Relevant bibliographies by topics / Low temperature storage assay

Academic literature on the topic 'Low temperature storage assay'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Low temperature storage assay"

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Eriksson, Hans, Johan Brengdahl, Petter Sandström, Mattias Rohman, and Bruno Becker. "Validation of Low-Volume 1536-Well Assay-Ready Compound Plates." Journal of Biomolecular Screening 14, no. 5 (May 21, 2009): 468–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087057109335324.

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Assay-ready compound plates (ARPs) are sealed assay plates that contain DMSO solutions of screening compounds predispensed for particular assays. Assays are started by adding assay buffer and reagents to the ARPs. This concept offers important logistical advantages for screening such as decoupling of the plate preparation from the screening process and exchange of assay plates between different geographical locations. Compound solutions can be accurately and precisely dispensed by acoustic droplet ejection technology in the small volumes required for screening in the 1536-well format. At such low volumes, however, potential effects such as solvent evaporation, compound degradation, precipitation, or adsorption are reasons for concern with regard to assay reproducibility, performance, and shelf life of ARPs. To address these concerns, the authors screened freshly prepared ARPs using several types of assays. The results were compared to results obtained from plates stored for up to 13 days under 2 storage conditions (22 °C, —18 °C). Tight correlations between results were found that indicated that temperature and time had very little influence on the assay performance for up to about 1 week storage time of the plates. In addition, using a time series of microphotographs of DMSO droplets, the authors visually confirmed that the sizes of the droplets in ARPs apparently do not change over 13 days under certain storage conditions.
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Zhang, Jing, Xue-ren Yin, Heng Li, Meng Xu, Meng-xue Zhang, Shao-jia Li, Xiao-fen Liu, Yan-na Shi, Donald Grierson, and Kun-song Chen. "ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR39–MYB8 complex regulates low-temperature-induced lignification of loquat fruit." Journal of Experimental Botany 71, no. 10 (February 19, 2020): 3172–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eraa085.

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Abstract Flesh lignification is a specific chilling response that causes deterioration in the quality of stored red-fleshed loquat fruit (Eribotrya japonica) and is one aspect of wider chilling injury. APETALA2/ETHLENE RESPONSIVE FACTOR (AP2/ERF) transcription factors are important regulators of plant low-temperature responses and lignin biosynthesis. In this study, the expression and action of 27 AP2/ERF genes from the red-fleshed loquat cultivar ‘Luoyangqing’ were investigated in order to identify transcription factors regulating low-temperature-induced lignification. EjERF27, EjERF30, EjERF36, and EjERF39 were significantly induced by storage at 0 °C but inhibited by a low-temperature conditioning treatment (pre-storage at 5 °C for 6 days before storage at 0 °C, which reduces low-temperature-induced lignification), and their transcript levels positively correlated with flesh lignification. A dual-luciferase assay indicated that EjERF39 could transactivate the promoter of the lignin biosynthetic gene Ej4CL1, and an electrophoretic mobility shift assay confirmed that EjERF39 recognizes the DRE element in the promoter region of Ej4CL1. Furthermore, the combination of EjERF39 and the previously characterized EjMYB8 synergistically transactivated the Ej4CL1 promoter, and both transcription factors showed expression patterns correlated with lignification in postharvest treatments and red-fleshed ‘Luoyangqing’ and white-fleshed ‘Ninghaibai’ cultivars with different lignification responses. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation and luciferase complementation imaging assays confirmed direct protein–protein interaction between EjERF39 and EjMYB8. These data indicate that EjERF39 is a novel cold-responsive transcriptional activator of Ej4CL1 that forms a synergistic activator complex with EjMYB8 and contributes to loquat fruit lignification at low temperatures.
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Waite, K. V., G. F. Maberly, and C. J. Eastman. "Storage conditions and stability of thyrotropin and thyroid hormones on filter paper." Clinical Chemistry 33, no. 6 (June 1, 1987): 853–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/33.6.853.

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Abstract We evaluated the effects of temperature and humidity on thyroid hormones (T4, T3) and thyrotropin (TSH) measured in blood spots dried on filter paper. RIAs for T4 and T3 blood spots were optimized to measure these analytes over the neonatal and euthyroid adult reference intervals. Sensitivities of the T3 and T4 assays were 0.5 and 10 nmol/L, respectively. A blood-spot immunoradiometric assay for TSH involving magnetizable particles was developed with a sensitivity of 6 milli-int. units/L. Control sera stored at -20 degrees C, 4 degrees C, room temperature, 37 degrees C, and at external ambient temperatures for 36 days showed no significant change in measured concentrations of TSH or T3 during 30 days or for T4 at -20 and 4 degrees C. T4 markedly declined in blood spots stored at room temperature (either high or low humidity), 37 degrees C, or ambient temperature. TSH and T3 in blood spots evidently are stable at temperatures likely to be encountered during storage or transport, but blood spots for T4 assay must be stored between -20 and 4 degrees C.
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Di Marino, L., A. Maffettone, P. Cipriano, E. Celentano, R. Galasso, C. Iovine, F. Berrino, and S. Panico. "Assay of erythrocyte membrane fatty acids. Effects of storage time at low temperature." International Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Research 30, no. 4 (December 2000): 197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02874182.

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Di Marino, L., A. Maffettone, P. Cipriano, E. Celentano, R. Galasso, C. Iovine, F. Berrino, and S. Panico. "Assay of erythrocyte membrane fatty acids. Effects of storage time at low temperature." International Journal of Clinical & Laboratory Research 30, no. 4 (December 31, 2000): 197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005990070007.

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Riedel, T. E., J. C. Cox, and A. D. Ellington. "Low Temperature Microplate Station." JALA: Journal of the Association for Laboratory Automation 10, no. 1 (February 2005): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jala.2004.10.002.

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The automation of biological laboratory assays may require lengthy incubations of reagents on the work surface of a pipetting robot. Commercial devices are readily available for keeping these reagents accessible and warm, but there are few existing technologies for storing accessible reagents below the freezing point of water. Here, we introduce a low cost, small footprint, robot accessible reagent cooler, based on compressor technology capable of acting as an enzyme freezer or extreme cold reagent storage device.
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7

Beers, Eric P., and Wallace G. Pill. "Respiratory Characterization of Germinated Tomato Seeds Stored in Gels at Low Temperatures." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 111, no. 6 (November 1986): 918–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.111.6.918.

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Abstract Germinated seeds of ‘Heinz 1350 VF’ tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were subjected to short-term (through 5 days) low temperature (0° or 5°C) storage suspended in 2 fluid-drilling gels (Natrosol 250 HHR or Laponite 445). Following storage, a greenhouse emergence assay and respiratory characterization via double inhibitor titrations (0.4/mM KCN and 10.0/mM salicylhydroxamic acid) were conducted. After 3-day storage in Natrosol or moist cheesecloth, emergence was about 90% but had decreased to <60% following 3-day storage in Laponite. With 5-day storage in Natrosol, 0° drastically reduced seedling vigor relative to that at 5°. Total O2 consumption by all stored germinated seeds was less than that of unstored germinated seeds. Consumption of O2 via both the cytochrome and alternative respiratory pathways was not affected differentially by storage temperature or gel. The maximum inducible rate of oxygen consumption via the alternative pathway decreased during storage in Natrosol at 0° or Laponite at 5° relative to that of unstored seeds or seeds stored in Natrosol at 5°.
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SHIEH, Y. CAROL, DIANA S. STEWART, and DAVID T. LAIRD. "Survival of Hepatitis A Virus in Spinach during Low Temperature Storage." Journal of Food Protection 72, no. 11 (November 1, 2009): 2390–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-72.11.2390.

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Spinach leaves are frequently consumed raw and have been involved with past foodborne outbreaks. In this study, we examined the survival of hepatitis A virus (HAV) on fresh spinach leaves in moisture- and gas-permeable packages that were stored at 5.4 ± 1.2°C for up to 42 days. Different eluents including phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), pH 7.5 (with and without 2% serum), and 3% beef extract (pH 7.5 and 8) were compared for how efficiently they recovered viruses from spinach by using a simple elution procedure (&lt;1 h). The recoveries were compared and determined by a plaque assay with FRhK-4 cells. Culture grade PBS containing 2% serum was found to be appropriate for HAV elution from spinach leaves, with an average recovery of 45% ± 10%. Over 4 weeks of storage at 5.4 ± 1.2°C, HAV in spinach decreased slightly more than 1 log, with 6.75% of the original titer remaining. HAV survived under refrigerated temperatures on spinach leaves with a D-value of 28.6 days (equivalent to an inactivation rate of 20.035 log of HAV per day, r2 = 0.88). In comparison, HAV in PBS containing 2% serum under the same storage conditions remained constant throughout 7 weeks. The inactivation rate of 20.035 log each day for HAV on spinach leaves was possibly due to the interaction of the virus and the leaf.
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Kleczkowski, Leszek A., and Gerald E. Edwards. "Hysteresis and Reversible Cold Inactivation of Maize Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 45, no. 1-2 (February 1, 1990): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1990-1-209.

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Abstract Maize (Zea mays L.) leaf phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylase (PEPCase) (EC 4.1.1.31) showed a lag in activity when assayed after storage at 0-4 °C. The lag was promoted by high pH on storage (7.8 -8.5) and was observed over a range of assay pH (7.1 -8.5). Thermal reacti­vation of the cold-stored enzyme by assay temperature (18 °C) accounted for most of the hysteretic effect, but presence of PEP in the reaction mixture was required to completely eliminate the lag. Based on steady-state rates after the lag, stability of PEPCase in the cold was inde­pendent of protein concentration . It is suggested that low temperature and high pH induce a change in the oligomerization state of PEPCase, resulting in a less active but relatively stable form of the enzyme. The lag probably reflects a reversal of this process, promoted by assay temperature and presence of PEP.
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Jansen, Jan, Pamela L. Nolan, Margaret I. Reeves, Luke Paul Akard, James M. Thompson, Michael J. Dugan, and Susan G. Hanks. "The Effect of Physical Conditions on the Transportation of Peripheral Blood Progenitor (PBPC) Products." Blood 112, no. 11 (November 16, 2008): 2315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v112.11.2315.2315.

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Abstract The viability of transported PBPC products has not been studied extensively. Commonly, PBPC products are transported at a concentration of &gt;200 x109/l in containers with −20oC ice packs. Continuous temperature monitoring has shown that the temperatures of these products stays at &lt;10oC for less than 24 hours and reaches room temperature by 48 hours. Samples of freshly collected PBPC from 12 allogeneic donors were studied for various viability parameters during storage for up to 96 hours. The effects of storage time, concentration of cells, temperature, and storage in gas-permeable bags were studied. Trypan-blue exclusion and double fluorescence for 7-AAD and CD34 were used for viability assessment. Over a wide range of temperatures and storage times, the viable CD34+ assay was more sensitive to damage than trypan-blue exclusion (mean Δ 10.7%, p&lt;0.0001 in paired t-test). The viable CD34+ assay was routinely used in parallel with CFU-GM cultures. No difference in survival of viable CD34+ cells or CFU-GM was found whether cells were incubated for 48hr in test-tubes or in gas-permeable bags. When cells at 200 x 109/l were incubated for 48hr at room temperature, the mean viability decreased to 19% and 6% of starting values of viable CD34+ cells and CFU-GM, respectively. Serial dilution to 25 x 109/l improved the survival to 81% and 51% respectively. Similarly, incubation at lower temperatures led to better survival of CD34+ cells and CFU-GM: 67% and 18% at 17oC, 80% and 50% at 13oC, and 95% and 86% at 4oC. At 200 x109/l and 22oC the survivals of CD34+ cells and CFU-GM were 74% and 21% at 24hr, 19% and 7% at 48hr, 7% and 6% at 72hr, and 3% and 13% at 96hr. The effects of concentration, temperature and duration of storage were all significant (p&lt;0.05). Transportation at 4oC leads to the best survival of CD34+ cells and CFU-GM, in particular at a low concentration. If transportation at a slightly higher temperature is necessary, dilution of the PBPC product will enhance the survival of CD34+ cells and CFU-GM. Proliferative assays such as CFU-GM appear the most sensitive parameters of PBPC survival, and should be included in the validation process of PBPC transportation.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Low temperature storage assay"

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Hudson, G. "Micropropagation and low temperature storage of Dieffenbachia." Thesis, University of East London, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.370763.

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Wilson, Ian D. "Gene expression during low temperature storage of pears." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.303152.

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Phillips, Lisa Elaine. "The effect of low temperature on Salmonella." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.286534.

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Lee, Sookha. "Low-temperature damp corn storage with and without chemical preservatives." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0029/MQ47341.pdf.

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Brown, Claire. "Low temperature storage and cryopreservation of hoverflies as biological control agents." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.246695.

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Hsu, Chuan-liang. "Influence of cooling rate on glass transition temperature and starch retrogradation during low temperature storage /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9924889.

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Augood, P. C. "Low-Temperature Thermal-Energy Storage and Transmission Systems Employing Hydrophilic Polymeric Materials." Thesis, Cranfield University, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1826/4517.

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The wide fluctuations that occur in the aggregate electrical demand of a generating utility are punitive with respect to total system efficiency. Demand side management techniques have been applied to reduce such fluctuations including the conversion of electrical energy to thermal energy during periods of low demand for use during peak demand periods. For thermal processes requiring energy above ambient temperature it is feasible to use sensible heat due to the existence of stable storage mediums and efficient methods of heating at the high temperatures required. However where energy is required below ambient temperatures, efficiency of cooling limits the use of sensible heat, hence latent heat storage has been adopted. Conventional cold storage systems use ice banks to store cooling energy at 0°C in order to capture the high latent heat of fusion of water. The rate of discharge for such stores is limited by thermal resistance in the store and the thermal capacity of secondary coolants (such as glycol solutions). This investigated the use of hydrophilic materials to overcome the limitations of current cold-storage technology. Such materials have the capacity to absorb and retain up to 95% by mass of water (or other aqueous solutions) regardless of how the materials is subdivided. Furthermore the thermal properties of the polymers in their hydrated state resemble those of the free hydration fluid, including any phase transitions. By supporting the hydrated materials in a non-freeing, non-aqueous fluid the resultant mixture provides a medium for cold storage that can be pumped and used at the point of load, and is not limited by the thermal resistance of an encapsulating material. Three aspects concerning the utilisation of hydrophilic materials for thermal engineering applications have been investigated; (i) the physical properties of the materials in their hydrated state, (ii) methods of fluidising material in a high density store, and (iii) the heat transfer properties of hydrophilic based slurries while undergoing phase transition. Material tests have shown that currently available hydrophilic materials have thermo- physical properties that depend principally upon the hydrating fluid, regardless of particle size, and are stable over long periods (>3years). Suitable hydration fluids can lower the temperature of the phase transition thus extending their potential as storage mediums beyond those of ice-based technologies. Novel materials, of very high water content (95%) have been produced and investigated. These appear to be very suitable for thermal storage because they increase the maximum achievable energy densities of a fluidised storage system and potentially reduce cost. A number of thermal storage devices to utilise hydrophilic based slurries have been designed and evaluated. The resultant devices has been shown to provide a means of taking hydrophilic materials to, and from, a packed bed and feeding them at a controlled rate into a fluid stream. The thermal charge/discharge rates of such a device are limited only by the choice of external heat exchange systems. An experimental apparatus has been designed to investigate the effects of phase change particles on the heat transfer properties of flowing mixtures. The results have shown that (i) at temperatures above the phase transition temperature the presence of the particles causes an increase in the measured heat transfer coefficient for concentrations above 10% by volume, (ii) there is a significant interaction of particles at the heat transfer surface, and (iii) that under high flow rate conditions, with phase change occurring, heat transfer coefficients are considerably enhanced (ie 80%) above those of the support fluid when used alone or with non-active particles. Further work is recommended to extend this study to produce an engineering prototype storage system for trial evaluation.
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Jones, Samantha. "Ceria Based Catalysts for Low Temperature NOx Storage and Release." UKnowledge, 2016. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/chemistry_etds/67.

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Model ceria catalysts were evaluated for NOx storage and desorption performance under lean conditions. Three different storage temperatures (80 °C, 120 °C, and 160 °C) were utilized to evaluate NOx storage. Higher temperatures resulted in higher NOx storage. It was observed that storage of platinum promoted ceria resulted in higher NOx storage compared to promotion with palladium. NOx desorption behavior of platinum promoted ceria indicated that the majority of NOx is released at high temperatures (> 350 °C), comparatively palladium promotion released more of the stored NOx at lower temperatures. Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (DRIFTS) indicated that platinum promotion results in NOx storage as thermally stabile nitrates, while palladium promotion results in NOx storage as thermally labile nitrites. Doping ceria with trivalent rare earth oxides has been shown to improve NOx storage by generating lattice oxygen vacancies. Ceria doped with Pr, Y, La, Sm, and Nd at two different concentrations (5 and 20 mol%) and promoted with Pt were evaluated. Doping ceria with 5% Sm, Nd, and Pr improved the amount of NOx stored while the addition of Sm and La did not improve storage. Upon increasing dopant concentration, NOx storage decreased in all cases but Pr. However, increasing Pr concentration was found to increase NOx storage as well as low temperature NOx release. Ceria doped with Pr promoted with Pd increased the amount of NOx released at lower temperatures compared to Pt promotion, although palladium promotion resulted in lower storage. Similar DRIFTS spectra were obtained with Ce-Pr when promoted with Pt or Pd compared to model catalysts. Platinum promotion results in the storage of NOx at nitrates, which require high temperatures for removal. Comparatively, Pd promotion results in NOx stored at nitrites requiring lower temperatures for removal. Ceria doped with Pr proved to be promising, although not thermally stable when exposed to high temperatures as may be seen during a DPF clean up. Therefor, stabilizing Ce-Pr catalysts with Zr were evaluated. It was found that stabilizing Ce-Pr with Zr was not found to be beneficial to the catalyst performance.
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Ntsendwana, Bulelwa. "Advanced low temperature metal hydride materials for low temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell application." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_8494_1307431585.

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Energy is one of the basic needs of human beings and is extremely crucial for continued development of human life. Our work, leisure and our economic, social and physical welfare all depend on the sufficient, uninterrupted supply of energy. Therefore, it is essential to provide adequate and affordable energy for improving human welfare and raising living standards. Global concern over environmental climate change linked to fossil fuel consumption has increased pressure to generate power from renewable sources [1]. Although substantial advances in renewable energy technologies have been made, significant challenges remain in developing integrated renewable energy systems due primarily to mismatch between load demand and source capabilities [2]. The output from renewable energy sources such as photo-voltaic, wind, tidal, and micro-hydro fluctuate on an hourly, daily, and seasonal basis. As a result, these devices are not well suited for directly powering loads that require a uniform and uninterrupted supply of input energy.

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Rossi, Espagnet Alberto. "Techno-Economic Assessment of Thermal Energy Storage integration into Low Temperature District Heating Networks." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-191485.

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Thermal energy storage (TES) systems are technologies with the potential to enhance the efficiency and the flexibility of the coming 4th generation low temperature district heating (LTDH). Their integration would enable the creation of smarter, more efficient networks, benefiting both the utilities and the end consumers. This study aims at developing a comparative assessment of TES systems, both latent and sensible heat based. First, a techno-economic analysis of several TES systems is conducted to evaluate their suitability to be integrated into LTDH. Then, potential scenarios of TES integration are proposed and analysed in a case study of an active LTDH network. This is complemented with a review of current DH legislation focused on the Swedish case, with the aim of taking into consideration the present situation, and changes that may support some technologies over others. The results of the analysis show that sensible heat storage is still preferred to latent heat when coupled with LTDH: the cost per kWh stored is still 15% higher, at least, for latent heat in systems below 5MWh of storage size; though, they require just half of the volume. However, it is expected that the cost of latent heat storage systems will decline in the future, making them more competitive. From a system perspective, the introduction of TES systems into the network results in an increase in flexibility leading to lower heat production costs by load shifting. It is achieved by running the production units with lower marginal heat production costs for longer periods and with higher efficiency, and thus reducing the operating hours of the other more expensive operating units during peak load conditions. In the case study, savings in the magnitude of 0.5k EUR/year are achieved through this operational strategy, with an investment cost of 2k EUR to purchase a water tank. These results may also be extended to the case when heat generation is replaced by renewable, intermittent energy sources; thus increasing profits, reducing fuel consumption, and consequently emissions. This study represents a step forward in the development of a more efficient DH system through the integration of TES, which will play a crucial role in future smart energy system.
Thermal energy storage (TES) eller Termisk energilagring är en teknologi med potentialen att öka effektivitet och flexibilitet i den kommande fjärde generationens fjärrvärme (LTDH). Studien har som mål att kartlägga en komparativ uppskattning av TES systemen, baserad både på latent och sensibel värme. Resultaten visar att lagring av sensibel värme är att föredra före latent värme när den kopplas med LTDH: pris per lagrade kWh kvarstår som 15% högre än för latent värme i system under 5 MWh av lagringsutrymme; dock fordrar de endast hälften av volymen. Utifrån systemperspektiv innebär introduktionen av TES system i nätverket en ökning av flexibilitet vilket leder till reducerade värmeproduktionskostnaderna i mindre belastning. I fallstudien nås en sparnivå av femhundra euro per år genom denna operativa strategi, med en investering av 2000 euro för inköp av vattentank. Resultaten kan också vidgas till en situation där värmeproduktionen ersätts av förnybara, intermittenta energikällor; till detta medföljer högre vinster, lägre bruk av bränsle vilket skulle innebära lägre utsläpp. Studien kan ses som ett steg framåt mot skapandet av en mer effektiv DH system genom integrationen av TES, vilket kommer att spela en betydande roll i framtida smarta energisystem.
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Books on the topic "Low temperature storage assay"

1

Hudson, Glyn. Micropropagation and low temperature storage of Dieffenbachia. London: North East London Polytechnic, 1985.

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Hudson, Glyn. Micropropagation and low temperature storage of dieffenbachia. London: NELP, 1986.

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Scurlock, R. G. Low-loss storage and handling of cryogenic liquids: The application of cryogenic fluid dynamics. Southampton: Kryos Publications, 2006.

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Moran, Matthew E. Liquid Transfer Cryogenic Test Facility: Initial hydrogen and nitrogen no-vent fill data. [Washington, D.C.]: NASA, 1990.

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International Symposium on Refrigeration, Energy and Environment (1992 Trondheim, Norway). Proceedings from the International Symposium on Refrigeration, Energy and Environment: Trondheim, Norway, June 22-24, 1992. Trondheim: NTH-SINTEF, 1992.

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Rivers, H. Kevin. Cyclic cryogenic thermal-mechanical testing of an X-33/RLV liquid oxygen tank concept. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1999.

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T, Van Dresar Neil, Hasan Mohammad M, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. A pressure control analysis of cryogenic storage systems. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1991.

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D, Scarlotti R., and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Scientific and Technical Information Office., eds. Space station experiment definition: Long-term cryogenic fluid storage. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Scientific and Technical Information Office, 1987.

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Leary, Lewis W. Damping degradation in incramute and sonoston due to low temperature storage. 1986.

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Matthias, Gottmann, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Thermal control systems for low-temperature heat rejection on a lunar base: Semiannual status report for grant NAG5-1572. Tucson, AZ: Dept. of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Arizona, 1992.

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Book chapters on the topic "Low temperature storage assay"

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Carranco-Jáuregui, María Elena, Silvia Carrillo-Domínguez, and María De La Concepción Calvo. "Low-Temperature Storage of Poultry." In Handbook of Poultry Science and Technology, 263–81. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470504451.ch14.

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Heins, Royal D., Nathan Lange, and Thomas F. Wallace. "Low-Temperature Storage of Bedding-Plant Plugs." In Transplant Production Systems, 45–64. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2785-1_3.

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Grout, Brian W. W. "Low temperature storage of plant tissue cultures." In Automation and environmental control in plant tissue culture, 517–38. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8461-6_21.

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K Pal, R., Tanmay Kumar Koley, and Sudhir Singh. "Strategies for Low-Temperature Storage of Vegetables." In Advances in Postharvest Technologies of Vegetable Crops, 229–48. Waretown, NJ : Apple Academic Press, 2018. | Series: Postharvest biology and technology: Apple Academic Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315161020-8.

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Laguerie, P. V. "Underground Storage of Liquefied Gases at Low Temperature." In Underground Storage of Natural Gas, 195–204. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0993-9_15.

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Åkerblom, O. "Storage Media for Red Cells." In Cryopreservation and low temperature biology in blood transfusion, 95–104. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1515-5_8.

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Inada, Yoshinori. "Low temperature storage of gases in underground openings." In Storage of Gases in Rock Caverns, 259–66. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203738245-34.

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Swet, C. J. "New Directions in Low Temperature Solar Thermal Storage." In Physics and Technology of Solar Energy, 365–87. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3941-7_13.

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Levenduski, R. C., and J. M. Lester. "A Thermal Storage Unit For Low Temperature Cryocoolers." In Cryocoolers 13, 583–92. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-387-27533-9_73.

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Pesaran, Alireza, Abhishek Jaiswal, and Eric D. Wachsman. "CHAPTER 1. Bilayer Electrolytes for Low Temperature and Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells – A Review." In Energy Storage and Conversion Materials, 1–41. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781788012959-00001.

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Conference papers on the topic "Low temperature storage assay"

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Ohmichi, Eiji, and Toshihito Osada. "Miniature 30 T Pulse Magnet for Use in a Liquid 4He Storage Dewar." In LOW TEMPERATURE PHYSICS: 24th International Conference on Low Temperature Physics - LT24. AIP, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2355348.

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Singh, N. B., Ben Schreib, Michael Devilbiss, Julian Loiacono, Bradley Arnold, Fow-Sen Choa, and K. D. Mandal. "Low temperature processing of dielectric perovskites for energy storage." In SPIE Commercial + Scientific Sensing and Imaging, edited by Nibir K. Dhar and Achyut K. Dutta. SPIE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2220059.

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Zettl, Bernhard. "Long-Term Thermochemical Heat Storage for Low Temperature Applications." In ISES Solar World Congress 2019/IEA SHC International Conference on Solar Heating and Cooling for Buildings and Industry 2019. Freiburg, Germany: International Solar Energy Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18086/swc.2019.08.11.

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Budt, Marcus, Markus Hadam, and Eva Schischke. "Low-temperature Adiabatic Compressed Air Energy Storage for Island Applications." In 2019 Offshore Energy and Storage Summit (OSES). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/oses.2019.8867358.

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Budt, Marcus, Daniel Wolf, and Roland Span. "Modeling a Low-temperature Compressed Air Energy Storage with Modelica." In 9th International MODELICA Conference, Munich, Germany. Linköping University Electronic Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/ecp12076791.

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Goldfeld, Ziv, Guy Bresler, and Yury Polyanskiy. "Information Storage in the Stochastic Ising Model at Low Temperature." In 2019 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isit.2019.8849513.

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Anagnostopoulos, Argyrios, Helena Navarro, Yulong Ding, and Georgios Gaidajis. "Phosphogypsum-Paraffin Composites for Low Temperature Thermal Energy Storage Applications." In RawMat 2021. Basel Switzerland: MDPI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/materproc2021005062.

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Spoerke, Erik, Martha Gross, Melissa Meyerson, Leo Small, and Stephen Percival. "Low Temperature Molten Sodium Batteries for Long-Duration Energy Storage." In Proposed for presentation at the 2021 Fall Materials Research Society Meeting held December 6-8, 2021 in Virtual,. US DOE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1905212.

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Jha, N. K., M. Ali, M. Sarmadivaleh, S. Iglauer, A. Barifcani, M. Lebedev, and J. Sangwai. "Low Salinity Surfactant Nanofluids For Enhanced CO2 Storage Application At High Pressure And Temperature." In Fifth CO2 Geological Storage Workshop. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201802975.

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Roy, Sujit, and Biplab Kumar Debnath. "Heat Transfer Enhancement of Sensible Energy Storage for Low Temperature Application." In ASME 2018 Power Conference collocated with the ASME 2018 12th International Conference on Energy Sustainability and the ASME 2018 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2018-7271.

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A shell and tube heat storage (1 MJ) has been designed computationally to enhance the heat transfer rate from heat transfer fluid (HTF) to the storage media. Concrete and water are considered as the sensible storage material and HTF, respectively. The system can be used to store the solar energy in the day time, which will be available in the absence of sunlight. Finite element based software, named COMSOL Multiphysics, is used for the study. The parameters analyzed, are tube outside diameter, radial distances between the tubes, number of tubes and inlet temperature of HTF. After a simulation time of 3000s, the increase of tube diameter from 1.03 to 1.71 cm is found to increase the average storage bed temperature by 6.3%. For the radial distances between the tubes to be 6 cm, the stored energy is maximum. The stored energies for 5 and 4 cm are 2.4 and 12.4% less than 6 cm, respectively, after duration of 6000s. The average bed temperature reaches to the steady state condition at 5147s with 19 tubes, whereas, with 25 tubes it takes 30.2% less time. Finally, the shell and tube heat storage has been optimized for higher heat transfer rate.
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Reports on the topic "Low temperature storage assay"

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Walker, Charles W., Jiang Jr., Chu Rhongzhong, and Deryn. An Overview of Hydrogen Generation and Storage for Low-Temperature PEM Fuel Cells. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada372504.

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Patil, Bhimanagouda S., Ron Porat, G. K. Jayaprakasha, and K. N. C. Murthy. Optimization of Postharvest Storage Conditions to Maintain Fruit Quality and Health Maintaining Properties of Grapefruit. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7613879.bard.

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Antioxidant activity of fruits is gaining wide interest among consumers due to its importance in counteracting oxidative stress, free radicals and preventing DNA damage. Oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay is one of the commonly used assays to measure the antioxidant activity, which is based on hydrogen atom transfer mechanism. Furocoumarins present in grapefruit are reported to have antiproliferative activity, induce GST activity, inhibit biofilm formation and increase bioavailability of drugs. In the present project ORAC values were measured of Star Ruby grapefruit undergone ethylene degreening treatment, cold storage and temperature conditioning treatment, and modified atmosphere packaging which were stored at different temperatures for prolonged period. In addition, furocoumarins were quantified in Star Ruby grapefruits from cold storage and conditioning experiment conducted in Israel. Conditioning treatment is practiced prior cold storage to reduce chilling injury in grapefruits during cold storage for prolonged period. Levels of 6,7-dihyrdoxy bergamottin decreased during storage period in all three treatments.
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Lichter, Amnon, Gopi K. Podila, and Maria R. Davis. Identification of Genetic Determinants that Facilitate Development of B. cinerea at Low Temperature and its Postharvest Pathogenicity. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7592641.bard.

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Botrytis cinerea is the postharvest pathogen of many agricultural produce with table grapes, strawberries and tomatoes as major targets. The high efficiency with which B. cinerea causes disease on these produce during storage is attributed in part due to its exceptional ability to develop at very low temperature. Our major goal was to understand the genetic determinants which enable it to develop at low temperature. The specific research objectives were: 1. Identify expression pattern of genes in a coldenriched cDNA library. 2. Identify B. cinerea orthologs of cold-induced genes 3. Profile protein expression and secretion at low temperature on strawberry and grape supplemented media. 4. Test novel methods for the functional analysis of coldresponsive genes. Objective 1 was modified during the research because a microarray platform became available and it allowed us to probe the whole set of candidate genes according to the sequence of 2 strains of the fungus, BO5.10 and T4. The results of this experiment allowed us to validate some of our earlier observations which referred to genes which were the product of a SSH suppression-subtraction library. Before the microarray became available during 2008 we also analyzed the expression of 15 orthologs of cold-induced genes and some of these results were also validated by the microarray experiment. One of our goals was also to perform functional analysis of cold-induced genes. This goal was hampered for 3 years because current methodology for transformation with ‘protoplasts’ failed to deliver knockouts of bacteriordopsin-like (bR) gene which was our primary target for functional analysis. Consequently, we developed 2 alternative transformation platforms, one which involves an air-gun based technique and another which involves DNA injection into sclerotia. Both techniques show great promise and have been validated using different constructs. This contribution is likely to serve the scientific community in the near future. Using these technologies we generated gene knockout constructs of 2 genes and have tested there effect on survival of the fungus at low temperature. With reference to the bR genes our results show that it has a significant effect on mycelial growth of the B. cinerea and the mutants have retarded development at extreme conditions of ionic stress, osmotic stress and low temperature. Another gene of unknown function, HP1 is still under analysis. An ortholog of the yeast cold-induced gene, CCH1 which encodes a calcium tunnel and was shown to be cold-induced in B. cinerea was recently cloned and used to complement yeast mutants and rescue them from cold-sensitivity. One of the significant findings of the microarray study involves a T2 ribonuclease which was validated to be cold-induced by qPCR analysis. This and other genes will serve for future studies. In the frame of the study we also screened a population of 631 natural B. cinerea isolates for development at low temperature and have identified several strains with much higher and lower capacity to develop at low temperature. These strains are likely to be used in the future as candidates for further functional analysis. The major conclusions from the above research point to specific targets of cold-induced genes which are likely to play a role in cold tolerance. One of the most significant observations from the microarray study is that low temperature does not induce ‘general stress response in B. cinerea, which is in agreement to its exceptional capacity to develop at low temperature. Due to the tragic murder of the Co-PI Maria R. Davis and GopiPodila on Feb. 2010 it is impossible to deliver their contribution to the research. The information of the PI is that they failed to deliver objective 4 and none of the information which relates to objective 3 has been delivered to the PI before the murder or in a visit to U. Alabama during June, 2010. Therefore, this report is based solely on the IS data.
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Pesis, Edna, Elizabeth J. Mitcham, Susan E. Ebeler, and Amnon Lers. Application of Pre-storage Short Anaerobiosis to Alleviate Superficial Scald and Bitter Pit in Granny Smith Apples. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7593394.bard.

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There is increased demand for high quality fruit produced and marketed with reduced chemical inputs to minimize toxic effects on human health and the environment. Granny Smith (GS) apple quality is reduced by two major physiological disorders, superficial scald and bitter pit (BP). These disorders cause great loss to apple growers worldwide. Superficial scald is commonly controlled by chemical treatments, mainly the antioxidant diphenylamine (DPA) and/or the ethylene action inhibitor, 1-methylcyclopropene (1–MCP). Both chemicals are ineffective in controlling bitter pit incidence. We proposed to investigate the beneficial use of non-chemical, abiotic stress with low O2 (LO2) applied for 10d at 20°C on GS apple fruit. During the project we expanded the treatment to more apple cultivars, Golden Delicious (GD) and Starking Delicious (SD) and another pome fruit, the pear. Apple and pear have similar physiological disorders that develop during cold storage and we examined if the LO2 treatment would also be effective on pear. Application of 0.5% LO2 atmosphere for 10d at 20°C or 500ppb 1-MCP at 20°C prior to cold storage at 0°C, was effective in reducing superficial scald in GS apple. Moreover, LO2 pretreatment was also effective in reducing bitter pit (BP) development in California GS and Israeli GD and SD apples The BP symptoms in GS from California were much more prominent, so the effect of LO2 was more dramatic than the effect on the Israeli cvs. GD and SD, nevertheless the LO2 treatment showed the same trend in all cultivars in reducing BP. The LO2 and 1-MCP -treated fruit exhibited lower levels of ethylene, - farnesene and its oxidation product, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one (MHO), as determined by SPME/GC-MS analysis. In addition, LO2 pretreatment applied to California Bartlett or Israeli Spadona pears was effective in reducing superficial scald, senescent scald and internal breakdown after 4 m of cold storage at 0°C. For GS apple, low-temperature storage resulted in oxidative stress and chilling injury, caused by increased production of superoxide anions which in turn led to the generation of other dangerous reactive oxygen species (ROS). Using confocal laser-scanning microscopy and H2O2 measurements of apple peel, we observed ROS accumulation in control fruit, while negligible amounts were found in LO2 and 1-MCP treated fruit. Gene-expression levels of ROS-scavenging enzymes were induced by the various pretreatments: catalase was induced by LO2 treatment, whereas Mn superoxide dismutase was induced by 1-MCP treatment. We assume that LO2 and 1-MCP pretreated fruit remained healthier due to reduced production of ethylene and reactive oxygen substances, such as MHO, during cold storage. The LO2-treated apple exhibited greener peel and firmer fruit after 6 m of cold storage, and the fruit had high crispiness leading to high taste preference. In both pear cultivars, the LO2 treatment led to a reduction in internal breakdown and browning around the seed cavity. We tested the LO2 pre-storage treatment on a semi-commercial scale that would be applicable to a small organic grower by sealing the fruit within the plastic field bins. The treatment was most effective with a continuous flow of nitrogen through the bins; however, a single 6 hour flush of nitrogen was also fairly effective. In addition, we determined that it was very important to have the oxygen levels below 0.5% for approximately 10 days to achieve good scald control, not counting the time required to reduce the oxygen concentration. Our LO2 technology has been proven in this project to be effective in reducing several physiological disorders developed in pome fruit during cold storage. We hope that our non-chemical treatment which is friendly to the environment will be used in the near future for the organic apple and pear industry. The next step should be an analysis of the cost-benefits and commercial feasibility.
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Lurie, Susan, David R. Dilley, Joshua D. Klein, and Ian D. Wilson. Prestorage Heat Treatment to Inhibit Chilling Injury and Delay Ripening in Tomato Fruits. United States Department of Agriculture, June 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568108.bard.

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The research had two specific goals; (1) to develop and optimize a postharvest heat treatment and characterize the response of tomato to the heat and subsequent cold storage, and (2) to investigate the involvement of heat shock proteins (HSP) in resistance to chilling injury. For the first goal we have investigated many time-temperature treatments using dry heat and found that 48 h at 38oC is optimum for Israeli cultivars, while 48 h at 42oC worked better for American cultivars in preventing chilling injury. We have also compared hot water to hot air and found hot water to be effective, but less so than hot air. Membrane lipid composition in relation to chilling injury was investigated after hot water and hot air treatments. Investigation of fruit ripening found that mRNAs of ripening-related genes were inhibited by high temperature, but recovered during the subsequent storage period and allowed normal ripening to proceed. Sensory studies showed no difference in the taste of heated or nonheated fruit. Following the production of HSP in heated and stored fruit allowed us to determine that during low temperature storage the HSP remained present in the fruit tissue, and their presence was correlated with resistance to chilling injury. HSP clones have been isolated by both differential screening of a cDNA library of heated and chilled tomatoes (Israel) and by mRNA differential display (United States). These clones are being characterized.
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Blum, Abraham, Henry T. Nguyen, and N. Y. Klueva. The Genetics of Heat Shock Proteins in Wheat in Relation to Heat Tolerance and Yield. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568105.bard.

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Fifty six diverse spring wheat cultivars were evaluated for genetic variation and heritability for thermotolerance in terms of cell-membrane stability (CMS) and triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) reduction. The most divergent cultivars for thermotolerance (Danbata-tolerant and Nacozari-susceptible) were crossed to develop an F8 random onbred line (RIL) population. This population was evaluated for co-segragation in CMS, yield under heat stress and HSP accumulation. Further studies of thermotolerance in relations to HSP and the expression of heterosis for growth under heat stress were performed with F1 hybrids of wheat and their parental cultivars. CMS in 95 RILs ranged from 76.5% to 22.4% with 71.5% and 31.3% in Danbata and Nacozari, respectively. The population segregated with a normal distribution across the full range of the parental values. Yield and biomass under non-stress conditions during the normal winter season at Bet Dagan dit not differ between the two parental cultivar, but the range of segregation for these traits in 138 RILs was very high and distinctly transgressive with a CV of 35.3% and 42.4% among lines for biomass and yield, respectively. Mean biomass and yield of the population was reduced about twofold when grown under the hot summer conditions (irrigated) at Bet Dagan. Segregation for biomass and yield was decreased relative to the normal winter conditions with CV of 20.2% and 23.3% among lines for biomass and yield, respectively. However, contrary to non-stress conditions, the parental cultivars differed about twofold in biomass and yield under heat stress and the population segregated with normal distribution across the full range of this difference. CMS was highly and positively correlated across 79 RILs with biomass (r=0.62**) and yield (r=0.58**) under heat stress. No such correlation was obtained under the normal winter conditions. All RILs expressed a set of HSPs under heat shock (37oC for 2 h). No variation was detected among RILs in high molecular weight HSP isoforms and they were similar to the patterns of the parental cultivars. There was a surprisingly low variability in low molecular weight HSP isoforms. Only one low molecular weight and Nacozari-specific HSP isoform (belonging to HSP 16.9 family) appeared to segregate among all RILs, but it was not quantitatively correlated with any parameter of plant production under heat stress or with CMS in this population. It is concluded that this Danbata/Nacozari F8 RIL population co-segregated well for thermotolerance and yield under heat stress and that CMS could predict the relative productivity of lines under chronic heat stress. Regretfully this population did not express meaningful variability for HSP accumulation under heat shock and therefore no role could be seen for HSP in the heat tolerance of this population. In the study of seven F1 hybrids and their parent cultivars it was found that heterosis (superiority of the F1 over the best parent) for CMs was generally lower than that for growth under heat stress. Hybrids varied in the rate of heterosis for growth at normal (15o/25o) and at high (25o/35o) temperatures. In certain hybrids heterosis for growth significantly increased at high temperature as compared with normal temperature, suggesting temperature-dependent heterosis. Generally, under normal temperature, only limited qualitative variation was detected in the patterns of protein synthesis in four wheat hybrids and their parents. However, a singular protein (C47/5.88) was specifically expressed only in the most heterotic hybrid at normal temperature but not in its parent cultivars. Parental cultivars were significantly different in the sets of synthesized HSP at 37o. No qualitative changes in the patterns of protein expression under heat stress were correlated with heterosis. However, a quantitative increase in certain low molecular weight HSP (mainly H14/5.5 and H14.5.6, belonging to the HSP16.9 family) was positively associated with greater heterosis for growth at high temperature. None of these proteins were correlated with CMS across hybrids. These results support the concept of temperature-dependent heterosis for growth and a possible role for HSP 16.9 family in this respect. Finally, when all experiments are viewed together, it is encouraging to find that genetic variation in wheat yield under chronic heat stress is associated with and well predicted by CMS as an assay of thermotolerance. On the other hand the results for HSP are elusive. While very low genetic variation was expressed for HSP in the RIL population, a unique low molecular weight HSP (of the HSP 16.9 family) could be associated with temperature dependant heterosis for growth.
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Crisosto, Carlos, Susan Lurie, Haya Friedman, Ebenezer Ogundiwin, Cameron Peace, and George Manganaris. Biological Systems Approach to Developing Mealiness-free Peach and Nectarine Fruit. United States Department of Agriculture, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7592650.bard.

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Peach and nectarine production worldwide is increasing; however consumption is flat or declining because of the inconsistent eating quality experienced by consumers. The main factor for this inconsistent quality is mealiness or woolliness, a form of chilling injury that develops following shipping periods in the global fruit market today. Our research groups have devised various postharvest methods to prolong storage life, including controlled atmosphere and delayed storage; however, these treatments only delay mealiness. Mealiness texture results from disruption of the normal ripening process involving disassembly of cell wall material, and creates a soft fruit texture that is dry and grainy instead of juicy and smooth. Solving this problem is a prerequisite for increasing the demand for fresh peach and nectarine. Two approaches were used to reveal genes and their associated biochemical processes that can confer resistance to mealiness or wooliness. At the Volcani Center, Israel, a nectarine cultivar and the peach cultivar (isogenetic materials) from which the nectarine cultivar spontaneously arose, and at the Kearney Agricultural Center of UC Davis, USA, a peach population that segregates for quantitative resistance to mealiness was used for dissecting the genetic components of mealiness development. During our project we have conducted research integrating the information from phenotypic, biochemical and gene expression studies, proposed possible candidate genes and SNPs-QTLs mapping that are involved in reducing peach mealiness susceptibility. Numerous genes related to ethylene biosynthesis and its signal transduction, cell wall structure and metabolism, stress response, different transcription factor families were detected as being differentially accumulated in the cold-treated samples of these sensitive and less sensitive genotypes. The ability to produce ethylene and keep active genes involved in ethylene signaling, GTP-binding protein, EIN-3 binding protein and an ethylene receptor and activation of ethyleneresponsive fruit ripening genes during cold storage provided greater resistance to CI. Interestingly, in the functional category of genes differentially expressed at harvest, less chilling sensitive cultivar had more genes in categories related to antioxidant and heat sock proteins/chaperones that may help fruit to adapt to low temperature stress. The specific objectives of the proposed research were to: characterize the phenotypes and cell wall components of the two resistant systems in response to mealiness- inducing conditions; identify commonalities and specific differences in cell wall proteins and the transcriptome that are associated with low mealiness incidence; integrate the information from phenotypic, biochemical, and gene expression studies to identify candidate genes that are involved in reducing mealiness susceptibility; locate these genes in the Prunus genome; and associate the genes with genomic regions conferring quantitative genetic variation for mealiness resistance. By doing this we will locate genetic markers for mealiness development, essential tools for selection of mealiness resistant peach lines with improved fruit storability and quality. In our research, QTLs have been located in our peach SNPs map, and proposed candidate genes obtained from the integrated result of phenotypic, biochemical and gene expression analysis are being identified in our QTLs as an approach searching for consistent assistant markers for peach breeding programs.
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Cairo, Jessica, Iulia Gherman, and Paul Cook. The effects of consumer freezing of food on its use-by date. Food Standards Agency, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.ret874.

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The current Food Standards Agency consumer guidance states that consumers can freeze pre-packed food right up to the “use-by” date and, once food has been defrosted, it should be consumed within 24 hours. This strategic review has collated relevant data to determine whether there is an increased risk in relation to freezing ready-to-eat and non-ready-to-eat foods on the use-by date compared to the day before the use-by date. The review has focused on how the shelf-life of a food is determined and the effects of freezing, thawing and refrigeration on foodborne pathogens, including Bacillus spp., Campylobacter spp., Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium perfringens, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella, pathogenic Escherichia coli and Shigella spp. In the UK, food business operators are responsible for setting the safe shelf-life of a food which, in practice, should take into consideration the consumer habits, as well as the factors affecting shelf-life, such as food product characteristics, food processing techniques, transport, retail and domestic food storage temperatures, and type of packaging. Some countries, such as Ireland, New Zealand and Canada specifically recommend including safety margins within shelf lives. This is used to maintain brand integrity because it ensures that the food is consumed in its optimum condition. The FSA has collaborated with other organisations in the production of several guidance documents; however, there is no explicit requirement for the consideration of a margin of safety when setting shelf-life. There is also no legal requirement in the UK to consider a safety margin when setting shelf-life. According to regulations, pathogens should not be present in sufficient levels to cause foodborne illness on the use-by date, as food should still be safe to eat on that day. Given that these requirements are met, the risk assessed in this report arises from the processes of freezing, thawing and subsequent refrigerated storage for a further 24 hours, and the potential for these to increase pathogen levels. In this review, it was found that there is a risk of additional growth of certain pathogens during the refrigerated storage period although the impact of freezing and thawing on the extent of this growth was not readily evident. This risk would relate specifically to ready-to-eat foods as cooking of non-ready-to-eat foods after defrosting would eliminate pathogens. This report explores the potential issues related to consumer freezing on the use-by date and identifies additional information or research required to understand the risks involved. Overall, there is little evidence to suggest a significant change in risk between consumers freezing ready-to-eat food on the use-by date compared to freezing the food on the day before the use-by date. Specific areas that merit further research include the risks due to low temperature survival and growth of L. monocytogenes. There is also a lack of research on the effects of freezing, defrosting and refrigeration on the growth and toxin production of non-proteolytic C. botulinum, and the growth of Salmonella during domestic freezing and thawing. Finally, more information on how food business operators set shelf-life would enable a better understanding of the process and the extent of the safety margin when determining shelf-life of ready-to-eat and non-ready-to-eat foods.
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Carpita, Nicholas C., Ruth Ben-Arie, and Amnon Lers. Pectin Cross-Linking Dynamics and Wall Softening during Fruit Ripening. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7585197.bard.

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Our study was designed to elucidate the chemical determinants of pectin cross-linking in developing fruits of apple and peach and to evaluate the role of breakage cross-linkages in swelling, softening, and cell separation during the ripening. Peaches cell walls soften and swell considerably during the ripening, whereas apples fruit cells maintain wall firmness but cells separate during late stages of ripening. We used a "double-reduction" technique to show that levels of non-methyl esters of polyuronic acid molecules were constant during the development and ripening and decreased only in overripe fruit. In peach, methyl and non-methyl esters increased during the development and decreased markedly during the ripening. Non-methyl ester linkages in both fruit decreased accompanied fruit softening. The identity of the second component of the linkage and its definitive role in the fruit softening remain elusive. In preliminary examination of isolated apples cell walls, we found that phenolic compounds accumulate early in wall development but decrease markedly during ripening. Quantitative texture analysis was used to correlate with changes to wall chemistry from the fresh-picked ripe stage to the stage during storage when the cell separation occurs. Cell wall composition is similar in all cultivars, with arabinose as the principal neutral sugar. Extensive de-branching of these highly branched arabinans pre-stages softening and cell-cell separation during over-ripening of apple. The longer 5-arabinans remain attached to the major pectic polymer rhamnogalacturonan I (RG I) backbone. The degree of RG I branching, as judged from the ratios of 2-Rha:2,4-Rha, also decreases, specially after an extensive arabinan de-branching. Loss of the 4-Rham linkages correlated strongly with the softening of the fruit. Loss of the monomer or polymer linked to the RG I produce directly or indirectly the softening of the fruit. This result will help to understand the fruit softening and to have better control of the textural changes in fruit during the ripening and especially during the storage. 'Wooliness', an undesirable mealy texture that is induced during chilling of some peach cultivars, greatly reduces the fruit storage possibilities. In order to examine the hypothesis that the basis for this disorder is related to abnormality in the cell wall softening process we have carried out a comparative analysis using the resistant cultivar, Sunsnow, and a sensitive one, Hermosa. We investigated the activity of several pectin- and glycan-modifying enzymes and the expression of their genes during ripening, chilling, and subsequent shelf-life. The changes in carbohydrate status and in methyl vs. non-methyl uronate ester levels in the walls of these cultivars were examined as well to provide a basis for comparison of the relevant gene expression that may impact appearance of the wooly character. The activities of the specific polygalacturonase (PGase) and a CMC-cellulase activities are significantly elevated in walls of peaches that have become wooly. Cellulase activities correlated well with increased level of the transcript, but differential expression of PGase did not correspond with the observed pattern of mRNA accumulation. When expression of ethylene biosynthesis related genes was followed no significant differences in ACC synthase gene expression was observed in the wooly fruit while the normal activation of the ACC oxidase was partially repressed in the Hermosa wooly fruits. Normal ripening-related loss of the uronic acid-rich polymers was stalled in the wooly Hermosa inconsistent with the observed elevation in a specific PGase activity but consistent with PG gene expression. In general, analysis of the level of total esterification, degree of methyl esterification and level of non-methyl esters did not reveal any major alterations between the different fruit varieties or between normal and abnormal ripening. Some decrease in the level of uronic acids methyl esterification was observed for both Hermosa and Sunsnow undergoing ripening following storage at low temperature but not in fruits ripening after harvest. Our results support a role for imbalanced cell wall degradation as a basis for the chilling disorder. While these results do not support a role for the imbalance between PG and pectin methyl esterase (PME) activities as the basis for the disorder they suggest a possible role for imbalance between cellulose and other cell wall polymer degradation during the softening process.
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