Academic literature on the topic 'Low-rise homes'
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Journal articles on the topic "Low-rise homes"
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Lai, Yonghang, Ian A. Ridley, and Peter Brimblecombe. "Air Change in Low and High-Rise Apartments." Urban Science 4, no. 2 (May 13, 2020): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/urbansci4020025.
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Air exchange in tall apartment buildings is critical in controlling indoor environments in urban settings. Airtightness is relevant to energy efficiency, thermal comfort and air quality experienced by urban dwellers who spend much of their time indoors. While many air change measurements have been made in residential homes, fewer are available for high-rise apartments. The blower-door and CO2 exchange methods were used to measure air change in some Hong Kong apartment buildings, for comparison with those from other parts of the world. Hong Kong apartments are often small and typical rented apartments show a median of seven air changes per hour under a 50 Pa pressure difference, similar to Mediterranean houses, though much greater than the airtight buildings of Northern Europe. Extrapolation of blower-door measurements made at 50 Pa to the natural pressure difference measured for individual Hong Kong apartments provides an approximation (within 8%) of the natural air change rate measured with a tracer. Air flow is a function of the pressure difference ∆Pnf and the exponent n was found close to the typical 0.6. There was a positive relationship between air permeability and construction age, but some of this also seems to reflect varying levels of maintenance by the building management companies. The median exchange in the apartments under naturally ventilated conditions was 0.26 h−1, not atypical of some houses on the US West Coast.
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KUSHNIN, ANDREY V., and ROMAN I. SHENKMAN. "CURRENT TRENDS IN LOW-RISEENERGY-EFFICIENT CONSTRUCTION." Architecture, Construction, Transport, no. 2(100) (2022): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.31660/2782-232x-2022-2-58-65.
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The article deals with the advantages of energy-efficient construction of low-rise buildings. Such buildings with the use of energy- saving materials and technologies, characterized by low waste and non-aggressive attitude to the environment, are oriented towards comfortable, reliable, safe living, and the harmony between man and dwelling and the environment. The attention on the necessity to form environmental thinking in order to implement the concept of environmental friendliness low-rise buildings and, as a consequence, to meet the growing needs of people to live in an individual eco-house is emphasized. Outlines current trends in the construction of energy-efficient homes in Russia.
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Reed, Susan C., and Nancy Davis. "Jane Dent Home: The Rise and Fall of Homes for the Aged in Low-Income Communities." Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 15, no. 4 (2004): 547–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hpu.2004.0070.
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Lloyd, Philip. "The energy profile of a low-income urban community." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 25, no. 3 (September 23, 2014): 80–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2014/v25i3a2661.
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As part of a household energisation experiment, a baseline survey was undertaken from a sample of 152 households in the informal settlement of Samora Machel. The survey covered energy needs for cooking, space heating, water heating, lighting and any other demands, the costs of energy and total household monthly expenses. The average home had 3-4 inhabitants in less than 2 rooms. Paraffin was the primary source of energy for cooking and space heating, and played a significant role in water heating and lighting. Electricity was quite widely available, but was used primarily for low-power services such as radios and cellphones. Only 10% of all homes had a refrigerator. 20% of all homes purchased LP gas regularly but only used it on social occasions. Fuelwood was collected rather than purchased, and mainly burned in an open brazier, both for cooking and space heating. Space heating was primarily by cookstove; only one home had a specially designed heater using paraffin fuel. The median household expenditure was R1 800/month and 20% of this was spent on energy services. About half the homes are at risk of energy poverty, where lack of energy could give rise to a range of health problems, particularly during the colder months.
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Hanninen, O. "The Sauna - Stimulating and Relaxing." Physiology 1, no. 6 (December 1, 1986): 179–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiologyonline.1986.1.6.179.
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The sauna - a hot air bath - is a centuries old cultural tradition in Finland and is now spreading to fitness centers and private homes around the world. The exposure to hot air at 70-100� C and low humidity for 10-20 minutes causes skin temperature to rise, resulting in heavy sweating and other physiological changes. A major reason for the sauna's continuing popularity is that it leaves the bather with a pleasant feeling of deep relaxation.
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Choi, Han Joo, Hyung Jun Moon, Won Jung Jeong, Gi Woon Kim, Jae Hyug Woo, Kyoung Mi Lee, Hyuk Joong Choi, Yong Jin Park, and Choung Ah Lee. "Effect of the Floor Level on the Probability of a Neurologically Favorable Discharge after Cardiac Arrest according to the Event Location." Emergency Medicine International 2019 (October 16, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9761072.
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As the number of people living in high-rise buildings increases, so does the incidence of cardiac arrest in these locations. Changes in cardiac arrest location affect the recognition of patients and emergency medical service (EMS) activation and response. This study aimed to compare the EMS response times and probability of a neurologically favorable discharge among patients who suffered an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) event while on a high or low floor at home or in a public place. This retrospective analysis was based on Smart Advanced Life Support registry data from January 2016 to December 2017. We included patients older than 18 years who suffered an OHCA due to medical causes. A high floor was defined as ≥3rd floor above ground. We compared the probability of a neurologically favorable discharge according to floor level and location (home vs. public place) of the OHCA event. Of the 6,335 included OHCA cases, 4,154 (65.6%) events occurred in homes. Rapid call-to-scene times were reported for high-floor events in both homes and public places. A longer call-to-patient time was observed for home events. The probability of a neurologically favorable discharge after a high-floor OHCA was significantly lower than that after a low-floor OHCA if the event occurred in a public place (adjusted odds ratio (aOR), 0.58; 95% confidence intervals (CI), 0.37–0.89) but was higher if the event occurred at home (aOR, 1.40; 95% CI, 0.96–2.03). Both the EMS response times to OHCA events in high-rise buildings and the probability of a neurologically favorable discharge differed between homes and public places. The results suggest that the prognosis of an OHCA patient is more likely to be affected by the building structure and use rather than the floor height.
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Huang, Sean Shenghsiu, and John R. Bowblis. "Is the Quality of Nursing Homes Countercyclical? Evidence From 2001 Through 2015." Gerontologist 59, no. 6 (December 7, 2018): 1044–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geront/gny148.
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Abstract Background and Objectives To examine whether nursing homes (NHs) provide better quality when unemployment rates rise (countercyclical) and explore mechanisms contributing to the relationship between quality and unemployment rates. Research Design and Methods The study uses the data on privately owned, freestanding NHs in the continental United States that span a period from 2001 through 2015. The empirical analysis relies on panel fixed-effect regressions with the key independent variable being the county-level unemployment rate. NH quality is measured using deficiencies, outcomes, and care process measures. We also examine nursing staff levels, as well as employee turnover and retention. Results NHs have better quality when unemployment rates increase. Higher unemployment rates are associated with fewer deficiencies and lower deficiency scores. This countercyclical relationship is also found among other quality measures. In terms of mechanisms, we find higher nursing staff levels, lower employee turnover, and better workforce retention when unemployment rates rise. Improvement in staffing is likely contributing to better quality during recessions. Interestingly, these effects predominately occur in for-profit NHs for deficiencies and staffing levels. Discussions and Implications NH quality is countercyclical. With near record-low unemployment rates in 2018, regulatory agencies should pay close attention to NH quality when and where the local economy registers strong growth. On the other hand, the finding of the unemployment rate–staffing/turnover relationship also suggests that policies increasing staffing and reducing employee turnover may not only improve NH quality but also have the potential to smooth quality fluctuations between business cycles.
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Setiawan, Adelita, Lucia Yovita Hendrati, and Yudied Agung Mirasa. "THE MAPPING AND ANALYSIS OF DIPHTHERIA CASES IN SURABAYA (2017-2018)." Jurnal Biometrika dan Kependudukan 10, no. 1 (June 25, 2021): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jbk.v10i1.2021.45-52.
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Diphtheria is an acute disease that attacks the airways and causes deaths. The risk factors for diphtheria are low Diphtheria-Pertussis-Tetanus (DPT) immunization coverage and an unhealthy home environment. One effort to control diphtheria is by providing information in the form of the patient's location that makes it easier to determine the target group of people intervened. The city of Surabaya experienced an increase of 50 diphtheria cases from 2017 to 2018. This study aimed to map and analyze diphtheria cases based on DPT immunization and healthy homes from 2017 to 2018 in the city of Surabaya. This study was classified descriptive analytic and used an ecological design. This study used the Pearson's correlation coefficient statistical test to analyze secondary data from the Surabaya City’s Health Profile of 2017 to 2018. This study employed the Health Mapper 4.3.0.0 application and SPSS software version 23. The study variables were diphtheria cases, DPT immunization coverage, and the percentage of healthy homes in 2017 and 2018 in Surabaya. The results of the statistical test indicated that there was a moderate relationship between DPT basic immunization coupon with the number of diphtheria cases in 2018 (p = 0.007; OR = 0.471); while the percentage of healthy homes and the number of diphtheria cases in 2018 showed a strong correlation (p = 0.002; OR = 0.544). The city experienced an increase in the number of diphtheria cases from 2017 to 2018, as well as the rise in DPT immunization coverage and the percentage of healthy homes, which tended to be stagnant. DPT immunization coverage and the percentage of healthy homes based on the 2018 data were related to the number of diphtheria cases in Surabaya. Counseling for the people in the city should be conducted to ensure that their children get DPT immunization and maintain environment cleanliness for a healthy home.
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Je, Hyun Jung, Kyu Hong Hwang, and Hyuk Sam Kwon. "Distribution of Old Low-rise Homes and Types of Home Repair Operators: In Relation to the Home Repair Public Support Activation Project." Journal of the Korean Urban Geographical Society 22, no. 3 (December 31, 2019): 131–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21189/jkugs.22.3.9.
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Zhou, Yang, Kwok-wai Mui, and Ling-tim Wong. "Evaluation of Design Flow Rate of Water Supply Systems with Low Flow Showering Appliances." Water 11, no. 1 (January 9, 2019): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11010100.
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The installation of water efficient appliances is an efficient demand-side water management measure favored by policymakers and water providers nowadays. The adoption of low flow showerheads in large and complex plumbing systems will not only contribute to a great reduction of shower water use in the whole water system, but also further influence the water supply system design. Hence, it is necessary to justify the redesign of existing water supply systems (such as the pipe size, storage tank volume, pumping arrangement etc.) in terms of the use of low flow showerheads. This study uses Monte Carlo simulations to evaluate the design flow rate for a typical high-rise roof tank water supply system in Hong Kong with the installation of low flow showerheads. The simulation results indicate that a full installation of low flow showerheads can decrease the design flow rate by 15%, corresponding to an energy efficiency improvement of 1.5%. The potential for water savings and associated energy savings can be significantly higher when all installed appliances in homes are water efficient (e.g., showerheads, water taps, washing machines). Further work is required to evaluate the redesign of existing water supply systems for a sustainable future.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Low-rise homes"
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Valério, João David Neves de Campos. "Habitar a casa unifamiliar." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa. Faculdade de Arquitetura, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/13608.
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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Arquitetura, com a especialização em Arquitetura, apresentada na Faculdade de Arquitetura da Universidade de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Mestre.Marvila é o ponto de partida para uma exploração da densificação da cidade recorrendo à casa unifamiliar. O território, marcado por um passado rural e industrial, seguido do abandono, fornece espaços de forte identidade que se pretende incorporada na proposta. A escolha da habitação como programa principal surge da necessidade de renovar Marvila com a fixação de um conjunto diverso de estratos sociais e a subsequente dinamização económica e cultural. Explora-se de que modo a intervenção pontual pode contribuir para uma solução urbana que enquadre a realidade existente e a transforme sem recorrer a uma tabula rasa. O facto de se intervir no tecido de acompanhamento da cidade privilegia uma leitura do espaço público e articulações de elementos, numa visão global do lugar e dos seus elementos identitários. A casa unifamiliar, típica de contextos de menor densidade, é abordada sob o prisma da cidade compacta, procurando-se conciliar as suas características com sistemas de alta densidade/baixa altura e de média altura. A caracterização segundo uma revisão de fontes bibliográficas permite listar e classificar um conjunto de experiências projectuais de densificação com recurso à casa unifamiliar e orientar o desenvolvimento de um projecto que contempla as situações de baixa e média altura.
ABSTRACT: Marvila is the departure point for an exploration on city densification, based on the single-family house. The territory, characterized by a rural and industrial past, followed by neglect, provides spaces with a strong identity, intended to be incorporated in the proposal. The selection of housing as the main object originates from the necessity of renewing Marvila with the settlement of a larger specter of social strata and the subsequent economic and cultural dynamization. It is explored how an intervention made of small parts can contribute to an urban solution that frames existing reality and transforms it without resorting to a tabula rasa. This method privileges public space and articulations between elements, in a vision that wraps the history of the place and its identitary elements. The single-family house, typical of low density contexts, is here addressed under the compact city prism, trying to reconcile its defining characteristics with high density systems, namely low rise/high density and medium rise systems. The characterization of single-family house through a literature review helps to list and categorize a vast set of projectual experiences of densification with single-family houses and to orient the development of a project that features low and medium rise systems.
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Гуляев, А. Е., and A. E. Gulyaev. "Разработка девелоперского проекта малоэтажного строительства поселка «Цивилизация» с применение концепции «Умный дом»» : магистерская диссертация." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10995/64279.
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The appearance of new high-tech houses in the construction market with the functions of a “smart home” is currently gaining great popularity in Russia, which leads to a great demand among the population. The attractiveness of this project is achieved both by new houses, made in a modern style, and by new “smart home” systems, and by the convenient location of the village itself.
The purpose of the master's thesis is the calculation of the project with the economic justification. The object of research in this work is the analysis and evaluation of the project for the construction of a cottage settlement in Sysert district of Olkhovka.
Such a project may be of the greatest interest to the investor both in terms of attractiveness and timing of implementation, and in terms of guaranteed reimbursement of invested funds.
The last factor is very important for the investor, because in the unstable economic situation in the Russian Federation, an increase in the length of the payback period of a newly constructed object may lead to the fact that, due to reasons beyond the control of the developer or investor, the project will not be able to return the invested funds.
The theoretical and methodological basis of the study are: the work of foreign and Russian scientists on smart home systems in low-rise construction and on the development of these technologies in the Russian market.
As a result of the study, the analysis of the location of the object in a particular area, its economic justification and all financial calculations and implementation dates were made. Also given are all the technical characteristics of the object, its concept and attractiveness. Next, the calculation is carried out according to three financing schemes - 100% of equity, 50% of 50% of equity and banking. Both options showed positive NPV.Появление на строительном рынке новых современных домов в стиле «Хай-тек» с функциями «умного дома» в настоящее время набирают большую популярность в России, что ведет к большому спросу у населения. Привлекательность данного проекта достигается как новыми домами, сделанные в современном стиле, и новыми системами «умный дом», так и удобным месторасположение самого поселка Целью магистерской диссертации является расчет проекта с экономическим обоснованием. Проведение анализ и оценка проекта строительства коттеджного поселка в Сысертском районе д.Ольховка, который является объектом исследования в данной работе. Подобный проект в настоящее время может представлять наибольший интерес для инвестора как с точки зрения привлекательности и сроков реализации, так и с точки зрения гарантированного возмещения вложенных средств. Последний фактор является весьма важным для инвестора, так как в условиях нестабильной экономической ситуации в Российской Федерации увеличение длительности периода окупаемости вновь возведенного объекта может привести к тому, что в силу причин, не зависящих от девелопера либо инвестора, проект так и не сможет возвратить вложенные средства. Теоретической и методологической основой исследования служат: работы зарубежных и российских ученых, посвященные системам «умный дом» вмалоэтажном строительстве и, проблемам развития данных технологий в условиях российского рынка. В результате исследования произведен анализ локации объекта в определенном районе, его экономическое обоснование и все финансовые расчеты, а также сроки реализации. Также приведены все технические характеристики объекта, его концепция и привлекательность. Далее проводится расчет по трем схемам финансирования – 100% собственного капитала, 50% на 50% собственного капитала и банковского. Оба варианта показали положительные показатели ЧДД.
Books on the topic "Low-rise homes"
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A, VanderWerf Pieter, and Portland Cement Association, eds. Concrete systems for homes and low-rise construction: A Portland Cement Association guide. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2006.
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Association, Portland Cement, and Inc Building Works. Concrete Systems for Homes and Low-Rise Construction (Portland Cement Association). McGraw-Hill Professional, 2005.
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Association, Portland Cement, and Inc Building Works. Concrete Systems for Homes and Low-Rise Construction (Portland Cement Association). McGraw-Hill Professional, 2005.
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Low Rise Housing in America: The Suburban Scene (Process Architecture Ser.; No 12). Eastview Editions, 1993.
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American Project: The Rise and Fall of a Modern Ghetto. Harvard University Press, 2002.
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(Foreword), William Julius Wilson, ed. American Project: The Rise and Fall of a Modern Ghetto. Harvard University Press, 2002.
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(Foreword), William Julius Wilson, ed. American Project: The Rise and Fall of a Modern Ghetto. Harvard University Press, 2000.
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Denoon, David B. H., ed. China's Grand Strategy. NYU Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479804085.001.0001.
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China’s dramatic rise on the world stage was evident by the final decade of the twentieth century. In the period from 1979 to 2008, China played a low-key role, emphasizing economic growth and cooperative relations with other countries. Since the global recession of 2008–09, however, China has been more aggressive in both its economic and foreign policy. The goal of this volume is to assess China’s intentions and to evaluate what the Chinese leadership hopes to achieve by actions such as occupying the atolls in the South China Sea and implementing its massive aid program, the Belt and Road Initiative. The volume includes authors with varying perspectives on China’s intentions, allowing the reader to compare competing viewpoints on China’s plans.
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Anderson, Michael, and Corinne Roughley. Marriage and Nuptiality. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805830.003.0011.
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Compared with England and Wales and many parts of north-west Europe, Scotland shows a marked tendency towards later marriage ages and lower overall nuptiality, to the 1970s in particular. Marriage rates were especially low in the interwar period but rose rapidly after World War Two before falling back from the 1970s, though this was accompanied by a rise in cohabitation. There were at all dates major contrasts between different parts of the country (mapped at parish level as an example for 1911) and these closely reflected the different opportunities for setting up a home together that were made available to men and women by local agrarian systems, and occupational and class structures. Over time, falling mortality reduced levels of widowhood, but this was offset by rising divorce.
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Leeder, Murray. Halloween. Liverpool University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781906733797.001.0001.
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The 1970s represented an unusually productive and innovative period for the horror film, and John Carpenter's Halloween (1978) is the film that capped that golden age — and some say ruined it, by ushering in the era of the slasher film. Considered a paradigm of low-budget ingenuity, its story of a seemingly unremarkable middle-American town becoming the site of violence on October 31 struck a chord within audiences. The film became a surprise hit that gave rise to a lucrative franchise, and it remains a perennial favourite. Much of its success stems from the simple but strong constructions of its three central characters: brainy, introverted teenager Laurie Strode, a late bloomer compared to her more outgoing friends, Dr. Loomis, the driven, obsessive psychiatrist, and Michael Myers, the inexplicable, ghostlike masked killer. This book offers a bold and provocative study of Carpenter's film, which hopes to expose qualities that are sometime effaced by its sequels and remakes. It explores Halloween as an unexpected ghost film, and examines such subjects as its construction of the teenager, and the relationship of Halloween the film to Halloween the holiday, and Michael Myers's brand of ‘pure evil’.
Book chapters on the topic "Low-rise homes"
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Dickinson, Maggie. "Reproducing Hunger in Pandemic America." In Beyond Global Food Supply Chains, 99–108. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3155-0_8.
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AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic has precipitated a significant rise in hunger in the United States, especially among caretakers of children, people who are unemployed or insecurely employed, undocumented immigrants and other racialized marginalized groups. The gaping holes in the public response to growing hunger are the inevitable result of decades of welfare state transformation in which policymakers have withdrawn assistance for caregivers and reframed public benefits as a subsidy to low-wage jobs. In the face of mass unemployment and life-threatening risks for frontline food workers, hunger is once again being deployed as a tool to push people into unsafe jobs that prop up a racist and ecologically destructive food system.
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Wetherell, Sam. "The Council Estate." In Foundations, 76–106. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691193755.003.0004.
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This chapter tackles the history of the council estate in Britain. A council estate is a group of homes, usually in one or many buildings, planned as a totality that was owned and leased by municipal authorities. Although many council estates were low-rise suburban developments, the chapter focuses on the urban, high-density iterations of this form, which usually comprised a handful of high- and medium-rise apartment buildings connected by a mesh of public walkways, courtyards, playgrounds, and parking lots. This chapter also highlights the most conspicuous and arguably most consequential of the urban forms during this time — the high-density council estate. It discusses high-density council estate's rich historiography and why it was considered as the main protagonist in recent histories of working-class community formation, policy and political culture, gender, consumerism, and architecture. Ultimately, the chapter explores the two most striking and historically distinctive features of postwar, high-density council estates: their capacity to modernize domestic life and the hope that they could forge community out of proximity.
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de Jong, Greta. "Okra Is a Threat." In You Can't Eat Freedom. University of North Carolina Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469629308.003.0005.
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This chapter examines the rise of the low-income cooperative movement and the opportunities it offered for rural poor people to take charge of their economic destiny. In response to layoffs and evictions, activists formed cooperative enterprises that provided employment to displaced workers. Cooperatives represented an attempt to establish a measure of economic independence for rural poor people and thus facilitate political participation in a region where many African Americans still feared losing their homes or livelihoods if they tried to challenge the social order. Creating black-owned businesses founded on cooperative principles also demonstrated that alternatives existed to capitalist economic structures that exploited and then discarded black labor. Despite some internal weaknesses and hostility from white supremacists that hindered their effectiveness, cooperatives showed significant promise as a model for alleviating rural poverty.
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Masson, Marilyn A., Carlos Peraza Lope, Timothy S. Hare, Bradley W. Russell, Pedro Delgado Kú, Bárbara Escamilla Ojeda, and Luis Flores Cobá. "Rural Economies of Agrarian Houselots before and after the Rise of Urban Mayapán." In The Real Business of Ancient Maya Economies, 79–97. University Press of Florida, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813066295.003.0005.
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Chapter 5 examines eight rural houselots, homes of farmers, in the vicinity of the Postclassic Maya capital city of Mayapán, Yucatán. Four houselots date to the Terminal Classic Period, when the area was a marginally located vicinity surrounding a small central town. Four houselots date to the Postclassic Period, representing peripheral localities beyond Mayapán’s walled urban zone. Comparisons of Postclassic Mayapán urban commoner activity differentiation and wealth are made to the rural houselots of both periods. Rural houselots differed in their relative affluence, some reflecting similar patterns to the late urban contexts. Although all were generally at the low end of the wealth continuum, rural farmers were fully dependent on regional trade for the most common items used in daily life, especially pottery vessels.
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Vale, Lawrence J. "The Fall of Connie Chambers and the Rise of Posadas Sentinel." In After the Projects, 256–89. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190624330.003.0012.
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Chapter 9 chronicles the demise of Tucson’s Connie Chambers project during the 1980s and its replacement by Posadas Sentinel. The city’s Community Services Department (CSD) used HOPE VI to redevelop the property as Posadas Sentinel, part of a wider revitalization effort in the surrounding barrio. Acutely conscious of neighborhood critics who feared further insensitive urban renewal, the city assiduously worked to maximize housing opportunities for residents of Connie Chambers. As with Orchard Gardens but unlike River Garden, Tucson’s city leaders premised the redevelopment on occupancy by very low-income households, while seeking other ways to diversify range of incomes. The CSD replaced all two hundred public housing units but, rather than put these all back into the original barrio site, took advantage of the city’s peculiar housing market and scattered much of the housing across the city by purchasing homes in a variety of new or vacant subdivisions.
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Hearne, Rory. "Generation Rent." In Housing Shock, 21–44. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447353898.003.0002.
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This chapter details how the younger generations and lower-income households are most affected by the housing and homelessness crisis. It shows how huge aspects of their lives have become precarious and insecure, as a result of insecure, low-paid and often part-time jobs, and insecure and unaffordable housing. Generation Rent is the new housing precariat, living with precarious housing, precarious work contracts and an inability to access mortgage credit, alongside unaffordable house prices and rent. It details the structural shift in Ireland’s housing system: decline in home-ownership rates and rise in private rental sector. Generation Rent now extends to the middle-aged and older generations as shown in the increase in the number of people renting in their 40s and 50s. It looks at increasing housing cost overburden rates where young people on low incomes are most severely affected by the issue of housing affordability than young people on higher incomes. Generation Rent also includes Generation Stuck at Home - those forced to live at home with theirparents as they cannot afford to move out into the rental sector, orbecause they have been evicted, unable to meet mortgages, cannot access social housing, or are trying to savefor a deposit.
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Hearne, Rory. "Introduction: a new housing crisis." In Housing Shock, 1–20. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447353898.003.0001.
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This Chapter details how the Irish housing systems, and housing systems across the world, are experiencing a structural ‘shock’. We are in the midst of an unprecedented housing and homelessness crisis. This details the dramatic increase in housing inequalities and exclusion, from the rise in homelessness, mortgage arrears and foreclosures, to the collapse in home-ownership rates and, in particular, the emergence of ‘Generation Rent’ and ‘Generation Stuck at Home’. This new Generation Rent is being locked out of traditional routes to affordable secure housing such as home ownership, social housing and secure low-rent housing. They are being pushed into private rental markets with unaffordable high rents and insecurity of tenure, or forced into hidden homelessness, couchsurfing, sleeping in cars, or pushed back to live with their parents. Ireland has had the largest fall in home ownership rates among European Union (EU) countries in the past three decades. This chapter shows that the current housing situation and crisis is not a temporary blip, but a deep and profound structural crisis that is in danger of becoming a permanent crisis. Our national and global housing systems are in crisis and this is a key juncture.
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J. Erickson, Brandon, Yousef Shishani, and Reuben Gobezie. "Outpatient Total Shoulder Replacement Procedures." In Shoulder Surgery for RC Pathology, Arthropathy and Tumors. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101974.
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The number of total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) and reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) procedures performed each year has continued to rise. While these procedures were historically done in the inpatient setting, many surgeons have migrated to performing TSA and RTSA in the outpatient setting. This can either involve sending patients home the same day from the hospital or performing these in an outpatient center. Specific protocols should be followed in regard to patient selection to minimize the risk of complications and readmission. Similarly, a team approach between the anesthesiologist and the surgeon is critical to ensure adequate pain control. Use of tranexamic acid (TXA), a preoperative nerve block as well as specific combinations of preoperative and postoperative medications are helpful in creating an optimal environment in which to perform the shoulder arthroplasty for the patient. When done well, TSA and RTSA can successfully be performed as an outpatient with a very high success rate and a low risk of complications.
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Musselwhite, Charles, and Kiron Chatterjee. "Changing demographics." In Transport Matters, 327–48. Policy Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447329558.003.0014.
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Older people are travelling more than previous generations, especially by private vehicle. By contrast there has been a decline in car use among the younger population. We highlight how many of the reasons for these trends lie outside the transport sector. Younger people are living at home longer, delaying getting married and having children later in life. A decline in young people’s disposable income, a growth in low-end service jobs and the rise of precarious employment are also likely to be key contributors to a reduction in car use, especially with rising learning to drive and insurance costs. Younger people are also more likely to live in urban areas, which means less need for private vehicles. Older people are more likely to live in dispersed communities that require a car to access services and shops. They are less likely to use the internet for shopping, for accessing services and for staying connected to people. They have lived through a time of increased reliance and norms around using the car and continue this into later life. Examining mobility in relation to age suggests a need to look at how transport matters from the viewpoint of individuals and their relationship with society.
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Lytle, Mark H. "In Debt We Trust." In The All-Consuming Nation, 330–60. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197568255.003.0015.
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The chapter first looks at the Great Inflation that wreaked havoc on the American economy and especially the working and middle classes. The economy shifted away from consumer goods manufacturing to services, dominated by jobs in government, healthcare, recreation and leisure, education, and the professions. Workers, for example, were more likely to drive cabs than to build them. All the same, American consumers continued their spendthrift ways in the 1980s, despite their lower purchasing power. They adjusted their consumer habits in three significant ways: where they shopped, how they paid for goods and services, and what they bought. The first section thus looks at the rise of the “big-box” stores, led by Wal-Mart and Sam Walton, that traded amenities for low prices and in that way extended purchasing power. A number of financial instruments—credit cards, ATMs, mutual money funds—allowed consumers easier access to consumer loans and savings. Finally, technological innovation transformed home and personal entertainment in the form of cable television, tape cassette players, the VCR, and other electronics that also empowered grassroots styles such as punk, rap, and independent films to go mainstream. That cultural upheaval triggered a moral backlash led by evangelical Christians and televangelists such as Oral Roberts, Pat Robertson, and Jerry Falwell. Ironically, they employed the same media technologies to reach mass audiences in order to spread the word that included the ultimate consumer faith: prosperity theology.
Conference papers on the topic "Low-rise homes"
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Manos, G., K. Katakalos, M. Theofanous, A. Nalbadidou, V. Tsakalidis, and C. Stathi. "THE EARTHQUAKE DESIGN OF LOW-RISE HOMES MADE BY EITHER REINFORCED CONCRETE, PARTIALLY REINFORCED MASONRY OR A NOVEL STEEL COMPOSITE SYSTEM." In 4th International Conference on Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering. Athens: Institute of Structural Analysis and Antiseismic Research School of Civil Engineering National Technical University of Athens (NTUA) Greece, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.7712/120113.4579.c1384.
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Vargas Puentes, Liliana, and Camilo José Peña Lapeira. "Home-At-Work and Occupational Risk Intervention During The Covid-19 Pandemic." In 8th International Conference on Human Interaction and Emerging Technologies. AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002794.
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The pandemic caused by COVID-19 significantly affected small and medium-sized entrepreneurs and their workers in Colombia, who, in order to give continuity to their organizations and comply with legal requirements during the health emergency, turned their homes into workspaces, giving rise to the modality of "home-at-work”, which differs from the usual teleworking model.This new context required that organizations implemented strategies for managing occupational risks which arose in households whose workers adopted the home-working mode and had to share family, personal, and/or school spaces at the same time.The research aimed to identify the management of occupational risks for 400 workers linked to Mypymes companies in Bogotá city that adopted the modality of homeworking during 2021, because of the pandemic conditions. The current work was framed in mixed descriptive approach research (Hernández et. al, 2010) through the application of a virtual survey to the sample, interviews with employers, and RAEs.The results of the survey applied show that 41.6% of the workers did not receive a visit to inspect and adapt the workspace at home, and 25% received some virtual guidance. On the other hand, 67% mentioned that the chair and work surfaces did not fulfill ergonomic conditions and they were not improved by the employer. Only 50% received training on occupational hazards of working at home and 36.1% received guidance on active breaks. Finally, 50% stated that the workload increased significantly, generating anxiety and stress, and 46.4% were never informed how to report an accident at work while working at home.Thus, the intervention of occupational risks in the work-at-home modality was low, especially in the adaptation of workstations. However, the employers affirmed that, although there was not strong intervention in that aspect, they gave self-care guidelines to workers, and efforts were focused on preserving productive activities to keep companies afloat.
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Kim, Dongsu, Heejin Cho, Rogelio Luck, and Pedro Mago. "Potential Aggregate Effects of Net-Zero Energy Homes (NZEHs) With Distributed Energy Generation on the U.S. Electrical Grid." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-88359.
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This study evaluates potential aggregate effects of net-zero energy home (NZEH) implementations on the U.S. electrical grid in a simulation-based analysis. The aggregate impact of large-scale NZEH implementations on the U.S. electrical grid is evaluated through a simulation-based study of prototype residential building models with distributed photovoltaic (PV) generation systems. An EnergyPlus residential prototype building model (i.e., a multi-family low-rise apartment building) is used to determine the detailed electricity consumption of each residential building model using U.S. climate weather files. This study assumes that net-metering is available on the electrical grid so that the surplus on-site electricity generation can be fed to the electrical grid. This study also considers the impact of electrical energy storage (EES) within NZEHs to effectively use on-site generated electricity on the electrical grid. Finally, surveyed residential building permits in 2017 are used to estimate net-electricity demand profiles of NZEHs on a national scale. Results indicate that adding distributed PV systems to enable annual multi-family NZEH performance can significantly increase changes in imported and exported electricity demand from and to the electrical grid during the daytime. However, using the EES within NZEHs helps reduce the peak electricity demand during the daytime. The stored electricity in the EES can also be used during the evening time. The peak net-electricity differences on the U.S. electrical grid-level could potentially be reduced during the daytime and shifted to the evening. Comparison of hourly electricity demand profiles for the actual U.S. demand versus the calculated net-demand on a national scale indicates that the percentage differences of U.S. net-electricity demand include about 4.5% and 4.8% for the multi-family NZEH without the EES on representative winter and summer days, respectively, at a maximum point. In addition, when the EES is added within the multi-family NZEH, the peak percentage differences could be reduced to about 3.4% and 4.3% on representative winter and summer days, respectively, at a maximum point.
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Kawai, Yoshimichi, Shigeaki Tohnai, Shinichiro Hashimoto, Atsushi Sato, and Tetsuro Ono. "Steel Sheet Shear Walls with Burring Holes for Low- to Mid-Rise Housings." In IABSE Congress, New York, New York 2019: The Evolving Metropolis. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/newyork.2019.2780.
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<p>Steel sheet shear walls with cold formed edge stiffened burring holes are applied to low- to mid-rise housings in seismically active and typhoon- or hurricane-prone regions. A configuration with burrs on the inside and smooth on the outside enables the construction of omitting the machining of holes for equipments and thinner walls with simplified attachments of finishings. In-plane shear experiments and finite element analyses revealed that the walls allowed shear stress to concentrate in intervals between the burring holes. The walls maintained stable shear load and large deformation behavior, and the deformation areas were limited in the intervals and a large out-of-plane waveform in a sheet was effectively prevented owing to edge stiffened burring ribs. The design methods are developed for evaluating the shear load of the walls at story angle from zero to 1/100, using the idea of decreasing the band width of the inclined tension fields on the intervals with the effects of the thickness.</p>
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Weston, Jeffrey, and Wei Zhang. "Finite Element Modeling of Nailed Connections in Low-Rise Residential Home Structures." In Structures Congress 2017. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784480427.023.
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Shaukat, M. Mobeen, Hammad Masood, Neçar Merah, and Fadi Al-Badour. "Is Expensive More Environment Friendly? Comparative LCA of Three Home Appliances." In ASME 2021 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2021-71249.
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Abstract Due to rise in income and living standards in the developing world, there is a substantial growth in the use of home appliances. This growth is responsible for several environmental issues. Hence, there is a growing demand for energy efficient, environment friendly, and sustainable appliances. This study compares the environmental impacts of three home appliances using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). Three irons of same power rating but with different prices (low, medium, and high) were selected for this study. First, energy consumption of these irons was measured and then they were disassembled to generate a detailed list of components, materials, and processes used to manufacture them. Next, LCA was conducted using SimaPro to compare the environmental impacts of these irons. Life cycle stages including material extraction, component manufacturing, assembly, distribution, and use were considered in LCA. Both ReCiPe mid-point and end-point environmental impacts were calculated. The results of this study showed that high-price iron was more environment friendly than the low-price iron.
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Barigozzi, Giovanna, Giuseppe Franchini, and Antonio Perdichizzi. "Endwall Film Cooling Through Fan-Shaped Holes With Different Area Ratios." In ASME Turbo Expo 2006: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2006-90684.
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The present paper reports on the aero-thermal performance of a nozzle vane cascade, with film cooled endwalls. The coolant is injected through four rows of cylindrical holes with conical expanded exits. Two endwall geometries with different area ratios have been compared. Tests have been carried out at low speed (M = 0.2), with coolant to mainstream mass flow ratio varied in the range 0.5–2.5%. Secondary flow assessment has been performed through 3D aerodynamic measurements, by means of a miniaturized 5-hole probe. Adiabatic effectiveness distributions have been determined by using the wide banded thermochromic liquid crystals (TLC) technique. For both configurations and for all the blowing conditions, the coolant share among the four rows has been determined. The aerothermal performance of the cooled vane have been analyzed on the basis of secondary flow effects and laterally averaged effectiveness distributions; this analysis was carried out for different coolant mass flow ratios. It was found that the smaller area ratio provides better results in terms of 3D losses and secondary flow effects; the reason is that the higher momentum of the coolant flow is going to better reduce the secondary flow development. The increase of the fan-shaped hole area ratio gives rise to a better coolant lateral spreading, but appreciable improvements of the adiabatic effectiveness were detected only in some regions and for large injection rates.
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Kakade, V. U., G. D. Lock, M. Wilson, J. M. Owen, and J. E. Mayhew. "Effect of Radial Location of Nozzles on Heat Transfer in Pre-Swirl Cooling System." In ASME Turbo Expo 2009: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2009-59090.
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This paper investigates heat transfer in a rotating disc system using pre-swirled cooling air from nozzles at high and low radius. The experiments were conducted over a range of rotational speeds, flow rates and pre-swirl ratios. Narrow-band thermochromic liquid crystal (TLC) was specifically calibrated for application to experiments on a disc rotating at ∼ 5000 rpm and subsequently used to measure surface temperature in a transient experiment. The TLC was viewed through the transparent polycarbonate disc using a digital video camera and strobe light synchronised to the disc frequency. The convective heat transfer coefficient, h, was subsequently calculated from the one-dimensional solution of Fourier’s conduction equation for a semi-infinite wall. The analysis accounted for the exponential rise in the air temperature driving the heat transfer, and for experimental uncertainties in the measured values of h. The experimental data was supported by ‘flow visualisation’ determined from CFD. Two heat transfer regimes were revealed for the low-radius pre-swirl system: a viscous regime at relatively low coolant flow rates; and an inertial regime at higher flow rates. Both regimes featured regions of high heat transfer where thin, boundary layers replaced air exiting through receiver holes at high radius on the rotating disc. The heat transfer in the high radius pre-swirl system was shown to be dominated by impingement under the flow conditions tested.
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Janko, Samantha A., Brandon T. Gorman, Uday P. Singh, and Nathan G. Johnson. "High Penetration Residential Solar Photovoltaics and the Effects of Dust Storms on System Net Load." In ASME 2015 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2015-48030.
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Residential solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are becoming increasingly common around the world. Much of this growth is attributed to a decreasing cost of solar PV modules, reduction in the cost of installation and other “soft costs,” along with net-metering, financial incentives, and the growing societal interest in low-carbon energy. Yet this steep rise in distributed, uncontrolled solar PV capacity is being met with growing concern in maintaining electric grid stability when solar PV reaches higher penetration levels. Rapid reductions in solar PV output create an immediate and direct rise in the net system load. Demand response and storage technologies can offset these fluctuations in the net system load, but their potential has yet to be realized through wide-scale commercial dissemination. In the interim these fluctuations will continue to cause technical and economic challenges to the utility and the end-user. Late-afternoon peak demands are of particular concern as solar PV drops off and household demand rises as residents return home. Transient environmental factors such as clouding, rain, and dust storms pose additional uncertainties and challenges. This study analyzes such complex cases by simulating residential loads, rooftop solar PV output, and dust storm effects on solar PV output to examine transients in the net system load. The Phoenix, Arizona metropolitan area is used as a case study that experiences dust storms several times per year. A dust storm is simulated progressing over the Phoenix metro in various directions and intensities. Various solar PV penetration rates are also simulated to allow insight into resulting net loads as PV penetration grows in future years.
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Pop, Petru A., Liviu Lazar, and Florin M. Marcu. "Significance of Kinetotherapy in Rehabilitation Treatment of Osteoporosis." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-64784.
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Osteoporosis is a systemic skeleton disease, characterized by a low bone mass and micro-architectural deterioration of bone tissue with consecutive increasing of fragile bones and susceptibility of fractures. Risk facture, advanced ages, family history, rheumatoid arthritis, low calcium intake, physical inactivity, and low body weight can lead to this condition. The aim of treatment in osteoporosis is to grow-up the bone mineral density of the skeleton and to increase resorption of formed bone, used diverse methods as medications, conservative measures, weight reduction, physical and occupational therapy, mechanical support devices and surgery. This paper presents a balneal-conservative treatment applied to 82 patients diagnosed with osteoporosis from Rehabilitation Clinical Hospital of Felix Spa in 2011–2012, which has combined with a kinetotherapy and medication treatment. The complex rehabilitation treatment involves balneal-physical-kinetic recovery treatment that must be periodical repeated every six months, while the subjects themselves at home followed the kinetotherapy with drugs between balneal-treatments at hospital. The significance of rehabilitation treatment for the osteoporosis patients is to rise both functional and independence level, and improving their quality life. DEXA, Qualeffo-41 Test, fragility fractures, difference of height patients, using the statistical analysis have performed the evaluation of trial. These results emphasized the efficiency of balneal-rehabilitation treatment with main accent on respect the kinetotherapy applied the osteoporosis patients. The future research will be focused upon the implementation of vibration therapy with balneal-conservative treatment on patients with osteoporosis to reduce the therapy time and improving the quality patients life.
Reports on the topic "Low-rise homes"
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Ogenyi, Moses. Looking back on Nigeria’s COVID-19 School Closures: Effects of Parental Investments on Learning Outcomes and Avoidance of Hysteresis in Education. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-ri_2022/040.
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In this Insight Note, we explore how COVID-19 and related school closures impacted Nigerian schools, parents, and students. National data collected by the National Bureau of Statistics in 2020 through a monthly phone survey show that children had extremely limited contact with the education system during this time, and that families preferred low-cost alternatives such as in-home tutoring and increased parental involvement in education to e-learning tools. Additional data collected by the RISE Nigeria Team in a survey of 73 low-cost private schools in Abuja suggest that some schools did maintain contact with students during mandated school closures, that students experienced absolute learning losses equivalent to about 5-6 months of school missed in other contexts (Cooper et al, 1996), despite participation in alternative learning activities, and that the pandemic led to severe financial hardships for schools and teachers.
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Ogwuike, Clinton Obinna, and Chimere Iheonu. Stakeholder Perspectives on Improving Educational Outcomes in Enugu State. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-ri_2021/034.
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Education remains crucial for socioeconomic development and is linked to improved quality of life. In Nigeria, basic education has remained poor and is characterised by unhealthy attributes, including low quality infrastructure and a lack of effective management of primary and secondary schools. Access to education is a massive issue—according to the United Nations, there are currently about 10.5 million out of school children in Nigeria, and 1 in every 5 of the world’s out-of-school-children lives in Nigeria despite the fact that primary education in Nigeria is free. A considerable divide exists between the northern and southern regions of Nigeria, with the southern region performing better across most education metrics. That said, many children in southern Nigeria also do not go to school. In Nigeria’s South West Zone, 2016 data from the Nigerian Federal Ministry of Education reveals that Lagos State has the highest number of out of school children with more than 560,000 children aged 6-11 not going to school. In the South South Zone, Rivers State has the highest number of out-of-school children; more than 900,000 children aged 6-11 are not able to access education in this state. In Enugu State in the South East Zone, there are more than 340,000 children who do not have access to schooling (2016 is the most recent year high-quality data is available—these numbers have likely increased due to the impacts of COVID-19). As part of its political economy research project, the RISE Nigeria team conducted surveys of education stakeholders in Enugu State including teachers, parents, school administrators, youth leaders, religious leaders, and others in December 2020. The team also visited 10 schools in Nkanu West Local Government Area (LGA), Nsukka LGA, and Udi LGA to speak to administrators and teachers, and assess conditions. It then held three RISE Education Summits, in which RISE team members facilitated dialogues between stakeholders and political leaders about improving education policies and outcomes in Enugu. These types of interactions are rare in Nigeria and have the potential to impact the education sector by increasing local demand for quality education and government accountability in providing it. Inputs from the surveys in the LGAs determined the education sector issues included in the agenda for the meeting, which political leaders were able to see in advance. The Summits culminated with the presentation of a social contract, which the team hopes will aid stakeholders in the education sector in monitoring the government’s progress on education priorities. This article draws on stakeholder surveys and conversations, insights from the Education Summits, school visits, and secondary data to provide an overview of educational challenges in Enugu State with a focus on basic education. It then seeks to highlight potential solutions to these problems based on local stakeholders’ insights from the surveys and the outcomes of the Education Summits.
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Monetary Policy Report - April 2022. Banco de la República, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-pol-mont-eng.tr2-2022.
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Macroeconomic summary Annual inflation continued to rise in the first quarter (8.5%) and again outpaced both market expectations and the technical staff’s projections. Inflation in major consumer price index (CPI) baskets has accelerated year-to-date, rising in March at an annual rate above 3%. Food prices (25.4%) continued to contribute most to rising inflation, mainly affected by a deterioration in external supply and rising costs of agricultural inputs. Increases in transportation prices and in some utility rates (energy and gas) can explain the acceleration in regulated items prices (8.3%). For its part, the increase in inflation excluding food and regulated items (4.5%) would be the result of shocks in supply and external costs that have been more persistent than expected, the effects of indexation, accumulated inflationary pressures from the exchange rate, and a faster-than-anticipated tightening of excess productive capacity. Within the basket excluding food and regulated items, external inflationary pressures have meaningfully impacted on goods prices (6.4%), which have been accelerating since the last quarter of 2021. Annual growth in services prices (3.8%) above the target rate is due primarily to food away from home (14.1%), which was affected by significant increases in food and utilities prices and by a rise in the legal monthly minimum wage. Housing rentals and other services prices also increased, though at rates below 3%. Forecast and expected inflation have increased and remain above the target rate, partly due to external pressures (prices and costs) that have been more persistent than projected in the January report (Graphs 1.1 and 1.2). Russia’s invasion of Ukraine accentuated inflationary pressures, particularly on international prices for certain agricultural goods and inputs, energy, and oil. The current inflation projection assumes international food prices will increase through the middle of this year, then remain high and relatively stable for the remainder of 2022. Recovery in the perishable food supply is forecast to be less dynamic than previously anticipated due to high agricultural input prices. Oil prices should begin to recede starting in the second half of the year, but from higher levels than those presented in the previous report. Given the above, higher forecast inflation could accentuate indexation effects and increase inflation expectations. The reversion of a rebate on value-added tax (VAT) applied to cleaning and hygiene products, alongside the end of Colombia’s COVID-19 health emergency, could increase the prices of those goods. The elimination of excess productive capacity on the forecast horizon, with an output gap close to zero and somewhat higher than projected in January, is another factor to consider. As a consequence, annual inflation is expected to remain at high levels through June. Inflation should then decline, though at a slower pace than projected in the previous report. The adjustment process of the monetary policy rate wouldcontribute to pushing inflation and its expectations toward the target on the forecast horizon. Year-end inflation for 2022 is expected to be around 7.1%, declining to 4.8% in 2023. Economic activity again outperformed expectations. The technical staff’s growth forecast for 2022 has been revised upward from 4.3% to 5% (Graph 1.3). Output increased more than expected in annual terms in the fourth quarter of 2021 (10.7%), driven by domestic demand that came primarily because of private consumption above pre-pandemic levels. Investment also registered a significant recovery without returning to 2019 levels and with mixed performance by component. The trade deficit increased, with significant growth in imports similar to that for exports. The economic tracking indicator (ISE) for January and February suggested that firstquarter output would be higher than previously expected and that the positive demand shock observed at the end of 2021 could be fading slower than anticipated. Imports in consumer goods, retail sales figures, real restaurant and hotel income, and credit card purchases suggest that household spending continues to be dynamic, with levels similar to those registered at the end of 2021. Project launch and housing starts figures and capital goods import data suggest that investment also continues to recover but would remain below pre-pandemic levels. Consumption growth is expected to decelerate over the year from high levels reached over the last two quarters. This would come amid tighter domestic and external financial conditions, the exhaustion of suppressed demand, and a deterioration of available household income due to increased inflation. Investment is expected to continue to recover, while the trade deficit should tighten alongside high oil and other export commodity prices. Given all of the above, first-quarter economic growth is now expected to be 7.2% (previously 5.2%) and 5.0% for 2022 as a whole (previously 4.3%). Output growth would continue to moderate in 2023 (2.9%, previously 3.1%), converging similar to long-term rates. The technical staff’s revised projections suggest that the output gap would remain at levels close to zero on the forecast horizon but be tighter than forecast in January (Graph 1.4). These estimates continue to be affected by significant uncertainty associated with geopolitical tensions, external financial conditions, Colombia’s electoral cycle, and the COVID-19 pandemic. External demand is now projected to grow at a slower pace than previously expected amid increased global inflationary pressures, high oil prices, and tighter international financial conditions than forecast in January. The Russian invasion of Ukraine and its inflationary effects on prices for oil and certain agricultural goods and inputs accentuated existing global inflationary pressures originating in supply restrictions and increased international costs. A decline in the supply of Russian oil, low inventory levels, and continued production limits on behalf of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries and its allies (OPEC+) can explain increased projected oil prices for 2022 (USD 100.8/barrel, previously USD 75.3) and 2023 (USD 86.8/barrel, previously USD 71.2). The forecast trajectory for the U.S. Federal Reserve (Fed) interest rate has increased for this and next year to reflect higher real and expected inflation and positive performance in the labormarket and economic activity. The normalization of monetary policy in various developed and emerging market economies, more persistent supply and cost shocks, and outbreaks of COVID-19 in some Asian countries contributed to a reduction in the average growth outlook for Colombia’s trade partners for 2022 (2.8%, previously 3.3%) and 2023 (2.4%, previously 2.6%). In this context, the projected path for Colombia’s risk premium increased, partly due to increased geopolitical global tensions, less expansionary monetary policy in the United States, an increase in perceived risk for emerging markets, and domestic factors such as accumulated macroeconomic imbalances and political uncertainty. Given all the above, external financial conditions are tighter than projected in January report. External forecasts and their impact on Colombia’s macroeconomic scenario continue to be affected by considerable uncertainty, given the unpredictability of both the conflict between Russia and Ukraine and the pandemic. The current macroeconomic scenario, characterized by high real inflation levels, forecast and expected inflation above 3%, and an output gap close to zero, suggests an increased risk of inflation expectations becoming unanchored. This scenario offers very limited space for expansionary monetary policy. Domestic demand has been more dynamic than projected in the January report and excess productive capacity would have tightened more quickly than anticipated. Headline and core inflation rose above expectations, reflecting more persistent and important external shocks on supply and costs. The Russian invasion of Ukraine accentuated supply restrictions and pressures on international costs. This partly explains the increase in the inflation forecast trajectory to levels above the target in the next two years. Inflation expectations increased again and are above 3%. All of this increased the risk of inflation expectations becoming unanchored and could generate indexation effects that move inflation still further from the target rate. This macroeconomic context also implies reduced space for expansionary monetary policy. 1.2 Monetary policy decision Banco de la República’s board of directors (BDBR) continues to adjust its monetary policy. In its meetings both in March and April of 2022, it decided by majority to increase the monetary policy rate by 100 basis points, bringing it to 6.0% (Graph 1.5).