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Journal articles on the topic 'Lower- and Middle-Income Countries'

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Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Olayemi, Edeghonghon, Eugenia V. Asare, and Amma A. Benneh-Akwasi Kuma. "Guidelines in lower-middle income countries." British Journal of Haematology 177, no. 6 (March 14, 2017): 846–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bjh.14583.

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2

Pratysto, Tangguh, and Ingrid Panjaitan. "Eradicating Income Inequality in Lower Middle-Income Countries." Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan: Kajian Masalah Ekonomi dan Pembangunan 20, no. 2 (January 9, 2020): 222–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/jep.v20i2.8517.

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Studying the distribution of income is an important issue to know what factors which affect to make income distribution more equitable, what factors can be the key to resolving the problem of income inequality, and shortening the distance between the poor and the rich. This paper studies the relationship between human capital, inflation rate, unemployment rate, physical capital, fiscal expenditure, gross domestic product growth, and urbanization on income inequality in 52 Lower Middle-Income Countries throughout 1990-2014. The authors estimate the impact of seven independent variables on income inequality as a dependent using Prais-Winsten with the robust model over period 1990-2014 at 52 Lower Middle-Income Countries. The results indicate an increase in human capital (gross school enrollment tertiary) can make the income distribution more even in the long run. The writers conclude that increases in human capital can reduce Gini coefficient and hence make income distribution fairer.
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Roberts, David J., Nichola Cooper, and Imelda Bates. "Haematology in Lower and Middle Income Countries." British Journal of Haematology 177, no. 6 (March 29, 2017): 833–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bjh.14639.

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4

Turner, Hugo C., Guy E. Thwaites, and Hannah E. Clapham. "Vaccine-preventable diseases in lower-middle-income countries." Lancet Infectious Diseases 18, no. 9 (September 2018): 937–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(18)30478-x.

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5

Makinen, M., M. Kaddar, V. Molldrem, and L. Wilson. "New vaccine adoption in lower-middle-income countries." Health Policy and Planning 27, suppl 2 (April 17, 2012): ii39—ii49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czs036.

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6

Okwen, Patrick M. "Evidence implementation in lower- and middle-income countries." JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports 15, no. 9 (September 2017): 2227–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.11124/jbisrir-2017-003559.

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7

Kabir, M. Adnan, and Ashraf Ahmed. "An empirical approach to understanding the lower-middle and upper-middle income traps." International Journal of Development Issues 18, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 171–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdi-09-2018-0138.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the factors that are significant in contributing to the per capita income growth of countries that are experiencing or have experienced the lower-middle and upper-middle income traps. Design/methodology/approach The study comprises 85 countries over the period 1960 to 2017 spanning across three income groups: lower-middle, upper-middle and high. A panel data structure was used to run a fixed effect and random effect estimation on three models of income groups. The Hausman specification test, which was used for further statistical fitness, confirmed the appropriateness of fixed effect over the random in explaining the estimation of factor variables. Findings The results show that unemployment is a pervasive problem that negatively affect countries at all income levels. Foreign direct investment and population of dependents are associated with economic progression of countries that have experienced or are experiencing the lower-middle income trap. Furthermore, rising income inequality and foreign aid assistance are detrimental to countries that have experienced or are experiencing the upper-middle income trap. Moreover, income inequality, disproportionate urban population and rising dependent population are damaging for high income countries that never experienced any of the middle-income traps. Conversely, openness to trade, inflation and exchange rate volatility had limited capacity in explaining growth dynamics. Research limitations/implications This study could not incorporate geopolitical, demographic, geographical and other such exogenous factors, which could have episodes of influences on the economic development of countries. These were outside the study's realm of quantitative analysis. Originality/value This paper contributes to existing literature by providing an empirical cross-sectional comparative analysis of countries belonging to different income groups. The prevailing literature lacks such a cross-tabulated presentation of factors affecting countries that avoided the middle income trap and those that could not.
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Scott, Christiaan, Sujata Sawhney, and Laura B. Lewandowski. "Pediatric Rheumatic Disease in Lower to Middle-Income Countries." Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America 48, no. 1 (February 2022): 199–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rdc.2021.09.001.

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9

Kredo, Tamara, Nathan Ford, Folasade B. Adeniyi, and Paul Garner. "Decentralising HIV treatment in lower- and middle-income countries." Sao Paulo Medical Journal 132, no. 6 (December 2014): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1516-3180.20141326t2.

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10

Hartisa, Novilia, and Dewi Zaini Putri. "Analisis Kausalitas Ketimpangan Pendapatan, Korupsi dan Kemiskinan di Negara Lower Middel Income Asean." Jurnal Kajian Ekonomi dan Pembangunan 3, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/jkep.v3i1.13514.

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This study is to see whether there is a causal relationship between income inequality, corruption and poverty in ASEAN countries. This study uses a panel of data in five lower middle income countries in ASEAN from 2010-2018, using the Vector Auto Regression (PVAR) processing method. From the results of the investigation that: (1) There is a causality relationship between income inequality and corruption in the five lower middle income countries in ASEAN, (2) There is no causality relationship between income inequality and poverty in the five lower middle income countries in ASEAN, but only there is a one-way relationship of income and corruption in five lower middle income countries in ASEAN, (3) There is no causal relationship between corruption and poverty either one way or reciprocally in five lower middle income countries in ASEAN.S
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11

Vande Maele, Nathalie, Ke Xu, Agnes Soucat, Lisa Fleisher, Maria Aranguren, and Hong Wang. "Measuring primary healthcare expenditure in low-income and lower middle-income countries." BMJ Global Health 4, no. 1 (February 21, 2019): e001497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001497.

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Primary healthcare (PHC) is considered as the pathway to Universal Health Coverage (UHC) and to achieving sustainable development goals. Measuring PHC expenditure is a critical first step to understanding why some countries improve access to health services, provide financial risk protection and achieve UHC. In this paper, we tested and examined different measurement options using the System of Health Accounts (SHA) 2011 for systematic monitoring of PHC expenditure. We used the ‘first-contact’ approach to PHC and applied it to the healthcare function or healthcare provider classifications of SHA 2011. Data comes from 36 recent low-income and middle-income countries health accounts 2011–2016. Country spending on PHC varies largely, across countries and across definition options. For example, PHC expenditure ranges from US$15 to US$60 per capita. The sensitivity analysis highlighted the weight of including or excluding medical goods. The correlation analysis comparing countries ranking is strong between options. The study identified the major challenges in developing standard monitoring of PHC expenditure. One, there is a lack of clear operational definition for PHC, suggesting that a global standard definition would not replace the need for country context specific definition. Two, there is insufficient data granularity both because the standard framework does not offer it and because quality data breakdown is unavailable.
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12

Sattar, Rashid, and Rana Ejaz Ali Khan. "Troika of Trade Openness, Poverty and Income Inequality: Empirical Evidence from Lower and Middle Income Countries." Review of Economics and Development Studies 7, no. 2 (June 20, 2021): 243–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.47067/reads.v7i2.355.

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The current study investigates the relationship among trade openness, poverty and income inequality in the developing economies classified as lower and middle income countries. Kao and Fisher cointegration tests are employed to see the long-run equilibrium relationship among the variables. Panel cointegration regression is employed to calculate the magnitude of variables through FMOLS and DOLS techniques. The results demonstrate that interaction of these three variables differ for income groups of countries, however, trade openness and poverty increase income inequality in both groups. Similarly, income inequality decreases trade openness in both lower income and middle income groups of the economies. Trade openness increases poverty in lower income countries only. Poverty increases income inequality in lower income countries but in middle income countries it decreases trade openness. In the control variables the financial development has shown encouraging effect on trade openness in lower and middle income countries. GDP growth has shown positive impact on income inequality in lower income countries but negative impact in middle income countries. As trade openness has discoursing effect so the economies should carefully deal with the implications through proper policy framework.
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13

Irfan, Aulia, and Hasdi Aimon. "Pertumbuhan Ekonomi, Korupsi dan Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): Studi pada Lower Middle Income Countries ASEAN." Ecosains: Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi dan Pembangunan 9, no. 1 (May 4, 2020): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/ecosains.11549657.00.

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This study intends to look at the causality relationship between economic growth, corruption and foreign direct investment (FDI) in lower middle income countries in ASEAN. This study uses panel data starting from 2009-2018, which consists of 6 countries in ASEAN using the Vector Auto Regression (VPAR) processing method. The results of this study show that: (1) No causal relationship was found between economic growth and corruption in lower middle income countries in ASEAN, but only had a one-way relationship of economic growth against corruption in lower middle income countries in ASEAN, (2) No found a causal relationship between economic growth and foreign direct investment (FDI) in lower middle income countries in ASEAN, both one way and reciprocity, (3) No causal relationship was found between corruption and foreign direct investment (FDI) in lower middle income countries in ASEAN, but has a one-way relationship from corruption to foreign direct investment (FDI) in lower middle income countries in ASEAN
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14

Acheampong, Timothy Yaw, and Beáta Udvari. "The potential role of aid in escaping the middle-income trap." Society and Economy 42, no. 4 (November 20, 2020): 420–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/204.2020.00019.

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AbstractRecently, the middle-income trap (MIT) has gained considerable attention – besides European countries, several African, Asian, and Latin-American developing countries are also affected. Many countries have remained in the middle-income bracket for decades, whilst only a few have advanced to high-income status. Felipe et al. in 2012 showed that an annual growth rate of at least 3.5 and 4.7% sustained for a period of 14 and 28 years is required respectively for upper-middle-income and lower-middle-income countries to escape the MIT. Economic growth is influenced by several factors including foreign aid received. Thus, in this study, we aim to answer the question of how aid affects economic growth in middle-income countries and whether aid may contribute to escaping the MIT. Focusing on the countries that have remained in the middle-income group between 1990 and 2017, our analysis confirms that aid contributes to economic growth; however, the impact is positive in the upper-middle-income countries and negative in the lower-middle-income countries. Aid is therefore, likely to be more effective in helping the upper-middle income countries to escape the MIT but not the lower-middle income countries.
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15

Patterson, Jacquelyn K., Stuti Pant, Denise F. Jones, Syed Taha, Michael S. Jones, Melissa S. Bauserman, Paolo Montaldo, Carl L. Bose, and Sudhin Thayyil. "Informed consent rates for neonatal randomized controlled trials in low- and lower middle-income versus high-income countries: A systematic review." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 9, 2021): e0248263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248263.

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Objective Legal, ethical, and regulatory requirements of medical research uniformly call for informed consent. We aimed to characterize and compare consent rates for neonatal randomized controlled trials in low- and lower middle-income countries versus high-income countries, and to evaluate the influence of study characteristics on consent rates. Methods In this systematic review, we searched MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane for randomized controlled trials of neonatal interventions in low- and lower middle-income countries or high-income countries published 01/01/2013 to 01/04/2018. Our primary outcome was consent rate, the proportion of eligible participants who consented amongst those approached, extracted from the article or email with the author. Using a generalised linear model for fractional dependent variables, we analysed the odds of consenting in low- and lower middle-income countries versus high-income countries across control types and interventions. Findings We screened 3523 articles, yielding 300 eligible randomized controlled trials with consent rates available for 135 low- and lower middle-income country trials and 65 high-income country trials. Median consent rates were higher for low- and lower middle-income countries (95.6%; interquartile range (IQR) 88.2–98.9) than high-income countries (82.7%; IQR 68.6–93.0; p<0.001). In adjusted regression analysis comparing low- and lower middle-income countries to high-income countries, the odds of consent for no placebo-drug/nutrition trials was 3.67 (95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.87–7.19; p = 0.0002) and 6.40 (95%CI 3.32–12.34; p<0.0001) for placebo-drug/nutrition trials. Conclusion Neonatal randomized controlled trials in low- and lower middle-income countries report consistently higher consent rates compared to high-income country trials. Our study is limited by the overrepresentation of India among randomized controlled trials in low- and lower middle-income countries. This study raises serious concerns about the adequacy of protections for highly vulnerable populations recruited to clinical trials in low- and lower middle-income countries.
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Listiono, Listiono. "The relationship between transport, economic growth and environmental degradation for ninety countries." Sustinere: Journal of Environment and Sustainability 2, no. 1 (May 8, 2018): 11–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.22515/sustinere.jes.v2i1.28.

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This paper investigates the relationship between freight transport, economic growth and environmental degradation (CO2 emissions) experienced by ninety countries over the period 1980-2014. The estimation is divided into the global panel, high-income countries, upper-middle income countries, lower-middle income countries, and lower-income countries. This paper employed simultaneous equation Model and was estimated by Three-Stage Least Squares (3SLS). The results discovered the existence of bi-directional causality relationship between economic growth and freight transport in the high-income countries and lower-income countries. The result also indicated the bi-directional causality relationship between the transportation and CO2 emissions in the panel upper-middle-income countries. Lastly, the finding indicated the bi-directional causality between economic growth and CO2 emissions in lower-middle income countries.
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17

Cassidy, Omni, Hye Won Shin, Edmund Song, Everett Jiang, Ravindra Harri, Catherine Cano, Rajesh Vedanthan, Gbenga Ogedegbe, and Marie Bragg. "Comparing McDonald’s food marketing practices on official Instagram accounts across 15 countries." BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health 4, no. 2 (December 2021): 510–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000229.

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BackgroundSocial media advertising by fast food companies continues to increase globally, and exposure to food advertising contributes to poor diet and negative health outcomes (eg, cardiovascular disease). McDonald’s—the largest fast food company in the world—operates in 101 countries, but little is known about their marketing techniques in various regions. The objective of this study was to compare the social media advertising practices of McDonald’s—the largest fast food company in the world—in 15 high-income, upper-middle-income and lower-middle-income countries.MethodsWe randomly selected official McDonald’s Instagram accounts for 15 high-income, upper-middle-income and lower-middle-income countries. We captured all the screenshots that McDonald’s posted on those Instagram accounts from September to December 2019. We quantified the number of followers, ‘likes’, ‘comments’ and video views associated with each account in April 2020. We used content analysis to examine differences in the marketing techniques.ResultsThe 15 accounts collectively maintained 10 million followers and generated 3.9 million ‘likes’, 164 816 comments and 38.2 million video views. We identified 849 posts. The three lower-middle-income countries had more posts (n=324; M, SD=108.0, 38.2 posts) than the five upper-middle-income countries (n=227; M, SD=45.4, 37.5 posts) and seven high-income countries (n=298; M, SD=42.6, 28.2 posts). Approximately 12% of the posts in high-income countries included child-targeted themes compared with 22% in lower-middle-income countries. Fourteen per cent of the posts in high-income countries included price promotions and free giveaways compared with 40% in lower-middle-income countries.ConclusionsSocial media advertising has enabled McDonald’s to reach millions of consumers in lower-middle-income and upper-middle-income countries with disproportionately greater child-targeted ads and price promotions in lower-middle-income countries. Such reach is concerning because of the increased risk of diet-related illnesses, including cardiovascular disease, in these regions.
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Rubagumya, Fidel, Wilma M. Hopman, Bishal Gyawali, Deborah Mukherji, Nazik Hammad, C. S. Pramesh, Mykola Zubaryev, et al. "Participation of Lower and Upper Middle–Income Countries in Clinical Trials Led by High-Income Countries." JAMA Network Open 5, no. 8 (August 18, 2022): e2227252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.27252.

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ImportanceMany randomized clinical trials (RCTs) led by high-income countries (HICs) now enroll patients from lower middle–income countries (LMICs) and upper middle–income countries (UMICs). Although enrolling diverse populations promotes research collaborations, there are issues regarding which countries participate in RCTs and how this participation may contribute to global research.ObjectiveTo describe which UMICs and LMICs participate in RCTs led by HICs.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsA cross-sectional study of all oncology RCTs published globally during January 1, 2014, to December 31, 2017, was conducted. The study cohort was restricted to RCTs led by HICs that enrolled participants from LMICs and UMICs. Study analyses were conducted in November 1, 2021, to May 31, 2022.Main Outcomes and MeasuresA bibliometric approach (Web of Science 2007-2017) was used to explore whether RCT participation was proportional to other measures of cancer research activity. Participation in RCTs (ie, percentage of RCTs in the cohort in which each LMIC and UMIC participated) was compared with country-level cancer research bibliometric output (ie, percentage of total cancer research bibliometric output from the same group of countries that came from a specific LMIC and UMIC).ResultsAmong the 636 HIC-led RCTs, 186 trials (29%) enrolled patients in LMICs (n = 84 trials involving 11 LMICs) and/or UMICs (n = 181 trials involving 26 UMICs). The most common participating LMICs were India (42 [50%]), Ukraine (39 [46%]), Philippines (23 [27%]), and Egypt (12 [14%]). The most common participating UMICs were Russia (115 [64%]), Brazil (94 [52%]), Romania (62 [34%]), China (56 [31%]), Mexico (56 [31%]), and South Africa (54 [30%]). Several LMICs are overrepresented in the cohort of RCTs based on proportional cancer research bibliometric output: Ukraine (46% of RCTs but 2% of cancer research bibliometric output), Philippines (27% RCTs, 1% output), and Georgia (8% RCTs, 0.2% output). Overrepresented UMICs include Russia (64% RCTs, 2% output), Romania (34% RCTs, 2% output), Mexico (31% RCTs, 2% output), and South Africa (30% RCTs, 1% output).Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cross-sectional study, a substantial proportion of RCTs led by HICs enrolled patients in LMICs and UMICs. The LMICs and UMICs that participated in these trials did not match overall cancer bibliometric output as a surrogate for research ecosystem maturity. Reasons for this apparent discordance and how these data may inform future capacity-strengthening activities require further study.
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Shah, Rajendra Kumar. "LCT in Developing, Lower and Middle Income and Developed Countries." Shanlax International Journal of Education 9, no. 3 (June 1, 2021): 110–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/education.v9i3.3784.

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LCT has been a recurrent theme in many national educational policies in the global South and has had wide donor support through aid programs and smaller projects and localized innovations. However, the history of the implementation of LCT in different contexts is riddled with stories of failures, grand and small. This article provides an overview of the four major topics-context of LCT, LCT in lower and middle-income countries, LCT in the developing and LCT in the developed countries. The major aim of the article is to explore the status of LCT in underdeveloped, to develop and developed countries. For this purpose, I searched scholarly and online databases(Google Scholar, JStor, Proquest) that focus on LCT and related policies, trends, and issues in various countries. I used search terms associated with the various LCT topics in lower and middleincome countries, LCT in developing countries, and LCT in the developed countries. LCT is a traveling policy that has been endorsed by international agencies, national governments, and local innovators. As a globally traveling policy and practice, prescriptions and innovations regarding LCT are often found in contexts where it is culturally new and where the realities of educational governance and resources for schools have not historically accommodated it. Though there are several successful LCT projects, these are too few compared to the magnitude of the failures of the approach in developing countries. In a number of these countries, attempts at transforming traditional classrooms into LCT classrooms have failed. In a recent analysis of the research on LCT implementation, it was evident that the history of the implementation of LCT in different contexts is riddled with stories of failures, grand and small. Across a wide range of developing country contexts, the reports of tissue rejection as teachers and learners struggle to make the paradigm shift far outnumbered the stories of successful transitions from the pedagogies in place towards LCT.
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Jameel, Bismah, Aeda Bhagaloo, Khadija Rashid, and Umair Majid. "Conceptualizing "access" of maternal health services in lower-middle-income countries." Health Science Inquiry 11, no. 1 (August 10, 2020): 108–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/hsi286.

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A considerable number of women die each year worldwide due to preventable causes during pregnancy and childbirth. The high mortality of women who die from pregnancy-related issues can be attributed to inadequate access of high-quality maternal health services. However, access is a nebulous concept with a compendium of conceptualizations and definitions. In this paper, we discuss the various conceptualizations of access to maternal health services in lower middle-income countries, and compare how issues related to access differ between high- and lower middle-income countries. This discussion informs two priorities that we suggest for researchers conducting health system improvement work in lower middle-income countries: 1) develop a robust understanding of the barriers to access that continue to persist due to cultural, socioeconomic, and political factors, and 2) formulate frameworks and theories specific to lower middle-income countries to guide research.
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21

Lyeonov, S. V., T. A. Vasylieva, and O. V. Lyulyov. "Macroeconomic stability evaluation in countries of lower-middle income economies." Scientific Bulletin of National Mining University 1 (2018): 138–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.29202/nvngu/2018-1/4.

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22

Siagian, Ria Christine, and Jorge Emilio Osorio. "Novel approaches to vaccine development in lower-middle income countries." International Journal of Health Governance 23, no. 4 (December 3, 2018): 288–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhg-03-2018-0011.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to identify, analyze and describe the novel approaches that affect vaccine development in lower-middle income countries (LMICs).Design/methodology/approachThe vaccine market in LMICs currently focuses on traditional Expanded Program for Immunization vaccines instead of new ones. Unlike the successful introduction of those traditional vaccines, the introduction of new vaccines appears to be very slow, mainly due to financial issues. This paper systematically reviews a set of published papers on vaccine development and analyzes them against a specific region-setting framework.FindingsPublic–private partnership alone could not ensure long-term vaccine sustainability. Several factors that encourage domestic vaccine development were identified. The findings demonstrate that the regulatory approach of hybrid collaboration and market opportunity strategies can be a major breakthrough for domestic vaccine development in LMICs.Research limitations/implicationsFurther research is required to include qualitative and quantitative methods for policy analysis, as all of the discussion in this research focused on literature reviews. The authors did not discuss how strategic decisions are affected from a political perspective and this needs to be specified in future research. Think tanks, considerably and fundamentally, affect policy ideas and decisions. However, important breakthroughs continue to be made at the same time.Social implicationsThe development of vaccines in LMICs is expected to be a mechanism to overcome the inadequate access to vaccines in those countries, as solving this problem requires tackling issues from both the supply and demand sides.Originality/valueThis is a literature review that creates recommendation and approaches for domestic vaccine development in LMICs. This review aims to encourage LMICs to produce their own vaccines for sustainability of the vaccine access through vaccine development lifecycle, instead of expecting donor that provides funding and vaccines (vaccine access) in certain period of time. Donor is not always the solution for the problem, since vaccine development requires finance to function infrastructure. There are many efforts in revoking this, including World Health Organization through several reports; however, this effort still has many doubts. Therefore, the article would like to try to see this as a viable solution from the policy perspectives, with several examples to make recommendations more practical.
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Suryanto, Virginia Plummer, and Malcolm Boyle. "EMS Systems in Lower-Middle Income Countries: A Literature Review." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 32, no. 1 (December 12, 2016): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x1600114x.

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AbstractIntroductionPrehospital care is one of the many issues that require addressing by lower-middle income countries (LMICs) where approximately 90% of global injuries occur. This may arise from more traffic in LMICs, poor road conditions, lack of public awareness of the importance of road safety, and the lack of ability to provide first aid to the victims. However, prehospital care in LMICs remains underdeveloped.ProblemThere is insufficient evidence regarding the development of prehospital care among LMICs. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the status of Emergency Medical Services (EMS) systems in these countries.MethodsA review of medical-related electronic databases was designed to identify the development of EMS systems in LMICs. A search of the literature was undertaken using three electronic databases, CINAHL, Ovid Medline, and EMBASE via Ovid, from their commencement date until the end of July 2015. The grey literature was searched using Google Scholar. Articles were included if they reported on the establishment and current status of an EMS system and were excluded if they were letters to the editor, articles focusing on disaster management, a combination of more than one country if the other country was not a LMIC, written in a language other than English or Bahasa Indonesia, and/or focusing only on in-hospital care.ResultsThere were 337 articles identified in CINAHL, 731 in Ovid Medline, 891 in EMBASE via Ovid, and 41 in Google Scholar. Based on the title and abstract, 31 articles from CINAHL, 40 from Ovid Medline, 43 from EMBASE, and 11 from Google Scholar were retrieved for further review. There were 92 articles that met the inclusion criteria with 35 articles removed, as they were duplicated, leaving 57 articles to be reviewed. From those 48 countries categorized as LMICs, there were 16 (33.3%) countries that had information about an EMS system, including injury types, patient demographic, prehospital transport, and the obstacles in implementing the prehospital care system.ConclusionThe implementation and development of an EMS system is varied among LMICs. Many LMICs lack an organized EMS system with most ambulances used purely for transport and not as an emergency care vehicle. Financial issues are the most common problems faced by LMICs with support from developed countries a necessity.Suryanto,PlummerV,BoyleM.EMS systems in lower-middle income countries: a literature review.Prehosp Disaster Med.2017;32(1):64–70.
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Maza, Mauricio, and Julia C. Gage. "Considerations for HPV primary screening in lower-middle income countries." Preventive Medicine 98 (May 2017): 39–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.12.029.

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25

Courtright, P., A. K. Hutchinson, and S. Lewallen. "Visual impairment in children in middle- and lower-income countries." Archives of Disease in Childhood 96, no. 12 (August 24, 2011): 1129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2011-300093.

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26

Tsouli, Driss. "Financial Inclusion, Poverty, and Income Inequality: Evidence from High, Middle, and Low-income Countries." Scientific Annals of Economics and Business 69, no. 1 (March 11, 2022): 69–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.47743/saeb-2022-0005.

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The past two decades have witnessed a high national importance to financial inclusion around the world. This paper intends to explore the impact of financial inclusion on poverty reduction and income inequality in the world, high, middle, and low-income countries. For this purpose, a new composite financial inclusion was constructed with three dimensions for finding various macroeconomic variables affecting the level of financial inclusion for 122 economies, including 32 from high-income, 38 from upper middle income, 38 from lower middle income, and 14 from low-income countries. Then the impact of financial inclusion, on poverty and income inequality, for the world and then for high, middle, and low-income countries was investigated. The estimates reveal that rule of law significantly affects financial inclusion for the world, high, middle, and low-income countries. But age dependency ratio influences the financial inclusion only for our full sample. However, population density significantly decreases financial inclusion just in the full sample and Upper middle-income countries. Education completion impacts significantly financial inclusion just in upper middle income. While literacy has a higher impact on financial inclusion in high-income countries. The findings also indicate that financial inclusion is significantly correlated with lower poverty for the full sample. The link between financial inclusion and income inequality has been found for high-income countries and lower-middle-income countries.
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Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel, Diana Arachi, Tim Driscoll, Ro-Ting Lin, Jukka Takala, and Ken Takahashi. "Burden of Mesothelioma Deaths by National Income Category: Current Status and Future Implications." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18 (September 21, 2020): 6900. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186900.

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Background: This study compares estimates of the global-level mesothelioma burden with a focus on how existing national mortality data were utilized and further assesses the interrelationship of country-level mesothelioma burden and asbestos use with national income status. Methods: Country-level mesothelioma deaths in the WHO Mortality Database as of December 2019 were analyzed by national income category of countries in terms of data availability and reliability. Numbers of mesothelioma deaths from the study of Odgerel et al. were reanalyzed to assess country-level mesothelioma death burdens by national income status. Results: Among 80 high-income countries, 54 (68%) reported mesothelioma to the WHO and 26 (32%) did not, and among 60 upper middle-income countries, the respective numbers (proportions) were 39 (65%) countries and 21 (35%) countries, respectively. In contrast, among 78 low- and lower middle-income countries, only 11 (14%) reported mesothelioma deaths while 67 (86%) did not. Of the mesothelioma deaths, 29,854 (78%) were attributed to high- and upper middle-income countries, and 8534 (22%) were attributed to low- and lower middle- income countries. Conclusions: The global mesothelioma burden, based on reported numbers, is currently shouldered predominantly by high-income countries; however, mesothelioma burdens will likely manifest soon in upper middle-income and eventually in low and lower middle-income countries.
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Rusdy, Lara Yuli, and Sri Ulfa Sentosa. "PENGARUH SUKU BUNGA, KURS RILL DAN PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI TERHADAP YIELD OBLIGASI PEMERINTAH : LOWER MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES DI ASIA PASIFIK." Jurnal Kajian Ekonomi dan Pembangunan 3, no. 1 (May 1, 2021): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/jkep.v3i1.11537.

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This study explains the influence of monetary policy interest rates, real exchange rates and economic growth on government bond yields on Lower Middle Income Countries in Asia Pacific. This study combines cross section data in 5 countries with time series from 2007-2018, with the Panel Regression method and the Random Effect model selection test. The results show that: (1) Monetary Policy Interest Rates has a positive and significant effect on government bond yields on Lower Middle Income Countries in Asia Pacific, (2) The real exchange rate have a negative and significant effect on government bond yields for Lower Middle Income Countries in Asia Pacific. , (3) Economic growth has a negative and significant effect on government bond yields on Lower Middle Income Countries in Asia Pacific.
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Rusdy, Lara Yuli, and Sri Ulfa Sentosa. "Pengaruh Suku Bunga, Kurs Rill dan Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Terhadap Yield Obligasi Pemerintah: Lower Middel Income Countries di Asia Pasifik." Jurnal Kajian Ekonomi dan Pembangunan 3, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/jkep.v3i2.13597.

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This study explains the influence of monetary policy interest rates, real exchange rates and economic growth on government bond yields on Lower Middle Income Countries in Asia Pacific. This study combines cross section data in 5 countries with time series from 2007-2018, with the Panel Regression method and the Random Effect model selection test. The results show that: (1) Monetary Policy Interest Rates have a negative and significant effect on government bond yields on Lower Middle Income Countries in Asia Pacific, (2) The real exchange rate has a positive and insignificant effect on government bond yields for Lower Middle Income Countries in Asia Pacific. , (3) Economic growth has a negative and significant effect on government bond yields on Lower Middle Income Countries in Asia Pacific.
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Bashir, Rabia, and Angappan Regupathi. "Determinants of Trade Credit Supply among Developing Countries during the Financial Crisis of 2008." Business and Economic Research 12, no. 4 (October 16, 2022): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ber.v12i4.20275.

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The purpose of this study is to identify the firm-specific and country-specific determinants of trade credit supply during the financial crisis of 2008 and compare among upper-middle income and lower-middle income countries. Trade credit supply is measured as average collection period. For panel data analysis, this study uses the Prais - Winsten Panel Corrected Standard Errors (PCSE) method. PCSE removes the of cross-sectional dependence issue in the panel dataset. Findings indicate that firms had to pay their suppliers earlier during the financial crisis 2008 than pre-crisis. Financial crisis significantly influenced the relationship between determinants and trade credit supply but to different levels in different income groups. Average payment periods and private credit to GDP significantly and positively increased the average collection period more in lower-middle income developing countries and less in upper-middle developing income countries. Cash flow volatility and leverage influenced the average collection period significantly and negatively during the crisis. This influence was stronger than pre-crisis and post-crisis periods, and more significant in lower-middle income countries and less in upper-middle income countries. The negative relationship between inflation and trade credit supply is strongly negative in lower-middle income countries. Overall, the results suggest that financial crisis changed the relationship between determinants and trade credit supply and the extant of this change was different in different income group countries.
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Kwak, Nakwon, Nicholas Winters, Jonathon R. Campbell, Edward D. Chan, Medea Gegia, Christoph Lange, Myungsun Lee, Vladimir Milanov, Dick Menzies, and Jae-Joon Yim. "Changes in treatment for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis according to national income." European Respiratory Journal 56, no. 5 (June 25, 2020): 2001394. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01394-2020.

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The aim of this study was to analyse temporal changes in treatments for and outcomes of multidrug-resistant (MDR)/rifampin-resistant (RR)-tuberculosis (TB) in the context of national economic status.We analysed data collected by the Collaborative Group for the Meta-Analysis of Individual Patient Data in MDR-TB Treatment on MDR/RR-TB patients from 37 countries. The data were stratified by three national income levels (low-/lower-middle, upper-middle and high) and grouped by time of treatment initiation (2001–2003, 2004–2006, 2007–2009, 2010–2012 and 2013–2015). Temporal trends over the study period were analysed. The probability of treatment success in different income groups over time was calculated using generalised linear mixed models with random effects.In total, 9036 patients were included in the analysis. Over the study period, use of group A drugs (levofloxacin/moxifloxacin, bedaquiline and linezolid) recommended by the World Health Organization increased and treatment outcomes improved in all income groups. Between 2001–2003 and 2013–2015, treatment success rates increased from 60% to 78% in low-/lower-middle-income countries, from 40% to 67% in upper-middle-income countries, and from 73% to 81% in high-income countries. In earlier years, the probability of treatment success in upper-middle-income countries was lower than that in low-/lower-middle-income countries, but no difference was observed after 2010. However, high-income countries had persistently higher probability of treatment success compared to upper-middle income countries.Improved treatment outcomes and greater uptake of group A drugs were observed over time for patients with MDR/RR-TB at all income levels. However, treatment outcomes are still unsatisfactory, especially in upper-middle-income countries.
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Robeena BiBi and Sumaira. "The role of foreign direct investment and financial development in economic growth: Evidence from global income countries." Journal of Environmental Science and Economics 1, no. 1 (February 6, 2022): 36–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.56556/jescae.v1i1.5.

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Prior researchers have explored the role of FDI and economic growth or financial development and economic growth in a particular sample of countries or region while no collective studies on the effect of FDI, banks and stock market on economic growth in region or income-based groups have been conducted yet. Using a balanced panel data set of the globe of 193 upper middle income (UMI), lower middle income (LMI) and high income (HMI) countries for the period of 1998 to 2018, the study ever the first time explore the role of FDI, banks and stock markets financial development on economic growth by employing static methods and Dynamic approaches which contributes to the scarce literature on the collective and across income-based groups of countries. All model findings for the global panel indicates that FDI affect economic growth significantly and positively in the global panel, lower middle income (LMI) and upper middle income (UMI) countries where it’s not true for high income (HI) countries. Banking sector development also affect economic growth significantly but negatively in the global panel, high income and upper middle-income countries while not significant for the lower middle income (LMI) countries. Stock market development also affects economic growth significantly but negatively in the global panel. Furthermore, the result concludes that FDI have a larger effect on economic growth than does banks or stock market financial development. This study suggest high income countries regards improving FDI attraction, lower middle income (LMI) countries in regards improve banking sector and collectively suggest to improve major driver and functioning of banking sector and stock markets to spur economic growth. This study is beneficial for the government channels and financial sector of the study countries to make further decision.
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PIYA, Sujan, and Akira KIMINAMI. "Sources of Agricultural Productivity in Low and Lower Middle Income Countries." Studies in Regional Science 41, no. 1 (2011): 77–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2457/srs.41.77.

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Mir, Shahryar E., Berthe A. M. van der Geest, and Jasper V. Been. "Management of neonatal jaundice in low- and lower-middle-income countries." BMJ Paediatrics Open 3, no. 1 (February 2019): e000408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2018-000408.

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Clegg-Lamptey, Joe-Nat A., Verna Vanderpuye, and Florence Dedey. "Late Presentation of Breast Cancer in Lower- and Middle-Income Countries." Current Breast Cancer Reports 11, no. 3 (June 20, 2019): 143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12609-019-00312-8.

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Sahoo, Tanushree, and Abhishek Somasekhara Aradhya. "Maternal dexamethasone before preterm births: implications for lower middle-income countries." Lancet Child & Adolescent Health 4, no. 1 (January 2020): e1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2352-4642(19)30388-8.

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Prendes, Carlota F., and José A. del Castro Madrazo. "Outcomes of Lower Limb Revascularisation in Low and Middle Income Countries." European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery 60, no. 4 (October 2020): 567. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2020.06.018.

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LaMontagne, D. Scott, Paul J. N. Bloem, Julia M. L. Brotherton, Katherine E. Gallagher, Ousseynou Badiane, and Cathy Ndiaye. "Progress in HPV vaccination in low- and lower-middle-income countries." International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 138 (July 2017): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.12186.

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Vovc, E., A. Stengaard, and M. Dara. "Coverage with antiretroviral therapy in lower middle income countries in Europe." International Journal of Infectious Diseases 73 (August 2018): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2018.04.3887.

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Feng, Yongqi, Ren Liu, Yung-ho Chiu, and Tzu-Han Chang. "Dynamic Linkages Among Energy Consumption, Environment and Health Sustainability: Evidence from the Different Income Level Countries." INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing 57 (January 2020): 004695802097522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0046958020975220.

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Environment pollution was closely related to human health. The energy consumption is one of the important sources of environmental pollution in the development of economy. This paper used undesirable two-stage meta-frontier DDF (distance difference function) data envelopment analysis model to explore the impact of environment pollutants from energy consumption on the mortality of children and the aged, survival rate of 65 years old and health expenditure efficiency in 27 high income countries, 21 upper middle income countries, and 16 lower middle income countries from 2010 to 2014. High income countries had higher efficiency of energy and health than middle income countries in general. But whether in high income or middle income countries, the efficiency of non-renewable energy is higher than renewable energy. There was much room for both high income countries and middle income countries to improve renewable energy efficiency. Besides, middle income countries need to improve the efficiency of non-renewable energy and reduce pollutant emissions per unit of GDP. In terms of health efficiency, upper middle income countries performed worse than lower income countries. This phenomenon might indicate there was a U-shaped relationship between health efficiency and income level. Upper income countries should pay more attention to the environmental and health problems and cross the U-shaped turning point. The contribution of this article was to consider the heterogeneous performance of energy efficiency, environmental efficiency, and health efficiency under the influence of income level differences, and found that there might be a U-shaped relationship between health efficiency and income level.
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Dewan, Michael C., Ronnie E. Baticulon, Abbas Rattani, James M. Johnston, Benjamin C. Warf, and William Harkness. "Pediatric neurosurgical workforce, access to care, equipment and training needs worldwide." Neurosurgical Focus 45, no. 4 (October 2018): E13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2018.7.focus18272.

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OBJECTIVEThe presence and capability of existing pediatric neurosurgical care worldwide is unknown. The objective of this study was to solicit the expertise of specialists to quantify the geographic representation of pediatric neurosurgeons, access to specialist care, and equipment and training needs globally.METHODSA mixed-question survey was sent to surgeon members of several international neurosurgical and general pediatric surgical societies via a web-based platform. Respondents answered questions on 5 categories: surgeon demographics and training, hospital and practice details, surgical workforce and access to neurosurgical care, training and equipment needs, and desire for international collaboration. Responses were anonymized and analyzed using Stata software.RESULTSA total of 459 surgeons from 76 countries responded. Pediatric neurosurgeons in high-income and upper-middle-income countries underwent formal pediatric training at a greater rate than surgeons in low- and lower-middle-income countries (89.5% vs 54.4%). There are an estimated 2297 pediatric neurosurgeons in practice globally, with 85.6% operating in high-income and upper-middle-income countries. In low- and lower-middle-income countries, roughly 330 pediatric neurosurgeons care for a total child population of 1.2 billion. In low-income countries in Africa, the density of pediatric neurosurgeons is roughly 1 per 30 million children. A higher proportion of patients in low- and lower-middle-income countries must travel > 2 hours to seek emergency neurosurgical care, relative to high-income countries (75.6% vs 33.6%, p < 0.001). Vast basic and essential training and equipment needs exist, particularly low- and lower-middle-income countries within Africa, South America, the Eastern Mediterranean, and South-East Asia. Eighty-nine percent of respondents demonstrated an interest in international collaboration for the purposes of pediatric neurosurgical capacity building.CONCLUSIONSWide disparity in the access to pediatric neurosurgical care exists globally. In low- and lower-middle-income countries, wherein there exists the greatest burden of pediatric neurosurgical disease, there is a grossly insufficient presence of capable providers and equipped facilities. Neurosurgeons across income groups and geographic regions share a desire for collaboration and partnership.
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42

Ghosh, Sudeshna. "Globalization and Environment: An Asian Experience." Journal of International Commerce, Economics and Policy 09, no. 03 (October 2018): 1850010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793993318500102.

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This paper explores the causal association between globalization and carbon dioxide emanations in a panel set of 17 low- and low-middle-income countries and 12 upper-middle and high-income countries of Asia, respectively. The time series of observations run from 1974 to 2014. The Westerlund (2007) panel cointegration test reveals that there exists a long-run cointegrating relationship in both the panel set of observations between globalization and CO2 emissions. For the panel of upper-middle and high-income countries of Asia the long-run panel (heterogeneous elasticities) shows that globalization does not cause environmental damage, contrary to the observation based on lower- and lower-middle-income countries. The study is in conformity with the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis. The Granger causality between the variables is explored by utilizing the Dumitrescu and Hurlin (2012) Granger Causality tests. The empirical observation shows that globalization-led environmental causality is valid for lower- and lower-middle-income countries of Asia. So proper sustainable green and clean technology must be adopted for the low-income countries to stop the negation of the growth process in the near future.
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Bhatti, Muhammad Azhar, Imran Sharif Chaudhry, Hafeez-ur Rehman, and Furrukh Bashir. "Financial Globalization, Output Gap and Foreign Output Gap on inflation: Evidenced from Developing Economies." Journal of Accounting and Finance in Emerging Economies 7, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 411–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.26710/jafee.v7i2.1773.

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This paper covers previous studies' deficiencies and re-examine the theoretical model using a heterogeneous panel GMM technique, which overcomes cross-section dependency. In the current sample of developing nations, developed two models'; model 1 consists of the domestic output gap, and the second model includes the foreign output gap. According to model 1, foreign globalization and imports boost the inflation level in developing countries and disaggregation analysis (low, lower-middle, and upper-middle-income countries). The output gap impedes inflation in overall, lower-middle, and upper-middle-income countries, while it boosts inflation in low-income nations. And unemployment level increases the inflation rate in the overall and middle-income groups, while in low- and high-income countries, it decreases. According to the second model, foreign globalization and the foreign output gap boost overall low-income, middle-income, and upper-middle-income groups. While import reduces the inflation level globally, while in low-income, middle-income, and upper-middle-income groups, it increases inflation. Finally, the unemployment level boosts the global inflation level and as well as in low income, and it impedes inflation rate in upper-middle-income group. Despite this, there is considerable variation in countries' effect, perhaps due to differences in political institutions' quality, central bank independence, exchange rate systems, financial development, and legal traditions.
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Edeme, Richardson Kojo, Chigozie Nelson Nkalu, and Evelyn Nwamaka Ogbeide Osaretin. "Analysing poverty-growth-inequality linkage in lower and lower-middle income countries in Africa." International Journal of Sustainable Development 24, no. 1 (2021): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijsd.2021.10038119.

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Edeme, Richardson Kojo, Evelyn Nwamaka Ogbeide Osaretin, and Chigozie Nelson Nkalu. "Analysing poverty-growth-inequality linkage in lower and lower-middle income countries in Africa." International Journal of Sustainable Development 24, no. 1 (2021): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijsd.2021.115232.

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El Fakiri, Ahlam, and Kenza Cherkaoui. "Institutions and FDI: Impact Analysis by Countries’ Income Level." Jurnal Institutions and Economies 14, no. 4 (October 1, 2022): 55–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/ijie.vol14no4.3.

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This paper scrutinises the relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) and institutional quality using panel data for 44 high-, 39 upper middle-, 23 low- and 35 lower middle-income countries over the period 2000 to 2017. We revisit the relationship by using a composite institutional index of World Governance Indicators (WGI), constructed using principal component analysis (PCA). Further, we extend the analysis to estimate the impact of the different dimensions of WGI indicators on FDI flows, using the generalised methods of moments (GMM). Our empirical findings for developed countries suggest that the institutional index is a robust determinant of FDI inflows in high income countries, whereas it is not significant in upper-middle income countries. Dimensions, such as rule of law, regulatory quality and control of corruption are key determinants of FDI flows to high-income countries, whereas none of the dimensions is significant in upper middle-income countries. Findings for developing countries, specifically lower middle-income countries, indicate that the overall index as well as individual dimensions are insignificant because of the poor quality of institutional framework. Ceteris paribus, politically stable economies endowed with an efficient and a credible government and strong regulatory framework tend to attract FDI flows into low-income countries.
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Abdulwakil, M. M., A. S. Abdul-Rahim, C. Sulaiman, M. Alsaleh, and M. M. Bah. "Energy Subsidies and Environmental Quality: Evidence from Low- and Middle-Income Countries." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1102, no. 1 (November 1, 2022): 012039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1102/1/012039.

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Applying the least square dummy variable corrected (LSDVC) method, this study examines the impact of energy subsidies on the environmental quality of 70 low- and middle-income countries over the 2010–2019 period. The results indicate a positive impact of energy subsidies on environmental degradation. Also, the estimated results suggest a significant negative relationship between energy subsidies and environmental degradation in low-income countries after decomposing the countries into income categories (low income, lower middle income, and upper middle income). In addition, the results validate the existence of the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis in the full panel. Similarly, while environmental pollution increases in the upper-middle-income and lower-middle-income countries as foreign direct investment (FDI) increases, the low-income countries show a positive effect of FDI on environmental quality, which indicates that pollution levels in these countries decrease as the net inflow of FDI increases. On the other hand, the result suggests that population density generally increases environmental pollution. These findings provide information and a clear understanding of the influence of energy subsidies on environmental quality and call on regulators and policymakers to carefully review energy subsidy policies.
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Al-Kubati, Nada Amer Abdulhafedh, Zulkefly Abdul Karim, Norlin Khalid, and M. Kabir Hassan. "The Impact of Sub-Sector of Economic Activity and Financial Development on Environmental Degradation: New Evidence Using Dynamic Heterogeneous Panel." Mathematics 10, no. 23 (November 28, 2022): 4481. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10234481.

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While many recent studies have used the ecological footprint as a comprehensive indicator of environmental degradation instead of CO2 emission, these were mainly focused on consumer responsibility. This study, however, aims to cover both aspects of consumption and production to elicit a more comprehensive understanding. Furthermore, this study addresses another information gap by analyzing the effect of aggregated and disaggregated economic activities on the environment. Panel data were used and sourced from 92 countries classified by income group spanning 1992 to 2015. Comprehensive financial development indicators, energy structure, energy intensity, trade openness, and urbanization were considered in examining their impacts on environmental degradation. The pooled mean group estimation was adopted in examining the long-run and short-run relationship between variables. The main findings suggest that financial development promotes green investment in high-income and upper-middle-income countries but increases degradation in lower-middle and lower-income countries. Renewable energy improves the environment in general, and energy intensity is a crucial factor in environmental modeling across all groups. Most importantly, a U-shape relationship is found on both the consumption and the production side for all income groups except for lower-income countries (inverse U-shape) on the production side. Interestingly, a U-shape relationship was found in high-income and upper-middle-income countries in the industrial sector, but a monotonic relationship in the service sector. A U-shape relationship was found for the industrial and service sectors in lower-middle-income and lower-income countries, but an inverse U-shape for agriculture outputs in lower-middle-income countries. This finding suggests the need to shift from fast-growth strategies to strategic growth planning that considers the nature of the relationship between economic sectors and the environment while diversifying the economic structure to allow for the recovery of natural capital.
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Lechman, Ewa, and Magdalena Popowska. "Harnessing digital technologies for poverty reduction. Evidence for low-income and lower-middle income countries." Telecommunications Policy 46, no. 6 (July 2022): 102313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2022.102313.

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Scanlon, Andrew, Maria Murphy, Janice Smolowitz, and Virginia Lewis. "National Nursing Association and Regulatory Authority Websites of Low-Income and Lower-Middle–Income Countries." Journal of Nursing Regulation 11, no. 1 (April 2020): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2155-8256(20)30061-2.

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