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Academic literature on the topic 'Low rank coals'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 9 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Low rank coals"

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O. Odeh, Andrew, Samuel E Ogbeide, and Charity O Okieimen. "Elucidation of the Degradation of Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) in Coals During Pyrolysis." Energy and Environment Research 6, no. 2 (December 2, 2016): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/eer.v6n2p27.

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In this paper, we explore the use of high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) in the degradation of the poly aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) in coals of different ranks subjected to chemical plus heat treatment. The crystallite diameter on peak (10) approximations, La (10), of 37.6 Å for the high rank coal char at 700 oC fell within the HRTEM’s range of minimum-maximum length boundary of 11 x 11 aromatic aromatic fringes (28 – 44 Å). The La (10), 30.5 Å for the low rank lignite chars fell nearly on the minimum-maximum length range of 7 x 7 aromatic fringes (17 – 28 Å).The HRTEM results showed that the high rank anthracite chars at 700 oC comprised a higher distribution of larger distribution of larger aromatic fringes (11 x 11 parallelogram catenations). The mechanism for the similarity between coal chars of different ranks was the greater transition occurring in the low rank coals (lignite and sub-bituminous) to match the more resistant medium and high rank coals (bituminous – anthracite). This emphasized that the transitions in the properties of the low rank coals were more thermally accelerated than those of the high rank coals. The total PAHs detected in the coals of different ranks during pyrolysis are dominated by two- and three- ring PAHs. The amount of PAHs increase and then decrease with increase in pyrolysis temperature.
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Liu, Lei, Zhiqiang Gong, Zhenbo Wang, and Haoteng Zhang. "Study on combustion and emission characteristics of chars from low-temperature and fast pyrolysis of coals with TG-MS." Environmental Engineering Research 25, no. 4 (August 5, 2019): 522–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/eer.2019.220.

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To achieve the clean and efficient utilization of low-rank coal, the combustion and pollutant emission characteristics of chars from low-temperature and fast pyrolysis in a horizontal tube furnace were investigated in a TG-MS analyzer. According to the results, the combustion characteristic of chars was poorer than its parent coals. The temperature range of gaseous product release had a good agreement with that of TGA weight loss. Gaseous products of samples with high content of volatile were released earlier. The NO and NO<sub>2</sub> emissions of chars were lower than their parent coals. Coals of high rank (anthracite and sub-bituminous) released more NO and NO<sub>2</sub> than low rank coals of lignite, so were chars from coals of different ranks. SO<sub>2</sub> emissions of char samples were lower than parent coals and did not show obvious relationship with coal ranks.
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Sun, Li Mei, and Jiang Wu. "Biological Anaerobic Treatment for Low-Rank Coal Preparation." Advanced Materials Research 361-363 (October 2011): 328–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.361-363.328.

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The effect of microbiological treatment of low-rank coal with an anaerobic microbial consortium on theirs characteristics and composition has been inwestigated. A large amount of pyrite sulfur is removed and coal ash is decreased with anaerobic conditions in closed flask. After biological treatment of these low-rank coals in a continuously operationg flow reactor without air blowiong and with everyday aeration, coal ash reduction is found to be more significant under conditions of reactor aeration due to activation of facultative microorganisems. In some time, some metals are removed from two kinds of low-rank coals, includiing iron, manganese, potassium, lithium, toxic and trace metals. The exchange of elements between coal and mineral culture medium depends on coal rank. Metal leaching is higher for higher rank coal.
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Mullins, Oliver C., Sudipa Mitra-Kirtley, Jan Van Elp, and Stephen P. Cramer. "Molecular Structure of Nitrogen in Coal from XANES Spectroscopy." Applied Spectroscopy 47, no. 8 (August 1993): 1268–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702934067991.

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Five major nitrogen chemical structures, present in coals of varying ranks, have been quantitatively determined with the use of nitrogen x-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES). Similar studies of the sulfur chemical structures of coals have been performed for the last ten years; nitrogen studies on these fossil-fuel samples have only recently been realized. XANES spectra of coals exhibit several distinguishable resonances which can be correlated with characteristic resonances of particular nitrogen chemical structures, thereby facilitating analysis of these complicated systems. Many model compounds have been examined; for some, the relative peak positions are explained in terms of the orbital description of the lone pair of electrons. All features in the XANES spectra of coals have been accounted for; thus, all the major structural groups of nitrogen present in coals have been determined. A wide variety of aromatic nitrogen compounds is found in the coals; no evidence of saturated amine is found. Pyrroles, pyridines, pyridones, and aromatic amines are found in coal; of these, pyrrolic structures are the most prevalent. Pyridine nitrogen is prevalent in all except low-rank coals. The low pyridine content in low-rank (high-oxygen) coals correlates with a large pyridone content. This observation suggests that, with increasing maturation of coal, the pyridone loses its oxygen and is transformed into pyridine. Aromatic amines are present at low levels in coals of all rank. The spectral effects of aromatic amines are shown by comparing the XANES spectra of coal and petroleum asphaltenes.
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Olajossy, Andrzej. "The Influences of the Rank of Coal on Methane Sorption Capacity in Coals/Wpływ Rzędu Węgla Na Pojemność Sorpcyjną Metanu W Węglach." Archives of Mining Sciences 59, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 509–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amsc-2014-0037.

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Abstract Methane sorption capacity is of significance in the issues of coalbed methane (CBM) and depends on various parameters, including mainly, on rank of coal and the maceral content in coals. However, in some of the World coals basins the influences of those parameters on methane sorption capacity is various and sometimes complicated. Usually the rank of coal is expressed by its vitrinite reflectance Ro. Moreover, in coals for which there is a high correlation between vitrinite reflectance and volatile matter Vdaf the rank of coal may also be represented by Vdaf. The influence of the rank of coal on methane sorption capacity for Polish coals is not well understood, hence the examination in the presented paper was undertaken. For the purpose of analysis there were chosen fourteen samples of hard coal originating from the Upper Silesian Basin and Lower Silesian Basin. The scope of the sorption capacity is: 15-42 cm3/g and the scope of vitrinite reflectance: 0,6-2,2%. Majority of those coals were of low rank, high volatile matter (HV), some were of middle rank, middle volatile matter (MV) and among them there was a small number of high rank, low volatile matter (LV) coals. The analysis was conducted on the basis of available from the literature results of research of petrographic composition and methane sorption isotherms. Some of those samples were in the form (shape) of grains and others - as cut out plates of coal. The high pressure isotherms previously obtained in the cited studies were analyzed here for the purpose of establishing their sorption capacity on the basis of Langmuire equation. As a result of this paper, it turned out that for low rank, HV coals the Langmuire volume VL slightly decreases with the increase of rank, reaching its minimum for the middle rank (MV) coal and then increases with the rise of the rank (LV). From the graphic illustrations presented with respect to this relation follows the similarity to the Indian coals and partially to the Australian coals.
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Brown, L. J., J. D. Cashion, and R. C. Ledger. "Coal ash composition of Australian low rank coals." Hyperfine Interactions 71, no. 1-4 (April 1992): 1411–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02397348.

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RAHMAN, M., A. R. HASAN, and D. N. BARIA. "LOW TEMPERATURE OXIDATION OF LOW RANK COALS." Chemical Engineering Communications 46, no. 4-6 (August 1986): 209–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00986448608911408.

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Zhong, Xiao Xing, Guo Lan Dou, Hai Hui Xin, and De Ming Wang. "Study on Low-Temperature Oxidation Process of Low Rank Coal by In Situ FTIR." Advanced Materials Research 652-654 (January 2013): 871–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.652-654.871.

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Low temperature oxidation of two different low rank coals was measured by in-situ FTIR. Curve-fitting analysis was employed to identify functional groups types of raw coals, and series technology was carried out on in-situ infrared spectrum of sample coals at low-temperature oxidation process to analyze the changes of main active functional groups with temperature. The results indicate that -CH3, -CH2, -OH, C=O, COOH are the main active functional groups in low rank coal. In the oxidation process, with temperature increasing, the methyl and methylene show the tendency of increase after decrease and then decrease, and all of hydroxyl, carboxyl and carbonyl group present the tendency of increase after decrease, there exists some differences among the main functional groups in the coal low-temperature process.
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Yang, Zi, Xiao Hua Pan, Sheng Qiang Yuan, and Zhi Feng Ji. "Application of NMR in Coal Reservoir Characterization." Advanced Materials Research 765-767 (September 2013): 2168–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.765-767.2168.

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Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) can provide information about pore and fracture structures, porosity and permeability of reservoirs. It can deep into materials without destroying samples, with advantages such as rapid, accurate and high resolution. This paper introduced the experimental principles and carried out a series of NMR experiments based on high rank coal and low rank coal samples. Results show that: the T2 spectra of high rank coal samples have an independent trimodal distribution with the main peak located at the low T2 value section, indicating that high rank coal is dominated by micropores and transition pores; while the T2 spectrum of low rank coal samples show a continuous trimodal distribution with the main peak located at the high T2 value section, demonstrating the dominance of macropores, mesopores and fractures. The pore and fracture structures of low rank coals are significantly favorable than those of high rank coals.
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Ding, Shang Hui, Mei Yu Gu, Ying Dong Jia, Teng Fei Chang, Ge Wang, and Chu Yang Tang. "Research Progress in Pyrolysis of Low-Rank Coals under Different Conditions." Advanced Materials Research 953-954 (June 2014): 1131–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.953-954.1131.

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Coal is absolute dominance in reserves-to-production ratio terms. The development of fuels derived from pyrolysis of low-rank coals is beneficial to lower fossil fuels cost and greenhouse gas emissions. The research proposal briefly summarized energy situation and sustainable development strategy as they were by 2013 at first. Then some recent process in the understanding of the pyrolysis behaviors of coal was reviewed. The influencing factors of atmospheres, additives, and catalysts during coal pyrolysis will be followed to literature. The review paper on pyrolysis characteristics will achieve the development of advanced technologies for the clean and efficient utilization of low-rank coals
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Low rank coals"

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de, Carvalho Roberto José. "Kinetics of the Boudouard reaction for low-rank Western-Canadian coals." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27035.

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The kinetics of gasification of two Alberta sub-bituminous coal chars with CO₂ have been investigated in the temperature range of 800-950°C. The reactor utilized in the experimental work was a laboratory-size batch fluidized bed. The overall gasification kinetics were followed by measurements of gas composition and flow rates. Chars in the particle size -841 + 420 μm were gasified with gas mixtures involving CO, CO₂ and He. Initially it was determined that beds containing 20.0 g of char (L/D ≈ 0.25), and a total inlet flow rate of 10 l/min were able to provide an adequate mixing of the reactants and near isothermal conditions in most of the experiments. Moreover these operating conditions allowed the measurement of reaction rates with minimum influence of CO₂ starvation, elutriation of char particles and fluidization hydrodynamics. Chars prepared with longer soak time and lower heating rate were less reactive due to their lower surface area and more closed pore structure. For the conditions studied, Highvale chars were more reactive than similarly prepared Smoky Tower chars primarily due to differences in surface area. Increasing PCO₂ in the inlet gas caused a non-linear increase in the reaction rate, and CO strongly retarded the reaction, mainly at low temperatures, suggesting that Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetics are followed. The reaction also was heavily affected by temperature, especially with increasing concentration of CO due to the poisoning effect of this gas. The external appearance of char particles and the changes in pore structure and ash characteristics with the extent of reaction were examined by SEM. The initial rate of reaction follows the LH equation. The apparent activation energies for the rate constants k₁ and k₂ of this equation are respectively 176 and 286 kJ/mole. However the LH equation was not the most suitable equation to represent the kinetics of the reaction under the conditions investigated. Therefore a power-law rate equation that accounted for the variation in surface area of the chars was employed. The orders of reaction obtained for Highvale and Smoky Tower chars are 0.4 and 0.7 respectively. The initial apparent activation energies for Highvale chars are 143,210 and 255 kJ/mole for CO/CO₂ ratios of 0, 0.25 and 0.50 respectively. For Smoky Tower chars the initial apparent activation energy is 202 kJ/mole. The equations of Bhatia and Perlmutter and Dutta et al. were used to correlate the reactivity of both chars with the extent of reaction. The equation of Bhatia and Perlmutter was able to represent the data better at any temperature for Smoky Tower chars and up to 900°C for Highvale chars. For Highvale chars, the equation of Dutta et al. fitted the data better at 950°C. These results and the values of apparent activation energy obtained suggest that, for the conditions investigated, the gasification reaction was mainly chemically controlled with pore diffusion effects increasing for Highvale chars at 950°C. In addition, the increase in apparent activation energy when the carbon conversion and the CO/CO₂ratio increased, supports the contention that the reaction was under chemical control.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Materials Engineering, Department of
Graduate
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Telfer, Marnie. "Sulphur transformations during pyrolysis of low-rank coals and characterisation of Ca-based sorbents." Title page, summary and contents only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09pht2712.pdf.

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Bibliography: leaves 279-293. Temperature-programmed Pyrolysis experiments employing Bowmans and Lochiel low-rank coal and treated Bowmans coals, were conducted to investigate the sulphur transformations during pyrolysis.
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Cahill, P. "An investigation into the suitability of intermediate and low rank coals for solvent and supercritical gas extraction." Thesis, Staffordshire University, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.376543.

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Vamvuka, Despina. "Thermogravimetric analysis studies of low rank coals and modelling of combustion and gasification processes in entrained systems." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.363216.

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Thermogravimetric analysis studies were performed on three low rank coals and a lignite (average size 41um), as well as the dense media separated fractions of these in nitrogen and air. All experiments were carried out at 20°C/min and over the temperature range of 25 to 850°C. Such studies have been used to examine the effect of the different minerology of the coals upon the devolatilization and combustion processes, to investigate the effect of mineral matter on coal reactivity, and to provide data for mathematical models of pulverized coal combustion and gasification in entrained systems. The first-order kinetic model, used to characterise the devolatilization and combustion processes, seemed to correlate the experimental data reasonably well. The activation energy values corresponding to devolatilization, and ranging from 22 to 38 KJ/mole, were similar for all coals, while those corresponding to combustion of the devolatilized coal varied between 41 and 96 KJ/mole and were significantly higher. The presence of the mineral matter slightly increased the reactivity of the coals in nitrogen, whereas it affected greatly the temperature sensitivity of the reaction in air, A mathematical model, incorporating thermogravimetric analysis data of Whitwick coal, was developed in order to predict the burning history of a single entrained coal particle, and to study the effect of ambient gas temperature and boundarylayer thickness on the final conversion, This model included a set of ordinary differential equations, describing the reaction rates and the mass and heat transport processes, as well as a partial differential equation, for computing the temperature profile within the particle. The system of equations was solved numerically, The location of the reaction zone on the solid surface, where gas-phase and heterogeneous combustion could occur simultaneously, appeared to describe successfully the combustion mechanism of the particle. The combustion process was chemical reaction rate controlled. The particle behaved essentially isothermally and its lifetime was estimated to be approximately 1.23s. A higher ambient gas temperature or boundary-layer thickness resulted in shorter burn-out times. Finally, a one-dimensional, steady-state model, for an entrained flow coal gasifier, was developed, by using combustion data from thermogravimetric analysis of Whitwick coal. The model was based on mass and energy balances, heterogeneous reaction rates and homogeneous gas-phase equilibrium. The resulting set of nonlinear mixed ordinary differential-implicit algebraic equations was solved numerically, by using modified Euler's method in conjunction with a nonlinear algebraic equation solver. Parametric studies were made, in order to provide a better understanding of the reactor performance, in terms of coal conversion, product gas composition and temperature profiles along the reactor, under various operating conditions, such as feed flow rates and gasifier pressure. High conversion of carbon could be predicted only if the devolatilization reaction proceeded in parallel with the heterogeneous reaction at the coal surface, with oxygen and steam. The model suggested that a two-stage gasification with precombustion, followed by reaction with steam would be possible. The critical parameters in gasification were the steam-to-coal and oxygen-to-coal feed ratios. Data is presented showing their effect on total conversion, synthesis gas composition and calorific value, as a function of reactor pressure. No experimental data for the verification of the simulation was performed, but comparison of the results with those of previous investigations showed consistency.
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Saugier, Luke Duncan. "Investigation of feasibility of injecting power plant waste gases for enhanced coalbed methane recovery from low rank coals in Texas." Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969/278.

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Guy, Peter John, and guyp@ebac com au. "The Solvent induced swelling behaviour of Victorian brown coals." Swinburne University of Technology. School of Engineering and Science, 2002. http://adt.lib.swin.edu.au./public/adt-VSWT20031218.142251.

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The solvent-induced swelling behaviour of Victorian brown coals was examined in detail to probe the bonding mechanisms in very low rank coals (in this case Victorian brown coal). Correlation of solvent properties with differences in observed swelling behaviour were interpreted in terms of the coal structure, and means of predicting the observed behaviour were considered. Modification of the coal structure via physical compression (briquetting), chemical digestion, thermal modification, and functional group alkylation was used to further elucidate those structural features which govern the swelling behaviour of Victorian brown coals. Briquette weathering (i.e. swelling and disintegration of briquettes when exposed to variations in humidity and temperature) was examined by making alterations to briquette feed material and observing the effects on swelling in water. The application of solubility parameter alone to prediction of coal swelling was rejected due to the many exceptions to any proposed trend. Brown coal swelling showed a minimum when the solvent electron-donor number (DN) minus its electron-acceptor number (AN) was closest to zero, i.e. when DN and AN were of similar magnitude. The degree of swelling increased either side of this point, as predicted by theory. In contrast to the solubility parameter approach (which suffers from the uncertainty caused by specific interaction between coal and solvent), the electron donor/acceptor approach is about specific interactions. It was concluded that a combination of total and three-dimensional solubility parameters and solvent electron donor/acceptor numbers may be used to predict solvent swelling of unextracted brown coals with some success. Solvent access to chemically densified coal was found to be insensitive to a reduction in pore volume, and chemical effects were dominant. Thermal modification of the digested coal resulted in reduced swelling for all solvents, indicating that the structure had adopted a minimum energy configuration due to decarboxylation and replacement of hydrogen bonds with additional covalent bonds. Swelling of oxygen-alkylated coals demonstrated that the more polar solvents are able to break relatively weak hydrogen bonded crosslinks. The large difference between the rate and extent of swelling in water (and hence weathering) of Yallourn and Morwell briquettes was shown to be almost entirely attributable to exchanged magnesium. Magnesium exchange significantly increases the rate and extent of swelling of Yallourn coal. It was also shown that the swelling of briquettes due to uptake of water by magnesium-exchanged coals is reduced significantly with controlled ageing of the briquettes. The solvent swelling behaviour of Victorian brown coals is consistent with the notion that coal is a both covalently and non-covalently crosslinked and entangled macromolecular network comprising extractable species, which are held within the network by a wide range of non-covalent, polar, electron donor/acceptor interactions. Solvents capable of significant extraction of whole brown coals are also capable of significant swelling, but not dissolution, of the macromolecular coal network, which supports the view that the network is comprised of both covalent and ionic bonding. Victorian brown coals have also been shown to exhibit polyelectrolytic behaviour due to a high concentration of ionisable surface functionalities.
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Carotenuto, Adriano Roberto da Silva. "Comparação da reatividade de carvões em reatores ciclônicos." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/79848.

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Um novo laboratório experimental desenvolvido para investigar a combustão de carvão em atmosferas de oxicombustão é descrito em detalhes na tese. Um reator ciclônico é utilizado para a combustão de carvões de baixo rank em condições de escoamento turbulento e com swirl, e operando em temperaturas similares às encontradas em câmaras de combustão industriais. Um sensor potenciométrico de oxigênio, instalado dentro do reator ciclônico, é utilizado para medir o consumo de oxigênio durante a combustão das amostras de carvão. Amostras de carvão com alto teor de cinzas, das minas do Leão e Bonito localizadas no sul do Brasil, e amostras de carvão linhito pré-seco (LTBK), da região da Lusácia, na Alemanha, foram submetidos à combustão em atmosferas de ar e de oxicombustão (O2/CO2/H2O). Os experimentos foram realizados em três temperaturas médias do gás de combustão: 1073, 1173 e 1273 K. Para as amostras do carvão LTBK, a oxicombustão foi composta com duas atmosferas de O2/CO2 sem vapor d’água (21/79 e 30/70) e três atmosferas de O2/CO2/H2O (30/60/10, 30/50/20 e 30/40/30) em base molar, enquanto para as amostras dos carvões Leão e Bonito, a oxicombustão foi composta com duas atmosferas de O2/CO2 (21/79 e 30/70). As amostras de carvão foram peneiradas para uma faixa de tamanho de partículas de 1250 a 2000 μm e 125 a 500 μm, e com massas de 1g e 3g. Em adição aos testes, amostras de char dos carvões Leão e LTBK foram preparadas para investigar o comportamento da combustão de suas matrizes carbonosas com diferentes níveis de matéria volátil. Primeiramente, a investigação da combustão do carvão é feita diretamente a partir das curvas de concentração de oxigênio medidas para a combustão das amostras de carvão LTBK submetidos às atmosferas de ar e oxicombustão com vapor d’água, conforme explicado no Capítulo 2 desta tese. Entretanto, devido ao grande número de experimentos realizados e a necessidade de entender a influência dos fatores, como temperatura e as composições das atmosferas oxidantes, e as interações entre esses fatores na combustão do carvão, a análise pela metodologia do Projeto de Experimentos (DoE) é aplicada nos experimentos, conforme detalhado no Capítulo 3. A reatividade dos carvões de baixo rank é investigada por meio do cálculo dos parâmetros cinéticos globais e dos coeficientes da taxa de reação de combustão do char, considerando a hipótese de um reator bem misturado, a ser verificada ao longo da investigação, conforme descrito no Capítulo 4. A partir da análise das curvas de concentração de oxigênio (Capítulos 2 e 3), os resultados mostram que a atmosfera de oxicombustão com 79% de CO2 (21/79, O2/CO2) aumenta o consumo de oxigênio para os carvões de alto teor de cinzas, Bonito e Leão, e para o carvão linhito com alto teor de voláteis (LTBK), devido à influência da reação de gaseificação do CO2 a partir de temperaturas acima de 1073 K. A partir da análise dos parâmetros cinéticos globais calculados para avaliar a reatividade dos carvões, os resultados mostram que a hipótese do reator bem misturado não é o suficiente para capturar a cinética da combustão do carvão por batelada no interior do reator ciclônico. A reatividade dos carvões investigados, através das constantes efetivas da taxa de reação, variando-se a composição da atmosfera oxidante, temperatura do gás de combustão, tamanho de partículas, massa da amostra e posição do sensor de oxigênio, têm influência do escoamento com swirl e seus termos advectivos e difusivos.
A novel laboratory facility designed to investigate coal oxy-fuel combustion is described in the present work. A cyclone chamber allows for the combustion of low-rank coal under turbulent conditions and swirling flows, covering a temperature range similar to those found on practical furnaces. A potentiometric oxygen sensor with oxide-ion conducting solid electrolytes, as stabilized zirconia, installed within the cyclone reactor, is used to measure the oxygen consumption during the combustion of coal samples. High ash coals samples, from Leão and Bonito mining sites located in South Brazil, and pre-dried lignite coal samples (LTBK), from the Lusatian region, in Germany, were burned under air and oxy-fuel (O2/CO2/H2O) atmospheres. Experiments were carried out at three average gas combustion temperatures: 1073, 1173 and 1273 K. For LTBK coal, oxy-fuel combustion was composed with two O2/CO2 atmospheres (21/79 and 30/70) and three O2/CO2/H2O atmospheres (30/60/10, 30/50/20 and 30/40/30) in molar basis, whereas for Leão and Bonito coals, the oxy-fuel combustion was composed with two O2/CO2 atmospheres (21/79 and 30/70). Coal samples were sieved to a size range of 1250 to 2000 μm and 125 to 500 μm and with 1g and 3g. In addition, char samples from Leão and lignite coals were prepared in order to investigate the combustion behavior of its carbon matrix for different levels of volatile matter. The investigation of coal combustion behavior is made firstly directly on the oxygen concentration curves measured for LTBK coal samples burned under air and oxy-fuel atmospheres with water vapor, as detailed in Chapter 2 of this thesis. However, due to the great number of experiments performed and the need to understand the influence of the factors, as temperature and atmosphere compositions, and the interactions between them on the coal combustion, the Design of Experiments (DoE) analysis is applied in the laboratory test facility, as developed in Chapter 3. The reactivity of low rank coals is assessed by means of global kinetic parameters and of char combustion reaction coefficients, under assumption of a well stirred reactor to be tested along the investigation, as described in Chapter 4. From the analysis of oxygen concentration curves (Chapter 2 and 3), results show that oxidizer oxy-fuel atmosphere with 79% CO2 (21/79, O2/CO2) increases the oxygen consumption for high ash coals, Bonito and Leão, and for pre-dried lignite coal, LTBK, due to the influence of CO2 gasification reaction on their coal combustion reactions from gas combustion temperatures higher than 1073 K. From the analysis of global kinetic parameters calculated to assess the coal reactivity, the results show that the hypothesis of a well stirred reactor is not enough to capture the kinetic involved in coal combustion burned in batch mode within the cyclone reactor. The coal reactivity investigated with the effective reaction rate constants for different oxidizer atmospheres, gas combustion temperatures, particle diameters, sample masses and oxygen sensor position, is influenced by the swirling flow with its advective and diffusive terms.
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Heidenreich, Craig. "Mathematical modelling of large low-rank coal particle devolatilization /." Title page, summary and contents only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phh4653.pdf.

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Ross, David. "Devolatilisation and volatile matter combustion during fluidised-bed gasification of low-rank coal." Title page, contents and summary only, 2000. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phr823.pdf.

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Bibliography: leaves 234-252. The devolution times of seven coals were determined by measuring the centre temperature response for single particles held stationary in a bench scale atmospheric fluidised-bed reactor.
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Oboirien, Bilainu Obozokhai. "A process investigation of the biosolubilisation of low rank coal in slurry system." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5421.

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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 127-136).
The coal biosolubilisation processes may be used to convert low rank coal to either a clean, cost-effective energy source or to value-added products. This can lead to increased utilisation of low-rank coal. Low-rank coal is currently under-utilised because of its low calorific value, high moisture and sulphur content. Most research on coal biosolubilisation has centred on pre-treated coal. Little work is reported on naive coal. Low yields of solubilised coal products are currently reported in the literature. This may be due to further degradation of the soluble processes or to limitation of solubilisation step. These products have potential as starting materials for biotransformation to value-added products. However, to date, small volumes of solubilised coal products are available to assess their potential for further biotransformation owing to current biosolubilisation of low-rank coal being widely carried out as a small scale Petri dishes or Erlenmeyer flask of volume. This dissertation presents the results of the investigation of biosolubilisation of low-rank coal in slurry systems using Trichoderma alroviride. Its main objectives were to investigate key operating variables influencing untreated low rank coal biosolubilisation and degradation of soluble products, and to study different reactor configurations for coal biosolubilisation
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Books on the topic "Low rank coals"

1

Sturgulewski, R. M. Thermal drying of low rank coals. S.l: s.n, 1986.

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Hippo, E. J. Organic sulfur species distributions in bituminous and low rank coals. S.l: s.n, 1990.

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Holden, P. J. The influence of reagents on the flotation froth structure for two low rank British coals. Manchester: UMIST, 1994.

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Cahill, Philip. An investigation into the suitability of intermediate and low rank coals for solvent and supercritical gas extraction. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1987.

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Aktas, Z. The adsorption behaviour of non-ionic reagents on two low rank British coals and their influence on the froth structure andflotation performance. Manchester: UMIST, 1993.

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Cohen, Martin S. Characterization of the biochemical mechanism through which selected fungi solubilize low-rank coal. S.l: s.n, 1990.

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L, Crawford Don, ed. Microbial transformations of low rank coals. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1993.

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Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. Gippsland Branch., ed. Assessment of reserves in low rank coals. Carlton, Victoria: Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 1997.

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Luo, Zhongyang, and Michalis Agraniotis. Low-Rank Coals for Power Generation, Fuel and Chemical Production. Elsevier Science & Technology, 2017.

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Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. Gippsland Branch., ed. Assessment of reserves in low rank coals: 27th November 1997, Morwell, Vic. Morwell, Vic: The Branch, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Low rank coals"

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Falcone, S. K., and H. H. Schobert. "Mineral Transformations during Ashing of Selected Low-Rank Coals." In ACS Symposium Series, 114–27. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1986-0301.ch009.

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Poonawala, Taha Y., Parth D. Shah, and Salim A. Channiwala. "Potential Use of Low-Rank High-Ash Indian Coals Through Gasification Route." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 315–24. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5996-9_24.

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Fehse, Franz, Hans-Werner Schröder, Jens-Uwe Repke, Mathias Scheller, Matthias Spöttle, and Ronald Kim. "A new approach for processing and agglomeration of low-rank coals for material usage." In XVIII International Coal Preparation Congress, 941–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40943-6_147.

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Chang, Huey-Ching K., Keith D. Bartle, Karin E. Markides, and Milton L. Lee. "Structural Comparison of Low-Molecular-Weight Extractable Compounds in Different Rank Coals Using Capillary Column Gas Chromatography." In Advances in Coal Spectroscopy, 141–64. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3671-4_7.

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Agarwal, Pradeep K., William E. Genetti, and Yam Y. Lee. "Coupled Drying and Devolatilization of Low Rank Coals in Fluidized Beds: An Experimental and Theoretical Study." In Drying ’85, 382–89. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-21830-3_51.

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Bouchillon, C. W., W. G. Steele, and J. D. Burnett. "Power Requirements for Ultrafine Grinding and Drying of Low-Rank Coals in a Fluid-Energy Mill." In Advances in Fine Particles Processing, 19–30. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-7959-1_2.

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Lee, Sihyun, Sangdo Kim, Hokyung Choi, Donghyuk Chun, Younjun Rhim, Jiho Yoo, and Jeongwhan Lim. "Efficient Use of Low Rank Coal: Current Status of Low Rank Coal Utilization." In Cleaner Combustion and Sustainable World, 893–95. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30445-3_120.

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Winarno, Tri, and Carsten Drebenstedt. "Low Rank Coal: Future Energy Source in Indonesia." In Lecture Notes in Production Engineering, 403–9. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12301-1_35.

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Winarno, Tri, and Carsten Drebenstedt. "Opportunity of Low Rank Coal Development in Indonesia." In Mine Planning and Equipment Selection, 1485–94. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02678-7_143.

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Zhang, Zhen. "Probing the Preparation of Low-Rank Lignite and Non-Caking Coal." In XVIII International Coal Preparation Congress, 223–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40943-6_31.

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Conference papers on the topic "Low rank coals"

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Garduno, Jorge Luis, Henri Morand, Luke Saugier, W. B. Ayers, and Duane A. McVay. "CO2 Sequestration Potential of Texas Low-Rank Coals." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/84154-ms.

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KARTHIKEYAN, M., J. V. M. KUMA, S. H. CHEW, and DAVID LOW YI NGO. "FACTORS AFFECTING QUALITY OF DRIED LOW RANK COALS." In The Proceedings of the 5th Asia-Pacific Drying Conference. World Scientific Publishing Company, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812771957_0097.

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Rosfjord, T. J. "Staged Combustor Evaluation of Low Rank Coal Fuels." In ASME 1988 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/88-gt-91.

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The combustion characteristics of fuels derived from low rank, coals have been evaluated at firing conditions representative of an industrial gas turbine engine. Data have been acquired for five fuels containing sub-bituminous coal and one using a lignite. The sub-bituminous fuels were coal-water mixtures differing in either the coal processing or coal loading. One slurry was based on minimally-processed coal which contained relatively high ash and internal moisture levels; the coal loading was limited to 42 pct to sustain acceptable handling. The other four slurries presented different loading of an improved-quality form of the same parent coal; slurry loadings up to 55 pct were achieved, providing nearly 50-pct greater heating value than the minimally-processed fuel. The lignite coal was also processed to produce an improved-quality slurry. Attempts to deliver and combust powdered, sub-bituminous coal were not successful. All tests were performed in a combustor configured to achieve geometrically separated zones of fuel-rich and fuel-lean combustion. Test results indicated a lower limit of fuel energy density as necessary to sustain stable combustion; efficiencies greater than 95 pct were only achieved for improved-quality fuels. The staged combustor approach again demonstrated its ability to control the conversion of fuel-bound nitrogen to NOx as concentrations down to 40 ppm (15 pct 02) were recorded.
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Chen, Wei, Yunlei Wang, Kalyan Annamalai, Jiafeng Sun, and Zhimin Xie. "Dewatering Studies on the Low Rank China Lignite Using N2, CO2 and Air." In ASME Turbo Expo 2015: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2015-44035.

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The integrated gasification and combined cycle (IGCC), uses low rank coal (higher moisture and volatile contents and lower heating value) as fuel for gasification (e.g Texaco gasifier of Tampa electric with low ash coal) and convert the solid fuel into synthetic gas mainly consisting of CO and H2. During the storage of fresh low rank but highly reactive coals near the IGCC plants, the coals undergo drying and low temperature atmospheric oxidation which raises the temperature, reduces the moisture and eventually causes spontaneous ignition if the temperature rises above about 800 °C in the coal piles for bituminous and 500 °C for lignite coals. Thus it is of interest to understand the dewatering mechanism of the low rank lignite by drying samples using N2, CO2 and air (which represents partial oxidation) as drying mediums. Fundamental experiments were performed on dewatering of coal samples using thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) with different particle sizes and drying mediums. A wide range of drying temperatures from 100 to 225 °C with a step of 25 °C was investigated at a residence time of about 30 minutes. There are no significant differences among moisture weight loss curves for the three drying mediums. It was found that the lignite lost only 5% mass at about 100 °C. With further increase in temperatures most of the mass loss occurred within the temperature range of 120 to 170 °C. The maximum moisture release rate occurred for the temperatures between 125 °C and 140 °C and hence serves as the optimal temperature range for removing the moisture. When drying temperature was below 140 °C, highest moisture release rate occurred in N2 environment while for CO2 environment, optimal temperature rose beyond 140 °C. The structure of the dewatered lignite samples were further investigated through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) studies. When experiments were repeated in air, ignition occurred and corresponding ignition temperatures were obtained. The larger particles reveal lower ignition temperatures.
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Pian, C., R. Gannon, O. Norton, W. Okhuysen, and R. Cook. "Advanced gasifier design for low rank coals and waste-derived fuels." In 37th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1999-731.

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Giuffrida, Antonio. "Impact of Low-Rank Coal on Air-Blown IGCC Performance." In ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2014-26843.

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This paper presents simulation results of air-blown coal gasification-based combined cycles when using low-rank coals, by means of a previously realized thermodynamic model. In detail, besides considering a sub-bituminous coal, attention is also paid to a brown coal, pre-dried to reduce its high moisture content. When gasifying a sub-bituminous as received coal the results highlight a slight reduction in IGCC LHV efficiency, with an absolute difference less than 1 percentage point if compared to the case with bituminous coal. This result is accomplished with an increase in net power output (almost 8 percentage points). As concerns the brown coal, a pre-drying before gasification is considered because of its significant moisture content (65 wt%). In particular, three cases with different pre-drying levels are analyzed, with the highest residual moisture content limited to 30 wt%. Even considering an energy-saving technology as the fluidized bed dryer with integrated waste heat recovery, the specific demand for coal drying amounts to 2.1–2.3 percentage points referred to the (pre-dried) coal thermal input, seriously affecting both the final IGCC efficiency and its power output in comparison with the case of bituminous coal. Higher residual moisture in coal leads to lower IGCC efficiency, whereas the net power is always less than the one delivered by the plant with the sub-bituminous coal. However, comparing the cases with sub-bituminous coal and brown coal with the minimum moisture content (10 wt%), LHV and HHV efficiencies present opposite trends, since HHV efficiency for the case with brown coal is even better than with sub-bituminous coal.
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Ding, Ming-Jie, Ling-Zhi Du, and Xian-Yong Wei. "CS2-extraction and FTIR characterization of four low-rank coals from China." In Environment (ICMREE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmree.2011.5930641.

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Chudnovsky, B., A. Talanker, Y. Berman, R. Saveliev, M. Perelman, E. Korytnyi, B. Davidson, and E. Bar-Ziv. "Prediction of Performance From PRB Coal Fired in Utility Boilers With Various Furnace and Firing System Arrangements." In ASME 2009 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2009-81038.

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Present regulatory requirements enforces the modification of the firing modes of existing coal-fired utility boilers and the use of coals different from those originally designed for these boilers. The reduction of SO2 and NOx emissions were the primary motivation for these changes. However, economic considerations played a major role too. Using sub-bituminous coals has become an important solution for emissions compliance due to their unique constituents and combustion characteristics; these coals are often referred to as enviro coals. Powder River Basin (PRB) Coals are classified as sub-bituminous ranked coals. Unlike higher ranked bituminous coals, which have tight pore structures that limit the amount of moisture they could hold, low rank coals, such as PRB coals, have looser pore structure and additional moisture retention capacity. PRB coals differ in many properties from those of the commonly burned bituminous coals, including low heating value, low fusion temperature, and high moisture content. However, PRB coals have low sulfur content and are relatively low cost. They can also lower NOx emission from power plants due to higher volatile content. When power plants switch from the designed coal to a PRB coal, operational challenges, including transportation, handling, storage, and combustion, were encountered. A major problem faced when using PRB coals is severe slagging and excess fouling on the heating surface. Not only is there an insulating effect from deposit, but there is a change in reflectivity of the surface. Excess furnace fouling and high reflectivity ash may cause reduction of heat transfer in the furnace, which results in higher furnace exit gas temperatures (FEGT), especially with opposite wall burners and with single backpass. Higher FEGT usually result in higher stack gas temperature and increasing in the reheater spray flow and therefore decreasing the boiler efficiency with higher heat rate of the unit. The modification of an existing unit for firing of PRB coals is confined to — and constrained by — existing equipment. All successful conversions happen when in the design phase of a project the following parameters are evaluated: (1) capacities or limitations of furnace size, (2) firing system type and arrangement, (3) heat transfer surface, (4) pulverizers, (5) sootblowers, (6) fans, and (7) airheaters. In the present study we used a comprehensive methodology to predict the behavior of three PRB coals fired in a 575MW T-fired boiler.
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Behera, Sushanta Kumar, S. Chakraborty, and B. C. Meikap. "Upgradation of Low Grade Coal to High Quality Coal by Chemical Beneficiation Technique." In ASME 2017 Power Conference Joint With ICOPE-17 collocated with the ASME 2017 11th International Conference on Energy Sustainability, the ASME 2017 15th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, and the ASME 2017 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power-icope2017-3057.

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Low rank or grade coals (LGC) are widely distributed over the world. Coal plays a vital role in the global energy demand especially through power generation and it mitigates the energy poverty. The major challenges by the utility of coal as regarding to energy security, a risk of climate change, and increasing of the energy demands are the main portfolio to develop the advanced technology for coal beneficiation. The gradual depletion of high quality coal and cost effective which become a significant issue for power generation while the low grade coals were served as low cost fuel and as an alternative energy security issue. In current research the low grade coal (>35% ash) has been upgraded to higher grade (<10%) by chemical cleaning method. The low grade coal was selected from Mahanadi Coalfields Limited, Odisha, India. Each test was conducted of 50 g coal (250 μm particle size) with 40% NaOH at 100 °C for 3 h and followed with 20% of H2O2, H2SO4, HCl, and HF acids at similar conditions. The research study revealed that ash content (mineral matter) of coal is reduced to >70% by NaOH followed HF treatment as compared to other solvents. The greater liberation of mineral results increases the ash reduction from low grade coal because mineral associated in the coal matrix may formed elution by the leaching effect. The greater extent of demineralization was caused due to the high affinity of OH− and F− with minerals in the coal matrix. The characterization of pre and post treatment coal and coal ash was investigated by the FESEM, XRF and XRD analysis. Overall the current research study challenges the chemical cleaning of low grade coal has been efficient techniques for reducing the minerals to a certain limit.
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Hernandez, Gonzalo, Rasheed Olusehun Bello, Duane Allen McVay, Walter Barton Ayers, Jay Alan Rushing, Stephen K. Ruhl, Michael F. Hoffmann, and Rahila I. Ramazanova. "Evaluation of the Technical and Economic Feasibility of CO2 Sequestration and Enhanced Coalbed Methane Recovery in Texas Low-Rank Coals." In SPE Gas Technology Symposium. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/100584-ms.

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Reports on the topic "Low rank coals"

1

Austin, L. G., and R. E. Conn. Ash deposition from low rank coals. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7172360.

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Jain, M. K., R. Narayan, and O. Han. Anaerobic bioprocessing of low-rank coals. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5100486.

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Jain, M., R. Narayan, and O. Han. Anaerobic bioprocessing of low rank coals. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7013870.

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Jain, M. K., R. Narayan, and O. Han. Anaerobic bioprocessing of low-rank coals. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7008193.

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Jain, M. K., R. Narayan, and O. Han. Anaerobic processing of low-rank coals. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6971632.

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Jain, M. K., R. Narayan, and O. Han. Anaerobic bioprocessing of low rank coals. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6128313.

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Rindt, J. R., M. D. Hetland, C. L. Knudson, and W. G. Willson. Direct liquefaction of low-rank coals. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6012369.

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Jain, M., R. Narayan, and O. Han. Anaerobic bioprocessing of low-rank coals. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7284441.

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Fouda, S. A., and J. F. Kelly. CANMET coprocessing of low-rank Canadian coals. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/302614.

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Olson, Edwin S. DEVELOPMENT OF CARBON PRODUCTS FROM LOW-RANK COALS. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/786841.

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