Academic literature on the topic 'LOW-QUALITY PRODUCT'
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Journal articles on the topic "LOW-QUALITY PRODUCT"
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A Lurueña-Martínez, M., I. Revilla, and A. M Vivar-Quintana. "New formulations for low-fat frankfurters and its effect on product quality." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 22, SI - Chem. Reactions in Foods V (January 1, 2004): S333—S337. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/10695-cjfs.
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The effects of reducing fat level (9% and 12%), substituting pork fat with olive oil and adding locust bean/xanthan gum on emulsion stability, jelly and fat separation, cook loss, and hardness of frankfurters were investigated and compared with control sample elaborated with 20% of fat content. Results showed that addition of locust bean/xanthan gum produced a significant increase in hydration/binding properties, characterised by lower cook losses, increasing yield, better emulsion stability and lower jelly and fat separation. The substitution of fat pork by olive oil did not affect these parameters. Multivariate comparison between elaborated low-fat products and commercial frankfurters (normal and low-fat) were carried out using a factorial analysis. Results showed that addition of locust bean/xanthan gum results in products similar to commercial frankfurters with higher fat contents.
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Chung, Hwan, and Eunkyu Lee. "Does channel decentralization lead to low quality product lines?" European Journal of Marketing 48, no. 9/10 (September 2, 2014): 1870–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejm-06-2013-0335.
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Purpose – The purpose of this study is to analyze the problem of optimal product line design in marketing channels. Design/methodology/approach – This paper develops a game theoretic model, in which a firm markets a line of a limited number of products at different quality levels to serve a market composed of multiple consumer segments. The consumer segments are modeled as clusters of somewhat heterogeneous consumers as typically observed in the real world. These model characteristics allow us to consider a broader set of targeting strategies such as sub-segmentation and partial cannibalization which have not been considered previously. By considering both a vertically integrated channel and a decentralized channel, we investigate how channel structure influences optimal product line design. We analyze the model mathematically with supplemental numerical analyses. Findings – Our analysis shows that “quality distortion” in product line design is not limited to the low-end product, as previously reported, but can happen to the high-end product. The direction of these quality distortions may be downward or upward, leading to either increased or decreased differentiation between the two products. Furthermore, channel decentralization makes it more likely for the firm to strategically choose upward partial cannibalization or sub-segmentation. Consequently, contrary to previous studies, we demonstrate that there exist conditions under which channel decentralization leads to higher product quality. Originality/value – Our model reflects a more realistic market environment and a firm’s practical constraints than previous studies, which typically assume perfect homogeneity within each segment and/or the feasibility of offering an infinite number of products. This extension produces interesting new results and insights that provide more practical implications for a firm’s optimal product line design strategy.
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TRISHCH, ROMAN, OLESIA NECHUIVITER, KOSTIANTYN DYADYURA, OLEKSANDR VASILEVSKYI, IRYNA TSYKHANOVSKA, and MAKSYM YAKOVLEV. "QUALIMETRIC METHOD OF ASSESSING RISKS OF LOW QUALITY PRODUCTS." MM Science Journal 2021, no. 4 (October 13, 2021): 4769–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17973/mmsj.2021_10_2021030.
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Risk assessment is an integral part of an enterprise's quality management system. The risk of low quality products is the most significant risk, as it is directly related to the concept of enterprise competitiveness. The paper analyzes the scientific papers related to the assessment of the quality of products, processes and services, their disadvantages, possible limits of application. It is proposed to use mathematical dependences to obtain estimates of product quality indicators on a dimensionless scale. Knowing the density function of random variables of product quality indicators and knowing the mathematical dependence of their estimates on a dimensionless scale, it is proposed to obtain the density function of estimates. Knowing the function of the density of estimates of quality indicators, it is proposed to find the probabilities of risks of the assessment of quality indicators in any given interval on a dimensionless scale. A method for assessing the risks of low quality products has been developed
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Riascos Castaneda, R., E. Ostrosi, T. Majić, J. Stjepandić, and J. C. Sagot. "A METHOD TO EXPLORE PRODUCT RISK IN PRODUCT LIFECYCLE MANAGEMENT OF CONFIGURED PRODUCTS." Proceedings of the Design Society: DESIGN Conference 1 (May 2020): 687–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dsd.2020.318.
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AbstractToday high quality and low product development turnaround time are company-wide priorities. Quality supporting processes such as an effective risk management system shall support continuous business running and meeting the goals of an organization. In this paper, an approach is presented on how to integrate the product risk management in Product Lifecycle Management for configured products by definition of an additional software module and its implementation.
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Schubert, Stefanie. "The Low-Quality Advantage in Vertical Product Differentiation." Managerial and Decision Economics 38, no. 7 (November 3, 2016): 923–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mde.2825.
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Tejaningrum, Ayi. "RELATIONSHIP OF TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT TO QUALITY PRODUCT AND CORPORATE PERFORMANCE." Malaysian E Commerce Journal 4, no. 1 (April 20, 2020): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/mecj.01.2020.20.23.
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Background: Small and medium businesses (SMEs) have major problems with regard to product quality so that it affects the low competitive ability. Some indications include high product variability, low process capability and low customer satisfaction. The purpose of this study is to prove whether the implementation of Total Quality Management (TQM) in SMEs influences product quality and company performance? The research method is descriptive qualitative with a survey approach, samples taken using the simple random sampling method of 60 SMEs in two districts namely Cianjur and Bandung. The questionnaire was used as a data collection tool. Based on the results of the study showed that the quality of products perceived by consumers is influenced by the implementation of TQM, the better SMEs implement TQM, the better the product quality. The data further proves that organizational performance as assessed by ROA (Return of Investment) is influenced by product quality, so that if the company wants to increase profits then improve product quality. This research is limited to processing industry SMEs not to the service sector. Some of the limitations of SMEs that have an impact on low quality are low access to technology, access to raw material sources which results in high product variability.
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Amodio, Marialuisa, Giovanni Attolico, Lucia Bonelli, Maria Cefola, Hassan Fazayeli, Francesco Montesano, Bernardo Pace, et al. "Sustaining low-impact practices in horticulture through non-destructive approach to provide more information on fresh produce history and quality: the SUS&LOW project." Advances in Horticultural Science 37, no. 1 (January 18, 2023): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/ahsc-13899.
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The general aim of the project SUS&LOW is to increase the sustainability of fresh produce by testing and implementing low-input agricultural practices (LIP) with positive impact on product quality with the support of non-destructive (ND) tools for real-time quality assessment and for product discrimination. Additionally, new marketing strategies are generated to better support the added value of the products and to satisfy the final consumers’ preferences. The SUS&LOW project consists of three work packages (WP) and the adopted methodology used two model crops: rocket salad and tomato. The WP1, focused on the reduction of agricultural inputs, showed that sensor-based fertigation management might improve sustainability of soilless cultivation. Results coming from WP2, aimed to the evaluation of ND techniques, outlined the high potentiality of hyperspectral imaging (HSI) and Fourier transformed-near infrared (FT-NIR) techniques for the authentication of sustainable growing methods. Moreover, project activities’ proved computer vision system (CVS) as an effective tool for evaluating the product quality also through the bag. The WP3, dealing with marketing strategies, indicated a positive approach of consumers compared to LIP products certified through a visual storytelling platform.
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Guo, Xiaolong, Ning Zhang, Jingjing Yang, and Chenchen Yang. "Entry or not? Manufacturers’ product sharing strategy when facing competition." JUSTC 52 (2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.52396/justc-2022-0110.
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Traditional manufacturers can take part in the sharing economy by renting products to consumers through sharing platforms. We develop an analytical framework consisting of two manufacturers and a sharing platform to study the effect of product sharing on competing manufacturers’ entry and pricing strategies. On the one hand, when the high-quality manufacturer works with the sharing platform, if the perceived quality of renting the high-quality product is larger than that of purchasing the low-quality product, it shows that the high-quality manufacturer will benefit and should enter the sharing market when the rental price is moderate. However, if the perceived quality of renting a high-quality product is smaller than that of purchasing a low-quality product, both manufacturers will always suffer losses; thus, the high-quality manufacturer should not provide sharing. Consequently, when the high-quality manufacturer chooses to share, the quality advantage should be maintained. On the other hand, when the low-quality manufacturer works with the sharing platform, it also finds that the low-quality manufacturer will always be better off from a moderate rental price. This implies that the low-quality OEM has more interest in offering product sharing if the perceived quality of renting high-quality product is smaller than that of purchasing low-quality product.
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Love, Edwin, and Erica Mina Okada. "Construal based marketing tactics for high quality versus low price market segments." Journal of Product & Brand Management 24, no. 2 (April 20, 2015): 172–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpbm-11-2013-0444.
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Purpose – The purpose of this study is to propose differential marketing tactics for high-quality products versus low-price products by building on construal level theory. Design/methodology/approach – Two studies were conducted, one using students and another using data collected from more than 7,000 online auctions. Findings – When consumers consider high-quality products, they use more abstract mental models, and when they consider low-price products, they use more concrete mental models. Differentiation based on primary features product is more effective for products that are positioned on quality, while differentiation based on the secondary features is more effective for products that are positioned on price. Also, marketing efforts to attract attention are more effective for products positioned on quality than those positioned on price. Research limitations/implications – This research focused on how consumers use different mental models for considering high-quality versus low-price product offerings but did not examine whether a given segment/consumer uses different models in considering high-quality versus low-price alternatives. Practical implications – Managers wishing to reinforce a high-quality position should focus on marketing efforts compatible with consumers’ high level construal by enhancing and highlighting the primary features, and drawing consumers’ attention to their product offerings. Managers wishing to reinforce a low-price positioning should focus on marketing efforts that are compatible with consumers’ low level construal by enhancing and highlighting secondary features. Originality/value – This research makes an important theoretical link between construal theory and brand positioning.
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Liu, Chia-Ming. "Income distribution, quality differentiation and product line design." Innovative Marketing 13, no. 1 (May 18, 2017): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/im.13(1).2017.03.
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The purpose of this paper is to characterize the relationship between quality differentiation, income distribution and product line design. According to the findings, the author can explain the trend of quality differentiation and the phenomenon of extreme product diversity in different conditions of income distribution. When the middle class of consumers reach a certain critical few number, the quality for them will descend. Only the high-end and low-end quality left for this extreme condition; that is, the product quality spectrum will shrink. The product quality for middle and low class will gradually get worse and worse, even lower than original quality. The product line design will be reconsidered to the opposite extremes.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "LOW-QUALITY PRODUCT"
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Lundberg, Annika. "Web designers, don’t be afraid to use low-quality images in e-retail, unless you want to impress users : Purchase intent and attitudes on product listing pages with varying product image quality." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-178217.
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Internet usage is increasing every year, and so do the different online activities on the internet. Online shopping is one of the most popular activities on the internet and is continuing to grow. This study investigated if visual information influences consumer behaviour on e-retail websites when shown together with non-imagery information. The study also looks at whether or not the visual information that is being presented is a factor for consumers behaviour, and if the quality of the image matters in purchase intent. Another point of view in this study was whether or not imagery information in e-retail would increase the consumer attitude towards the design and if the type of visual information mattered. A significant difference was found in purchase intent for products having imagery information, regardless of the quality. Attitudes towards e-retail designs with high-quality product images were also found to be significantly more positive over both no- and low-quality images. The findings of this study fills the gap whether or not visual stimuli influence consumers when displayed to products without visual stimuli. The type of product imagery information being displayed is also a factor for consumer enjoyment. High-quality visual information is perceived better compared to designs with low-quality and non-imagery product information.
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GUPTA, NITIN. "MACHINE LEARNING PREDICTIVE ANALYTIC MODEL TO REDUCE COST OF QUALITY FOR SOFTWARE PRODUCTS." Thesis, DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, 2021. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/18484.
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In today’s world, high quality product are need of the time. The low-quality product
results in the high cost. This can be explained from the quality graph below
1) Prevention cost can be define as the issue/bugs found out before the
deployment/delivered to customer. This cost is initially very low but in the longer
run goes up
2) Failure cost includes cost of losing customers, Root cause analysis and
rectification. This cost is defiantly very huge
Figure 11 : Cost of Quality
Source: https://www.researchgate.net/
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If there can be any mechanism that can help to identify the expected issues in the
prevention cost then the overall all cost of quality can be reduce as shown in below graph
Figure 12 : Modified Cost of Quality
Source: https://www.researchgate.net/
Electronic and Design Automation (EDA) Industry is backbone of Semiconductor
Industry as it provide software tool aiding in the development of Semi-Conductors chips.
EDA tools are from specification to the foundry input.
Below figure shows mapping of Chip design verification and currently available tools
technologies
Modified
prevention cost
Modified
TCQ
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Figure 13 : Tools offered by EDA Industry
Sourced: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_design_automation
Term tape out means the chip out of foundry and ready for use in electronic circuit. Re-
spin means incident post Tape-out chips does not function as required and re-build is
required. Cost of the tape out is minimum 5 million of dollars. Major re-spin reason is
functionality issues, therefore function verification tools delivered by EDA needs to
be always of high quality.
A major problem faced by the Functional verification tool R&D team is to predict the
numbers of the bugs that might have been introduced during the design phase to sign off
the completeness and quality. If these bugs can be predicted, then the COQ can be
reduced. Hence saving million of dollar to company and customer.
Machine learning, a upcoming new discipline, define scientific study of algorithm and
using computing power develop prediction model so that certainty of the task can be
managed.
In this project, prediction model for expected bugs during the development of the
software is designed to help the Product manager to get confidence on quality.
For the data, explanatory research and Interview was conducted with-in the Synopsys.
This project has been successfully adopted with-in the Verification IP group of EDA
leader and is in process to get it implemented in all different Business Units.
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Park, Sung Hee. "Evaluating the Feasibility of Producing Shelf-Stable Low-Acid Vegetables Through Pressure-Ohmic-Thermal Sterilization: Studies on Product Quality and Microbiological Safety." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1330954417.
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Rienzi, Eduardo Abel. "EFFECT OF LOW AND HIGH- KINETIC ENERGY WETTING ON QUALITY OF SEDIMENT PRODUCED BY INTERRILL EROSION." UKnowledge, 2010. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/61.
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Raindrop kinetic energy and sheet flow can disintegrate aggregates during interrill erosion, a process responsible for non point source pollution. Also, the dissolution process during aggregate wetting can affect interrill erosion. These factors can be responsible for changes in particle size distribution in the sediment, especially when different tillage systems are compared. The effect of soil tillage and management on soil properties is not uniform, which determine a wide range of runoff and sediment delivery rate. Variety in these rates can be associated with pore functions and their interactions with aggregate stability. One of the objectives of this study was to analyze the wetting behavior of soil aggregates from soils under conventional tillage compared with soils under no tillage. It was expected that the wetting rate is a function of pore system and that different tillage systems would affect the soil wetting behavior based on their impact on soil structure and shape. The second objective was to analyze the relationships among soil wetting rate, particle movement, organic carbon (OC) and iron release with the sediment produced via interrill erosion. A rainfall simulation experiment was performed in the field to determine the effect of low and fast soil wetting on total soil loss through high and low kinetic rainfall energy, sediment particle size distribution and OC loss. Two soils that differed in soil textural composition and that were under conventional and no tillage were investigated. Soil loss depended largely on soil characteristics and wetting rate. Particle size distribution of sediment was changed by treatment and the proportion of particles smaller than 0.053 mm increased over time, at any kinetic energy wetting level. Temporal OC and iron release were constant, which required a continuous source principally due to aggregate slaking. An empirical model was proposed to improve an interrill erosion equation by using a bond-dissolution mechanism that identified soil as a regulator of particle release.
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Johansson, Tim, and Pontus Nilsson. "Further Development of a Docking Station : Redesign of MagniLink S Docking Station at LVI Low Vision International." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för maskinteknik (MT), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-44186.
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The purpose of this work is to evaluate how a docking station can be more future proof, environmentally friendly and satisfy the customers’ needs more. The docking station in focus of this project is owned by LVI, and used with one of their cameras MagniLink S. When comparing the results of the new docking station and the current docking station, the new docking station is more future proof, environmentally friendly and satisfies the customers’ needs more. In the end it is established that following steps should be followed during the development of a docking station: - Make sure that the cables are reliably fastened into the docking station and that the connectors can handle the docking force. - Design to use more material with lower environmental impact and ensure that the material fulfils the product requirements and objectives. Use as small amount of material as possible. - Prioritize the customers’ expressed and unexpressed needs as one of the highest priorities during the development process.
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Ehrenberg, Henrik, and Filip Malmenryd. "Feasibility study for geometry assurance in low volume manufacturing of complex products : With application in the shipbuilding industry." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för maskinteknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-19638.
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Geometrical variation is an unavoidable aspect in all types of manufacturing that may, unless managed, risk failure in fulfilling product requirements which may result in rework, delays and bad publicity. The term geometry assurance includes the tools, methods and processes that can be utilized to manage the effects of geometrical variation and to ensure fulfillment of esthetical, functional and assembly requirements. While state of the art research in geometry assurance is extensively applied within the automotive and aerospace industries with great success, its application in low volume manufacturing of complex products remains limited. The shipbuilding industry is an example of such an industry, often manufacturing large and complex products in low quantities. Further, the shipbuilding industry has historically been labor-intensive and relied on craftsmanship throughout the product realization process. However, studies indicate that a technology-intensive development is crucial for companies in order to maintain market competitiveness. This transition places high demands on a well-established geometry assurance process in order to ensure successful assembly and fulfillment of product requirements. In this thesis, a feasibility study is conducted on how geometry assurance may be applied in low volume manufacturing of complex products. By developing guidelines on how geometry assurance may be applied, the purpose is to improve geometrical quality throughout the product realization process and to reduce lead times, costs and increase assembly precision. To explore the feasibility of geometry assurance in low volume manufacturing of complex products, a work structure consisting of three phases was established. In the first phase, a current state analysis of the collaboration partner Saab Kockums was conducted parallel to studying state of the art research in geometry assurance. In phase two, the state of practice of companies in the automotive and aerospace industries was studied in order to determine how they apply state of the art research. By interviewing industry specialists and combining gained knowledge from the first two phases, guidelines on how geometry assurance may be applied in low volume manufacturing of complex products was developed. In phase three, based on these guidelines, suggestions on how the geometry assurance process in pipe manufacturing at Saab Kockums can be improved was developed. The results of this study indicate that geometry assurance is applicable in low volume manufacturing of complex products. However, alternative methods may be required. Based on gained knowledge and insights from interviews with industry specialists, guidelines on how geometry assurance in low volume manufacturing of complex products may be applied are proposed. In order to improve the geometry assurance process in pipe manufacturing at Saab Kockums, this study proposes general guidelines for improvement along with a process and prototype measurement tool for the fitting-pipe methodology. The specially designed prototype measurement tool presents an alternative measurement method that can be used in cramped spaces where it is difficult to access with a 3D-measurement arm, the proposed primary measurement technique. In conclusion, this study indicates that geometry assurance is applicable in low volume manufacturing of complex products and suggests three methods for how it may be achieved. However, each of these methods needs to be further investigated in order to determine their applicability in other low volume manufacturing industries. Further, the prototype measurement tool and process for the fitting-pipe methodology indicates potential for improving the geometry assurance process in pipe manufacturing. However, further work is needed to complete the process for fitting-pipes and to finalize the prototype measurement tool for production use.
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VAGEDES, KASEY M. "CHANGES IN DIET QUALITY AND BLOOD PRESSURE AMONG ADOLESCENTS WITH HYPERTENSION IN RESPONSE TO A DIETARY INTERVENTION EMPHASIZING FRUITS, VEGETABLES AND LOW-FAT DAIRY PRODUCTS." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1123090947.
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Wu, Nao. "RMN à bas champ pour le contrôle qualité et la détection de fraudes : applications à l'analyse de compléments alimentaires et de e-liquides." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30044.
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L'objectif de cette thèse était d'explorer la capacité et les limites de la RMN à bas champ (LF) de paillasse pour le contrôle de la qualité et la détection de fraude dans des produits commerciaux. Les études ont porté sur trois applications. Premièrement, la RMN LF a été utilisée pour classer les espèces de cannelle dans de produits commerciaux culinaires ainsi que dans des compléments alimentaires. Les spectres de RMN LF permettent la détection de signaux typiques et le traitement des données de RMN LF par une analyse chimiométrique a été exploré pour classer les espèces de cannelle et prédire la teneur en coumarine hépatotoxique dans les produits. Deuxièmement, nous avons appliqué la RMN LF à l'analyse d'un lot de compléments alimentaires amincissants, les signaux des substances synthétiques ont pu être détectés efficacement et une analyse PLS-DA a permis la discrimination rapide des échantillons contenant des adultérants. La dernière recherche a évalué l'efficacité de la RMN LF pour le contrôle de la qualité des e-liquides. La RMN du proton a été explorée pour détecter les signaux typiques des cannabinoïdes synthétiques (SC). Enfin, la RMN du fluor-19, une méthode d'analyse sélective a été développée pour identifier et quantifier les SC fluorés dans les e-liquidesThe purpose of this thesis was to explore the ability and limitation of benchtop low-field (LF) NMR for quality control and fraud detection in commercial products. The studies focused on three applications. First, LF NMR was used to classify the cinnamon species in cinnamon culinary products and dietary supplements. LF NMR spectra allow the typical signals detection and the LF NMR data combined with chemometric analysis was further explored to classify cinnamon species and predict the content of hepatotoxic coumarin in products. Second, we applied LF NMR to screen batch of slimming dietary supplements, signals of synthetic adulterants can be effectively detected and the application of PLS-DA allowed the rapid discrimination of samples with adulterants. The last research evaluated the efficiency of LF NMR for quality control of smoking e-liquids. Proton NMR was explored to detect typical signals of synthetic cannabinoids (SC). Finally, fluorine-19 NMR, a selective analytical method was developed to identify and further quantify fluorinated SC in e-liquid
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Chang, Huai-chi, and 張淮杞. "The high-quality low-price product of business strategy in penetrating emerging market." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/47398974594257983151.
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博士國立中央大學
企業管理研究所
99
The developed countries were affected, making market growth slowing, by this wave of financial tsunami. In the meanwhile, Emerging market of the BRIC’s has already been attention by the global. Emerging markets, with four consraints is wealt-related constraints, time-related constraints, access-related constraints and skill-related constraints. This market is base on the high quality and low price product and service. Therefore, how to grab this market and formulating strategy is this study of research topics. By large international companies rsearch to understand those companies business models and strategies in emerging market. To examine Taiwan''s industry to enter emerging markets in the coping strategies. According to findings of this study, large international companies have been committed to breaking the four restrictions, including income restrictions, technical restrictions, location restrictions and time limits. At the same time, local corporate good at using of local resources to service of bottom of the middle class customer in emerging markets and development of innovative service business model. Therefore, For Taiwan’s Company suggestions while they wish penetrating emerging market need to consider the strategic management dimensinons grouped into seven. There are is market research, product development, manufacturing and channel development, distribution and logistics management, e-processes and value networks In addition, For Taiwan''s industrial battle for emerging markets. On this study give two suggestions. First, Using to IT technology to increasing industrial competitive advantage. Second, To creating some new business model to meet for emerging and good-engugh market.
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Cipriano, Rodrigo Pina. "The implications of mandatory low-cost fuel provision." Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/16591.
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This work studies fuel retail firms’ strategic behavior in a two-dimensional product differentiation framework. Following the mandatory provision of “low-cost” fuel we consider that capacity constraints force firms to eliminate of one the previously offered qualities. Firms play a two-stage game choosing fuel qualities from three possibilities (low-cost, medium quality and high quality fuel) and then prices having exogenous opposite locations. In the highest level of consumers’ heterogeneity, a subgame perfect Nash equilibrium exists in which firms both choose minimum quality differentiation. Consumers’ are worse off if no differentiation occurs in medium and high qualities. The effect over prices from the mandatory “low-cost” fuel law is ambiguous.
Books on the topic "LOW-QUALITY PRODUCT"
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Design for manufacturability: How to use concurrent engineering to rapidly develop low-cost, high-quality products for lean production. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, 2014.
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Jager, Angela. The Mass Market for History Paintings in Seventeenth-Century Amsterdam. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462987739.
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Millions of paintings were produced in the Dutch Republic. The works that we know and see in museums today constitute only the tip of the iceberg — the top-quality part. But what else was painted? This book explores the low-quality end of the seventeenth-century art market and outlines the significance of that production in the genre of history paintings, which in traditional art historical studies, is usually linked to high prices, famous painters, and elite buyers. Angela Jager analyses the producers, suppliers, and consumers active in this segment to gain insight into this enormous market for cheap history paintings. What did the supply consist of in terms of quantity, quality, price, and subject? Who produced all these works and which production methods did these painters employ? Who distributed these paintings, to whom, and which strategies were used to market them? Who bought these paintings, and why?
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Hussain, Imdad. Evaluation of low quality roughages and agricultural by-products as livestock feed. 1993.
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Schweitzer, Stuart O., and Z. John Lu. Pharmaceutical Prices. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190623784.003.0008.
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This chapter provides a detailed examination of pharmaceutical pricing strategies in the United States. It points out that pharmaceutical expenditure as a share of total healthcare spending has historically been quite low in comparison to that of hospitalization and physician services. It identifies several common measures of pharmaceutical prices, and highlights the difference in conclusions reached based on different measures. It offers a critical review of several models used to explain pharmaceutical price behavior, which are grouped into three major categories: market structure models, R&D cost-based models, and product quality or value based models. The chapter concludes that prices of brand-name drugs in the United States are largely driven by product quality attributes, not cost of R&D. Lastly, the chapter examines the impact of generic entry on price.
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Zak, Albin J. The Death Rattle of a Laughing Hyena. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199985227.003.0014.
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In 1958, record producer Mitch Miller vehemently criticized the state of Top 40 radio. He argued that DJs were pandering excessively to the tastes of teenagers and playing low-quality popular music. This criticism was aimed largely at rock and roll records produced by the low-budget, independent recording firms with whom he now found himself in competition. This chapter traces the development of the major-labels’ novel pop music production practices in the 1950s, specifically the use of overdubbing, unconventional arrangements, added reverb, and Foley effects. These techniques are compared with indie-label recording, which captured more populist genres with less expensive postproduction capabilities. Finally, the chapter traces the aesthetics of DIY (do-it-yourself) records made by amateur musicians-turned-radio-stars, and concludes with a discussion of the lasting effects of these 1950s pop music crosscurrents.
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Anderson, David M. Design for Manufacturability: How to Use Concurrent Engineering to Rapidly Develop Low-Cost, High-Quality Products for Lean Production. Productivity Press, 2014.
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Thornicroft, Graham, and Vikram Patel. The importance of trials for global mental health. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199680467.003.0001.
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This chapter sets the scene for the book as a whole by defining key terms, giving a brief history of randomized controlled trails (RCTs) in mental health research, explaining why RCTs can produce strong forms of evidence, and by locating trials within the translational research continuum. The authors describe criteria with which to judge the quality of pragmatic RCTs. Finally the authors discuss how the results of trials can be used to inform policy, investment, and service delivery decisions in low and middle income countries.
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Anderson, David M. Design for Manufacturability: How to Use Concurrent Engineering to Rapidly Develop Low-Cost, High-Quality Products for Lean Production, Second Edition. Productivity Press, 2020.
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Design for Manufacturability: How to Use Concurrent Engineering to Rapidly Develop Low-Cost, High-Quality Products for Lean Production, Second Edition. Productivity Press, 2020.
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Design for Manufacturability: How to Use Concurrent Engineering to Rapidly Develop Low-Cost, High-Quality Products for Lean Production, Second Edition. Productivity Press, 2020.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "LOW-QUALITY PRODUCT"
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Lurtz, Patrick, Laura Wirths, and Kristin Paetzold. "Challenges in Quality Management of Additively Manufactured Metal Spare Parts in Low-Volume Production." In Innovative Product Development by Additive Manufacturing 2022, 99–109. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-27261-5_7.
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Barata, Fausta Air, Gustaf Naufan Febrianto, and Muhammad Yasin. "Supply Chain Management Strategy in Building a Competitive Advantage Through the Implementation of Logistic 4.0." In Proceedings of the 19th International Symposium on Management (INSYMA 2022), 369–77. Dordrecht: Atlantis Press International BV, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-008-4_47.
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AbstractThis study aims to examine supply chain management in building competitive advantage through logistics. This study indicates that: 1) Strategic supply chain management is achieved to win the supply chain or at least survive in market competition. Efficient and robust logistics 4.0 must rely on technology applications related to logistics, including procurement, storage, inventory, transportation, warehousing, packaging, security, and handling of goods and services in the form of raw materials, intermediate, and finished goods. 2) in generating competitive advantage, supply chain management lies in the problem of value advantage and productivity advantage. This advantage can be achieved through a process that ensures the production of high-value product characters desired by consumers. The dominant indicator of value in commodities is quality. Companies that can produce premium quality have a value-added in front of consumers. Productivity advantages are reflected in high production volume with low cost per unit process.
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Behery, Mohamed, Philipp Brauner, Hans Aoyang Zhou, Merih Seran Uysal, Vladimir Samsonov, Martin Bellgardt, Florian Brillowski, et al. "Actionable Artificial Intelligence for the Future of Production." In Internet of Production, 1–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98062-7_4-1.
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AbstractThe Internet of Production (IoP) promises to be the answer to major challenges facing the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) and Industry 4.0. The lack of inter-company communication channels and standards, the need for heightened safety in Human Robot Collaboration (HRC) scenarios, and the opacity of data-driven decision support systems are only a few of the challenges we tackle in this chapter. We outline the communication and data exchange within the World Wide Lab (WWL) and autonomous agents that query the WWL which is built on the Digital Shadows (DS). We categorize our approaches intomachine level, process level, and overarching principles. This chapter surveys the interdisciplinary work done in each category, presents different applications of the different approaches, and offers actionable items and guidelines for future work.The machine level handles the robots and machines used for production and their interactions with the human workers. It covers low-level robot control and optimization through gray-box models, task-specific motion planning, and optimization through reinforcement learning. In this level, we also examine quality assurance through nonintrusive real-time quality monitoring, defect recognition, and quality prediction. Work on this level also handles confidence, verification, and validation of re-configurable processes and reactive, modular, transparent process models. The process level handles the product life cycle, interoperability, and analysis and optimization of production processes, which is overall attained by analyzing process data and event logs to detect and eliminate bottlenecks and learn new process models. Moreover, this level presents a communication channel between human workers and processes by extracting and formalizing human knowledge into ontology and providing a decision support by reasoning over this information. Overarching principles present a toolbox of omnipresent approaches for data collection, analysis, augmentation, and management, as well as the visualization and explanation of black-box models.
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Sun, Yang, Helen Huifen Cai, Rui Su, Qianhui Shen, and Merlin Stone. "Researching the advantage of low quality in short life cycle products." In The Routledge Companion to Marketing Research, 459–77. New York : Routledge, 2021. | Series: Routledge companions in business, management and accounting: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315544892-27.
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Liu, Zixian. "The Benefit of Keeping Low-Quality Products: The Perspective from a Strategic Platform." In Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 239–46. Paris: Atlantis Press SARL, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/978-2-38476-062-6_30.
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Park, Young-Hyun. "A Study of Quality Costs in a Multi Component and Low Volume Products Automated Manufacturing System." In Quality Improvement Through Statistical Methods, 405–13. Boston, MA: Birkhäuser Boston, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1776-3_33.
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Yirzagla, Julius, Ibrahim K. D. Atokple, Mohammed Haruna, Abdul Razak Mohammed, Desmond Adobaba, Bashiru Haruna, and Benjamin Karikari. "Impacts of Cowpea Innovation Platforms in Sustaining TL III Project Gains in Ghana." In Enhancing Smallholder Farmers' Access to Seed of Improved Legume Varieties Through Multi-stakeholder Platforms, 171–83. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8014-7_12.
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AbstractOver the past decades, farm-level yields of cowpea have remained low (0.6–0.8 t/ha) compared to what is observed on research fields (1.8–2.5 t/ha). Lack of farmer access to quality seeds of improved varieties and inappropriate cultural practices are the major factors responsible for the low productivity of the crop. The use of Innovative Platforms (IPs) as a strategy to facilitate farmer access to quality seeds was, therefore, considered under the Tropical Legume (TL) III and USAID Cowpea Outscaling projects in Northern Ghana. The platform activities started in 2016 with a total membership of 100, which increased steadily to 820 by December 2018. The research team of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Savannah Agricultural Research Institute (CSIR-SARI) trained platform members to produce certified seeds to be supplied to target communities, thereby enhancing smallholder farmers’ access to improved varieties. A total of 1848 members of the platform were trained in various farm operations. A revolving system was set up in which each farmer group was supplied with improved seed and after harvesting returned the equivalent of seed received to the platform. Having been trained to produce their own seed, members of the platform are self-reliant in acquiring improved seed and are actively engaged in various operations that sustain the gains of the two projects that have been phased out.
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Takhim, Mohamed, Marc Sonveaux, and Rob de Ruiter. "The Ecophos Process: Highest Quality Market Products Out of Low-Grade Phosphate Rock and Sewage Sludge Ash." In Phosphorus Recovery and Recycling, 209–19. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8031-9_14.
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Razmjooy, Navid, Vania Vieira Estrela, and Hermes Jose Loschi. "A Survey of Potatoes Image Segmentation Based on Machine Vision." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 1–38. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8027-0.ch001.
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The quality control of the agricultural products, which in many cases is through intuitive observation of the visible features of the product, plays a key role in the survival of the agricultural industry. For a long time, the qualitative categorization of these products has been performed by trained people who search products for the specific characteristics. On the other hand, hard and repetitive working can cause people to make some mistakes in computing the quality control errors. Hence, by entering the machine vision systems into this subject, they turned into a reliable, low-cost and real-time technology. Despite the existence of machine vision systems in this process, there are still major challenges in categorizing agricultural products in terms of quality, size, shape, and examination of defects. Potato is one of the most important agricultural products that is produced and has a high application. Unfortunately, it suffers from various types of diseases and defects. Hence, its quality control has a particular importance.
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da Rocha, Tainá, Anderson Luis Szejka, and Osiris Canciglieri Junior. "Intelligent Product Quality Failure Prediction System in Smart Factories Based on Machine Learning Techniques." In Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering. IOS Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/atde210094.
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Industry 4.0 has brought innovative principles to the entire world, especially for the manufacturing industry. The adaptation to a technological era showed limitations in the current processes, of which we can highlight the divergence between software and machinery technologies, cloud data processing, difficulty for the information to circulate within a manufacturing environment, so that it flows clearly and objectively, without ambiguity. These limitations end up generating errors between operations in the manufacturing process resulting in costs, customer dissatisfaction, low product quality, and reduced competitiveness. Thus, problems related to the semantic web, semantic interoperability, horizontal and vertical integration are responsible for such limitations in manufacturing processes. To resolve such restrictions and improve the final quality of the product, it is possible to apply Machine Learning techniques. Through the use of ensemble models of machine learning algorithm techniques, techniques with specific characteristics can be grouped, complementing each other, thus providing better prediction results during the manufacture of products, reducing costs, increasing the reliability and quality of the final product. In this way, it is expected to improve the final quality of the product and minimize the impacts that detract from the performance indicators, such as scrap, cost, rework, labor. This research will contribute scientifically to the creation of a system, which can be applied in different manufacturing production processes.
Conference papers on the topic "LOW-QUALITY PRODUCT"
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Novikova, I. M. "Quality assessment of low-calorie biscuit semi-finished product." In Agrobiotechnology-2021. Publishing house RGAU-MSHA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/978-5-9675-1855-3-2021-234.
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the article presents the results of laboratory research on the development of a recipe and assessment of the quality of a low-calorie semi-finished product with the replacement of part of the premium wheat flour with oat flour
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Schmidts, Oliver, Bodo Kraft, Marvin Winkens, and Albert Zündorf. "Catalog Integration of Low-quality Product Data by Attribute Label Ranking." In 9th International Conference on Data Science, Technology and Applications. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0009831000900101.
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Haritonovs, Viktors. "Development of High Performance Asphalt Using By-product and Low Quality Aggregates." In Annual International Conference on Architecture and Civil Engineering. Global Science & Technology Forum (GSTF), 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5176/2301-394x_ace13.141.
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Martí Bigorra, Anna, and Ove Isaksson. "Integration of Customer-Product Interaction Into Quality Function Deployment." In ASME 2016 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2016-59992.
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Customer satisfaction is used by many companies as a key performance indicator and it is strategically important to be able to define design requirements that contribute to customer satisfaction when setting targets. For highly complex products such as vehicles, target setting is an evolving process based on continually changing internal and external requirements. Quality Function Deployment (QFD) is a method that provides a structured approach for incorporating customer needs into the product development process. However, in addition to product targets, product usage proficiency also contributes to customer satisfaction. Customers often do not read manuals; they learn by trying things out and sometimes the use of the product ends up outside the expected acceptable range of the designers, delivering to the customer low product performance. The intention of this article is therefore to gain a deeper understanding of the customer by analyzing customer-product interaction of customer products and integrating it into QFD to identify the most interesting design requirements to improve customer satisfaction when developing products that are comparable to the ones lunched in the market. The proposed method facilitates designer awareness of target population before re-designing an existing product and it helps designers to set a starting point to improve usage proficency for each customer by providing individualized feedback.
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Zhang, Kaisheng, and Qinhui Wang. "Research on the product quality control in the processing of low-sugar preserved Chinese gooseberry." In 2009 International Conference on Industrial Mechatronics and Automation (ICIMA 2009). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icima.2009.5156623.
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Niemir, Maciej, and Beata Mrugalska. "Product Data Quality in e-Commerce: Key Success Factors and Challenges." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001626.
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This paper discusses basic attributes which are entered to product data in selected e-commerce platforms. For this aim, we selected and analyzed a group of attributes such brand name, product image, net content, product classification and sale country. We also reviewed the platform developers which are commonly used in e-commerce. It allowed us to provide their best practices. Furthermore, for each of the selected product attributes, an analysis was carried out in reference to presence, mandatory field and data input validators. The research results point out inconsistencies in the basic attributes of the product which lead to low product quality data. The lack of commonly available and standardized data, which could describe products, makes manufacturers create own recommendations for the e-commerce market. Furthermore, they even generate and develop their own meaning of some data. Therefore, it is urgent to undertake steps to be able to recognize correctly e-product data as this market is still new one. On the other hand, the meaning of e-product data can be greater or even different in comparison to a traditional trade. This paper provides recommendations for managers of e-commerce platforms how to cope with e-product data using a single standard for product master data and common product identifier to increase quality of e-product data.
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WU, PINGPING. "RESEARCH ON THE EFFECT OF PRODUCT QUALITY UPGRADING ON FIRMS' EXPORT PERFORMANCE: BASED ON THE MICRO EVIDENCE OF QUALITY AWARDS, WELL-KNOWN TRADEMARKS AND QUALITY CERTIFICATION." In 2023 9TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON SOCIAL SCIENCE. Destech Publications, Inc., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/dtssehs/isss2023/36097.
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The existing literature lacks the classification of product quality upgrading levels and ignores the effect of product quality upgrading at different hierarchical levels on firms' export performance. Based on this, this paper takes Chinese manufacturing exporters as the research subjects, using panel fixed effects and instrumental variables methods, and empirically examines the effect of product quality upgrading (and product quality upgrading at different levels) on firms' export performance using the 2000-2013 China Import and Export Customs Database, the China Industrial Enterprises Database, and a self-curated product quality upgrading database. The results of the research show that the number of Chinese manufacturing exporters that have upgraded their product quality is increasing. The mean and the level of product quality upgrading are both constantly elevating. Product quality upgrading has a significant positive effect on export performance, and the positive effect of product quality upgrading on export performance is greater for high-level product quality upgrading than for low and medium-level product quality upgrading. The positive effect of product quality upgrading on export performance is greater for state-owned enterprises, small enterprises, and enterprises in central and western regions. The empirical results help to refine the understanding of the export growth effect brought by product quality upgrading and provide micro evidence for China's "Great Power of Quality" strategy.
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Chen, Chin-Jung, and Kyung K. Choi. "Robust Design Using Second-Order Shape Design Sensitivity Analysis." In ASME 1996 Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/96-detc/dac-1603.
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Abstract The performance of high-quality products should be insensitive to environmental disturbances. Traditional design attempts to create quality in design by tightening manufacturing tolerances, which leads to high manufacturing cost. In spite of the apparent high-quality, when environmental variations appear, performance of products can be degraded. A robust design methodology is presented in this research, to produce a high-quality and low-cost product. By considering manufacturing tolerances and environmental disturbances early in the design stage, a robust design can be obtained. Because robust design requirements that involve first-order sensitivity are formulated as an optimization problem, to accurately evaluate gradients of constraints, a reliable second-order shape design sensitivity analysis (DSA) method is used.
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Grote, Karl-H., and Christiane Beyer. "Computer Supported Product Development Through Integration of CAD, Rapid Prototyping and 3D-Digitizing Helps the Productivity of Former East German Companies." In ASME 1996 Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/96-detc/dfm-1404.
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Abstract In socialistic countries, customer satisfaction and the market conditions were not of high priority: Some selected parts of the market products were of satisfactory costs and quality to customers. Quality and costs of a product decide on its success in the world-wide market. The wishes and expectations of the customer for a high-quality and low-priced product continue to grow, however, with the desire for faster availability of this product. The customer determines also the delivery time and other competitive factors as the durability of the product. At present the trend goes towards shorter product life cycles, which in turn requires reduced time spent on the product development. With these complex market requirements and growing diversity of the products the engineer faces new challenges in his development tasks. It can be paraphrased as follows: In reduced lifecycles a quality-assured and advantageous product has to be developed despite increasing complexity of the design and demands for reduction of material used, manpower and monetary spending. For the solution of this complex problem the following suggestions are tested and implemented: • Structured design process for the development process, • Simultaneous work where ever possible during the development stages, • Employment of modern resources for the product development, • Use of information technology and • Implementation of rapid prototyping for models and in secondary manufacturing processes. An important research field at the Department of Mechanical Engineering Design at the Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg is research and further development of productive procedures and tools for the realization of a computer integrated product development process. This process includes the effective application of technologies to produce the prototypes for presentation, producibility analysis and production. Of particular interest is the closed process chain (loop) from Solid Modeling via Rapid Prototyping and 3D-Digitizing where the entry point of this process chain depends on the needs of the application or particular interest of the innovating company. Information for faster and more competitive preparation, verification and Re-Engineering of existing and established products, which have to be adjusted to the world-market needs, will be made available. The results of this applied research offer opportunities to display new developed products for the lagging industries in the former East Germany, and furthermore arranging for necessary venture capital to produce the product, to gain information about possible suppliers and manufacturing opportunities in order to minimize the investors’ risks of an enterprise.
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Ho, Christopher M., and Kevin N. Otto. "Modeling Manufacturing Quality Constraints for Product Development." In ASME 1995 Design Engineering Technical Conferences collocated with the ASME 1995 15th International Computers in Engineering Conference and the ASME 1995 9th Annual Engineering Database Symposium. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1995-0181.
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Abstract When bringing a new or improved product to market, a design and manufacturing enterprise can speed the process and improve the result by understanding and designing within the manufacturing process used. We propose process characterization modeling and experiments aimed at uncovering their effect upon product functional requirement metrics. In a real industrial design and manufacturing enterprise, however, modeling and experiments are limited to activities that provide direct answers to short term real identified problems. This means that only a continuous improvement approach is practical to construct process constraint models. We demonstrate a methodology to quantify the quality constraints imposed on a product design by its manufacturing process. We start with the sequence of operations transforming the incoming material into the final product, which is diagrammed into a topology of the operational sequence. Performance metrics are then identified which correspond to the customer requirements. Using engineering analysis, a basic model is developed relating known product and material variables to the metric. Production data, either from designed experiments or from natural variation occurring during production, are measured to validate the basic model. Next, each operation in the process topology is analyzed for potential effect upon the model. Modes of impact of each operation upon the metric are conceived, and quantified into the basic model. These modes become either supported or not by the production data. The methodology, therefore, is one of continuously improving the understanding of the process imposed constraints to improve the product. We demonstrate the methodology with a running example, characterizing the process imposed constraints upon a low temperature co-fired ceramic circuit assembly.
Reports on the topic "LOW-QUALITY PRODUCT"
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Palmborg, Cecilia. Fertilization with digestate and digestate products – availability and demonstration experiments within the project Botnia nutrient recycling. Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54612/a.25rctaeopn.
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To increase our food security in Västerbotten we will need to become more self-sufficient of both energy, feed and nutrients that are now imported to the region. Biogas production from different waste streams is one solution to this. Biogas is produced using biowaste or sewage sludge as substrate in the major cities Umeå and Skellefteå. Biogas systems offer a range of benefits to society. Biogas production is currently prized for its climate benefits when replacing fossil fuels for the production of heat, electricity and vehicle gas, but at Bothnia Nutrient Recycling we have studied how to use the digestate, i.e. the residual product of production, as fertilizer in agriculture. We have been working to improve profitability for biogas producers and develop sustainable products from recycled nutrients, like phosphorus and nitrogen. Improving the uses for digestate increases self-sufficiency in agriculture and contributes to a circular economy. We conducted three agricultural demonstration experiments in collaboration with agricultural high schools in Finland and Sweden to introduce digestate and digestate products to the future farmers in the regions. We found that it may be possible to replace cattle slurry with compost when growing maize despite the low levels of nitrogen, N, available to plants in the compost. In barley, NPK fertilizers gave the highest yield. Digestate from HEMAB and sludge biochar supplemented with recycled ammonium sulphate gave a smaller yield but higher than unfertilized crop. Digestate from a dry digestion biogas plant in Härnösand was better suited to barley than to grass because in an experiment on grass ley the viscous fertilizer did not penetrate the grass and did not increase the growth of the grass. Fertilizer effects on crop quality were small. There was no increased uptake of heavy metals in barley after fertilization with digestate or digestate products compared to NPK fertilization. These demonstration experiments show that more thorough scientific experimentation is needed as a foundation for recommendations to farmers. The amounts of nitrogen and phosphorous in digestate from Västerbotten that could become used as fertilizer were modelled. It showed that if sewage sludge digestate is used to make sludge biochar and ammonium sulphate and the other available digestates are used directly in agriculture, the entire phosphorous demand but only a small part of the nitrogen demand in the county, could be covered. Thus, to achieve a true circular food production, development and increase of both the waste handling sector and agriculture is needed.
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Sylvia, Emily. Incentivizing higher-quality agricultural outputs. J-PAL, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31485/pi.3010.2021.
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Despite making investments in technologies and practices to improve the quality of their products, smallholder farmers in low- and middle-income countries do not often receive higher prices for their higher-quality agricultural goods. Disorganized markets with many intermediaries may make quality certification of goods more difficult, thus causing missed opportunities for consumers to eat better and producers to earn higher profits.
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Sylvia, Emily. Incentivizing higher-quality agricultural outputs. J-PAL, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31485/pi.3010.2021.
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Despite making investments in technologies and practices to improve the quality of their products, smallholder farmers in low- and middle-income countries do not often receive higher prices for their higher-quality agricultural goods. Disorganized markets with many intermediaries may make quality certification of goods more difficult, thus causing missed opportunities for consumers to eat better and producers to earn higher profits.
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Lee, Richard, Moshe Bar-Joseph, K. S. Derrick, Aliza Vardi, Roland Brlansky, Yuval Eshdat, and Charles Powell. Production of Antibodies to Citrus Tristeza Virus in Transgenic Citrus. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7613018.bard.
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Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) is the most important virus disease of citrus in the world. CTV causes death of trees on sour orange rootstock and/or stem pitting of scions regardless of rootstock which results in trees of low vigor, reduced yield with reduction in size and quality of fruit. The purpose of this project was to produce monoclonal antibodies (MABs) to CTV coat protein (CP), develop single domain antibodies (dAbs) or Fab fragments which neutralize the infection by binding to the virus, and to produce transformed plants which express the dAbs. The objectives of this research have been met and putative transgenic tobacco and citrus plants have been developed. These putative transgenic plants are presently undergoing evaluation to determine the level of dAbs expression and to determine their resistance to CTV. Additionally, the CTV genome has been sequenced and the CP gene of several biologically characterized CTV strains molecular characterized. This has indicated a correlation between CP sequence homology and biological activity, and the finding of DI RNAs associated with some CTV strains. Several MABs have been produced which enable broad spectrum identification of CTV strains while other MABs enable differentiation between mild and severe strains. The use of selected MAbs and determination of the CP gene sequence has enabled predictions of biological activities of unknown CTV isolates. The epitopes of two MABs, one reacting selectively with severe CTV strains and the other reacting with all strains, have been characterized at the molecular level.
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Gerstl, Zev, Thomas L. Potter, David Bosch, Timothy Strickland, Clint Truman, Theodore Webster, Shmuel Assouline, Baruch Rubin, Shlomo Nir, and Yael Mishael. Novel Herbicide Formulations for Conservation-Tillage. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7591736.bard.
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The overall objective of this study was to develop, optimize and evaluate novel formulations, which reduce herbicide leaching and enhance agronomic efficacy. Numerous studies have demonstrated that CsT promotes environmental quality and enhances sustainable crop production, yet continued use of CsT-practices appears threatened unless cost effective alternative weed control practices can be found. The problem is pressing in the southern portion of the Atlantic Coastal Plain region of the eastern USA where cotton and peanut are produced extensively. This research addressed needs of the region’s farmers for more effective weed control practices for CsT systems. HUJI: CRFs for sulfentrazone and metolachlor were developed and tested based on their solubilizion in cationic micelles and adsorption of the mixed micelles on montmorillonite. A better understanding of solubilizing anionic and nonionic organic molecules in cationic micelles was reached. Both CRFs demonstrated controlled release compared to the commercial formulations. A bioassay in soil columns determined that the new sulfentrazone and metolachlor CRFs significantly improve weed control and reduced leaching (for the latter) in comparison with the commercial formulations. ARO: Two types of CRFs were developed: polymer-clay beads and powdered formulations. Sand filter experiments were conducted to determine the release of the herbicide from the CRFs. The concentration of metolachlor in the initial fractions of the effluent from the commercial formulation reached rather high values, whereas from the alginate-clay formulations and some of the powdered formulations, metolachlor concentrations were low and fairly constant. The movement of metolachlor through a sandy soil from commercial and alginate-clay formulations showed that the CRFs developed significantly reduced the leaching of metolachlor in comparison to the commercial formulation. Mini-flume and simulated rainfall studies indicated that all the CRFs tested increased runoff losses and decreased the amount of metolachlor found in the leachate. ARS: Field and laboratory investigations were conducted on the environmental fate and weed control efficacy of a commercially available, and two CRFs (organo-clay and alginate-encapsulated) of the soil-residual herbicide metolachlor. The environmental fate characteristics and weed control efficacy of these products were compared in rainfall simulations, soil dissipations, greenhouse efficacy trials, and a leaching study. Comparisons were made on the basis of tillage, CsT, and conventional, i.e no surface crop residue at planting (CT). Strip-tillage (ST), a commonly used form of CsT, was practiced. The organo-clay and commercial metolachlor formulations behaved similarly in terms of wash off, runoff, soil dissipation and weed control efficacy. No advantage of the organo-clay over the commercial metolachlor was observed. Alginate encapsulated metolachlor was more promising. The dissipation rate for metolachlor when applied in the alginate formulation was 10 times slower than when the commercial product was used inferring that its use may enhance weed management in cotton and peanut fields in the region. In addition, comparison of alginate and commercial formulations showed that ST can effectively reduce the runoff threat that is commonly associated with granular herbicide application. Studies also showed that use of the alginate CRF has the potential to reduce metolachlor leaching. Overall study findings have indicated that use of granular herbicide formulations may have substantial benefit for ST-system weed management for cotton and peanut production under Atlantic Coastal Plain conditions in the southeastern USA. Commercial development and evaluation at the farm scale appears warranted. Products will likely enhance and maintain CsT use in this and other regions by improving weed control options.
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Robledo, Ana, and Amber Gove. What Works in Early Reading Materials. RTI Press, February 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2018.op.0058.1902.
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Access to books is key to learning to read and sustaining a love of reading. Yet many low- and middle-income countries struggle to provide their students with reading materials of sufficient quality and quantity. Since 2008, RTI International has provided technical assistance in early reading assessment and instruction to ministries of education in dozens of low- and middle-income countries. The central objective of many of these programs has been to improve learning outcomes—in particular, reading—for students in the early grades of primary school. Under these programs, RTI has partnered with ministry staff to produce and distribute evidence-based instructional materials at a regional or national scale, in quantities that increase the likelihood that children will have ample opportunities to practice reading skills, and at a cost that can be sustained in the long term by the education system. In this paper, we seek to capture the practices RTI has developed and refined over the last decade, particularly in response to the challenges inherent in contexts with high linguistic diversity and low operational capacity for producing and distributing instructional materials. These practices constitute our approach to developing and producing instructional materials for early grade literacy. We also touch upon effective planning for printing and distribution procurement, but we do not consider the printing and distribution processes in depth in this paper. We expect this volume will be useful for donors, policymakers, and practitioners interested in improving access to cost-effective, high-quality teaching and learning materials for the early grades.
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Amirav, Aviv, and Steven Lehotay. Fast Analysis of Pesticide Residues in Agricultural Products. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7695851.bard.
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The overall theme of this project was to increase the speed of analysis for monitoring pesticide residues in food. Traditionally, analytical methods for multiple pesticides are time-consuming, expensive, laborious, wasteful, and ineffective to meet critical needs related to food safety. Faster and better methods were needed to provide more cost-effective detection of chemical contaminants, and thus provide a variety of benefits to agriculture. This overarching goal to speed and improve pesticide analysis was successfully accomplished even beyond what was originally proposed by the investigators in 1998. At that time, the main objectives of this project were: 1) to further develop a direct sample introduction (DSI) device that enables fast sampling and introduction of blended-only agricultural products for analysis by gas chromatography (GC); 2) to evaluate, establish, and further develop the method of simultaneous pulsed flame photometric detector (PFPD) and mass spectrometry (MS) detection for enhanced pesticide identification capabilities; and 3) to develop a new and novel MS pesticide analysis method, based on the use of supersonic molecular beams (SMB) for sampling and ionization. The first and third objectives were successfully accomplished as proposed, and the feasibility of the second objective was already demonstrated. The capabilities of the GC/SMB-MS approach alone were so useful for pesticide analysis that the simultaneous use of a PFPD was considered superfluous. Instead, the PFPD was investigated in combination with an electron-capture detector for low-cost, simultaneous analysis of organophosphorus and organochlorine pesticides in fatty foods. Three important, novel research projects not originally described in the proposal were also accomplished: 1) development of the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) method for pesticides in foods; 2) development and optimization of a method using low-pressure (LP) GC/MS to speed pesticide residue analysis; and 3) innovative application of analyte protectants to improve the GC analysis of important problematic pesticides. All of the accomplishments from this project are expected to have strong impact to the analytical community and implications to agriculture and food safety. For one, an automated DSI approach has become commercially available in combination with GC/MS for the analysis of pesticide residues. Meanwhile, the PFPD has become the selective detector of choice for the analysis of organophosphorus pesticides. Great strides were made in SMB-MS through the manufacture of a prototype "Supersonic GC/MS" instrument, which displayed many advantages over commercial GC/MS instruments. Most notably, the QuEChERS method is already being disseminated to routine monitoring labs and has shown great promise to improve pesticide analytical capabilities and increase lab productivity. The implications of these developments to agriculture will be to increase the percentage of food monitored and the scope of residues detected in the food, which will serve to improve food safety. Developed and developing countries alike will be able to use these methods to lower costs and improve results, thus imported/exported food products will have better quality without affecting price or availability. This will help increase trade between nations and mitigate certain disputes over residue levels in imported foods. The improved enforcement of permissible residue levels provided by these methods will have the effect to promote good agricultural practices among previously obstinate farmers who felt no repercussions from illegal or harmful practices. Furthermore, the methods developed can be used in the field to analyze samples quickly and effectively, or to screen for high levels of dangerous chemicals that may intentionally or accidentally appear in the food supply.
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Pesis, Edna, Elizabeth J. Mitcham, Susan E. Ebeler, and Amnon Lers. Application of Pre-storage Short Anaerobiosis to Alleviate Superficial Scald and Bitter Pit in Granny Smith Apples. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7593394.bard.
Full textAbstract:
There is increased demand for high quality fruit produced and marketed with reduced chemical inputs to minimize toxic effects on human health and the environment. Granny Smith (GS) apple quality is reduced by two major physiological disorders, superficial scald and bitter pit (BP). These disorders cause great loss to apple growers worldwide. Superficial scald is commonly controlled by chemical treatments, mainly the antioxidant diphenylamine (DPA) and/or the ethylene action inhibitor, 1-methylcyclopropene (1–MCP). Both chemicals are ineffective in controlling bitter pit incidence. We proposed to investigate the beneficial use of non-chemical, abiotic stress with low O2 (LO2) applied for 10d at 20°C on GS apple fruit. During the project we expanded the treatment to more apple cultivars, Golden Delicious (GD) and Starking Delicious (SD) and another pome fruit, the pear. Apple and pear have similar physiological disorders that develop during cold storage and we examined if the LO2 treatment would also be effective on pear. Application of 0.5% LO2 atmosphere for 10d at 20°C or 500ppb 1-MCP at 20°C prior to cold storage at 0°C, was effective in reducing superficial scald in GS apple. Moreover, LO2 pretreatment was also effective in reducing bitter pit (BP) development in California GS and Israeli GD and SD apples The BP symptoms in GS from California were much more prominent, so the effect of LO2 was more dramatic than the effect on the Israeli cvs. GD and SD, nevertheless the LO2 treatment showed the same trend in all cultivars in reducing BP. The LO2 and 1-MCP -treated fruit exhibited lower levels of ethylene, - farnesene and its oxidation product, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one (MHO), as determined by SPME/GC-MS analysis. In addition, LO2 pretreatment applied to California Bartlett or Israeli Spadona pears was effective in reducing superficial scald, senescent scald and internal breakdown after 4 m of cold storage at 0°C. For GS apple, low-temperature storage resulted in oxidative stress and chilling injury, caused by increased production of superoxide anions which in turn led to the generation of other dangerous reactive oxygen species (ROS). Using confocal laser-scanning microscopy and H2O2 measurements of apple peel, we observed ROS accumulation in control fruit, while negligible amounts were found in LO2 and 1-MCP treated fruit. Gene-expression levels of ROS-scavenging enzymes were induced by the various pretreatments: catalase was induced by LO2 treatment, whereas Mn superoxide dismutase was induced by 1-MCP treatment. We assume that LO2 and 1-MCP pretreated fruit remained healthier due to reduced production of ethylene and reactive oxygen substances, such as MHO, during cold storage. The LO2-treated apple exhibited greener peel and firmer fruit after 6 m of cold storage, and the fruit had high crispiness leading to high taste preference. In both pear cultivars, the LO2 treatment led to a reduction in internal breakdown and browning around the seed cavity. We tested the LO2 pre-storage treatment on a semi-commercial scale that would be applicable to a small organic grower by sealing the fruit within the plastic field bins. The treatment was most effective with a continuous flow of nitrogen through the bins; however, a single 6 hour flush of nitrogen was also fairly effective. In addition, we determined that it was very important to have the oxygen levels below 0.5% for approximately 10 days to achieve good scald control, not counting the time required to reduce the oxygen concentration. Our LO2 technology has been proven in this project to be effective in reducing several physiological disorders developed in pome fruit during cold storage. We hope that our non-chemical treatment which is friendly to the environment will be used in the near future for the organic apple and pear industry. The next step should be an analysis of the cost-benefits and commercial feasibility.
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Halevy, Orna, Sandra Velleman, and Shlomo Yahav. Early post-hatch thermal stress effects on broiler muscle development and performance. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7597933.bard.
Full textAbstract:
In broilers, the immediate post-hatch handling period exposes chicks to cold or hot thermal stress, with potentially harmful consequences to product quantity and quality that could threaten poultry meat marketability as a healthy, low-fat food. This lower performance includes adverse effects on muscle growth and damage to muscle structure (e.g., less protein and more fat deposition). A leading candidate for mediating the effects of thermal stress on muscle growth and development is a unique group of skeletal muscle cells known as adult myoblasts (satellite cells). Satellite cells are multipotential stem cells that can be stimulated to follow other developmental pathways, especially adipogenesis in lieu of muscle formation. They are most active during the first week of age in broilers and have been shown to be sensitive to environmental conditions and nutritional status. The hypothesis of the present study was that immediate post-hatch thermal stress would harm broiler growth and performance. In particular, growth characteristics and gene expression of muscle progenitor cells (i.e., satellite cells) will be affected, leading to increased fat deposition, resulting in long-term changes in muscle structure and a reduction in meat yield. The in vitro studies on cultured satellite cells derived from different muscle, have demonstrated that, anaerobic pectoralis major satellite cells are more predisposed to adipogenic conversion and more sensitive during myogenic proliferation and differentiation than aerobic biceps femoris cells when challenged to both hot and cold thermal stress. These results corroborated the in vivo studies, establishing that chronic heat exposure of broiler chicks at their first two week of life leads to impaired myogenicity of the satellite cells, and increased fat deposition in the muscle. Moreover, chronic exposure of chicks to inaccurate temperature, in particular to heat vs. cold, during their early posthatch periods has long-term effects of BW, absolute muscle growth and muscle morphology and meat quality. The latter is manifested by higher lipid and collagen deposition and may lead to the white striping occurrence. The results of this study emphasize the high sensitivity of muscle progenitor cells in the early posthatch period at a time when they are highly active and therefore the importance of rearing broiler chicks under accurate ambient temperatures. From an agricultural point of view, this research clearly demonstrates the immediate and long-term adverse effects on broiler muscling and fat formation due to chronic exposure to hot stress vs. cold temperatures at early age posthatch. These findings will aid in developing management strategies to improve broiler performance in Israel and the USA. BARD Report - Project4592 Page 2 of 29
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Bangpan, Mukdarut, Aisling Draper, Dayana Minchenko, Claire Stansfield, Kelly Dickson, Janice Tripney, and Sandy Oliver. Making and justifying evidence claims in international development. Centre for Excellence and Development Impact and Learning (CEDIL), April 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.51744/ceb10.
Full textAbstract:
In the last few decades, there has been an increasing use of, and demand for, high-quality research among decision-makers in international development. Wanting to know whether, how and where interventions work, they find statements made or implied to be supported by research evidence. These statements are ‘evidence claims’. Other people may question whether the evidence supporting the claims has been compiled or scrutinised appropriately. This raises the question of how such evidence claims are framed, justified and communicated. A new review aims to address this important question by reviewing research findings from impact evaluations and systematic reviews to understand the nature and the scope of evidence claims produced from low- and middle-income country (LMIC) research. This evidence brief shares key findings from this review.