Journal articles: 'Low quantity'

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Green, James L. "LOW QUALITY, LOW QUANTITY WATER USED—CONTAINER PLANT PRODUCTION." HortScience 31, no. 6 (October 1996): 916B—916. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.6.916b.

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Since initiation of the research in 1990, diverse plants (92 genera from 47 families) have been grown in the closed, insulated pallet system (CIPS). Greater growth has occurred in various embodiments of the CIPS than in the open container system (OCS) controls. Branching of roots, and of shoots of some plants, is greater in CIPS. CIPS is a closed system; there is no circulation of irrigation solutions nor effluent discharge from CIPS. Water and fertilizer movement in CIPS is plant-driven, and use is 10% of that applied in overhead sprinkler fertigation of open containers. Tomato plants are more tolerant of saline irrigation water, and greenhouse tomato production is more profitable in CIPS than in the OCS. CIPS provides several pest management alternatives.

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Turabian, Jose. "Polypharmacy: volume or value, quantity or quality? The high quantity originates low quality. There is no adequate and valuable polypharmacy." General medicine and Clinical Practice 3, no. 1 (July 29, 2020): 01–07. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2639-4162/25.

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All patients, especially elderly patients, those with certain pathologies, those with multimorbidity, or those who live in institutions, are exposed to polypharmacy. The prevalence of polypharmacy is high (18-30%) and the prevalence of excessive polypharmacy (10+ drugs) is 12%. Polypharmacy affects between 40% and 50% of all older adults. The incidence rate of polypharmacy is 20% person-years, ranging from 17% in individuals aged 65–74 years to 33% in those aged ≥95 years. From this point of view, polypharmacy seems to be a concept of quantity or volume of prescriptions. It can lead to serious adverse events related to a wide variety of drug-drug interactions (DDIs) and adverse drug reactions (ADRs): the frequency of ADR is 6% when a patient takes two medications, 50% when he takes five and almost 100% when he takes eight or more medications. Of every 100 courses of drug treatment, there are 20 adverse drug ADRs, between 5 and 25 of clinically observable DDIs and between 15 and 50 potential DDIs, which arrive to 100 in geriatric patients. But on the other hand, low-quality pharmacological care reports are not uncommon. About 60% of patients may be exposed to at least one potentially inappropriate medication: benzodiazepines, psychotropics, proton pump inhibitors, analgesics (including opiates), laxatives, NSAIDs, antacids, etc. Adverse health outcomes related to inappropriate medications for the population, and especially the elderly, include falls, strokes, delirium and death. The quantity of drugs as a defining concept of polypharmacy implies poor quality. The more drugs that are prescribed to a patient, not only there are more possibilities of inappropriate prescriptions or of little value, but even suitable prescriptions tend to lose their indication, and from a certain level of quantity or volume of prescriptions, the increase IDDs and ADRs makes their value decrease in such prescriptions, and they begin to be inappropriate and give rise to poor quality. In other words, there is no adequate and valuable polypharmacy; the high quantity originates low quality.

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Coralic, Zlatan. "Medication reconciliation studies: High quantity, low quality." American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 76, no. 24 (December 2, 2019): 1996–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/zxz238.

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Neupane, Sumanta, Samuel Scott, Ellen Piwoz, Sunny S. Kim, Purnima Menon, and Phuong Hong Nguyen. "More is not enough: High quantity and high quality antenatal care are both needed to prevent low birthweight in South Asia." PLOS Global Public Health 3, no. 6 (June 8, 2023): e0001991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0001991.

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Antenatal care (ANC) is an opportunity to receive interventions that can prevent low birth weight (LBW). We sought to 1) estimate LBW prevalence and burden in South Asia, 2) describe the number of ANC visits (quantity) and interventions received (quality), and 3) explore associations between ANC quantity, quality and LBW. We used Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data from Afghanistan (2015), Bangladesh (2018), India (2016), Nepal (2016), Pakistan (2018) and Sri Lanka (2016) (n = 146,284 children <5y). Women were categorized as follows: 1) low quantity (<4 ANC visits) and low quality (<5 of 10 interventions received during ANC), 2) low quantity and high quality (≥5 of 10 interventions), 3) high quantity (≥4 visits) and low quality, 4) high quantity and high quality. We used fixed effect logistic regressions to examine associations between ANC quality/quantity and LBW (<2500 grams). LBW prevalence was highest in Pakistan (23%) and India (18%), with India accounting for two-thirds of the regional burden. Only 8% of women in Afghanistan received high quantity and high quality ANC, compared to 42–46% in Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan, 65% in Nepal and 92% in Sri Lanka. Compared to the low quantity/quality reference group, children of women with high quantity/quality ANC had lower odds of LBW in India (Adjusted Odds Ratio 0.84, 95% CI 0.78–0.89), Nepal (0.57, 0.35–0.94), Pakistan (0.45, 0.23–0.86), and Sri Lanka (0.73, 0.57–0.92). Low quantity but high quality ANC was protective in India (0.90, 0.84–0.96), Afghanistan (0.53, 0.27–1.05) and Pakistan (0.49, 0.23–1.05). High quantity but low quality ANC was protective in Sri Lanka (0.76, 0.61–0.93). Neither frequent ANC without appropriate interventions nor infrequent ANC with appropriate interventions are sufficient to prevent LBW in most South Asian countries, though quality may be more important than quantity. Consistent measurement of interventions during ANC is needed.

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Pickett, Paul J. "TMDLS FOR LOW FLOWS – MANAGING QUANTITY FOR QUALITY." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2005, no. 3 (January 1, 2005): 1151–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864705783967296.

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Raal, F. J., A. J. Areias, and B. I. Joffe. "Low density lipoproteins and atherosclerosis—quantity or quality?" Redox Report 1, no. 3 (May 1995): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13510002.1995.11746980.

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Neupane, Sumanta, Samuel Scott, Phuong Nguyen, and Purnima Menon. "Both Quantity and Quality of Antenatal Care Matter for Child Birthweight: An Analysis of Nationally Representative Data From Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and Pakistan." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 794. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab046_091.

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Abstract Objectives Antenatal care (ANC) is an important platform to deliver health and nutrition interventions during pregnancy but there is limited evidence on how both the number and content of ANC visits relate to birth outcomes. We examined the independent and additive contributions of ANC quantity and quality on child birthweight in four South Asian countries. Methods We used Demographic and Health Surveys for mothers of children with birthweight data from Bangladesh (2018; n = 2,279), India (2016; n = 147,762), Nepal (2016; n = 2,618) and Pakistan (2017; n = 1,621). We assessed number of ANC visits and ANC quality using a set of 11 health and nutrition intervention indicators (e.g., weight and blood pressure measurement, urine sample collection, ultrasound, nutrition education). Each country had different indicators available, so we generated country-specific dummies for high ANC quality (woman received more than half of interventions). We categorized mothers into 4 groups: 1) low quantity (<4 ANC visits) and low quality, 2) high quantity (≥4 ANC visits) and low quality, 3) low quantity and high quality, 4) high quantity and high quality. For each country, we ran a logistic regression with low birthweight (LBW; <2500 grams) as the outcome and the 4-group quantity/quality indicator as the main predictor of interest. To test for bias in the subsample with birthweight data, we reran models using the outcome of perceived birth size on the full sample. All models adjusted for child age and sex, woman's age, education, and household socioeconomic status. Results Both high quantity and high-quality ANC were reported most often by women in Nepal (42.9%), followed by Pakistan (32.0%), Bangladesh (26.6%) and India (21.8%). Compared to women reporting both low quantity and low quality, women who reported high quantity and high quality had lower odds of giving birth to a LBW child in India (OR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.78–0.88), Nepal (0.58, 0.39–0.86) and Pakistan (0.43, 0.22–0.81). In 3 of 4 countries, only high quantity or only high quality were not protective against child LBW. We found similar results with the outcome of perceived birth size. Conclusions ANC quantity and quality are both important for optimal pregnancy and birth outcomes. Frequent low-quality ANC visits or infrequent high-quality ANC visits do not protect children from risk of LBW. Funding Sources Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.

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Chan, Felix T. S., and Xinsheng Xu. "The Loss-Averse Retailer’s Order Decisions Under Risk Management." Mathematics 7, no. 7 (July 2, 2019): 595. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math7070595.

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This paper characterizes the retailer’s loss aversion by introducing a loss aversion coefficient and proposes a new loss aversion utility function for the retailer. To hedge against the risk arising from the uncertain market demand, we use the Conditional Value-at-Risk (CVaR) measure to quantify the potential risks and obtain the optimal order quantity for the retailer to maximize the CVaR objective of loss aversion utility. It is shown that that the optimal order quantity for a retailer to maximize the expected loss aversion utility is smaller than expected profit maximizing (EPM) order quantity in the classical newsvendor model, which can help to explain decision bias in the newsvendor model. This study shows that the optimal order quantity with the CVaR objective can decrease in retail price under certain conditions, which has never occurred in the newsvendor literature. With the optimal order quantity under the CVaR objective, it is proved that the retailer’s expected loss aversion utility is decreasing in the confidence level. This confirms the fact that high return means high risk, while low risk comes with low return. Based on the results, several management insights are suggested for the loss-averse newsvendor model.

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ARAMICHI, AKIO. "A usage experience of low filling quantity lung (UNIVOX)." Japanese journal of extra-corporeal technology 18, no. 2 (1992): 10–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.7130/hokkaidoshakai.18.2_10.

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Doering, Jennifer J., Aniko Szabo, Deepika Goyal, and Elizabeth Babler. "Sleep Quality and Quantity in Low-Income Postpartum Women." MCN, The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing 42, no. 3 (2017): 166–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/nmc.0000000000000323.

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Tao, Ai Xiang. "Grey Relational Analysis on Factors Affecting Low Carbon Agriculture." Advanced Materials Research 524-527 (May 2012): 2575–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.524-527.2575.

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This paper expounds the concept of low carbon agriculture and analyses the factors affecting low carbon agriculture by means of grey relational theory. The conclusion shows that, according the important degree from high to low, the factors affecting the development level of low carbon agriculture are as follows: the number of rural adult attending technical training; the quantity of rural population; the quantity of agricultural technical personnel; Total power of agricultural machinery and agricultural finance investment. Therefore , we should firstly take effective measures to increase the number of rural adult attending technical training. Then ,we should pay more emphasizes on the quantity of rural population and the quantity of agricultural technical personnel.

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Wu, Dan, and Yuxiang Yang. "The Low-Carbon Supply Chain Coordination Problem with Consumers’ Low-Carbon Preference." Sustainability 12, no. 9 (April 28, 2020): 3591. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12093591.

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In this paper, we study the supply chain coordination problem between a manufacturer and a retailer regarding consumers’ low-carbon preferences. The retailer considers the market demand to determine the order quantity; the manufacturer chooses how to reduce emissions according to the retailer’s order quantity. We consider four cases, including the non-emission abatement, the emission abatement of decentralized decision-making, the centralized decision-making and the retailer providing a cost-sharing contract. By comparing the four cases, we find that the case of a retailer providing a cost-sharing contract can coordinate the supply chain, achieving a Pareto improvement for the manufacturer and retailer. In addition, we use the Rubinstein bargaining model to determine the cost-sharing ratio. Finally, numerical simulations are given to analyze the impact of the cost-sharing ratio on the equilibrium results, including the profit and the emission abatement level. Furthermore, we investigate the impact of the cost-sharing ratio and consumers’ low-carbon awareness on the profits of the members in the supply chain. We find that the equilibrium results, including the order quantity, the emission abatement level and the profits of the members in the supply chain under contract, are higher than the ones under centralized decision-making. The results show that in the higher low-carbon awareness market, retailers should formulate a reasonable cost-sharing ratio to achieve emission reduction coordination.

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Figovsky, Oleg, Yury Potapov, Dmitry Panfilov, Sergey Kashtanov, and Eugeny Yudin. "Mathematical Modeling by Monte Carlo Method of Defects in the Structure of Fibre Composites Using as a Binder of Polybutadiene Oligomers." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 40 (October 2014): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.40.81.

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Production of materials with low content of structural defects. Application of Monte Carlo method to quantify fiber intersections in the rubcon structure with account of specified sizes of samples. The article presents quantity-content curves for a number of areas with the dimensions smaller than the diameter of the permissible inhomogeneity against fibreboard percentage. Analyzed quantity-content curves for a number of areas with the dimensions smaller than the diameter of the permissible inhomogeneity against fibreboard percentage and proven influence of stress concentrators on material strength.

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Figovsky, Oleg, Yury Potapov, Dmitry Panfilov, Sergey Kashtanov, and Eugeny Yudin. "Mathematical Modeling by Monte Carlo Method of Defects in the Structure of Fibre Composites Using as a Binder of Polybutadiene Oligomers." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 40 (October 23, 2014): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-0899gk.

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Production of materials with low content of structural defects. Application of Monte Carlo method to quantify fiber intersections in the rubcon structure with account of specified sizes of samples. The article presents quantity-content curves for a number of areas with the dimensions smaller than the diameter of the permissible inhomogeneity against fibreboard percentage. Analyzed quantity-content curves for a number of areas with the dimensions smaller than the diameter of the permissible inhomogeneity against fibreboard percentage and proven influence of stress concentrators on material strength.

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von Martens, H. J., and A. Taubner. "Interferometric Low-Frequency Calibration of Translation and Rotation Quantity Transducers." Journal of Low Frequency Noise, Vibration and Active Control 13, no. 2 (June 1994): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026309239401300203.

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Seid and Rosenbaum. "Low Carbohydrate and Low-Fat Diets: What We Don't Know and Why we Should Know It." Nutrients 11, no. 11 (November 12, 2019): 2749. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11112749.

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In the 1940s, the diet-heart hypothesis proposed that high dietary saturated fat and cholesterol intake promoted coronary heart disease in “at-risk“ individuals. This hypothesis prompted federal recommendations for a low-fat diet for “high risk” patients and as a preventive health measure for everyone except infants. The low carbohydrate diet, first used to treat type 1 diabetes, became a popular obesity therapy with the Atkins diet in the 1970s. Its predicted effectiveness was based largely on the hypothesis that insulin is the causa prima of weight gain and regain via hyperphagia and hypometabolism during and after weight reduction, and therefore reduced carbohydrate intake would promote and sustain weight loss. Based on literature reviews, there are insufficient randomized controlled inpatient studies examining the physiological significance of the mechanisms proposed to support one over the other. Outpatient studies can be confounded by poor diet compliance such that the quality and quantity of the energy intake cannot be ascertained. Many studies also fail to separate macronutrient quantity from quality. Overall, there is no conclusive evidence that the degree of weight loss or the duration of reduced weight maintenance are significantly affected by dietary macronutrient quantity beyond effects attributable to caloric intake. Further work is needed.

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Tian, Zhi Yong, and Feng Zheng. "Several Research Topics of Carbon Footprint Order Quantity." Advanced Materials Research 1073-1076 (December 2014): 2734–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1073-1076.2734.

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Research on order quantity plays an important role in logistics and supply chain (SC) whether for traditional economy objective or for low carbon objective. The paper summarizes the research framework of economic order quantity (EOQ) in brief. It also introduces and reviews the new research field carbon footprint order quantity (COQ). Comparing with the research of EOQ, it finds that the research on COQ is just beginning and the research assumptions still remain at the case of the “Square Root” era of EOQ a century ago. Based on some related literatures, the paper analyzes the effect of low carbon on social economy especially some influence factors related to order quantity. And it refers some important market forces affected by low carbon that are ignored by the literatures of COQ currently. Then the paper purposes the basic research approach of COQ. Finally, it provides several important topics of COQ for further research.

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Ho, Hao-Che, Hong-Yuan Lee, Yao-Jung Tsai, and Yuan-Shun Chang. "Numerical Experiments on Low Impact Development for Urban Resilience Index." Sustainability 14, no. 14 (July 15, 2022): 8696. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14148696.

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Low impact development (LID) has become one of the strategies that effectively mitigate the impacts of climate change. In addition to the ability to reduce nonpoint source (NPS) pollution caused by flash floods from the surface runoff, LID has also been applied to control water quantity under extreme rainfall events. Due to the fact that studies about LID configuration optimization tended to control water quantity and gradually ignored the main functions of water quality treatment, this study aims to consider water quantity and quality to estimate the benefits and optimal configuration of LID by Non-Dominated Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II). In addition, regarding to the outlet peak flow, hydrologic footprint residence (HFR) was considered to be the water quantity indicator due to the ability to represent the dynamics of flow changes, and the modified quality indicator (Mass Emission First Flush ratio, MEFF30) was corrected to represent the pollutant transport process in a large catchment area. The results show that the flood and MEFF30 reduction rate of LID are inversely proportional to rainfall duration and intensity. The benefit of pollutant reduction, which can still be maintained by 20% and 15% under a big return period and the long duration was about three times than the quantity control. Taking the cost into account, although the rain barrel had the best effect of reduction per unit area, green roofs and permeable pavements had a higher unit cost reduction rate due to the lower costs. The upper and middle reaches of the open channel and the confluence of rainwater sewers should be the optimal LID configuration to achieve the benefits of both flood and pollution reduction.

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WATABE, Yoichi, Takehide FURUNO, and Takashi TSUCHIDA. "Mechanical Properties of Dredged Soil Treated with Low Quantity of Cement." Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu, no. 694 (2001): 331–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscej.2001.694_331.

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Daryanto, Y., and H. M. Wee. "Low Carbon Economic Production Quantity Model for Imperfect Quality Deteriorating Items." International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management 1, no. 1 (June 30, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24002/ijieem.v1i1.2291.

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This paper presents an economic production quantity (EPQ) model for deteriorating items with a certain percentage of defective products due to an imperfect process. The defective products are sold to a secondary market at a discount price. Due to environmental concern and carbon tax regulation, the manufacturer incorporates the control of carbon emission cost into its decision model. Carbon emission cost is a function of electricity consumption during production and inventory storage; it is also dependent on the carbon tax rate. Since the production process results in work-in-process inventory and carbon emission, the study tries to optimize the throughput time. We also examine the effect of carbon tax regulation on the potential emission reduction from the developed deteriorating item model. A numerical example and sensitivity analysis have been provided, and the result confirms the influence of carbon tax regulation in reducing carbon emission.

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Rasdorf, William, Joseph E. Hummer, Elizabeth A. Harris, and William E. Sitzabee. "IT Issues for the Management of High-Quantity, Low-Cost Assets." Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering 23, no. 2 (March 2009): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0887-3801(2009)23:2(91).

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Sturk-Andreaggi, Kimberly, Toni Marie Diegoli, Rebecca Just, and Jodi Irwin. "Evaluation of automatable silica-based extraction methods for low quantity samples." Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series 3, no. 1 (December 2011): e504-e505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigss.2011.10.003.

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Mendoza, Jorge E., Miguel E. López, Héctor E. Peña, and David A. Labra. "Low voltage distribution optimization: Site, quantity and size of distribution transformers." Electric Power Systems Research 91 (October 2012): 52–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2012.05.004.

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Litti, Lucio, Vincenzo Amendola, Giuseppe Toffoli, and Moreno Meneghetti. "Detection of low-quantity anticancer drugs by surface-enhanced Raman scattering." Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 408, no. 8 (February 4, 2016): 2123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-016-9315-4.

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Brinkman, Todd J., and Kris J. Hundertmark. "Sex identification of northern ungulates using low quality and quantity DNA." Conservation Genetics 10, no. 4 (November 27, 2008): 1189–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10592-008-9747-2.

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Karania, Ruchi, and David Kazmer. "Low Volume Plastics Manufacturing Strategies." Journal of Mechanical Design 129, no. 12 (January 31, 2007): 1225–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2790978.

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Plastic components are vital components of many engineered products, frequently representing 20–40% of the product value. While injection molding is the most common process for economically producing complex designs in large quantities, a large initial monetary investment and extended development time are required to develop appropriate tooling. For applications with lower or unknown production quantities, designers may prefer another process that has a lower development cost and lead time albeit with higher marginal costs and production times. A methodology is presented that assists the designer to select the most appropriate manufacturing process that trades off the total production costs with production lead times. The approach is to develop aggregate component cost and lead-time models as a function of production quantity from extensive industry data for an electrical enclosure consisting of two components. Binding quotes were secured from multiple suppliers for a variety of manufacturing processes including computer numerical control machining, fused deposition modeling, selective laser sintering, vacuum casting, direct fabrication, and injection molding with soft prototype and production tooling. The methodology yields a Pareto optimal set that compares the production costs and lead times as a function of the production quantity. The results indicate that the average cost per enclosure assembly is highly sensitive to the production quantity, with average costs varying by more than a factor of 100 for production quantities varying between 100 and 10,000 assemblies. Each of the processes is competitive with respect to total production cost and total production lead time under differing conditions; a flow chart is provided as an example of a decision support tool that can be provided to assist process selection during the product development process and thereby reduce the product development time and cost.

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Ning, Zi Nancy, and Alan L. Tucker. "Hedging Energy Revenues With Quantity-Triggered Puts." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 12, no. 1 (December 22, 2012): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v12i1.7508.

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This paper offers a low-cost alternative for hedging energy producers revenues. The hedging instrument exploits the less than perfectly positive correlation between energy output, or usage demand, and revenue. We provide a valuation formula for the instrument and demonstrate its ability to more effectively minimize a producers value-at-risk when output uncertainty prevails.

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Zhou, Yan Ju, and Yu Qing Huang. "Cost-Sharing Contract in Low Carbonization Supply Chain Based on Improving Demand for Low-Carbon Products." Advanced Materials Research 1073-1076 (December 2014): 2539–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1073-1076.2539.

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For the existence of carbon emission reduction cost, the retail price of the products is so high that the market demand is low, which restricts the promotion of low-carbon products. On the background of a bilateral-monopoly supply chain consisting of a single manufacturer and a single retailer, we establish Stackelberg models based on the carbon emission reduction cost-sharing. And we analyze the changes of the order quantity, the profits of each member and the whole supply chain before and after the implementation of the carbon emission reduction cost-sharing contract. According to the research, when the carbon emission reduction cost-sharing contract is introduced into the model, it leads to a good consequence that the optimal order quantity of the low-carbon product increases, the retail price decreases, and the manufacturer and the retailer will get Pareto improvement on certain condition. Then we derivate the necessary conditions that the profit of the retailer and the manufacturer could both increase.

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Gampert, Bernhard, Christoph Wilkes, and Thomas Eich. "The Viscosity of Extremely Low Concentrated Anionic Polyelectrolyte Solutions." Applied Rheology 9, no. 4 (August 1, 1999): 158–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/arh-2009-0011.

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Abstract Polyelectrolytes are macromolecules which carry a large quantity of ionizable groups along their chains. By dissolving them in suitable solvents, for example water, these groups dissociate in highly charged macroions and an equivalent quantity of low-molecular counter ions. Through the connection between polymer and electrolyte properties this class of materials obtains its peculiar characteristic behaviour. The experiments undertaken here, were carried out using a commercial, anionic polyacrylamide with different hydrolysis factors in aqueous solutions. The reduced viscosity reaches a maximum which depends on the polymer concentration. The maximum also depends on the molar mass and is a function of the hydrolysis factor of the polymer.

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AVILA, M. A. "MINIMAL EXECUTION TIME OF SHOR'S ALGORITHM AT LOW TEMPERATURES." International Journal of Quantum Information 07, no. 01 (February 2009): 287–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219749909004475.

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The minimal time, T Shor , in which a one-way quantum computer can execute Shor's algorithm is derived. In the absence of an external magnetic field, this quantity diverges at very small temperatures. This result coincides with that of Anders et al. obtained simultaneously to ours but using thermodynamical arguments. Such divergence contradicts the common belief that it is possible to do quantum computation at low temperatures. It is shown that in the presence of a weak external magnetic field, T Shor becomes a quantized quantity which vanishes at zero temperature. Decoherence is not a problem because T Shor /τ dec < 10-9, where τdec is decoherence time.

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Gittler, Thomas, Eduard Relea, Donatella Corti, Giorgio Corani, Lukas Weiss, Daniele Cannizzaro, and Konrad Wegener. "Towards predictive quality management in assembly systems with low quality low quantity data – a methodological approach." Procedia CIRP 79 (2019): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2019.02.026.

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Wang, Chun. "Theoretical Integrated Electric Quantity of Primary Frequency Control." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2409, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2409/1/012004.

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Abstract At present, the qualification rate of primary frequency control of hydropower units in the southwest power grid is low. The current grid has defects in the calculation method of the theoretical integral power of primary frequency control of hydropower units. The theoretical power of primary frequency control is proportional to the frequency difference. The adjustment rate is slow, and the deviation between the theoretical value and the actual value is large, which leads to a significant increase in the failure rate; by modeling the entire hydro-generator set adjustment system and performing the inverse Laplace transform of the simplified and reduced transfer function to obtain an exponential function, the theoretical integral power of Primary Frequency Control is calculated by this function, and the accuracy of the measured comparison is significantly higher, which is in line with the actual regulation law.

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Park, Hye Kyung, Bong-Sup Shin, and Jong-Ho Huh. "Attractiveness of discount rate versus limited quantity." Asia Pacific Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship 10, no. 1 (December 5, 2016): 122–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/apjie-12-2016-001.

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Purpose This paper aims to examine how the temporal distance can influence the effect of the scarcity message. To demonstrate this effect, the authors use the limited-quantity flash sales and compare two types of mixed promotion method comprising discount rate and limited quantity. Design/methodology/approach The results of the experiment reveal that consumers in the temporally distant condition have a relatively high-level construal of the limited-quantity flash sales and are more likely to value desirability (discount rate) over feasibility (limited quantity). Findings When the expected value is identical, consumers prefer limited-quantity flash sales with smaller limited quantity but higher discount rates. However, consumers in the temporally near condition have a relatively low-level construal of the limited-quantity flash sales and are more likely to value feasibility (limited quantity) over desirability (discount rate). Originality/value When the expected value is identical, consumers prefer limited-quantity flash sales with lower discount rates but larger limited quantity.

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Osunsanwo, Hannah Feyisayo, and Joshua Oluwasuji Dada. "Evaluating quantity surveying firms’ performance." International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management 69, no. 1 (May 20, 2019): 134–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijppm-06-2018-0209.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the performance of quantity surveying firms (QSFs) using the balanced scorecard (BSC) technique. Design/methodology/approach Based on a survey of 37 QSFs in Lagos State, Nigeria, the paper empirically assessed the performance of QSFs using the BSC technique. The targeted respondents were principal partners and quantity surveyor employees in the selected QSFs and relevant construction stakeholders, including clients, architects, builders and structural engineers, who usually have business relation with QSFs. Findings The findings of this paper revealed high levels of performance in non-financial measures of the BSC dimensions while low level performance is recorded in financial measure. Practical implications The exemplified performance measures allow QSFs’ managers to set their own priorities and to seek out improvements along the BSC dimensions of performance measure. The high performance recorded in non-financial perspectives needs to be sustained while a lot of efforts need to be put in place in order to improve the financial performance, thereby sustaining their viability. Originality/value This paper contributes methodologically through the application of a balance and all-encompassing principles in assessing performance. The use of this measure enables QSFs to structure a balance assessment of their operation, to identify their strengths and weakness, and to target areas for improvement in order to reach their desired business goals.

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Sprott, David E., Kenneth C. Manning, and Anthony D. Miyazaki. "Grocery Price Setting and Quantity Surcharges." Journal of Marketing 67, no. 3 (July 2003): 34–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.67.3.34.18653.

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Quantity surcharges occur when the unit price of a brand's larger package is higher than the unit price of the same brand's smaller package. The authors examine how price-setting practices in the grocery industry help explain the existence of quantity surcharges. Two studies support the authors’ contention that common pricing practices aimed at establishing a favorable store–price image can result in quantity surcharges. First, an experiment shows that consumer demand and the importance price setters place on establishing a low store–price image have an interactive effect on price-setting behavior. Second, an examination of retail sales volume, price, and cost data suggests that such price-setting reactions can result in quantity surcharges when certain asymmetries in demand exist across package sizes. The authors also discuss managerial and public policy implications along with areas for further study.

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Chatzimanouil, Markos Kyriakos Tomidis, Louise Wilkens, and Hans-Joachim Anders. "Quantity and Reporting Quality of Kidney Research." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 30, no. 1 (December 13, 2018): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.2018050515.

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BackgroundIn 2004, researchers reported that the number of nephrology clinical trials was low and that the reporting quality of such trials was suboptimal. Furthermore, the number or quality of preclinical kidney-related studies has not been systematically evaluated.MethodsWe performed a systematic review of randomized clinical trials published in 1966–2017 (listed in the Cochrane Library) and preclinical studies published in 1945–2017 (listed in PubMed). For reporting quality analysis, we evaluated the final main paper of 118 clinical trial reports and 135 preclinical studies published in leading journals in 1996, 2006, and 2016 on the basis of criteria from the widely used CONSORT and ARRIVE guidelines.ResultsThe annual number of reports of clinical kidney-related trials more than doubled between 2004 and 2014 along with reports in other medical disciplines. Hypertension remains the dominant focus of study, but ongoing trials also center on CKD, ESRD, and AKI. The reporting quality analysis revealed improvements, but deficits in reporting of clinical trial design, mode of randomization, and intention-to-treat analysis remain. Annual numbers of kidney-related preclinical studies remained low between 1945 and 2017 compared with other disciplines. Reporting quality analysis of preclinical studies revealed substantial reporting deficits across all leading journals, with little improvement over the last 20 years, especially for group size calculations, defining primary versus secondary outcomes, and blinded analysis.ConclusionsNephrology studies keep increasing in number but still lag behind other medical disciplines, and the quality of data reporting in kidney research can be further improved.

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Khong, Teng Keen, Victor S. Selvanayagam, Sareena Hanim Hamzah, and Ashril Yusof. "Effect of quantity and quality of pre-exercise carbohydrate meals on central fatigue." Journal of Applied Physiology 125, no. 4 (October 1, 2018): 1021–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00221.2018.

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Both the quantity and quality of pre-exercise carbohydrate (CHO) meals have been shown to improve endurance performance. However, their role in attenuating central fatigue (CF) is inconclusive. The use of neurophysiological techniques, such as voluntary activation (VA) and the central activation ratio (CAR), alongside maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) and sustained MVC (sMVC) can provide information on CF. Hence, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of isocaloric pre-exercise meals: 1) a high versus low quantity of CHO and 2) a high quantity of CHO with a high versus low glycemic index (GI) on MVC, VA, and CAR following a 90-min run. The high and low quantity of CHO was 1.5 and 0.8 g/kg body wt, respectively, and high and low GI was ~75 and ~40, respectively. Blood insulin, serotonin, tryptophan, and gaseous exchange were also measured. High CHO preserved sMVC, VA, CAR, and serotonin postrunning with greater CHO oxidation and insulin response, whereas in low CHO, greater reductions in sMVC, VA, and CAR were accompanied by higher serotonin and fat oxidation with lower insulin response. These observations indicate central involvements. Meanwhile, high GI CHO better preserved force (sMVC), CAR, and tryptophan with greater CHO oxidation and insulin response compared with low GI. The findings of this study suggest that pre-exercise meals with varying quantity and quality of CHO can have an effect on CF, where greater CHO oxidation and insulin response found in both high CHO and high GI lead to attenuation of CF. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This paper examined the effects of carbohydrate interventions (high and low: quantity and quality wise) on central activity during prolonged exercise using mainly neurophysiological techniques along with gaseous exchange and blood insulin, serotonin, and tryptophan data.

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Dong, Yuxin, Tieliang Gong, Shujian Yu, Hong Chen, and Chen Li. "Robust and Fast Measure of Information via Low-Rank Representation." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 37, no. 6 (June 26, 2023): 7450–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v37i6.25906.

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The matrix-based Rényi's entropy allows us to directly quantify information measures from given data, without explicit estimation of the underlying probability distribution. This intriguing property makes it widely applied in statistical inference and machine learning tasks. However, this information theoretical quantity is not robust against noise in the data, and is computationally prohibitive in large-scale applications. To address these issues, we propose a novel measure of information, termed low-rank matrix-based Rényi's entropy, based on low-rank representations of infinitely divisible kernel matrices. The proposed entropy functional inherits the specialty of of the original definition to directly quantify information from data, but enjoys additional advantages including robustness and effective calculation. Specifically, our low-rank variant is more sensitive to informative perturbations induced by changes in underlying distributions, while being insensitive to uninformative ones caused by noises. Moreover, low-rank Rényi's entropy can be efficiently approximated by random projection and Lanczos iteration techniques, reducing the overall complexity from O(n³) to O(n²s) or even O(ns²), where n is the number of data samples and s ≪ n. We conduct large-scale experiments to evaluate the effectiveness of this new information measure, demonstrating superior results compared to matrix-based Rényi's entropy in terms of both performance and computational efficiency.

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Nozaki, Tomohiro, Shunsuke Kanegae, and Ken Okazaki. "D111 Low temperature microplasma synthesis of silicon quantum dot in macroscopic quantity." Proceedings of the Thermal Engineering Conference 2009 (2009): 91–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeted.2009.91.

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Bedan, Erik S., and John C. Clausen. "Stormwater Runoff Quality and Quantity From Traditional and Low Impact Development Watersheds." JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association 45, no. 4 (August 2009): 998–1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2009.00342.x.

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Hellwig, Jost, Kerstin Stahl, and Jens Lange. "Patterns in the linkage of water quantity and quality during low-flows." Hydrological Processes 31, no. 23 (October 5, 2017): 4195–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.11354.

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Tsonkov, L., D. Georgieva, L. Vladimirova – Mihaleva, V. Slavova, and M. Mihalev. "Fluorescent study of wastewater and the effect of low quantity of disinfectant." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2487, no. 1 (May 1, 2023): 012016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2487/1/012016.

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Abstract In the last few years due to the COVID-19 pandemic the pollution with large quantities of medicaments, disinfectants and essential oils raised the importance of their detection in wastewater. The research of new techniques for diagnostics continues. Some promising methods for finding contaminators of different origin are based on the optic and spectral characteristics of the examined water. Those could be used in determining the exact pollutant. The spectroscopic examination could also be conducted real-time under in vivo conditions. In this research, we use fluorescence spectroscopy to investigate the purity of water probes from the discharge of the Iskar River near the treatment plant in Samokov (Bulgaria) and the influence of small amounts of disinfectants (ethanol). The results show that fluorescence can be used to determine the purity of water probes and little amounts of alcohol in wastewater.

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Manzano-Sánchez, David, Alberto Gómez-Marmol, José Francisco Jiménez-Parra, Isabel Gil Bohórquez, and Alfonso Valero-Valenzuela. "Motivational profiles and their relationship with responsibility, school social climate and resilience in high school students." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 25, 2021): e0256293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256293.

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The aim of this study was to assess the relationships among motivational profiles, their responsibility levels, the school social climate and resilience, and the differences according to gender and age of students from different secondary schools in Spain. A sample of 768 students (mean age of 13.84 years), 314 boys (46.1%) and 354 girls (53.9%) was used. The measurements taken concerned: personal and social responsibility, basic psychological need satisfaction, motivation, resilience and school social climate. Bivariate correlation, cluster and multivariate analyses were carried out. The cluster analysis was made using the Motivation toward Education Scale with its different variables (intrinsic, identified, introjected, external motivation and amotivation), revealing four profiles: low quality (1, low values in all motivational variables except in amotivation), low quantity (2, low values), high quantity (3, high values), and high quality (4, high values except in amotivation). The contrast in comparisons shows differences in resilience, personal and social responsibility, teacher climate and school climate (p < .001). The group with the highest values in resilience, basic psychological needs, responsibility and school social climate was that with a high quality profile. There were statistical differences in all variables with respect to the low quantity and low quality groups (p < .001), while the high quantity group showed statistical differences only in personal and social responsibility (p < .001). The low quality group had the lowest values among all the variables, with statistical differences with respect to all groups (p < .001). On the other hand, there were more boys than girls associated with high quantity, without differences in their age. In conclusion, high quality motivation profiles (those with high or low amotivation values and high values in autonomous and controlling motivation), also have a higher satisfaction of basic psychological needs. Moreover, these students are more resilient, show more responsibility and enhance the school/teaching social climate, while low quality and /or quantity motivation, influence negatively on these variables.

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Hastings, Florencia, Mario Pérez-Bidegain, Rafael Navas, and Angela Gorgoglione. "Impacts of irrigation development on water quality in the San Salvador watershed (Part 1): Assessment of current nutrient delivery and transport using SWAT." Agrociencia Uruguay 27, NE1 (February 6, 2024): e1198. http://dx.doi.org/10.31285/agro.27.1198.

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The development of irrigation involves a change in land use and management and has implications for water quality and quantity. It is critical to design conservation practices and best management practices consistent with sustainable agricultural intensification. The objective of this work was to understand and characterize key processes affecting hydrology, nutrient export and transport, and quantify impacts in the San Salvador watershed. For such purpose, the Soil & Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was implemented, calibrated for water quantity, and water quality was adjusted using soft calibration techniques. The model reproduces water quantity and nutrient balance, and aids in characterizing the nutrient delivery and transport in the watershed. The magnitude of runoff affects the balance of nutrients. In high flows, diffuse sources are more prevalent, while in low flows, point sources and direct livestock manure to the river are more significant. The main outcomes of this work contribute to the design of strategies to achieve sustainable agricultural intensification. It also describes a new modeling tool freely available that could be used in further studies.

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Lin, Bixuan, and Poonam Beniwal-Patel. "CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF PSOAS MUSCLE COMPOSITION IN PATIENTS WITH INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE." Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 27, Supplement_1 (January 1, 2021): S8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ibd/izaa347.020.

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Abstract Background Total psoas muscle cross sectional area, as identified with computed tomography (CT), has been associated with clinical outcomes in various disease states. Unfortunately, total psoas CSA does not differentiate muscle density nor fat, both of which may be abnormal in obesity. Using a novel CT method to partition psoas muscle into low and high density muscle, recent studies have demonstrated low and high attenuating psoas muscle may be superior to total psoas CSA in identifying sarcopenic obesity. The impact of varying muscle composition in patients with inflammatory bowel disease is unknown. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of IBD patients from a tertiary care center. Psoas muscle composition was determined using a novel and validated CT method. High and low attenuating bilateral psoas muscle was measured at the level of the 3rd lumbar vertebra. Clinical remission, surgery, hospitalization, and corticosteroid use were stratified by low and high density muscle and evaluated 6 weeks from the index CT. Results We identified 115 consecutive patients with a routine CT scan. Majority of patients had a greater quantity of low-density muscle (LDM), 95% had CD and 71% were not in clinical remission at the time of baseline CT. Of those with a greater quantity of LDM, 68% had history of IBD surgery and 60% were current/former smokers. The mean pre-CT body mass index (BMI) for the greater quantity LDM was significantly higher (p=0.002) than the mean pre-CTE BMI for those with low LDMC. Seventy percent with greater quantity of low-density muscle were either overweight or obese and 20% had a normal range BMI. Six months after the baseline CT, 53% in the lower quantity LDM had clinical remission, whereas 33.3% had remission in the high LDMC (p=0.05). Patients with greater quantity LDM were more likely to require corticosteroids in the 6 months after index CT, as compared to those with lower quantity LDM (p=0.02). Conclusion This observational study showed an association between greater quantity of LDM and obesity and worse IBD-related outcomes. This is the first study to evaluate the impact of muscle composition on IBD outcomes and our results offer a novel tool to risk stratify patients with IBD. Our study is limited by the retrospective nature, limited sample size, and narrow longitudinal follow-up. Larger prospective studies with greater longitudinal follow-up are needed to confirm our retrospective findings.

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Sun, Jianwu, and Xinsheng Xu. "Coping with Loss Aversion in the Newsvendor Model." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2015 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/851586.

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We introduce loss aversion into the decision framework of the newsvendor model. By introducing the loss aversion coefficientλ, we propose a novel utility function for the loss-averse newsvendor. First, we obtain the optimal order quantity to maximize the expected utility for the loss-averse newsvendor who is risk-neutral. It is found that this optimal order quantity is smaller than the expected profit maximization order quantity in the classical newsvendor model, which may help to explain the decision bias in the classical newsvendor model. Then, to reduce the risk which originates from the fluctuation in the market demand, we achieve the optimal order quantity to maximize CVaR about utility for the loss-averse newsvendor who is risk-averse. We find that this optimal order quantity is smaller than the optimal order quantity to maximize the expected utility above and is decreasing in the confidence levelα. Further, it is proved that the expected utility under this optimal order quantity is decreasing in the confidence levelα, which verifies that low risk implies low return. Finally, a numerical example is given to illustrate the obtained results and some management insights are suggested for the loss-averse newsvendor model.

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Li, Kuan Ming. "Experimental Study on Minimum Quantity Lubrication in Mechanical Micromachining." Advanced Materials Research 579 (October 2012): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.579.193.

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Mechanical micromachining is a promising technique for making complex microstructures. It is challenging to apply mechanical micromachining in the industry due to the low strength of micro tools. Therefore, it is not easy to accurately control the product dimension error and to raise the production rate. In this paper, the applications of minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) in micro-milling and micro-grinding are presented. MQL is considered as a green manufacturing technology in metal cutting due to its low impact on the environment and human health. This study compares the tool wear and surface roughness in MQL micromachining to completely dry condition based on experimental investigations. The supply of MQL in vibration-assisted grinding is also studied. It is found that the use of MQL results in longer tool life and better surface roughness in mechanical micromachining.

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Liu, Xiao Hui, Lin Ma, Yun Song Shi, Yu Jiang Wang, and Jun Hua Li. "Improved Equivalent Resistance Method for Low-Voltage Distribution Line Loss Calculation." Advanced Materials Research 1008-1009 (August 2014): 417–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1008-1009.417.

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Aiming at the insufficiency of Equivalent Resistance Method for a low-voltage distribution line loss calculation, this article has been improved. Then this paper presents the method of using three-phase quantity of electricity to calculate three-phase current, it can calculate the three-phase unbalanced line loss without current date and facilitate the application of Three-phase Unbalanced Method. It develops our own program based on Visio to calculate low-voltage distribution line loss. The results showed: Improved Equivalent Resistance Method improves the accuracy; in the three-phase unbalanced the method of using three-phase quantity of electricity to calculate three-phase current is more easily modified and more practical value.

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Guo, Dongmei, Yi Hu, and Bingjie Zhang. "Carbon Market Regulation Mechanism Research Based on Carbon Accumulation Model with Jump Diffusion." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/135818.

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In order to explore carbon market regulation mechanism more effectively, based on carbon accumulation model with jump diffusion, this paper studies the carbon price from two perspectives of quantity instrument and price instrument and quantitatively simulates carbon price regulation mechanisms in the light of actual operation of EU carbon market. The results show that quantity instrument and price instrument both have certain effects on carbon market; according to the comparison of the elasticity change of the expected carbon price, comparative advantages of both instruments rely on the price of carbon finance market. Where the carbon price is excessively high, price instrument is superior to quantity instrument; where carbon price is excessively low, quantity instrument is better than price instrument. Therefore, in the case of carbon market regulation based on expected carbon price, if the carbon price is too high, price instrument should prevail; if the carbon price is excessively low, quantity instrument should prevail.

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Xue, Lamei, Xiaofang Chen, Juan Sun, Mingcong Fan, Haifeng Qian, Yan Li, and Li Wang. "Maternal Dietary Carbohydrate and Pregnancy Outcomes: Quality over Quantity." Nutrients 16, no. 14 (July 14, 2024): 2269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu16142269.

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Dietary nutrition plays a crucial role in determining pregnancy outcomes, with poor diet being a major contributor to pregnancy metabolic syndrome and metabolic disorders in offspring. While carbohydrates are essential for fetal development, the excessive consumption of low-quality carbohydrates can increase the risk of pregnancy complications and have lasting negative effects on offspring development. Recent studies not only highlighted the link between carbohydrate intake during pregnancy, maternal health, and offspring well-being, but also suggested that the quality of carbohydrate foods consumed is more critical. This article reviews the impacts of low-carbohydrate and high-carbohydrate diets on pregnancy complications and offspring health, introduces the varied physiological effects of different types of carbohydrate consumption during pregnancy, and emphasizes the importance of both the quantity and quality of carbohydrates in nutritional interventions during pregnancy. These findings may offer valuable insights for guiding dietary interventions during pregnancy and shaping the future development of carbohydrate-rich foods.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Low quantity'

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