Journal articles: 'Low pressure gas carburizing'

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Wołowiec-Korecka, Emilia, Maciej Korecki, Michał Sut, Agnieszka Brewka, and Piotr Kula. "Calculation of the Mixture Flow in a Low-Pressure Carburizing Process." Metals 9, no. 4 (April 15, 2019): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9040439.

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The right selection of carburizing gas flow rates in the low-pressure carburization process is a key factor in terms of its efficiency. However, a correct calculation of the amount of carburizing gas required for uniform carburization of parts, taking into account the process temperature and batch size, is still problematic. For this reason, modern carburizing processes are carried out using an excessive belaying flow of carburizing gases. In this work steel parts (16MnCr5) were carburized in a variable-flow carburizing process (960 °C) individually matched to each segment of saturation. The effect of the variable-flow on the microstructure, surface hardness, and case hardness depth was evaluated and compared to that of a control group. It was proven that the amount of the mixture used in the variable-flow carburizing process can be significantly reduced to 54% of that consumed during the regular constant-flow carburizing without affecting the properties of the hardened layer of the steel parts.

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Jones, Trevor, Virginia Osterman, and Donald Jordan. "Copper Evaporation During Low Pressure Carburization." AM&P Technical Articles 176, no. 2 (February 1, 2018): 63–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.amp.2018-02.p063.

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Abstract Stringent pressure control and gas species type both play an important role in minimizing the evaporation rate of not only copper, but other elements susceptible to evaporation in vacuum systems. The article describes a study investigating the effect of temperature, pressure, and carrier gas species on the amount of copper evaporation that occurs from copper foil test samples in low pressure carburizing.

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Wołowiec-Korecka, Emilia. "Modeling methods for gas quenching, low-pressure carburizing and low-pressure nitriding." Engineering Structures 177 (December 2018): 489–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.10.003.

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Wang, Haojie, Jing Liu, Yong Tian, Zhaodong Wang, and Xiaoxue An. "Mathematical Modeling of Carbon Flux Parameters for Low-Pressure Vacuum Carburizing with Medium-High Alloy Steel." Coatings 10, no. 11 (November 9, 2020): 1075. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10111075.

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Low-pressure vacuum carburizing adopts a pulse process mode to improve the carburizing efficiency and reduces gas and energy consumption. Carbon flux is the key to accurately control the time of strong infiltration and diffusion in each pulse. In order to obtain the carbon fluxes with various materials under diffident carburizing process conditions, an evenly segmented carbon flux method is proposed. A systematic study with each model using different materials (12Cr2Ni4A, 16Cr3NiWMoVNbE, and 18Cr2Ni4WA represent different initial carbon concentrations and different alloy compositions), carburizing temperatures, and carburizing pressures to determine the effect of these conditions on carbon flux is conducted. Compared with traditional segmented carbon flux method, an evenly segmented carbon flux method can predict the actual carbon flux more precisely and effectively in order to finely control the pulse carburization process. The paper also indicates that carbon fluxes increase with the increase of pressure. The optimal carburization pressure for low-pressure vacuum carburization is 300 Pa. Raising the carburization temperature to 980 °C instead of 920 °C can increase effective carbon flux by more than 30%. Among the material compositions, alloy content has the biggest impact over the carbon, initial carbon concentration the second, and saturated carbon concentration the third biggest impact.

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Wang, Huizhen, Yuewen Zhai, Leyu Zhou, Bo Liu, and Guojian Hao. "Study on the Process of Vacuum Low Pressure Carburizing and High Pressure Gas Quenching for Carburizing Steels." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1624 (October 2020): 042076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1624/4/042076.

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Krupanek, Krzysztof, Jacek Sawicki, and Victoria Buzalski. "Numerical simulation of phase transformation during gas quenching after low pressure carburizing." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 743 (March 19, 2020): 012047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/743/1/012047.

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Pauty, E., P. Bertoni, M. Dahlström, and M. Larsson. "Optimization of Low Pressure Carburizing and High Pressure Gas Quenching for Cr-alloyed PM parts." HTM Journal of Heat Treatment and Materials 73, no. 2 (April 11, 2018): 106–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/105.110349.

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Iżowski, Bartosz, Artur Wojtyczka, and Maciej Motyka. "Numerical Simulation of Low-Pressure Carburizing and Gas Quenching for Pyrowear 53 Steel." Metals 13, no. 2 (February 12, 2023): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13020371.

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The hardness and phase composition are, among other things, the critical material properties considered in the quality control of aerospace gears made from Pyrowear 53 steel after high-pressure gas quenching. The low availability of data on and applications of such demandingstructures justify investigating the choice of the material and the need to improve its manufacturability. In this study, computational finite-element analyses of low-pressure carburizing followed by oil and gas quenching of Pyrowear 53 steel were undertaken, the objective of which was to examine the influence of the process parameters on the materials’ final phase composition and hardness. The material input was prepared using JMatPro. The properties computed by the CALPHAD method were calibrated by the values obtained from physical experiments. The heat transfer coefficient was regarded as an objective variable to be optimized. A 3D model of the Standard Navy C-ring specimen was utilized to predict the phase composition after the high-pressure gas quenching of the steel and the hardness at the final stage. These two parameters are considered good indicators of the actual process parameters and are used in the industry. The results of the simulation, e.g., optimized heat transfer coefficients, cooling curves, and hardness and phase composition, are presented and compared with experimental values. The accuracy of the simulation was validated, and a good correlation of the data was found, which demonstrates the quality of the input data and setup of the numerical procedure. A computational approach to heat treatment processes’ design could contribute to accelerating new procedures’ implementation and lowering the development costs.

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Sawicki, Jacek, Krzysztof Krupanek, Wojciech Stachurski, and Victoria Buzalski. "Algorithm Scheme to Simulate the Distortions during Gas Quenching in a Single-Piece Flow Technology." Coatings 10, no. 7 (July 19, 2020): 694. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10070694.

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Low-pressure carburizing followed by high-pressure quenching in single-piece flow technology has shown good results in avoiding distortions. For better control of specimen quality in these processes, developing numerical simulations can be beneficial. However, there is no commercial software able to simulate distortion formation during gas quenching that considers the complex fluid flow field and heat transfer coefficient as a function of space and time. For this reason, this paper proposes an algorithm scheme that aims for more refined results. Based on the physical phenomena involved, a numerical scheme was divided into five modules: diffusion module, fluid module, thermal module, phase transformation module, and mechanical module. In order to validate the simulation, the results were compared with the experimental data. The outcomes showed that the average difference between the numerical and experimental data for distortions was 1.7% for the outer diameter and 12% for the inner diameter of the steel element. Numerical simulation also showed the differences between deformations in the inner and outer diameters as they appear in the experimental data. Therefore, a numerical model capable of simulating distortions in the steel elements during high-pressure gas quenching after low-pressure carburizing using a single-piece flow technology was obtained, whereupon the complex fluid flow and variation of the heat transfer coefficient was considered.

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Tapar, O. B., M. Steinbacher, J. Gibmeier, N. Schell, and J. Epp. "In situ Investigation during Low Pressure Carburizing by Means of Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction*." HTM Journal of Heat Treatment and Materials 76, no. 6 (December 1, 2021): 417–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htm-2021-0018.

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Abstract In situ X-ray diffraction investigations during low pressure carburizing (LPC) processes were performed with a specially developed process chamber at the German Electron Synchrotron Facility (DESY) in Hamburg, Germany. Carbon saturation in austenite was reached in less than 20 seconds for all processes with different parameters and carbides formed at the surface. Therefore, the direct contribution of carbon donor gas to the carbon profile after 20 seconds was reduced to very low levels. After that point, further supply of carbon donor gas increased the amount of carbides formed at the surface, which will contribute to the carbon profile indirectly by dissolution in the following diffusion steps. During quenching, martensite at higher temperatures had a lower c/a ratio than later formed ones. This difference is credited to self-tempering effects and reordering of carbon atoms within the martensite lattice.

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Fahlkrans, J., A. Melander, and S. Haglund. "Gas Quench Rate after Low Pressure Carburizing and its Influence on Fatigue Properties of Gears." HTM Journal of Heat Treatment and Materials 68, no. 6 (December 10, 2013): 239–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/105.110203.

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Chen, Xin Long. "Failure Mechanism of Ultra-High Pressure Fluid Control Products." Applied Mechanics and Materials 703 (December 2014): 381–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.703.381.

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The square elbows used in oil and gas fields were often failed because of serious erosion. Some of the products even burst. In this paper, the failure mechanism of square elbow was investigated by using electron microscopy (OM), electron microscopy (SEM) methods. The research results show that the elbow products failed due to its low impact toughness after carburizing and quenching. The erosion angle is nearly ninety-degree. By increasing the tempering temperature, reducing the surface hardness and improving toughness, the serious erosion phenomenon can be effectively avoided. There are two main reasons of the elbow products burst. One reason is the high inclusion content of the material. The other is the low impact toughness. Raising the quality specification of materials can appropriate increase the low impact toughness after heat treatment. It is pointed out that the product would be more safety by improve its impact toughness.

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Tapar, Ogün Baris, Jérémy Epp, Matthias Steinbacher, and Jens Gibmeier. "In-Situ Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction Investigation of Microstructural Evolutions During Low-Pressure Carburizing." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 52, no. 4 (February 22, 2021): 1427–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-021-06171-2.

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AbstractAn experimental heat treatment chamber and control system were developed to perform in-situ X-ray diffraction experiments during low-pressure carburizing (LPC) processes. Results from the experimental chamber and industrial furnace were compared, and it was proven that the built system is reliable for LPC experiments. In-situ X-ray diffraction investigations during LPC treatment were conducted at the German Electron Synchrotron Facility in Hamburg Germany. During the boost steps, carbon accumulation and carbide formation was observed at the surface. These accumulation and carbide formation decelerated the further carbon diffusion from atmosphere to the sample. In the early minutes of the diffusion steps, it is observed that cementite content continue to increase although there is no presence of gas. This effect is attributed to the high carbon accumulation at the surface during boost steps which acts as a carbon supply. During quenching, martensite at higher temperature had a lower c/a ratio than later formed ones. This difference is credited to the early transformation of austenite regions having lower carbon content. Also, it was noticed that the final carbon content dissolved in martensite reduced compared to carbon in austenite before quenching. This reduction was attributed to the auto-tempering effect.

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Stachurski, W., J. Sawicki, P. Zgórniak, and E. Wołowiec-Korecka. "Impact of single-piece flow thermo-chemical treatment process conditions on hole quenching deformation." Archives of Materials Science and Engineering 121, no. 1 (May 1, 2023): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0053.7476.

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Pulsed low-pressure carburizing (LPC) and omnidirectional high-pressure gas quenching (HPGQ) are innovative methods for quenching the surface layer. The thermo-chemical treatment carried out by this method reduces quenching geometric deformations, with detailed numerical values not available in the literature due to the short existence of this method.Sixteen toothed elements of EN 20MnCr5 steel were subjected to pulsed low-pressure carburising with omnidirectional jet quenching in 4 groups, varying the process temperature (920C, 960C) and in two groups performing a tempering treatment. The elements were tested before machining by measuring their internal hole diameters, radial runout, roundness and cylindricity. These values were tested again after treatment. The direction of change and the statistical significance of the effect of treatment and its parameters, temperature and tempering were analysed.Thermo-chemical treatment significantly affects geometric changes in diameters, roundness, cylindricity and radial runout compared to elements without heat treatment due to physical transformations occurring during this treatment (p<0.05). Changing the process temperature in the value range of 920C-960C affects the hole diameter (makes it smaller) (p<0.05), but does not affect radial runout, cylindricity and roundness. The observed dimensional changes in diameters have numerically small values (<0.005 mm). The tempering treatment can affect the values of average diameters. Its effect on roundness, cylindricity and radial runout was not observed.In the temperature range studied, the method of pulsed low-pressure carburising + omnidirectional high-pressure gas quenching makes it possible to raise the temperature of the process and shorten its duration without significant geometric changes in the treated elements.The method of pulsed low-pressure carburising and omnidirectional high-pressure gas quenching (HPGQ) ensures the maintenance of reproducible quenching deformations at a level significantly lower than conventional processing methods.The method of pulsed low-pressure carburising together with omnidirectional high-pressure gas quenching (HPGQ) is a method that has been used briefly in the industry, and there are few reports on it to date.

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STACHURSKI, Wojciech, Krzysztof KRUPANEK, Bartlomiej JANUSZEWICZ, Radoslaw ROSIK, and Ryszard WOJCIK. "AN EFFECT OF GRINDING ON MICROHARDNESS AND RESIDUAL STRESS IN 20MnCr5 FOLLOWING SINGLE-PIECE FLOW LOW-PRESSURE CARBURIZING." Journal of Machine Engineering 18, no. 4 (November 30, 2018): 73–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.7634.

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The aim of the experiment described in the paper was to determine the effect of selected conditions of abrasive machining on the size and distribution of microhardness and residual stresses developed in the technological surface layer of flat specimens made of 20MnCr5 steel. The specimens were subjected to single-piece flow low-pressure carburizing (LPC) and high-pressure gas quenching (HPGQ) in a 4D Quenching chamber, in order to achieve the effective case depth of ECD=0.4 mm. This was followed by grinding the specimens with Quantum and Vortex alumina grinding wheels made by Norton. Cooling and lubricating liquid were supplied to the grinding zone in both cases by the flood (WET) method and by the minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) method. The measurements for each specimen were made twice - after the thermo-chemical treatment and after the grinding. Microhardness and residual stress was measured by the X-ray method sin2Ψ. The final part of the article provides an analysis of the measurement results and presents conclusions and recommendations for further studies.

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Wołowiec-Korecka, E., W. Stachurski, P. Zgórniak, M. Korecki, A. Brewka, and P. Byczkowska. "The influence of quenching temperature on distortions during the individual quenching method." Archives of Materials Science and Engineering 2, no. 105 (October 1, 2020): 80–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.5764.

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Purpose: In this paper, the impact of hardening temperature on the quenching distortions which occur during low-pressure carburizing with gas quenching - using the individual quenching method - was analysed. Design/methodology/approach: The reference elements were subjected to carburizing at 980°C, followed by gas quenching at temperatures of 860°C, 920°C and 980°C. The geometrical measurements of the elements were made before and after the chemical treatment and the size of the quenching distortions of their geometrical parameters was determined. Findings: It was demonstrated that a high temperature of quenching has an unfavourable effect on changes in cylindricity and roundness parameters but, at the same time, reduces the size of distortion of outer parameters. Low temperature quenching reduces quenching distortions of cylindricity and roundness parameters while increasing the distortion of outer dimensions. Research limitations/implications: Based on the research and analysis carried out in this work, it was found that the use of lower quenching temperature is justified in economic and quality terms. Practical implications: In the case of the aviation or automotive industry, very high quality of manufactured elements along with a simultaneous reduction of their production costs is extremely important. Maintaining the dimensions of the elements during heat treatment is extremely difficult. The tests allowed to determine the optimal hardening temperature, which brings with it acceptable deformations. Since it is easier to “repair” the outer geometrical dimensions (diameter, thickness), it seems that quenching from lower temperatures is a more favourable process. Originality/value: The conducted tests allowed to determine the most favourable conditions for hardening elements from the automotive industry, taking into account the occurring deformations and their subsequent processing.

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Bensabath, Tsilla, Hubert Monnier, and Pierre-Alexandre Glaude. "Detailed kinetic modeling of the formation of toxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) coming from pyrolysis in low-pressure gas carburizing conditions." Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 122 (November 2016): 342–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2016.09.007.

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Bensabath, Tsilla, Hubert Monnier, and Pierre-Alexandre Glaude. "Acetylene pyrolysis in a jet-stirred-reactor for low pressure gas carburizing process – Experiments, kinetic modeling and mixing intensity investigations by CFD simulation." Chemical Engineering Science 195 (February 2019): 810–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2018.10.028.

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Mohar Ali Bepari, Md, Md Nizamul Haque, and Kazi Md Shorowordi. "The Structure and Properties of Carburized and Hardened Vanadium Microalloyed Steels." Advanced Materials Research 83-86 (December 2009): 1270–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.83-86.1270.

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Three 0.15% carbon steel samples containing small additions of vanadium and nitrogen singly or in combination have been carburized in a natural Titas gas atmosphere at a temperature of 9500C and a pressure of about 15 psia for time periods ranging from 1 to 5 hours and quenched in 10% brine from the carburizing temperature of 9500C after pre-cooling to 8600C in the furnace followed by tempering at a low temperature of 1600C. The structure and properties of the carburized and heat treated specimens were studied systematically by optical microscopy, surface hardness and microhardness measurements, X-ray diffractometry and impact tests. It was found that vanadium without nitrogen does not have any effect in the formation of retained austenite while vanadium with nitrogen is effective in promoting the formation of retained austenite in the case of carburized and hardened steels. It was also found that vanadium alone and vanadium with nitrogen refine the martensite platelets (needles) in the case of carburized and hardened steels, vanadium with nitrogen being more effective. Microhardness measurements have shown that vanadium improves the case hardness and the core hardness values; vanadium with nitrogen is more effective than vanadium alone in increasing the case hardness and the core hardness. The hardenability is found to increase with the increase of austenite grain size and with the extent of carbon penetration of the case of carburized steels. Vanadium as vanadium carbide, VC are detrimental to toughness and vanadium as vanadium carbonitride, V(C, N) are beneficial to toughness of the core of low carbon steels in carburized and hardened condition.

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Amir. "ANALISIS KERUSAKAN TUBE REFORMER DAN USAHA PENCEGAHANNYA." Jurnal Teknik Mesin Mechanical Xplore 1, no. 1 (January 14, 2021): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.36805/jtmmx.v1i1.1283.

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dengan steam atau air. Reformer tersebut berfungsi untuk memecahkan gas hidrokarbon menjadi hidrogen. Proses reforming adalah proses reaksi CH4 + H20 CO + 3H2 yang memerlukan temperatur dan tekanan tinggi, reformer tersebut dioperasikan pada suhu 800-1000ºC dengan tekanan 2.1 kg/cm2. Dikarenakan pengoperasinya pada temperature yang tinggi maka ada gejala kerusakan pada sisi elbow tube reformer tersebut. Kerusakan pada tersebut disebabkan oleh beberapa factor seperti oksidasi, karburisasi (metal dusting),Nitridasi, korosi oleh halogen, korosi oleh logam cair dan korosi oleh deposit abu atau garam Carburization (metal dusting), Creep, Thermal shock, Prolong overheating, dan Short term overheating. Untuk mengetahui penyebab kerusakan pada bagian elbow tube reformer tersebut, maka dilakukan beberapa pengujian seperti pengujian komposisi kimia, pengujian metalografi, pengujian kekerasan, Berdasarkan analisa pengujian Laboratorium, maka elbow dari tube reformer tersebut mengalami oksidasi yang berarti korosi erosi karena mengalami penipisan pada elbow yang tidak merata dan terbentuknya partikel-partikel kecil yang mengakibatkan pengikisan material pada elbow reformer tube, untuk Melakukan langkah pencegahan, maka pada daerah elbow diberikan pelapisan permukaan dengan coating boron carbida, agar mendapatkan lapisan permukaan yang tahan terhadap aus, dan rendah gesekan dan juga tahan terhadap erosi, pelapisan permukaan pada sisi elbow dapat dilakukan dengan cara coating boron carbide setebal, 05 µm – 1,00 µm untuk mendapatkan kekerasan permukaan yang tinggi dan tahan aus yang tinggi dan korfisien gesekan yang rendah. Melakukan pemeliharaan rutin yang sesuai dengan persyaratan operasional pemeliharaan dan pengaturan kecepatan aliran gas operasional tetap terjaga. Kata kunci: Reformer, oksidasi, karburasi, nitridasi, korosi Reformer is a reactor which reaction of steam reforming take places. The reaction involves natural gas with steam or air. The reformer is used to break hydrocarbon gas into hydrogen. Reforming process is reaction process of CH4 + H2OCO + 3H2 which requires temperature and high pressure and operated at 800 - 1000ºC with a pressure of 2.1 kg/cm2. Due to its high temperature process, the damage symptoms exist onto elbow sides of reformer. Those damages was caused by several factors such as oxidation, metal dusting, nitridation, corrosion by molten metal’s and corrosions by ash deposits or salt carburization, creep, thermal shock, prolog overheating, and short-term overheating. To determine the cause of damage to the elbow tube reformer, some testing were conducted such as chemical composition testing, testing metallographic, hardness testing, testing then the elbow of the tube reformer that undergo oxidation, which means erosion corrosion due to the depletion of the elbow uneven and the formation of small particles that lead to the erosion of material at the elbow reformer tube, to Perform preventive measures, then in given the elbow area of surface coating with boron coating carbida, in order to get a surface layer which is resistant to wear and low friction and also resistant to erosion, surface coating on the side of the elbow can be done by way of boron carbide coating thickness of 05 μm - 1.00 μm for get a high surface hardness and high wear-resistant and low friction korfisien. Perform routine maintenance in accordance with the operational requirements of managing and maintaining the operational gas flow rate is maintained. Keywords: Reformer, oxidation, carburizing, nitriding, corrosion

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KAWATA, Kazuki. "Atmosphere Control during Low-Pressure Carburizing." Journal of the Vacuum Society of Japan 60, no. 3 (2017): 96–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3131/jvsj2.60.96.

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Guo, Jingyu, Xiaohu Deng, Huizhen Wang, Leyu Zhou, Yueming Xu, and Dongying Ju. "Modeling and Simulation of Vacuum Low Pressure Carburizing Process in Gear Steel." Coatings 11, no. 8 (August 23, 2021): 1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11081003.

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A combination of simulation and experimental approaches to optimize the vacuum carburizing process is necessary to replace the costly experimental trial-and-error method in time and resources. In order to accurately predict the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of the vacuum carburizing process, a multi-field multi-scale coupled model considering the interaction of temperature, diffusion, phase transformation, and stress was established. Meanwhile, the improved model is combined with the heat treatment software COSMAP to realize the simulation of the low-pressure vacuum carburizing process. The low-pressure vacuum carburizing process of 20CrMo gear steel was simulated by COSMAP and compared with the experimental results to verify the model. The results indicated that the model could quantitatively obtain the carbon concentration distribution, Fe-C phase fraction, and hardness distribution. It can be found that the carbon content gradually decreased from the surface to the center. The surface carbon concentration is relatively high only after the carburizing stage. With the increase in diffusion time, the surface carbon concentration decreases, and the carburized layer depth increases. The simulated surface carbon concentration results and experimental results are in good agreement. However, there is an error between calculations and observations for the depth of the carburized layer. The error between simulation and experiment of the depth of carburized layer is less than 6%. The simulated surface hardness is 34 HV lower than the experimental surface hardness. The error of surface hardness is less than 5%, which indicates that the simulation results are reliable. Furthermore, vacuum carburizing processes with different diffusion times were simulated to achieve the carburizing target under specific requirements. The results demonstrated that the optimum process parameters are a carburizing time of 42 min and a diffusion time of 105 min. This provides reference and guidance for the development and optimization of the vacuum carburizing process.

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Dybowski, Konrad, and Leszek Klimek. "Identification of Intermetallic Phases Limiting the Growth of Austenite Grains in the Low-Pressure Carburizing Process." Crystals 13, no. 12 (December 14, 2023): 1683. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst13121683.

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This article presents the results of a study to identify intermetallic phases whose role is to limit austenite grain growth in the low-pressure carburizing process. A drawback of high-temperature low-pressure carburizing is the austenite grain growth during the process. Using low-pressure carburizing with pre-nitriding technology (PreNitLPC®) offers the possibility of reducing austenite grain growth. This technology involves the application of doses of ammonia during the heating stage of the steel, at the carburizing temperature, to introduce nitrogen into the surface layer of the steel and to form nitrides. It is these phases that cause restrictions on austenite grain growth during carburizing. The research carried out in this article was aimed at identifying these phases. The research was carried out on one of the basic steels used for carburizing—16MnCr5 steel. The carburizing of this steel with and without pre-nitriding was performed, followed by an evaluation of the austenite grain size after these processes and the identification of the intermetallic phases present in the surface layer of the steel.

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Liu, Zhe, Ya Wei Peng, Jian Ming Gong, and Chao Ming Chen. "The Effect of Surface Self-Nanocrystallization on Low-Temperature Gas Carburization for AISI 316L Steel." Key Engineering Materials 795 (March 2019): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.795.137.

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In this work, the effect of surface self-nanocrystallization on low-temperature gas carburizing for AISI316L austenitic stainless steel has been studied. The surface ultrasonic rolling processing (SURP) was used to prepare nanostructured surface layers, and then the un-SURP and SURP samples were treated by LTGC at 470 °C for 10 h, 20 h and 30 h. In order to analyze the effect of surface self-nanocrystallization on low-temperature gas carburizing, optical microscopy (OM), atomic force microscope (AFM), scanning electron probe micro-analyzer (EPMA) and nano-indentation analyzer were used. The results show depth of SURP-induced plastic deformation layer was about 330 μm. Meanwhile, the surface hardness and elastic modulus were increased but the surface roughness decreased obviously after SURP. After low-temperature gas carburizing, according to the results of the thickness, carbon concentration, nano-hardness and elastic modulus of the carburized layer, the conclusion is that surface self-nanocrystallization carried by SURP has a negative effect on the low-temperature gas carburizing for AISI316L austenitic stainless steel and with the increase of carburizing time, the greater the adverse effect on carburizing.

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Siwadamrongpong, Somsak, Sorada Khaengkarn, and Krid Tachee. "Influence of Combined Processes between Gas Soft Nitriding and Carburizing to Hardness of Low Carbon Steel." Advanced Materials Research 415-417 (December 2011): 1186–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.415-417.1186.

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Low carbon steel is widely used in industries due to its low cost and easy to recycle. However, the low carbon steel is also known that easily attacked by environment and low strength compared with other kinds of steel. Therefore, several surface coating and treatment techniques are employed to improve its properties. This study was aimed to investigate influence of combined processes between gas soft nitriding and gas carburizing on the hardness of low carbon steel. The specimen was normalized by normalizing and shot blasting. Then the specimen was treated by gas carburizing, gas carbonitriding and combined processes between gas soft nitriding and gas carburizing. It was found that the combined processes yielded the good surface hardness and total case depth compared to other conditions. The most advantage of the combined processes could be considered to be very small variation of hardness.

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Nobili, Luca, Pietro Cavallotti, and Mariella Pesetti. "Gas-Carburizing Kinetics of a Low-Alloy Steel." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 41, no. 2 (November 3, 2009): 460–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-009-0102-0.

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Żółciak, Tadeusz, and Andrzej Przywóski. "Low-temperature gas carburizing of austenitic X5CrNi18-10 steel activated with a thin iron coating." Inżynieria Powierzchni 23, no. 1 (May 14, 2018): 50–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0011.8031.

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The study investigated the effectiveness of X5CrNi18-10 stainless steel activation by means of a thin iron coating for low temperature carburizing and the usefulness of the generator endothermic atmosphere for this process. In order to activate the steel surface an iron coating with a thickness of 1–2 µm was applied on it electrolytically electroless. Carburizing was carried out at the temperatures of 450–500oC in the atmospheres based on the generator endothermic atmosphere with the addition of nitrogen or hydrogen. Coating modification by adding a few per cent of sulphur to iron resulted in a reduction of the dispersion of hardness on the surface, and the appearing soot showed a loose connection with the coating. Alternative activation by means of the short-term oxy-nitriding and the following diffusion annealing promoted an increase of hardness on the surface and a reduction of its dispersion after carburizing. After carburizing in endogas of X5CrNi18-10 steel at 470oC during 30 h, a carburized layer with a thickness of approx. 35 μm and the surface hardness of approx. 1150 HV0,05 were obtained. Lowering the carburizing temperature by 20oC resulted in a decrease of the layer thickness by 20% after 24 hours of carburizing. The changes in the thickness of the layer carburized in endogas and the hardness on the surface since the carburization were determined.

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Cotton, Dominique, Philippe Jacquet, Sébastien Faure, and Vincent Vignal. "Ta2C precipitation after low pressure carburizing of tantalum." Materials Chemistry and Physics 278 (February 2022): 125632. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2021.125632.

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Kowalczyk, Paulina, Konrad Dybowski, Bartłomiej Januszewicz, Radomir Atraszkiewicz, and Marcin Makówka. "The Hybrid Process of Low-Pressure Carburizing and Metallization (Cr + LPC, Al + LPC) of 17CrNiMo7-6 and 10NiCrMo13-5 Steels." Coatings 11, no. 5 (May 13, 2021): 567. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11050567.

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This paper presents the concept of modification of physicochemical properties of steels by simultaneous diffusion saturation with carbon and chromium or aluminum. The application of a hybrid surface treatment process consisting of a combination of aluminizing and low-pressure carburizing (Al + LPC) resulted in a reduction in the amount of retained austenite in the surface layer of the steel. While the use of chromium plating and low-pressure carburizing (Cr + LPC) induced an improvement in the corrosion resistance of the carburized steels. It is of particular importance in case of vacuum processes after the application of which the active surface corrodes easily, as well as in case of carburizing of low-alloy steel with nickel, where an increased content of retained austenite in the surface layer is found after carburizing.

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Li, Zhichao (Charlie), B. Lynn Ferguson, and Justin Sims. "Low Pressure Carburizing Process Design for High-Alloy Steels." AM&P Technical Articles 177, no. 2 (February 1, 2019): 62–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.amp.2019-02.p062.

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31

Schnatbaum, F., and A. Melber. "Pulse Plasma Carburizing of Steel with High Pressure Gas Quenching." Materials Science Forum 163-165 (May 1994): 221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.163-165.221.

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32

AOKI, Kanji. "Low Temperature Gas Nitriding and Carburizing of Stainless Steels." Journal of the Surface Finishing Society of Japan 54, no. 3 (2003): 209–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4139/sfj.54.209.

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33

Dybowski, K., J. Sawicki, P. Kula, B. Januszewicz, R. Atraszkiewicz, and S. Lipa. "The Effect of the Quenching Method on the Deformations Size of Gear Wheels after Vacuum Carburizing." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 61, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 1057–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2016-0178.

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Abstract This paper presents a comparison of the deformations and residual stresses in gear wheels after vacuum carburizing process with quenching in high-pressure nitrogen and oil. The comparison was made on a medium-sized gear wheels, made of AMS6265 (AISI 9310) steel. This steel is applied in the aerospace industry for gears. The study has provided grounds for an assessment of the effect of the method of quenching on the size of deformations. Compared to oil quenching, high-pressure gas quenching following vacuum carburizing resulted in more uniform and smaller deformations.

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KANAYAMA, Nobuyuki, Yuzuru HORIE, and Toshio TANABE. "Plasma Carburizing of Low Pressure Plasma Sprayed Tungsten Coating." Journal of the Surface Finishing Society of Japan 43, no. 4 (1992): 349–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4139/sfj.43.349.

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35

Dybowski, Konrad, and Rafał Niewiedzielski. "DISTORTION OF 16MnCr5 STEEL PARTS DURING LOW-PRESSURE CARBURIZING." Advances in Science and Technology Research Journal 11, no. 1 (March 3, 2017): 201–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.12913/22998624/67674.

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36

Gorockiewicz, R. "The kinetics of low-pressure carburizing of alloy steels." Vacuum 86, no. 4 (November 2011): 448–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2011.09.006.

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37

Rossi, M. "Low pressure and plasma carburizing of alloyed PM steels." Metal Powder Report 51, no. 1 (January 1997): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0026-0657(97)80120-8.

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38

Stratton, P. F., S. Bruce, and V. Cheetham. "Low-pressure carburizing systems: A review of current technology." BHM Berg- und Hüttenmännische Monatshefte 151, no. 11 (November 2006): 451–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03165206.

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39

Liu, H. Y., H. L. Che, G. B. Li, and M. K. Lei. "Low-pressure hollow cathode plasma source carburizing technique at low temperature." Surface and Coatings Technology 422 (September 2021): 127511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2021.127511.

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Yokoyama, Yujiro, Tomoyuji Mizukoshi, Itsuo Ishigami, and Tateo Usui. "Numerical Analysis and Control of Gas Carburizing under Changes in Gas Compositions." Materials Science Forum 522-523 (August 2006): 589–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.522-523.589.

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Low carbon steel, S15CK, was carburized at 1203K up to 12.93ks in a commercial furnace where RX gas converted from propane was employed as carrier gas. Gas compositions in the furnace were changed intentionally; consequently carbon potential changed from 0.8 to 1.2 mass%. The carbon content profiles were determined by a succession of grindings and carbon analyses of the ground surfaces with a vacuum type emission spectrometer. A mathematical model for calculation of carbon content profiles is proposed to describe carburizing behavior under time-variant gas compositions in a furnace. The calculated profiles were in good agreement with the experimental ones except the surface and its vicinity. This result indicates that the present model can be applied to gas carburizing in the furnace where gas compositions were changed.

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Kula, Piotr, Konrad Dybowski, Sebastian Lipa, Robert Pietrasik, Radomir Atraszkiewicz, Leszek Klimek, Bartłomiej Januszewicz, and Emilia Wołowiec. "Investigating Fatigue Strength of Vacuum Carburized 17CrNi6-6 Steel Using a Resonance High Frequency Method." Solid State Phenomena 225 (December 2014): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.225.45.

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The bending fatigue strength of 17CrNi6-6 steel subjected to vacuum carburizing with high pressure gas hardening has been measured using a novel high-frequency technique. The test records the changes in resonance and consists of observing resonance frequency changes in a vibrating system with a single degree of freedom as a result of the forming of a fatigue crack. Moreover, a mechanism of fatigue nucleation and propagation in steel hardened by vacuum carburizing is presented.

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Yin, Longcheng, Tingjian Wang, Xinxin Ma, Zhongyuan Fu, Guodong Hao, Liuhe Li, and Liqin Wang. "Pre-Coated Fe–Ni Film to Promote Low-Pressure Carburizing of 14Cr14Co13Mo4 Steel." Coatings 9, no. 5 (May 6, 2019): 304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings9050304.

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Case-hardening 14Cr14Co13Mo4 martensitic stainless steel needs to be carburized to improve surface performance. Low-pressure carburization has the benefit of having oxidation-free production and being ecofriendly. However, compared with the low-pressure carburization of the low-alloy steel, low-pressure carburization of the 14Cr14Co13Mo4 steel consumes more time and has a risk of network carbides. In order to promote carbon diffusion and avoid network carbide, Fe–Ni films with various thickness were electrodeposited on the 14Cr14Co13Mo4 steel prior to low-pressure carburization. The experimental results show that, under the same carburizing conditions, the surface carbon content decreases and the carburized layer increases with the increase of Fe–Ni film thickness. After the hardening heat treatment, the effective case depth (ECD) of the sample coated with 6.0 μm Fe–Ni film was increased by 29% compared to that of the uncoated sample. The morphology of carbides was a strip-shaped, discontinuous network distribution in the uncoated sample, while in the Fe–Ni coated samples, the carbides changed to a globular, uniformly dispersed distribution. The effect of Fe–Ni film on the low-pressure carburizing of steel is explained by the simulation of the carbon diffusion using DICTRA software. The Fe–Ni films reduce the steel surface carbon content in each boost stage of low-pressure carburizing and release carbon atoms in every diffusion stage. Through this adjustment mechanism, the steel surface carbon content can be reduced and carburized layer growth can be promoted.

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Yin, Longcheng, Xinxin Ma, Guangze Tang, Zhongyuan Fu, Shuxin Yang, Tingjian Wang, Liqin Wang, and Liuhe Li. "Characterization of carburized 14Cr14Co13Mo4 stainless steel by low pressure carburizing." Surface and Coatings Technology 358 (January 2019): 654–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2018.11.090.

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44

Wang, Haojie, Bin Wang, Zhaodong Wang, Yong Tian, and R. D. K. Misra. "Optimizing the low-pressure carburizing process of 16Cr3NiWMoVNbE gear steel." Journal of Materials Science & Technology 35, no. 7 (July 2019): 1218–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2019.02.001.

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45

Kochmański, Paweł, Renata Chylińska, Paweł Figiel, Sebastian Fryska, Agnieszka E. Kochmańska, Magdalena Kwiatkowska, Konrad Kwiatkowski, et al. "Influence of Chemical Composition on Structure and Mechanical Properties of Vacuum-Carburized Low-Alloy Steels." Materials 17, no. 2 (January 21, 2024): 515. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17020515.

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This study presents research results concerning the vacuum carburizing of four steel grades, specifically conforming to European standards 1.7243, 1.6587, 1.5920, and 1.3532. The experimental specimens exhibited variations primarily in nickel content, ranging from 0 to approximately 3.8 wt. %. As a comparative reference, gas carburizing was also conducted on the 1.3532 grade, which had the highest nickel content. Comprehensive structural analysis was carried out on the resultant carburized layers using a variety of techniques, such as optical and electron scanning, transmission microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Additionally, mechanical properties such as hardness and fatigue strength were assessed. Fatigue strength evaluation was performed on un-notched samples having a circular cross-section with a diameter of 12 mm. Testing was executed via a three-point bending setup subjected to sinusoidally varying stresses ranging from 0 to maximum stress levels. The carburized layers produced had effective thicknesses from approximately 0.8 to 1.4 mm, surface hardness levels in the range of 600 to 700 HV, and estimated retained austenite contents from 10 to 20 vol%. The observed fatigue strength values for the layers varied within the range from 1000 to 1350 MPa. It was found that changing the processing method from gas carburizing, which induced internal oxidation phenomena, to vacuum carburizing improved the fatigue properties to a greater extent than increasing the nickel content of the steel.

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Zhan, Chunyi, Shengshan Feng, Shuzhong Xie, Chunjing Liu, Yunhua Gao, and Jiahao Liang. "Anti-carburizing Coating for Resin Sand Casting of Low Carbon Steel Based on Composite Silicate Powder Containing Zirconium." MATEC Web of Conferences 142 (2018): 03007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814203007.

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This paper studied the structure and properties of anticarburizing coating based on composite silicate powder containing zirconium by X-ray diffraction analyzer, thermal expansion tester, digital microscope and other equipment. It is introduced that the application example of the coating in the resin-sand casting of ZG1Cr18Ni9Ti stainless steel impeller. The anti-carburizing effect of the coating on the surface layer of the cast is studied by using direct reading spectrometer and spectrum analyzer. The change of the micro-structure of the coating after casting and cooling is observed by scanning electron microscope. The analysis of anti-carburizing mechanism of the coating is presented. The results indicate that the coating possesses excellent suspension property, brush ability, permeability, levelling property and crackresistance. The coating exhibits high strength and low gas evolution. Most of the coating could be automatically stripped off flakily when the casting was shaken out. The casting possesses excellent surface finish and antimetal penetration effect. The carburizing layer thickness of the stainless steel impeller casting with respect to allowable upper limit of carbon content is about 1mm and maximum carburizing rate is 23.6%. The anticarburizing effect of casting surface is greatly improved than that of zircon powder coating whose maximum carburizing rate is 67.9% and the carburizing layer thickness with respect to allowable upper limit of carbon content is greater than 2mm. The composite silicate powder containing zirconium coating substantially reduces the zircon powder which is expensive and radioactive and mainly dependent on imports. The coating can be used instead of pure zircon powder coating to effectively prevent metal-penetration and carburizing of resin-sand-casting surface of low carbon steel, significantly improve the foundry production environment and reduce the production costs.

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Zuern, M. G., O. B. Tapar, P. Ho, J. Epp, and J. Gibmeier. "Interrelation between Microstructure and Residual Stresses for Low-Pressure Carburizing of Steel AISI 5120 under Defined Process Parameter Variation." HTM Journal of Heat Treatment and Materials 77, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 29–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htm-2022-0002.

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Abstract Low-pressure carburizing (LPC) is a recipe-controlled process for surface layer hardening. These recipes are mainly based on experience and contain the process parameters used to achieve the desired hardening result. The process parameters influence the chemical gradients which have set in the boundary layer, the local microstructure and the depth distribution of the process-induced residual stresses. Within the scope of this work, a systematic parameter study and advanced characterization was carried out to quantify the influence of these process parameters on the resulting material state. The varied parameters include the carburizing temperature, the hardening temperature, the quenching rate as well as the number of repetitions and durations of the carburizing cycles’ steps. The results obtained should help to extend the fundamental process understanding of the LPC process. The analyses showed that the retained austenite content and its depth profile change significantly for certain process parameter variations, reaching contents of up to 45 vol% in the near-surface region. The differences regarding the residual stress states of the case-hardened samples can first and foremost be related to the formation of varying depth distributions of the retained austenite.

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Chen, Ying, Shaopeng Yang, Qi Chen, Ding Yang, and Changmeng Liu. "Mechanical properties of carburized 316L stainless steel lattice." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2383, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2383/1/012142.

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The effect of low-pressure carburizing (LPC) on the mechanical properties of open cellular structures was studied by taking the 316L stainless steel body-centred cubic (BCC) lattice fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM) as an example. The mechanical properties of the corresponding solid material and the microstructure of the carburized layer were also analyzed. The results showed that the depth of the carburized layer was about 450μm, composed of three sub-layers. After carburized, the yield strength of the 316L solid was obviously decreased accompanied by the reduced elongation at break. The embrittlement was also reflected in the carburized lattice so that the fracture occurred and the energy absorption capacity weakened. Simultaneously, the compressive proof strength of the lattice was improved after low-pressure carburizing due to the toughness inherent in the structure.

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Sulistiyono, Bambang, Yudy Surya Irawan, Agus Suprapto, and Rudy Soenoko. "The comparison pack carburizing-nitriding SUS 316 with gas type Welding Grade and Ultra High Purity." EUREKA: Physics and Engineering, no. 3 (May 27, 2021): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2461-4262.2021.001839.

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The paper discusses the comparison of pack carburizing-nitriding SUS 316 with gas Nitrogen. The purpose of this study was to increase the hardness and corrosion resistance of SUS 316. The research used a pack carburizing-nitriding method with gas type Welding Grade (WG) and Ultra High Purity (UHP). The pack carburizing process uses teak wood activated carbon and barium carbonate as a bio-photo catalyst. The specimens were put into a Sealed Steel Container containing teak wood activated carbon, with a depth of 1 cm below the activated carbon's surface. The test material is then heated until it reaches 850 °C and is held for 1 hour in a heating furnace. Furthermore, the nitriding process, the specimen is put into a tightly closed nitrogen tube, then nitrogen gas flows until the pressure reaches 41 bar and is held for 24 hours. They are using Welding Grade (WG) and Ultra High Purity (UHP) gas types. Furthermore, microVickers hardness testing, optical microscope, and Scan Electron Microscope (SEM) were carried out. The results of the study include a. There was an increase in violence by 41.7 % for UHP and WG (17.3 %). b. The formation of nitride compounds and carbon dissipation on the specimen surface in the UHP carburizing-nitriding pack treatment is more than WG. The formation of a nitride layer is indicated by its fine and dense morphology and film bonding to the substrate. The chemical composition affects the diffusivity of nitrogen atoms in modifying the surface layer of the substrate. The higher the nitride compound formed, the smoother the substrate surface. Also, with UHP treatment, the lower the elemental content of Cr makes SUS 316 more resistant to corrosion. So that SUS 316 UHP can be recommended for use as an implant material

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MASAKI, Kiyotaka, and Yasuo OCHI. "Effect of Low Temperature Gas Nitriding and Low Temperature Gas Carburizing on High Cycle Fatigue Property in SUS316L." Journal of the Society of Materials Science, Japan 57, no. 6 (2008): 563–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2472/jsms.57.563.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Low pressure gas carburizing'

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