher grain productivity of the main spike. High yield is characteristic for such varieties as Kalancha, Zoloto Ukrainy, Nyva Odeska (this index is higher than the standard). Concerning the percentage of grain in the total yield, many varieties have been identified, which indicates their predominantly intensive nature. As a result of cluster analysis, the varieties were divided into three groups. The first group included the varieties that constantly have higher yields than the standard (Kalancha, Zoloto Ukrainy, Nyva Odeska). The second group included the varieties with yields at the level of Podolianka standard (Balaton, Borovytsia, Talisman, Polianka, Pochaina, Zelenyi Hai). The third group included the varieties Vinok Podillia, Zdoba Kyivska, Nasnaha, Vykhovanka Odeska, Nastia, which showed significantly lower yields during all the years. By the parameter of protein content in grain we can distinguish such varieties as Vinok Podillia, Polianka, Zelenyi Hai. However, Kalancha and Zoloto Ukrainy varieties have the quality at the level of Podolianka and requirements for strong wheat. The variety Kalancha has higher protein content than the standard. Conclusion. Thus, concerning the set of grain quality signs and yields, the varieties Kalancha and Zoloto Ukrainy were distinguished as the most suitable for our region; concerning the yield it was Nyva Odeska variety, but it had significantly worse quality indices. As to the content of protein and gluten such varieties as Vinok Podillia, Polianka, Zelenyi Hai were distinguished; by the content of gluten Balaton variety was chosen. Under our conditions, high grain yield can be formed either at the expense of high productive tillering capacity (Kalancha and Zoloto Ukrainy), or due to high grain productivity of the main spike (Nyva Odeska). No other possibilities were detected. Depending on this, the key parameters were either the number of productive stems per m2 and the weight of grain per m2, or the weight of grain from the main spike.

<p>A model for long-term analysis of the influence of timber production on lichens for reindeer grazing (Cladina, Alectoria, Bryoria spp and others) in Sweden is presented. The annual production of and demand for lichens are estimated and compared. Production of these lichens is presumed to set the upper limit for the reindeer population. Reindeer graze on both ground and tree lichens, which both must be accessible in sufficient amounts and at the right times of the year if reindeer husbandry is to succeed without supplementary feeding. The model is based mainly on existing data, and uses are estimations from the National Forest Survey and the Hugin system for calculation of longterm potential cut (Bengtsson, 1981). Geographically the study is limited to Vasterbotten and Norrbotten, the northernmost counties in Sweden, where most reindeer husbandry in Sweden is located, and where reindeer grazing takes place over almost the whole area. The calculations cover a period of one hundred years from 1980, and are based on a timber production programme which relies more on &laquo;multiple use&raquo; than the current Swedish forest policy (Bengtsson, 1986). The annual production of ground lichens is calculated by multiplying the area covered with ground lichens by their increment as estimated from their rate of biomass increase, which in turn depends on site factors and age of the stand. The estimation of the area is based on data from the National Forest Survey. Sample plots with ground lichens are assumed to maintain lichens during the whole hundred year period. Areas with stands that have been thinned within ten years and stands younger than 20 years are excluded due to logging residues from thinnings and packed snow. Some of the remaining area cannot practically be utilized for reindeer grazing. Representatives of three communities of reindeer herders classified 212 plots from the National Forest Survey with ground lichens and assessed that 3/4 of the plots can be utilized. The reduction was because of location (near buildings, roads, railroads, and recreation facilities), or because the area with lichens was too small and isolat&eacute;d. Demand for ground lichens is calculated as the daily demand for ground lichens by the reindeer multiplied by the number of days every year that reindeer depend on this forage. Figures used are based upon estimations from persons with great experience of reindeer farming. The annual production of tree lichens consists of two parts, i.e., tree lichens within reach of the reindeer, and tree lichens which become accessible after falling down from the trees onto the snow. Forest stands dominated by conifers and older than one hundred years are assumed to bear tree lichens. This area is also reduced to 75 per cent for reasons of practical accessibility. Annual production of lichens in reach of the reindeer is then estimated as the area multiplied by the increment rate of the biomass. One quarter of the annually fallen tree lichens is assumed to be available as fodder during late winter/early spring. The demand for tree lichens is principally estimated in the same way as for ground lichens, but the number of days per years is lower because tree lichens are mainly considered to be fodder in distress periods. Two sources of uncertainty are present in the results, namely the influence of factors not included in the models, and the influence of uncertainty in factors included in the models. The models used to estimate production and demand obviously imply simplifactions of true relations. These simplifications are mainly due to a basic lack of knowledge, one example being that variation, i.e. in volume per hectare, might very well influence the production of lichens, but is not taken into consideration in the models. One example of uncertainty in data used is the increment rate of lichen fodder. Another example is the estimation of biomass of lichens, here based upon investigations (Eriksson, unpubl.) with other purposes than to provide data about grazing availability in the large geographic regions used in this study. The possibilities for drawing reliable conclusions will increase when better estimations of input data and relationship are available. The geographic division into four regions is a result of the design of the National Forest Survey. However, great differences may be present within these geographic areas, each containing a number of communities of reindeer herders. Thus, results are not applicable to single communities of reindeer herders. The study illustrates a method of revealing how lichen fodder for reindeer will develop in relation to timber production. The results of the calculations, however, are too uncertain to allow reliable conclusions to be drawn. Nonetheless, the results indicate that in some areas there is already a shortage of lichen fodder for the number of reindeer assumed in this study. The calculations hint that production will decrease in the future. These indications should motivate more research in this topic. If the results of this study are accurate and if forestry develops according to the assumptions, the owners of the reindeer will have to continue or increase the supplementary feeding and/or reduce the number of reindeer significantly. They will also have to utilize all of the areas that are possible to graze, even if some of them today are considered to be of marginal value for reindeer grazing. Another way to improve the balance of production and demand is to adjust forest management on areas with lichens to a greater extent than has been done in the timber production alternative analysed in this study.</p><p>Virkesproduktionens inverkan p&aring; renskotselns lavbete - En metodstudie.</p><p>Abstract in Swedish / Sammanfattning: En modell for l&aring;ngsiktig analys av virkesproduktionens inverkan p&aring; renskotselns lavbete(Cladina, Alectoria, Bryoria spp mfl) i Sverige presenteras. Modellen ber&aring;knar &aring;rlig produktion och behov av lavbete, ef^ersom tillg&aring;ngen p&aring; dessa lavar bedoms begr&aring;nsa renpopulationen. B&aring;de tr&aring;d- och marklavar betas av renarn&pound;| och m&aring;ste finnas tillg&aring;ngliga i tillr&aring;cklig m&aring;ngd och vid r&aring;tt tidpunkt under &aring;ret om renskotseln skall klara sig utan stodutfordring. Modellen bygger huvudsakligen p&aring; redan existerande data. Skattningarna av areal gors med data fr&aring;n riksskogstaxeringen och fr&aring;n ber&aring;kningar med Hugin-systemet for l&aring;ngsiktiga analyser av avverkningsmojlighe-terna (Bengtsson, 1981). Studien begr&aring;nsas geografiskt till Norr- och V&aring;sterbottens l&aring;n. Ber&aring;kningarna gors for en hun^ra&aring;rsperiod med start 1980, och bygger p&aring; ett virkesproduktionsprogram i A VB-85 som syftar till mera m&aring;ngbruk an dagens skogspolitik (Bengtsson, 1986). Den &aring;rliga produktionen av marklav skattas som produkten av m&aring;ngden marklav per hektar, dess till-v&aring;xtprocerit och arealen med marklav. M&aring;ngden marklav per hektar beror av st&aring;ndortsforh&aring;llanden och bes-t&aring;nds&aring;ldern. Skattningen av arealen baseras p&aring; uppgifter fr&aring;n riksskogstaxeringen. Provytor med marklav antas vara layb&aring;rande under hela prognosperioden. Provytor d&aring;r best&aring;nds&aring;ldern &aring;r l&aring;gre &aring;n 20 &aring;r, samt provytor som i awerkningsber&aring;kningen rojts eller gallrats under senaste tio&aring;rsperiod r&aring;knas dock bort. Orsaken &aring;r att snopacknirig och kvarl&aring;mnade stammar och ris forsv&aring;rar eller omojliggor for renen att komma &aring;t laven. Hela den &aring;terst&aring;ende arealen kan dock inte nytt jas for planerad renskotsel. Representanter for tre samebyar bedomd)e 212 av riksskogstaxeringens provytor med marklav med avseende p&aring; om de kan nytt jas for planerad renskotsel. Resultatet blev att 3/4 av provytorna ans&aring;gs kunna utnyttjas. Provytor r&aring;knades bort p&aring; grund av bel&aring;genlhet n&aring;ra byggnader, v&aring;gar, j&aring;rnv&aring;gar och friluftsanl&aring;ggningar, eller pga att arealen med marklav var for liten och isolerad for att kunna utnyttjas. Behovet av marklav ber&aring;knas som produkten av det genomsnittliga dygnsbehovet for en ren, antalet renar samt det ailital dagar per &aring;r som renarna bedoms ha behov av detta foder. De tv&aring; senare uppgifterna grundas p&aring; uppskattningar av personer med stor erfarenhet av renskotsel. Den &aring;rliga produktionen av tr&aring;dlavar best&aring;r dels av lavtillv&aring;xten i det betningsbara hojdintervallet, dels av tr&aring;dlav som faller ner p&aring; snon. Barrdominerade best&aring;nd aldre &aring;n hundra &aring;r antas vara tr&aring;dlavb&aring;rande, men &aring;ven denna areal reduceras med h&aring;nsyn till praktisk tillg&aring;nglighet. &Aring;rlig produktion av tr&aring;dlav inom r&aring;ckh&aring;ll for renen skattas som produkt av m&aring;ngden tr&aring;dlav, dess tillv&aring;xtprocent och arealen. Av den tr&aring;dlav som &aring;rli-gen faller n)er p&aring; marken antas en fj&aring;rdedel vara tillg&aring;nglig under v&aring;rvintern. Efterfr&aring;gan p&aring; tr&aring;dlav ber&aring;knas p&aring; i princip samma s&aring;tt som efterfr&aring;gan p&aring; marklav, men antal betningsda-gar per &aring;r &aring;k l&aring;gre eftersom tr&aring;dlav huvudsakligen &aring;r ett visserligen hogkvalitativt och l&aring;ttillg&aring;ngligt, men dock nodfoder. Resultaten &aring;r os&aring;kra av tv&aring; huvudorsaker. Dels pga inverkan av faktorer som inte ing&aring;r i modellen, dels os&aring;kerhetejn i de faktorer som ing&aring;r i modellen. Modellen inneh&aring;ller uppenbart forenklingar av verkliga samband. Dessa forenklingar beror huvudsakligen p&aring; viss brist p&aring; grunddata. Mojligheterna att dra s&aring;kre slutsatser kommer att oka i takt med b&aring;ttre kunskap om utnyttjade samband och uppgifter. Den geografiska indelningen i l&aring;nsdelar beror p&aring; utformningen av riksskogstaxeringen. Forh&aring;llandena kan givetvis variera inom dessa l&aring;nsdelar, som var och en best&aring;r av ett flertal samebyar. Resultaten f&aring;r s&aring;ledes inte till&aring;mpas p&aring; enskilda samebyar. Studien visar p&aring; en metod for att belysa hur renskotselns lavbete kommer att utvecklas i relation till virkes-produktionen. Resultaten &aring;r dock allt for os&aring;kra for att man skall kunna dra n&aring;gra s&aring;kra slutsatser. Resultaten antyder emellertid att for vissa omr&aring;den finns redan i dag en brist p&aring; lavbete for den renpopulation som kalkylerats med i denna studie. Ber&aring;kningarna antyder att produktionen av lavbete kommer att minska i framtiden, vilket bor motivera mer forskning inom omr&aring;det. Om resultaten i denna studie &aring;r riktiga och om det virkesproducerande skogsbruket utvecklas enligt exemplet, m&aring;ste ren&aring;garna forts&aring;tta med eller utoka stodutfodringen och/eller minska antalet renar betydligt. De tvingas ocks&aring; utnyttja alla betningsbara omr&aring;den, &aring;ven s&aring;dana som for n&aring;rvarande anses vara marginella. Ett annat s&aring;tt att forb&aring;ttra balansen &aring;r att modifiera det virkesproducerande skogsbruket p&aring; arealer med lavbete i storre utstr&aring;ckning &aring;n vad som gors i det alternativ som analyseras h&aring;r.</p><p>Puuntuotannon vaikutus j&auml;k&auml;l&auml;laitumiin.</p><p>Abstract in Finnish / Yhteenveto: Artikkelissa esitet&aring;&aring;n pitk&aring;naikav&aring;lin analyysimalli puuntuotannon vaikutuksista ruotsin j&aring;k&aring;l&aring;-laitumille (Cladina, Alectoria, Bryoria spp. ym.). Koska j&aring;k&aring;lien saantia pidet&aring;&aring;n porojenlukum&aring;&aring;r&aring;&aring; rajoittava, laskee malli j&aring;k&aring;l&aring;laidunten vuotuisen tuoton ja tarpeen. Porot laiduntavat sek&aring; puussa ett&aring; maassa kasvavia j&aring;k&aring;li&aring;, ja nit&aring; molempia on oltava saatavilla, sek&aring; tarvittava m&aring;&aring;r&aring;, ett&aring; oikeaan aikaan vuodesta, jos poronhoito aikoo selviyty&aring; ilman tukiruokintaa. Malli rakentuu p&aring;&aring;siassa jo aikaisemmin hankittuihin tietoihin. Pinta-ala arviot tehd&aring;&aring;n valtakunnanmets&aring;narvioinnin tietojen, ja hakkuumahdollisuuksien pitk&aring;naikav&aring;lin analysoimiseksi perustetun Hugin-systeemin laskelmien avulla (Bengtsson, 1981). Maantieteellisesti tutkielma rajoittuu Norrbotte-nin ja V&aring;sterbottenin l&aring;&aring;neihin. Laskelmat tehd&aring;&aring;n sadanvuoden aikav&aring;lille alkaen 1980, perustuen yhteen AVB-85:en puuntuotantoohjelmaan, joka t&aring;ht&aring;&aring; t&aring;m&aring;np&aring;iv&aring;ist&aring; laajempaan metsien moninaisk&aring;yttoon (Bengtsson, 1986). Vuotuinen maassa kasvavien j&aring;k&aring;lien tuotanto arvioidaan j&aring;k&aring;lien hehtaarim&aring;&aring;rien, sen kasvuprosentin ja pinta-alan tulona. J&aring;k&aring;lien m&aring;&aring;r&aring; hehtaaria kohti on riippuvainen kasvupaikan ja metsikon i&aring;st&aring;. Pinta-ala arviot perustuvat valtakunnanmets&aring;narvioinnin tietoihin. J&aring;k&aring;l&aring;&aring; kasvavien koealojen odotetaan pit&aring;v&aring;n j&aring;k&aring;-l&aring;kasvustonsa koko prognoosiajan. Koealat, joissa metsikon ik&aring; on alle 20 vuotta, sek&aring; koealat, jotka hak-kuulaskelmissa on perattu tai harvennettu viimeisen kymmenen vuoden aikana, on j&aring;tetty huomioimatta. Syyn&aring; t&aring;h&aring;n on lumenpakkaantuminen, sek&aring; j&aring;ljelle j&aring;tetyt rungot ja oksat, jotka vaikeuttavat tai tekev&aring;t po-rojen j&aring;k&aring;l&aring;n saannin mahdottomaksi. Vuotuinen puussa kasvavien j&aring;k&aring;lien tuotanto koostuu, osittain poron ulottuvilla olevasta, ja osittain lu&not;melle putoavasta jak&aring;l&aring;st&aring;. Yli sata vuotta vanhojen havupuuvaltaisten metsikkojen oletetaan tuottavan puussa kasvavia j&aring;k&aring;li&aring;, mutta myos t&aring;m&aring; pinta-ala pienenee k&aring;yt&aring;nnon syist&aring;. Vuotuinen poronulottuvilla puussa kasvavien j&aring;k&aring;li&aring; tuotanto arvioidaan j&aring;k&aring;l&aring;n m&aring;&aring;r&aring;n, sen kasvuprosentin ja pinta-alan tulona. Yksi nelj&aring;nnesosa siit&aring; vuosittain lumelle tippuvasta j&aring;k&aring;l&aring;m&aring;&aring;r&aring;st&aring; oletetaan olevan saatavilla kev&aring;ttalvella. Puussa kasvavien j&aring;k&aring;lien kysynt&aring; lasketaan periaatteessa samalla tavoin kuin maassa kasvavien j&aring;k&aring;lien ky-synt&aring;, paitsi ett&aring; vuorokausien m&aring;&aring;r&aring; vuodessa on pienempi, koska puussa kasvavavien j&aring;k&aring;lien katsotaan p&aring;-&aring;asiassa olevan h&aring;t&aring;ravintoa. Tulokset ovat ep&aring;varmoja kahdesta p&aring;&aring;syyst&aring;. Osittain niiden tekijoiden vuoksi, jotka eiv&aring;t sis&aring;lly malliin, osittain niiden tekijoiden ep&aring;tarkkuudesta, jotka sis&aring;ltyv&aring;t malliin. Malli sis&aring;lt&aring;&aring; selvi&aring; todellisten yhteyksien yksinkertaistamisia. N&aring;m&aring; yksinkertaistamiset johtuvat p&aring;&aring;asiassa perustietojen puutteesta. Esimerkkin&aring; voidaan mainita, ett&aring; mets&aring;n tila muuttuu paljolti prognoosikauden aikana. T&aring;t&aring; vaihtelua esimerkiksi puus-tossa ei kuitenkaan mallissa huomioida. Esimerkki niiden tekijoiden ep&aring;tarkkuudesta, jotka sis&aring;ltyv&aring;t malliin, on j&aring;k&aring;l&aring;laidunten kasvuprosentti. Toinen esimerkki on j&aring;k&aring;l&aring;m&aring;&aring;rien arviot, jotka t&aring;ss&aring; perustuvat tutkielmiin (Eriksson, julkaisematon), joilla on ollut toinen tarkoitusper&aring; kuin t&aring;ss&aring; tutkimuksessa k&aring;sitelt&aring;vien l&aring;&aring;ninosien laiduntamahdollisuuksien arvioiminen. Mahdollisuudet varmojen johtop&aring;&aring;tosten tekoon lis&aring;&aring;ntyv&aring;t yhdess&aring; parempien perustietojen myot&aring; k&aring;ytetyist&aring; yhteyksist&aring; ja tiedoista. Maantieteellinen jako l&aring;&aring;ninosiin johtuu valtakunnanmets&aring;narvioinin rakenteesta. Olosuhteet voivat tie-tysti vaihdella n&aring;iden l&aring;&aring;ninosien sis&aring;ll&aring;, joista jokainen sis&aring;lt&aring;&aring; useamman paliskunnan. Tuloksia ei siis saa tulkita paliskunta kohtaisesti. Tutkielma esitt&aring;&aring; tavan valoittaa kuinka porohoidon j&aring;k&aring;l&aring;laitumet kehittyv&aring;t suhteessa puuntuotantoon. Tulokset ovat kuitenkin liian ep&aring;varmoja, jotta niist&aring; voitaisiin vet&aring;&aring; varmoja loppup&aring;&aring;telmi&aring;. Tulokset viittaavat kuitenkin, ett&aring; tietyill&aring; alueilla on jo talla hetkell&aring; pula j&aring;k&aring;l&aring;laitumista niill&aring; porom&aring;&aring;rill&aring;, joilla tassa tutkielmassa on laskettu. Laskelmat viittaavat, ett&aring; tuotanto v&aring;henee tulevaisuudessa, mink&aring; pit&aring;isi motivoida laajempaa tutkimukseen t&aring;ll&aring; alueella. Jos tulokset t&aring;ss&aring; tutkimuksessa ovat oikeat ja jos puuntuotannollinen mets&aring;talous kehittyy esimerkin mu-kaisesti, pit&aring;&aring; poronomistajien jatkaa tai lis&aring;t&aring; tukiruokintaa ja/tai v&aring;hent&aring;&aring; porojen lukum&aring;&aring;r&aring;&aring; huomatta-vasti. He joutuvat my os hyodynt&aring;m&aring;&aring;n kaikki laiduntamiskelpoiset alueet, my os sellaiset jotka t&aring;ll&aring; hetkell&aring; ovat v&aring;hemm&aring;n t&aring;rkeit&aring;. Toinen tapa par ant aa tasapainoa on sopeuttaa j&aring;k&aring;l&aring;alueiden puuntuotannollinen mets&aring;talous suuremmassa m&aring;&aring;rin kuin t&aring;ss&aring; analysoitavassa vaihtoehdossa tehd&aring;&aring;n.</p>

Ayvalıtohma Stream Basin is the sub-basin of Tohma Stream, which is one of the western branches of the Euphrates River. The geomorphological features of the study area between Darende- Hekimhan (Malatya) Gürün and Kangal (Sivas) were determined within the framework of field studies and geomorphological analyzes on synthetic surfaces. The study area generally consists of plateaus between Uzunyayla Plateau and Malatya Basin and deeply disssected by streams. The narrow and is deeply gorge and canyon valleys opened by Ayvalıtohma Stream connect Uzunyayla, Ayvalı-Kuluncak, Darende-Balaban depressions. These gorges and canyons, which are typically seen around Gürun, Darende, Kuluncak and buried in the karstic foundation, played an important role in the formation of the flood plains along the Ayvalıtohma Stream. The Ayvalı-Kuluncak Depression, which forms the center of the study area, has the characteristics of an intermountain basin developed in the Oligocene. Detrital deposits such as conglomerate, sandstone and mudstone, which were deposited in the Oligocene and had low erosion resistance, revealed the areas that suffered the most erosion in the basin. While these non-resistance rocks cause erosion, the thick limestones in the mountainous and plateau areas have led to the development of relatively macro karst forms, especially between the elevation of 1700-2100 m.

Major and trace element composition of silicate melt inclusions (SMI) and their rock-forming minerals were studied in mafic garnet granulite xenoliths from the Bakony–Balaton Highland Volcanic Field (Western-Hungary). Primary SMIs occur in clinopyroxene and plagioclase in the plagioclase-rich domains of mafic garnet granulites and in ilmenite in the vicinity of these domains in the wall rock. Based on major and trace elements, we demonstrated that the SMIs have no connection with the xenolith-hosting alkaline basalt as they have rhyodacitic composition with a distinct REE pattern, negative Sr anomaly, and HFSE depletion. The trace element characteristics suggest that the clinopyroxene hosted SMIs are the closest representation of the original melt percolated in the lower crust. In contrast, the plagioclase and ilmenite hosted SMIs are products of interaction between the silicic melt and the wall rock garnet granulite. A further product of this interaction is the clinopyroxene–ilmenite±plagioclase symplectite. Textural observations and mass ­balance calculations reveal that the reaction between titanite and the silicate melt led to the formation of these assemblages. We propose that a tectonic mélange of metapelites and (MOR-related) metabasalts partially melted at 0.3–0.5 GPa to form a dacitic–rhyodacitic melt leaving behind a garnet-free, plagioclase+clinopyroxene+orthopyroxene+ilmenite residuum. The composition of the SMIs (both major and trace elements) is similar to those from the middle Miocene calc-alkaline magmas, widely known from the northern Pannonian Basin (Börzsöny and Visegrád Mts., Cserhát and Mátra volcanic areas and Central Slovakian VF), but the SMIs are probably the result of a later, local process. The study of these SMIs also highlights how crustal contamination changes magma compositions during asthenospheric Miocene ascent.

Phytosociological and biomass samples were collected in two territories of the Balaton Uplands National Park (Hungary) dominated by grassland habitats. Samples in the Tihany Peninsula had been taken in a pasture of Hungarian Grey Cattle. Studies were broadened to four areas of the Tapolcai Basin, Badacsonytördemic (undergrazed and overgrazed pastures, hayfield, control area). The areas were suitable for following up the changes of vegetation and production in every grazing season of a year. We evaluated the changes of species composition and ground cover, the measure of possible regeneration or degradation, and the changes of these factors from the viewpoint of feeding value. Covering rates of the grassland associations have doubled and species composition has improved in the Tihany Peninsula, however, forage value has not increased, due to the change in land use in favour of the natural area that is converting into grazing field. In case of the Taplocai Basin, low number of species (20 to 30) was detected in the undergrazed pasture and the control area. About one month per year grazing time in the undergrazed area was not enough to achieve a better state for species diversity, and the amount of forage remained high. The overgrazed pasture carries a low forage value and contains a high number of weed species, despite the spectacularly high total number of plant species (38 to 39), consequently, grazing pressure has to be decreased. Although the number of species is lower in the hayfield (26 to 28), species composition and ability for forage supply is much better, showing that the proper management of the area is taken here.

Abstract Dreissena rostriformis bugensis (quagga mussel, QM) has spread into areas occupied by an earlier invader, Dreissena polymorpha (zebra mussel, ZM) in Europe and North America. Usually QM displaces ZM within a few years or both species coexist, although the mechanisms driving these outcomes have not been uncovered clearly. In Lake Balaton (central‐eastern Europe), QM displaced ZM in the oligotrophic (food‐limited) basin, whereas they coexist in the eutrophic (food‐rich) basin. Searching for the drivers of interactions in dreissenid assemblages, we compared survival, growth, allometry, shell hardness, biomacromolecule content and superoxide dismutase (SOD) expression (indicating nutrition stress) of dreissenids collected in both basins in a field survey, and in individuals collected from the food‐rich basin and experimentally transplanted (10 weeks) to the food‐limited or food‐rich (i.e. the same) basin. In the field survey, QM from the food‐rich basin showed the greater height increment per unit length than coexisting ZM and food‐limited conspecifics. ZM had the hardest shells of all the mussel populations. In the food‐rich basin, ZM did not differ from QM in weight, protein, and carbohydrate contents, but had higher lipid content and SOD expression. Food‐limited QM, compared to conspecifics from the food‐rich basin, had weaker shells, but their protein, carbohydrate, and lipid contents showed faster increments per unit size, thus adults made up for the initial advantage of the food‐rich population. QM survived better than ZM after transplantation irrespective of the basin. Shells were harder in ZM versus QM and in the food‐rich versus food‐limited conditions. QM grew at both locations, whereas ZM only in the food‐rich basin. The protein and carbohydrate contents were greater in the food‐rich versus food‐limited basin, with no interspecific differences. Lipid content in QM was higher in the food‐limited versus food‐rich basin, whereas the opposite held for ZM. We demonstrated that the dreissenid species could coexist in food‐rich conditions, despite the higher level of stress in ZM (as shown by weaker survival, higher SOD expression), whereas QM displaced ZM under food‐limiting conditions, probably due to the ability to replace missing storage carbohydrates with accumulated lipids. Nevertheless, QM from the food‐limited basin also showed symptoms of nutritional stress (changes in biomacromolecule content, lower shell hardness). Results suggest that the ability to show a rapid change in metabolism could be an important advantage of QM over ZM in their competition.