Relevant bibliographies by topics / Low latitude current system

Academic literature on the topic 'Low latitude current system'

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Published: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Low latitude current system"

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Grafe, A., P. A. Bespalov, V. Y. Trakhtengerts, and A. G. Demekhov. "Afternoon mid-latitude current system and low-latitude geomagnetic field asymmetry during geomagnetic storms." Annales Geophysicae 15, no. 12 (December 31, 1997): 1537–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-997-1537-5.

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Abstract. For four geomagnetic storms of middle intensity the relationship between the low-latitude magnetic field asymmetry using ASY indices and the intensity of the auroral eastward and westward electrojet was considered. It was asked whether there exists a connection between ASY and the eastward electrojet. To answer this question equivalent current systems were estimated in mid-latitudes. It was found that the observations obviously show no correlative relationship between the low-latitude magnetic-field asymmetry and the eastward electrojet, whereas one exists between ASY and the westward electrojet. To explain the generally accepted common three-dimensional current system between the partial ring current and the eastward electrojet, a condensor model of the three-dimensional current system was developed. It could be shown that the short periodic variations of the partial ring current are shielded by the condensor and cannot influence the eastward-electrojet current.
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Liu, Ping, Chun Ming Liu, and Lian Guang Liu. "Variation Characteristics of Geoelectric Field in Mid-to-Low Latitude Area during Geomagnetic Storms." Advanced Materials Research 1008-1009 (August 2014): 524–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1008-1009.524.

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Large geoelectric field generated in the ground during severe space weather events are sources of geomagnetically induced currents (GICs), which flow in power systems potentially causing damage to system component or failure of the system. In this paper, based on the H and D components of the recent geomagnetic storm data measured at 10 mid-to-low latitude geomagnetic observatories, we analyzed the variation characteristics of the amplitude of north-south and east-west geoelectric components with geographic latitudes. Furthermore, we discussed the possibilities of GIC problem occurrence in transmission lines in different directions at different latitude in China. The result shows that transmission lines in east-west direction at higher latitude are more susceptible to space weather hazard. And it will contribute to the assessment of geomagnetic hazard to power systems and the control of GIC in the current and future power grids in China.
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Siscoe, G. L., W. Lotko, and B. U. Ö. Sonnerup. "A high-latitude, low-latitude boundary layer model of the convection current system." Journal of Geophysical Research 96, A3 (1991): 3487. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/90ja02362.

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Tinsley, B. A., R. Rohrbaugh, H. Rassoul, Y. Sahai, N. R. Teixeira, and D. Slater. "Low-latitude aurorae and storm time current systems." Journal of Geophysical Research 91, A10 (1986): 11257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/ja091ia10p11257.

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Saka, O., J. S. Kim, and D. J. Knecht. "Ionospheric equivalent current systems of low-latitude Pc3 pulsations." Planetary and Space Science 36, no. 7 (July 1988): 641–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0032-0633(88)90112-2.

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Yamauchi, Masatoshi, Magnar G. Johnsen, Carl-Fredrik Enell, Anders Tjulin, Anna Willer, and Dmitry A. Sormakov. "High-latitude crochet: solar-flare-induced magnetic disturbance independent from low-latitude crochet." Annales Geophysicae 38, no. 6 (November 3, 2020): 1159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-1159-2020.

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Abstract. A solar-flare-induced, high-latitude (peak at 70–75∘ geographic latitude – GGlat) ionospheric current system was studied. Right after the X9.3 flare on 6 September 2017, magnetic stations at 68–77∘ GGlat near local noon detected northward geomagnetic deviations (ΔB) for more than 3 h, with peak amplitudes of >200 nT without any accompanying substorm activities. From its location, this solar flare effect, or crochet, is different from previously studied ones, namely, the subsolar crochet (seen at lower latitudes), auroral crochet (pre-requires auroral electrojet in sunlight), or cusp crochet (seen only in the cusp). The new crochet is much more intense and longer in duration than the subsolar crochet. The long duration matches with the period of high solar X-ray flux (more than M3-class flare level). Unlike the cusp crochet, the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) BY is not the driver, with the BY values of only 0–1 nT out of a 3 nT total field. The equivalent ionospheric current flows eastward in a limited latitude range but extended at least 8 h in local time (LT), forming a zonal current region equatorward of the polar cap on the geomagnetic closed region. EISCAT radar measurements, which were conducted over the same region as the most intense ΔB, show enhancements of electron density (and hence of ion-neutral density ratio) at these altitudes (∼100 km) at which strong background ion convection (>100 m s−1) pre-existed in the direction of tidal-driven diurnal solar quiet (Sq0) flow. Therefore, this new zonal current can be related to this Sq0-like convection and the electron density enhancement, for example, by descending the E-region height. However, we have not found why the new crochet is found in a limited latitudinal range, and therefore, the mechanism is still unclear compared to the subsolar crochet that is maintained by a transient redistribution of the electron density. The signature is sometimes seen in the auroral electrojet (AE = AU − AL) index. A quick survey for X-class flares during solar cycle 23 and 24 shows clear increases in AU for about half the > X2 flares during non-substorm time, despite the unfavourable latitudinal coverage of the AE stations for detecting this new crochet. Although some of these AU increases could be the auroral crochet signature, the high-latitude crochet can be a rather common feature for X flares. We found a new type of the solar flare effect on the dayside ionospheric current at high latitudes but equatorward of the cusp during quiet periods. The effect is also seen in the AU index for nearly half of the > X2-class solar flares. A case study suggests that the new crochet is related to the Sq0 (tidal-driven part) current.
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Belenkaya, E. S., I. I. Alexeev, and C. R. Clauer. "Magnetic field of the transition current system: dawn-dusk asymmetry." Annales Geophysicae 25, no. 8 (August 29, 2007): 1899–911. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-25-1899-2007.

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Abstract. In this paper we consider the interactions of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) with the Earth's magnetosphere for the specific case in which there is a sharp increase in the dynamic pressure (interplanetary shock) that is associated with a simultaneous northward turning of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) from the near horizontal direction. Previously, we have shown that under such circumstances, the so-called transition current systems arise. These temporary high-latitude current systems create a low-latitude asymmetric magnetic field on the ground with a large northward field enhancement on the nightside and little or no field increase near local noon. Here we investigate the dawn-dusk asymmetry of the low-latitude on-ground magnetic field of the transition current system caused by the IMF. Analysis of the Region 1 current circuit for northward IMF shows a change in its shape controlled by different IMF components. Due to this geometrical effect, the maximum and minimum magnetic field disturbances appear to be shifted. The obtained results supplement and define more precisely the locations of the magnetic disturbance extrema retrieved recently by Clauer et al. (2001). The results of this study are compared with the available observations. A good accordance is demonstrated.
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Liu, Zhiyu, Qiang Lian, Fangtao Zhang, Lei Wang, Mingming Li, Xiaolin Bai, Jianing Wang, and Fan Wang. "Weak Thermocline Mixing in the North Pacific Low-Latitude Western Boundary Current System." Geophysical Research Letters 44, no. 20 (October 28, 2017): 10,530–10,539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2017gl075210.

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Caley, T., J. H. Kim, B. Malaizé, J. Giraudeau, T. Laepple, N. Caillon, K. Charlier, et al. "High-latitude obliquity as a dominant forcing in the Agulhas current system." Climate of the Past 7, no. 4 (November 26, 2011): 1285–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-7-1285-2011.

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Abstract. The Agulhas Current transport of heat and salt from the Indian Ocean into the South Atlantic around South Africa (Agulhas leakage), can affect the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) and, thus, influence global climate. However, efforts to elucidate forcing mechanisms connecting the Agulhas leakage with the upstream dynamics of the current have been hampered by a lack of climate records extracted from the area where the Agulhas current originates. We determine 800-kyr sea surface temperature (SST) and salinity (SSS) records from the "precursor" region of the Agulhas current and show that these records contain strong 100-kyr and 41-kyr cycles. This latter obliquity-driven cycle is nearly in phase with changes in the annual mean insolation and air temperature at high southern latitudes. In contrast, our SST and SSS records did not reveal precession-driven cycles, which is surprising given the low-latitude location of the upstream Agulhas current. Together, this indicates that the dynamics of the Agulhas current system is mainly controlled by high latitude obliquity through its influence on the position of the Southern Hemisphere subtropical front (STF) and its associated westerlies. Our study demonstrates that obliquity may drive an important part of the 100 kyr cycles observed in the system rather than precession. Our results also suggest that a stronger Agulhas current, associated with a northward shift of the wind system during glacial periods, leads to reduced leakage, in accordance with the theory. We argue that during terminations, stronger Agulhas leakage of heat and salt was triggered by increased obliquity exerting a positive feedback on the global climate system through modulating long-term AMOC variations.
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Sunoj Valiaparambil Sebastian, John, Xuejun Dong, Calvin Trostle, Hanh Pham, Madhumita V. Joshi, Russell W. Jessup, Mark D. Burow, and Tony L. Provin. "Hemp Agronomy: Current Advances, Questions, Challenges, and Opportunities." Agronomy 13, no. 2 (February 6, 2023): 475. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13020475.

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Hemp (Cannabis sativa L. ssp. sativa) has a long history of domestication due to its versatile use. Recently, different sectors in the economy are investigating hemp cultivation to increase agronomic production and to limit delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Despite the rapid growth of hemp literature in recent years, it is still uncertain whether the knowledge gained from higher latitude regions is applicable to low latitude and tropical regions where hemp has not been grown traditionally. This review provides a comprehensive and updated survey of hemp agronomy, focusing on environmental and management factors influencing the growth and yield of hemp, methods of cannabinoids detection and quantification, and hemp breeding. This review suggests that some previous claims about hemp as a low input crop may not hold true in low-latitude regions. Additional research strategies, such as the integration of experimentation and modeling efforts, are encouraged to hasten new discoveries. Furthermore, to effectively increase the outputs of value products (cannabinoids, seeds, fiber and biomass, etc.) while limiting the THC level, new collaborations between hemp agronomists and economists may streamline the production process by increasing the efficiency of the total production system of hemp as a multifaceted crop.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Low latitude current system"

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Tsunomura, Satoru. "On the Contribution of Global Scale Polar-originating Ionospheric Current Systems to Geomagnetic Disturbances in Middle and Low Latitudes." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/182006.

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Yokoyama, Yoshihiro. "Characteristics of the mesoscale field-aligned currents in the dusk sector of the auroral oval based on data from the Swarm satellites." Kyoto University, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/261602.

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Shao, Hui. "System design and power management for ultra low energy applications using energy harvesting techniques /." View abstract or full-text, 2009. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?ECED%202009%20SHAO.

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FINARDI, ILARIA. "Traceable low-current measurements towards the realisation of the ampere in the new SI." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2745712.

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Grundmark, Sofia. "The current tax system on the Swedish residential market – problems and possible solutions." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-150794.

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Idag präglas den svenska bostadsmarknaden av en trögrörlighet som bland annat beror på höga flyttrelaterade skatter. Dessa flyttrelaterade skatter består av reavinstskatt, stämpelskatter, expeditionsavgifter och uppskovsränta. Många hushåll anser det idag vara för dyrt att flytta och avstår därför. Detta leder till att flyttkedjor stannar upp och arbetsmarknaden påverkas negativt eftersom många hushåll drar sig för att flytta och många tackar därför nej till arbeten som kräver en flytt. Detta beteende leder till att den individuella välfärden och hela Sveriges ekonomiska välfärd drabbas negativt. Detta är ett aktuellt och omtalat ämne och många rapporter har skrivits och det finns många förslag på förbättringar till dagens system. Många har som syfte att ge förslag på olika åtgärder som skulle leda till ett bättre system på bostadsmarknaden och många har gjort beräkningar på hur resultat av bland annat en minskning av reavinstskatten skulle se ut. Det är dock i detta examensarbete första gången som en siffra över hur hög en fastighetsskatt skulle behöva vara för att kunna ersätta dagens alla flyttrelaterade skatter redovisas. Detta arbete har som syfte att se över dagens flyttrelaterade skattesystem och uppmärksamma eventuella problem med dagens situation. En litteraturstudie redovisas för att en bredare inblick ska ges och utifrån litteraturstudien kommer sedan ett antal förslag till förbättringar av dagens flyttrelaterade skattesystem att sammanfattas. Sedan kommer en utredning av hur mycket dagens flyttrelaterade skatter faktiskt genererar i pengar till staten att redovisas och sist kommer beräkningen över hur hög en fastighetsskatt skulle behöva vara för att kunna ersätta dagens flyttrelaterade skatter. Slutsatserna visar på att en del av problemen med dagens flyttrelaterade skattesystem kan lösas med en rad olika åtgärder som flera författare har utrett. Beräkningarna över hur hög en fastighetsavgift skulle behövara vara för att kunna ersätta dagens flyttrelaterade skatter visar på att alla bostadsägare årligen ska betala 5900 kronor eller 0,47 % av sitt taxeringsvärde i skatt, oavsett om man äger ett småhus eller en bostadsrättslägenhet.
The Swedish housing market is presently characterized by low mobility. This could partly be a result of the high taxes on moving from one house to another. Not only is there a capital-gains tax on moving, but also a stamp duty, a service charge and an interest charge on postponed capital gains tax. Many households consider the price of moving too high, making them reluctant to move. This will have a negative effect on the labour market due to the fact that people will be less willing to move to places where labour is needed. This type of behaviour will ultimately affect both the wealth of the individual and Sweden’s economy in a negative way. The purpose of this thesis is to examine the current tax-system and emphasize the problems with it. Firstly, a literature study will be presented to give a wide perspective of the subject. This will be the basis for a number of suggestions that will resolve the problem with low mobility on the housing market. After this, an investigation of how much money the taxes on moving actually generate to the government. Lastly, a calculation of how high a real estate tax would have to be in order to replace the taxes on moving. The conclusions of this paper suggest that there are a number of actions that can be taken in order to resolve some of the problems with the tax system on the Swedish housing market. The calculations show that the taxes on moving could be replaced by a real estate tax where the homeowners would pay 5900 SEK or 0,47% of the assess value of the home yearly, instead of paying taxes only when moving.
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Baggu, Murali Mohan. "Advanced control techniques for doubly fed induction generator-based wind turbine converters to improve low voltage ride-through during system imbalances." Diss., Rolla, Mo. : Missouri University of Science and Technology, 2009. http://scholarsmine.mst.edu/thesis/pdf/Baggu_09007dcc806684bd.pdf.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Missouri University of Science and Technology, 2009.
Vita. The entire thesis text is included in file. Title from title screen of thesis/dissertation PDF file (viewed May 27, 2009) Includes bibliographical references (p. 126-130).
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MOSCA, CARMELO. "Methodologies for Frequency Stability Assessment in Low Inertia Power Systems." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2895393.

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Geury, Thomas. "Smart matrix converter-based grid-connected photovoltaic system for mitigating current and voltage-related power quality issues on the low-voltage grid." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/243967.

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The increasing penetration of distributed energy resources, in particular Photovoltaic (PV) production units, and the ever-growing use of power electronics-based equipment has led to specific concern about Power Quality (PQ) in the Low-Voltage (LV) grid. These include high- and low-order current harmonics as well as voltage distortion at the point of common coupling. Solutions to overcome these issues, meeting international grid codes, are being proposed in the context of smart energy management schemes.This work proposes a novel three-phase topology for a PV system with enhanced PQ mitigation functionality, tackling the corresponding control challenges.First, a single-stage current-source inverter PV system with active filtering capability is preferred to the more common two-stage voltage-source inverter topology with additional voltage-step-up converter. The system also guarantees a nearly unitary displacement power factor in the connection to the grid and allows for Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) with direct control of the PV array power. The grid-synchronised dq-axis grid current references are generated for the mitigation of nonlinear load low-order current harmonics, without the need for additional measurements. Active damping is used to minimise grid-side filter losses and reduce high-order harmonics resulting from the converter switching.Results on a 500W laboratory prototype confirm that active damping reduces the switching harmonics in the grid currents and active filtering properly mitigates the low-order current harmonics. The MPPT algorithm works effectively for various irradiance variations. Second, a PV system with a novel Indirect Matrix Converter (IMC)-based unified power quality conditioner topology is developed for enhanced current and voltage compensation capability, with compactness and reliability advantages. PQ issues such as current harmonics, and voltage sags, swells, undervoltage and overvoltage are mitigated by the shunt and series converters, respectively.The more common Space Vector Modulation (SVM) method used in IMCs is developed for this specific topology. In particular, a new shunt converter modulation method is proposed to additionally control the PV array current with zero switching vectors, resulting in a specific switching sequence.A direct sliding mode control method is also studied separately for the shunt and series converters, so that the zero-vector modulation method of the shunt converter can be used, with no sensitive synchronisation of the switching signals; this contrasts with the SVM method. A new dc link voltage modulation method with 12 voltage zones, instead of 6, is proposed to help overcome the limitation in the choice of shunt converter switching vectors due to the positive dc link voltage constraint.Results are obtained for the direct method on a 1 kW laboratory prototype with optimised IMC dc link connection and alternative shunt converter switching transitions to guarantee a positive dc link voltage. Current and voltage compensation capabilities are confirmed by tests in various operating conditions.
Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur et technologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Carbonell, Cortés Carla. "Customizing a low temperature system for microwave transmission measurements. Quantum transport in thin TiN films and nanostructures." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/83635.

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The work presented in this thesis consists of two distinct parts. The first years of my work focused on the development and improvement of a new equipment built to study magnetic and electrical properties, particularly applying microwaves in reflection and transmission conditions. The sample space in conventional cryostats with superconducting magnets is usually smaller than 10-mm-diameter. Our equipment consists of a hollow cylindrical cryostat having a 33-mm-diameter hole all along its vertical axis. These characteristics enable the measurement of large samples and the use of big resonant cavities to get to a wider microwave (MW) range, particularly in transmission measurements. The cryostat has a superconducting magnet made of a solenoid that applies a magnetic field from -5 T to 5 T, and a temperature controller that works in the range 1.8 - 300 K. The system is cooled down with nitrogen and helium and the temperature can be controlled with the precision required by each experiment using a heater and a needle valve. Different probes for a wide range of experiments in our cryostat have been developed in order to be as versatile as possible. Following this idea each one has been divided in two halves that can be combined as it is preferred in each experiment. Each probe is made of a 8-to-10-mm-diameter stainless steel tube that is used to protect and give some stiffness to the measuring device. A coaxial cable and different waveguides are added to these stainless steel jackets, so we end up having nine halves, four upper parts that can be combined with five lower parts. There are three waveguides working in the frequency ranges 33-50 GHz (WR22), 50-75 GHz (WR15) and 75-110 GHz (WR10), and a coaxial cable that maintains the fundamental mode at a frequency of 60 GHz. In the extra lower part a 16-pin Fischer connector is added at the bottom in order to be able to perform more resistance experiments. Once the probes have been built, they have been tested to make sure the system is able to reach high vacuum and to be cooled down. Problems found along the way have been solved and at the end all the probes work properly. Different sample holders have been designed and built according to the needs in each experiment. The system has been tested by reproducing experimental results with Mn12-acetate, as quantum tunneling and magnetic avalanches, and by obtaining new results on microwave transmission in thin TiN films. The second part of the thesis focuses on the measurements of thin TiN films in a dilution refrigerator working with a mixture of 3He and 4He that enables experiments at a few tens of millikelvins. The cryostat also contains a superconductor magnet which can apply a magnetic field up to 5 T. Low-temperature transport properties of nanoperforated superconducting TiN films have been experimentally studied. Resistance measurements have been performed in the critical region of the superconductor-insulator transition (SIT), applying the magnetic field perpendicular to the plane of the structure or the dc current through the sample. SIT is a transition from a superconductor to an insulator state by localizing the Cooper pairs. The evolution of the SIT with temperature, magnetic field and dc current has been investigated in detail. Characteristic parameters have been determined for as-cast thin films using the theory of quantum corrections to conductivity. Disorder-driven and field-induced SITs have been measured. Commensurability effects have been observed down to the lowest experimental temperature, and are emphasized in the more disordered samples. The SIT has been observed for a dc current applied across the sample as changes in the curvature at zero bias current. Experiments prove that electronic transport in the nanoperforated samples is mediated by Andreev conversion. Finally, the existence of the superinsulator state has been experimentally proved.
El treball que es presenta en aquesta tesi consta de dues parts ben diferenciades. La primera pretén el desenvolupament d’un equip experimental concebut per a l’estudi de propietats magnètiques i elèctriques en materials diversos i, en especial, el treball amb radiació de microones en condicions de reflexió i transmissió. La segona s’ha centrat en les mesures de transport d’una capa fina superconductora de nitrur de titani (TiN) de 5 nm de gruix en un criòstat de dilució.
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Latzo, Curtis Thomas. "Approaches to Arc Flash Hazard Mitigation in 600 Volt Power Systems." Scholar Commons, 2011. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3198.

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ABSTRACT Federal regulations have recognized that arc flash hazards are a critical source of potential injury. As a consequence, in order to work on some electrical equipment, the energy source must be completely shut-down. However, power distribution systems in mission critical facilities such as hospitals and data centers must sometimes remain energized while being maintained. In recent years the Arc Flash Hazard Analysis has emerged as a power system tool that informs the qualified technician of the incident energy at the equipment to be maintained and recommends the proper protective equipment to wear. Due to codes, standards and historically acceptable design methods, the Arc Flash Hazard is often higher and more dangerous than necessary. This dissertation presents detailed methodology and proposes alternative strategies to be implemented at the design stage of 600 volt facility power distribution systems which will decrease the Arc Flash Hazard Exposure when compared to widely used code acceptable design strategies. Software models have been developed for different locations throughout a power system. These software model simulations will analyze the Arc Flash Hazard in a system designed with typical mainstream code acceptable methods. The model will be changed to show implementation of arc flash mitigation techniques at the system design level. The computer simulations after the mitigation techniques will show significant lowering of the Arc Flash Hazard Exposure.
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Books on the topic "Low latitude current system"

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Liang, Rong. A low ripple power supply system for high current magnet load. 1993.

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Evaluation of low power hall thruster propulsion. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1996.

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Jacobsen, Dean, and Olivier Dangles. Ecology of High Altitude Waters. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198736868.001.0001.

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This book brings together current knowledge on patterns and processes in the ecology of streams, lakes, and wetlands situated at more than 3000 m above sea level. The alpine headwaters of the large Asian rivers and Lake Titicaca are both well-known and iconic examples. High altitude waters include more than these systems—they are both numerous and cover many habitat types, organisms, and specializations. The book provides an overview of the variety of aquatic ecosystems and habitats, their environmental features, prominent species, and their functional adaptations to the harsh aquatic environmental conditions through to global diversity patterns along altitudinal gradients, community dynamics, species interactions and dispersal, trophic relations, and energy flows. High altitude waters are ideal systems to address a broad range of topical themes in ecology because patterns and processes are both diverse and singular. The book highlights how key concepts in ecology (e.g. the stress gradient hypothesis, the biodiversity–ecosystem functioning relationship) could find relevant study models in high altitude waters. The usual perception of pristine mountain waters is far from true, particularly in the case of high altitude waters at low latitudes where human population density is often high, and local communities live in intimate contact with, utilize, influence, and exploit these aquatic systems. Climate change effects, extinction risks of mountain populations due to vanishing glaciers, multiple human impacts, management, and conservation are also treated thoroughly. The book is richly illustrated with diagrams and numerous pictures of these poorly known systems and species.
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Salinas-Rodríguez, Sergio G., Juan Arévalo, Juan Manuel Ortiz, Eduard Borràs-Camps, Victor Monsalvo-Garcia, Maria D. Kennedy, and Abraham Esteve-Núñez, eds. Microbial Desalination Cells for Low Energy Drinking Water. IWA Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/9781789062120.

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The world's largest demonstrator of a revolutionary energy system in desalination for drinking water production is in operation. MIDES uses Microbial Desalination Cells (MDC) in a pre-treatment step for reverse osmosis (RO), for simultaneous saline stream desalination and wastewater treatment. MDCs are based on bio-electro-chemical technology, in which biological wastewater treatment can be coupled to the desalination of a saline stream using ion exchange membranes without external energy input. MDCs simultaneously treat wastewater and perform desalination using the energy contained in the wastewater. In fact, an MDC can produce around 1.8 kWh of bioelectricity from the energy contained in 1 m3 of wastewater. Compared to traditional RO, more than 3 kWh/m3 of electrical energy is saved. With this novel technology, two low-quality water streams (saline stream, wastewater) are transformed into two high-quality streams (desalinated water, treated wastewater) suitable for further uses. An exhaustive scaling-up process was carried out in which all MIDES partners worked together on nanostructured electrodes, antifouling membranes, electrochemical reactor design and optimization, life cycle assessment, microbial electrochemistry and physiology expertise, and process engineering and control. The roadmap of the lab-MDC upscaling goes through the assembly of a pre-pilot MDC, towards the development of the demonstrator of the MDC technology (patented). Nominal desalination rate between 4-11 Lm-2h-1 is reached with a current efficiency of 40 %. After the scalability success, two MDC pilot plants were designed and constructed consisting of one stack of 15 MDC pilot units with a 0.4 m2 electrode area per unit. This book presents the information generated throughout the EU funded MIDES project and includes the latest developments related to desalination of sea water and brackish water by applying microbial desalination cells. ISBN: 9781789062113 (Paperback) ISBN: 9781789062120 (eBook)
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Benestad, Rasmus. Climate in the Barents Region. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.655.

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The Barents Sea is a region of the Arctic Ocean named after one of its first known explorers (1594–1597), Willem Barentsz from the Netherlands, although there are accounts of earlier explorations: the Norwegian seafarer Ottar rounded the northern tip of Europe and explored the Barents and White Seas between 870 and 890 ce, a journey followed by a number of Norsemen; Pomors hunted seals and walruses in the region; and Novgorodian merchants engaged in the fur trade. These seafarers were probably the first to accumulate knowledge about the nature of sea ice in the Barents region; however, scientific expeditions and the exploration of the climate of the region had to wait until the invention and employment of scientific instruments such as the thermometer and barometer. Most of the early exploration involved mapping the land and the sea ice and making geographical observations. There were also many unsuccessful attempts to use the Northeast Passage to reach the Bering Strait. The first scientific expeditions involved F. P. Litke (1821±1824), P. K. Pakhtusov (1834±1835), A. K. Tsivol’ka (1837±1839), and Henrik Mohn (1876–1878), who recorded oceanographic, ice, and meteorological conditions.The scientific study of the Barents region and its climate has been spearheaded by a number of campaigns. There were four generations of the International Polar Year (IPY): 1882–1883, 1932–1933, 1957–1958, and 2007–2008. A British polar campaign was launched in July 1945 with Antarctic operations administered by the Colonial Office, renamed as the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS); it included a scientific bureau by 1950. It was rebranded as the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) in 1962 (British Antarctic Survey History leaflet). While BAS had its initial emphasis on the Antarctic, it has also been involved in science projects in the Barents region. The most dedicated mission to the Arctic and the Barents region has been the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), which has commissioned a series of reports on the Arctic climate: the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA) report, the Snow Water Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic (SWIPA) report, and the Adaptive Actions in a Changing Arctic (AACA) report.The climate of the Barents Sea is strongly influenced by the warm waters from the Norwegian current bringing heat from the subtropical North Atlantic. The region is 10°C–15°C warmer than the average temperature on the same latitude, and a large part of the Barents Sea is open water even in winter. It is roughly bounded by the Svalbard archipelago, northern Fennoscandia, the Kanin Peninsula, Kolguyev Island, Novaya Zemlya, and Franz Josef Land, and is a shallow ocean basin which constrains physical processes such as currents and convection. To the west, the Greenland Sea forms a buffer region with some of the strongest temperature gradients on earth between Iceland and Greenland. The combination of a strong temperature gradient and westerlies influences air pressure, wind patterns, and storm tracks. The strong temperature contrast between sea ice and open water in the northern part sets the stage for polar lows, as well as heat and moisture exchange between ocean and atmosphere. Glaciers on the Arctic islands generate icebergs, which may drift in the Barents Sea subject to wind and ocean currents.The land encircling the Barents Sea includes regions with permafrost and tundra. Precipitation comes mainly from synoptic storms and weather fronts; it falls as snow in the winter and rain in the summer. The land area is snow-covered in winter, and rivers in the region drain the rainwater and meltwater into the Barents Sea. Pronounced natural variations in the seasonal weather statistics can be linked to variations in the polar jet stream and Rossby waves, which result in a clustering of storm activity, blocking high-pressure systems. The Barents region is subject to rapid climate change due to a “polar amplification,” and observations from Svalbard suggest that the past warming trend ranks among the strongest recorded on earth. The regional change is reinforced by a number of feedback effects, such as receding sea-ice cover and influx of mild moist air from the south.
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Chapin, F. Stuart, Mark W. Oswood, Keith van Cleve, Leslie A. Viereck, and David L. Verbyla, eds. Alaska's Changing Boreal Forest. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195154313.001.0001.

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The boreal forest is the northern-most woodland biome, whose natural history is rooted in the influence of low temperature and high-latitude. Alaska's boreal forest is now warming as rapidly as the rest of Earth, providing an unprecedented look at how this cold-adapted, fire-prone forest adjusts to change. This volume synthesizes current understanding of the ecology of Alaska's boreal forests and describes their unique features in the context of circumpolar and global patterns. It tells how fire and climate contributed to the biome's current dynamics. As climate warms and permafrost (permanently frozen ground) thaws, the boreal forest may be on the cusp of a major change in state. The editors have gathered a remarkable set of contributors to discuss this swift environmental and biotic transformation. Their chapters cover the properties of the forest, the changes it is undergoing, and the challenges these alterations present to boreal forest managers. In the first section, the reader can absorb the geographic and historical context for understanding the boreal forest. The book then delves into the dynamics of plant and animal communities inhabiting this forest, and the biogeochemical processes that link these organisms. In the last section the authors explore landscape phenomena that operate at larger temporal and spatial scales and integrates the processes described in earlier sections. Much of the research on which this book is based results from the Bonanza Creek Long-Term Ecological Research Program. Here is a synthesis of the substantial literature on Alaska's boreal forest that should be accessible to professional ecologists, students, and the interested public.
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Yang, Kun. Observed Regional Climate Change in Tibet over the Last Decades. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.587.

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The Tibetan Plateau (TP) is subjected to strong interactions among the atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, and biosphere. The Plateau exerts huge thermal forcing on the mid-troposphere over the mid-latitude of the Northern Hemisphere during spring and summer. This region also contains the headwaters of major rivers in Asia and provides a large portion of the water resources used for economic activities in adjacent regions. Since the beginning of the 1980s, the TP has undergone evident climate changes, with overall surface air warming and moistening, solar dimming, and decrease in wind speed. Surface warming, which depends on elevation and its horizontal pattern (warming in most of the TP but cooling in the westernmost TP), was consistent with glacial changes. Accompanying the warming was air moistening, with a sudden increase in precipitable water in 1998. Both triggered more deep clouds, which resulted in solar dimming. Surface wind speed declined from the 1970s and started to recover in 2002, as a result of atmospheric circulation adjustment caused by the differential surface warming between Asian high latitudes and low latitudes.The climate changes over the TP have changed energy and water cycles and has thus reshaped the local environment. Thermal forcing over the TP has weakened. The warming and decrease in wind speed lowered the Bowen ratio and has led to less surface sensible heating. Atmospheric radiative cooling has been enhanced, mainly through outgoing longwave emission from the warming planetary system and slightly enhanced solar radiation reflection. The trend in both energy terms has contributed to the weakening of thermal forcing over the Plateau. The water cycle has been significantly altered by the climate changes. The monsoon-impacted region (i.e., the southern and eastern regions of the TP) has received less precipitation, more evaporation, less soil moisture and less runoff, which has resulted in the general shrinkage of lakes and pools in this region, although glacier melt has increased. The region dominated by westerlies (i.e., central, northern and western regions of the TP) received more precipitation, more evaporation, more soil moisture and more runoff, which together with more glacier melt resulted in the general expansion of lakes in this region. The overall wetting in the TP is due to both the warmer and moister conditions at the surface, which increased convective available potential energy and may eventually depend on decadal variability of atmospheric circulations such as Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation and an intensified Siberian High. The drying process in the southern region is perhaps related to the expansion of Hadley circulation. All these processes have not been well understood.
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Bertz, Simone, and Arndt Hartmann. Pathology of bladder and upper urinary tract tumours. Edited by James W. F. Catto. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0072.

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Bladder cancer is the most common malignant tumour of the urinary tract, with approximately 386,000 new cases worldwide per year, and is the fifth most common cancer in humans. Mortality rates range between 1.1 per 100,000 for women to 4 per 100,000 in men. Most bladder and urinary tract cancers are urothelial carcinoma. The remainder are squamous cell carcinoma (5%), adenocarcinoma (<5%) and other rare tumours (<1%). Around 5–10% of urothelial carcinoma are found in the upper urinary tract. Unlike the majority of malignant tumours in other anatomical sites, most urothelial carcinoma have a favourable prognosis. In patients with these tumours, long-term follow-up is crucial but costly (making bladder cancer one of the most expensive to manage). The current WHO classification system of 2004 reflects these molecular and clinical features by the definition of distinct categories for low and high-grade flat or papillary lesions.
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Gambarage, Joash J. Unmasking the Bantu Orthographic Vowels. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190256340.003.0019.

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Bantu vowel phonemes are reflexes of the Proto-Bantu seven-vowel system /*i *ɪ * ε‎ *a *ɔ *ʊ *u/. While lax high vowels were supplanted in some systems because of vowel mergers in the first two degrees /*i *ɪ/ and /*u *ʊ/, lax mid vowels / ε‎ ɔ/ are attested across most Bantu languages either underlyingly or at surface. Widespread use of roman orthographic vowels has left the phonemic status of mid vowels fuzzy. Here the orthography is treated as a “mask” disguising the phonetic quality of vowels, to be “unmasked” with the help of proper documentation and description. With examples from endangered Bantu languages of Tanzania and from Swahili current vowel documentation methodologies and theoretical approaches for unmasking are discussed. The distribution of mid vowels is characterized with a theory of markedness which contributes to understanding why lax mid vowels may be either triggers or targets of harmony and why a low vowel may be opaque or transparent to harmony.
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Kiely, Ray. Dependency and World-Systems Perspectives on Development. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.142.

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This essay focuses on two related “radical theories” of development, dependency and world-systems theory, and shows how they emerged as a critique partly of modernization theory and of the development strategy of import substitution industrialization. The dependency and world-systems perspectives on development were very influential among radical development theorists from the late 1960s onwards, all of whom agreed that capitalism had to be theorized as a world-system. These include Andre Gunder Frank, Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Theotonio Dos Santos, Walter Rodney, Samir Amin, Arghiri Emmanuel, and Immanuel Wallerstein. Some “stronger” versions of dependency, associated with underdevelopment and world-systems theory, have been introduced in recent years. In particular, A. G. Frank proposed the idea that development and underdevelopment are two sides of the same coin. A more nuanced approach to understanding dependency suggested that development and dependence were in some respects compatible. Wallerstein’s world-systems theory has spawned another approach called world-systems analysis. As theories, the ideas associated with both dependency and the world-systems are problematic, failing, for example, to adequately explain the origins of the capitalist world economy. However, both theories remain useful for understanding the current global order. In addition to recognizing that capitalism can in some respects be regarded as a world-system, the two approaches correctly assume that neoliberalism reinforces hierarchies by undermining the capacities of states to shift out of low value production into higher value sectors, as shown by historical patterns of manufacturing.
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Book chapters on the topic "Low latitude current system"

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Stolle, Claudia, and Huixin Liu. "Low-Latitude Ionosphere and Thermosphere." In Modeling the Ionosphere-Thermosphere System, 259–72. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118704417.ch21.

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Su, Yi-Jiun, John M. Retterer, Ronald G. Caton, Russell A. Stoneback, Robert F. Pfaff, Patrick A. Roddy, and Keith M. Schunk. "Air Force Low-Latitude Ionospheric Model in Support of the C/NOFS Mission." In Modeling the Ionosphere-Thermosphere System, 107–17. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118704417.ch10.

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Wu, Zege, Jia Fang Shan, and Handong Xu. "A New Real Time Data Acquisition System for Low Hybrid Current Drive System." In Proceedings of the 2012 International Conference on Communication, Electronics and Automation Engineering, 299–303. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31698-2_43.

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Gargouri, Zeineb, and Kamel Zouari. "Paleoenvironment Evolution of a Paralic System, El Guettiate and Dreïaa Sebkhas (Gulf of Gabès, Tunisia)." In Patterns and Mechanisms of Climate, Paleoclimate and Paleoenvironmental Changes from Low-Latitude Regions, 85–88. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01599-2_20.

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Ono, Taka-Aki, and Yorinao Inoue. "Low pH Treatment of Photosystem II Upshifts the Threshold Temperature of S1-to-S2 Transition in the Oxygen Evolving System." In Current Research in Photosynthesis, 701–8. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0511-5_160.

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Xu, Longwei, Yuanyuan Sun, Yahui Li, Anbin Zhang, and Fan Wang. "Preliminary Research on the Voltage Level of Low Voltage Direct Current System." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 541–47. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1922-0_44.

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Nishio, Shoko, and Fumiko Ito. "Proposal of System for Calculating Sky View Factor Using Google Street View." In New Frontiers in Regional Science: Asian Perspectives, 313–24. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8848-8_22.

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AbstractIn recent years, big data entered use in various fields. Google Street View (hereinafter called “GSV”) can be regarded as open big data, and its images can be obtained using API. The streets can be viewed 360° horizontally and 290° vertically from each point on the web. In addition to those, zooming up is available, and the viewpoint can be moved approximately 10 m forward or backward to/from the current point. The original image to provide the view is the panoramic image associated with the latitude and longitude information on the street consecutively at intervals of 10 m, and they exist as massive data on the web. We determine the area of the sky using these images from GSV. In this research, we calculate the sky view factor (hereinafter called “SVF”) in an extended area by defining the area of the sky with the SVF and utilizing the computer.
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Kasran, Farah Adilah Mohd, Mohamad Huzaimy Jusoh, Akimasa Yoshikawa, and Zahira Mohd Radzi. "The Time Derivative of the Horizontal Geomagnetic Field for the Low Latitude MAGDAS Langkawi Station for the Estimation of Geomagnetically Induced Current." In Space Science and Communication for Sustainability, 57–71. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6574-3_6.

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Verani, Alessandro, Roberto Di Rienzo, Federico Baronti, Roberto Roncella, and Roberto Saletti. "Analysis of Thermal-Induced Shunt Current Sensor Errors in a Low-Cost Battery Management System." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 107–13. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95498-7_15.

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Xu, GuanWei, RongJin Zheng, and Kuo-Chi Chang. "Design of Leakage Current Monitoring System for Low Voltage Power Grid Based on NB-IoT." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 688–98. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69717-4_64.

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Conference papers on the topic "Low latitude current system"

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Olszewski, Pawel. "The Possibility of Using the Ground as a Seasonal Heat Storage: The Numerical Study." In ASME 2004 Heat Transfer/Fluids Engineering Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht-fed2004-56185.

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Humankind can effectively utilize only part of the solar energy reaching a surface of the Earth. It is due to the low density of the solar radiation and its unfavorable distribution. The majority of solar energy falls to the low latitude countries, where space-heating requirements are marginal. In these countries the solar heat is used for preparing water for washing or cleaning purposes, and this process works in one, or — maximum — a few daily cycles. In countries located at higher latitudes, where space heating is necessary in cold months, the current solar energy is insufficient to meet the space heating demand. The heat storage in deep layer of the ground is the one of possible way for solution of this problem. During the heating season, energy storage is discharged supplying the heat pomp cooperating with domestic heating system and during the summer months the storage can be charged by fluid heated in solar collectors. The main aim of presented research was analysis of using the ground layer as a heat storage system in the countries located in higher latitudes. The first variable taken into consideration was the output temperature of water leaving the solar collectors. The temperature distribution in the ground depends on the inlet water temperature, primary heated in the solar collectors, and forced into vertical boreholes. The temperature field in the ground was calculated using the duFort-Frankel finite-difference numerical method. A numerical code for 3D time dependent storage simulation has been created. The next step of analysis was calculation of waters’ temperature at the borehole output during cold months when the ground storage is discharged. This water works as a low-temperature reservoir of the heat pomp supplying the dwelling heating system. The solution of the problem is focused on an optimization of all parameters for the most efficient utilization of energy stored in the ground. The numerical genetic algorithms are scheduled to use to achieve this target.
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Sarsam, Saad I. "Implementation of Surveying Techniques in the Route Selection for Baghdad Metro Tube." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ARCHITECTURAL AND CIVIL ENGINEERING 2020. Cihan University-Erbil, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24086/aces2020/paper.176.

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Transportation systems play a central role in a sustainable society by providing mobility for people, goods, and services. Significant sustainability benefits are being derived through the improvements in transportation network efficiency, use of alternative modes and multimodality, integration of sustainable design, better integration of land use and transportation systems. Sustainable transportation system usually refers to any means of transportation which has low impact on the environment, affordable to users and can balance the current and future needs. This work covers the implementation of surveying techniques in the route selection for Baghdad Metro Tube. The travel demand has been assessed through an extensive travel potential survey. The public bus terminals were considered as a major source of data. The number of passengers using the present public transportation system from each bus terminal and for each route to various destinations has been recorded. The passenger supply points have been indicated by latitude and longitude that define the bus stop and the proposed metro route using global positioning system GPS. A passenger counting data was collected concerning the present use of public transport. A line indicates travel from one area to another and a grid was constructed. The present bus routes were identified, and the 28 major and minor public transportation terminals, which represent the passenger trip origin and destination nodes, were detected using GPS. The bus terminals were also positioned by the GPS and affixed. The recent land use of Baghdad urban area and the existing transportation network as obtained from Google earth were utilized in the geographic information system GIS environment. Travel corridors are identified and analyzed according to their existing right-of-way conditions, transit services, land use, and demographics.The positive and negative attributes of each corridor with regards to their potential for supporting transitoriented development TOD and higher capacity transit services have been determined through optimization process in the GIS. Finally, five corridors of the highest trip potential have been selected and proposed.
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Le, Guan, William J. Burke, Robert F. Pfaff, Henry Freudenreich, Stefan Maus, and Hermann Luhr. "C/NOFS measurements of ring current magnetic field in low-latitude ionosphere." In 2014 XXXIth URSI General Assembly and Scientific Symposium (URSI GASS). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ursigass.2014.6929830.

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Trivedi, Nalin B., Santa Maria, Ícaro Vitorello, Wanderli Kabata, Severino L. G. Dutra, Antonio L. Padilha, Mauricio S. Bologna, et al. "Geomagnetically induced currents – GIC in electric power system at low latitudes in Brazil: A case study." In 9th International Congress of the Brazilian Geophysical Society & EXPOGEF, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, 11-14 September 2005. Society of Exploration Geophysicists and Brazilian Geophysical Society, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/sbgf2005-402.

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B. Trivedi Convênio, Nalin, Santa Maria, Ícaro Vitorello, Wanderli Kabata, Severino L. G. Dutra, Antonio L. Padilha, Mauricio S. Bologna, et al. "Geomagnetically induced currents – GIC in electric power system at low latitudes in Brazil: A case study." In 9th International Congress of the Brazilian Geophysical Society. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.160.sbgf402.

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Dong, Juebin, Xin Li, Peng Zhou, Xiaoyun Guo, Qingdong Li, and Yuankai Li. "Ionospheric prediction of low latitude airport based on Beidou Navigation System." In 2021 3rd International Conference on Machine Learning, Big Data and Business Intelligence (MLBDBI). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mlbdbi54094.2021.00028.

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"LEO satellite communications system for the countries in the low-latitude region." In 15th International Communicatons Satellite Systems Conference and Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1994-973.

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Papen, George C., Chester S. Gardner, and Jirong Yu. "Characterization of the Mesospheric Sodium Layer." In Adaptive Optics. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/adop.1996.amc.3.

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Several active adaptive optical systems using Na guide stars are currently in operation or under construction.1 Optimization of these system requires a detailed knowledge of the temporal and spatial characteristics of the Na layer on both long term (seasonal) scales and short term scales (daily and hourly). Here we present recent results on the seasonal variations of the Na layer at 40° N and on temporal and spatial variations that occur at low latitudes using data collected at the AMOS observatory at Haleakala, Maui, and onboard an NCAR research aircraft.
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Ma, Weihua, Jianping Yuan, and Jianjun Luo. "Airborne pseudolite aiding BeiDou system to improve positioning precision in low latitude areas." In International Conference on Space information Technology, edited by Cheng Wang, Shan Zhong, and Xiulin Hu. SPIE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.658514.

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Apinai Rerkratn, Jirayut Pulkham, Kitiphol Chitsakul, Manas Sangworasil, and Anucha Keawpoonsuk. "High current low frequency eddy current imaging system." In 2007 International Conference on Control, Automation and Systems. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccas.2007.4406671.

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Reports on the topic "Low latitude current system"

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Riebesell, Ulf. Comprehensive data set on ecological and biogeochemical responses of a low latitude oligotrophic ocean system to a gradient of alkalinization intensities. OceanNets, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/oceannets_d5.4.

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The potential biogeochemical and ecological impacts of ocean alkalinity enhancement were tested in a 5-weeks mesocosm experiment conducted in the subtropical, oligotrophic waters off Gran Canaria in September/October 2021. In the nine mesocosms, each with a volume of about 10 m3 inhabiting a natural plankton community, alkalinity enhancement was achieved through addition of a mix of sodium bicarbonate and sodium carbonate, simulating CO2-equilibrated alkalinization in a gradient from control up to twice the natural alkalinity. The response of the enclosed plankton community to the alkalinity addition was monitored in over 50 parameters which were sampled or measured in situ daily or every second day. In addition to the mesocosm experiment, a series of side experiments were conducted, focusing on individual aspects of mineral dissolution, secondary precipitation and biological responses at the primary producer level. This campaign, in which 47 scientists from 6 nations participated, generated the most comprehensive data set collected so far on the ecological and biogeochemical impacts of ocean alkalinity enhancement.
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Wu, K. C. Thermal Behavior of MAGCOOL Cryogenic System after Low Current Quenches of RHIC Magnet DRD-009. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1119170.

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Wu, K. C. Peak Loop Pressure and Peak Temperature in the MAGCOOL-Subcooler Cryogenic System after Low Current Quenches of SSC Dipole DCA213. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1119173.

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Bruce and Fiore. L51629 Users Manual-Field Validation of the Low-Frequency Eddy Current Instrument-Software Listings. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), October 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010602.

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When an eddy current probe is placed near a conductive material, the alternating magnetic field from the probe causes electrical currents to flow in the material. These currents have associated with them their own magnetic field, which opposes the original magnetic field from the coil. The result is that the impedance of the probe is greatly reduced by the presence of the conducting material. If the conductor is also magnetic, as is normal steel, the situation is similar though slightly more complicated. Here, the impedance of the probe may be either increased or decreased depending on the permeability of the material and the frequency of the alternating field. Anything that affects the flow of current in the conductive material will also affect the impedance of the eddy current probe. For example, the electrical currents cannot flow through a crack but must flow around it. The alteration in the currents also changes the magnetic field produced by the currents and, consequently, the impedance of the probe. Normally, the impedance change caused by a defect is much smaller than that caused by the presence of the material in the first place, and measuring this small change requires a bridge circuit much like the balanced bridge used with strain gauges. The balanced bridge allows one to amplify the small changes in impedance caused by defects in the presence of the much larger change caused by the presence of the conductive and magnetic pipeline steel. The LFEC instrument is constructed using an� IBM-AT compatible portable computer. Inside the PAC-386 are two plug-in circuit cards that turn the PAC-386 into an eddy current instrument. The first, also commercially available, is a Spectrum DSP56000 digital signal processing card, while the second is a specially-built interface card for the eddy current probe. The PAC-386 is a standard MS-DOS machine and will operate most MS-DOS software. In the discussion below, it is assumed that the user is familiar with the MSDOS operating system.
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Lawson and Thompson. L52100 Hot-Spot Protection for Impressed Current Systems. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), September 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010153.

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As pipeline coating and associated cathodic protection (CP) systems age, areas along the pipeline inevitably develop that fall below a prescribed CP criterion. In efforts to meet an adequate CP criterion, engineers often resort to supplementing their existing CP system with magnesium anodes at these "low" potential areas resulting in a "hybrid" cathodic protection system consisting of an impressed current CP system (ICCP) supplemented with magnesium (Mg) anodes. This often achieves the desired result i.e. the potential measured over the pipe becomes more negative. However, there remain several unanswered questions concerning the real benefits to the polarization level of the pipe and the overall effect on the impressed current cathodic protection system. The primary objective of this PRCI project was to develop a better understanding of the relationship between ICCP systems and Mg anodes installed as hot-spot protection. This understanding will assist CP engineers in the design and operation of effective, economic CP systems.
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Silberstein, Jason. Should Communities Be Managing, Governing or Supporting Schools? A Review Essay on the System Conditions under Which Different Forms of Community Voice Can Improve Student Learning. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2023/141.

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There are many different potential roles that parents and communities can play within education systems. This essay reviews the different ways that parents and communities can exercise their individual and collective voice within local schools. It develops a typology to distinguish between three different forms of voice, and explores the enabling conditions in the wider system that each form of voice requires to improve student learning outcomes. The dominant form of voice in many current education systems is “school management”, which is commonly exercised through school management committees. The essay diagnoses how other parts of the system – the state, the bureaucracy, and teachers - have constrained school committees into playing a limited “school management” role. Because they are generally granted circumscribed responsibilities related to the day-to-day running of the school, school management committees have failed to make consistent, significant improvements to either school accountability or student learning. “School governance” is an alternative, stronger form of voice. “School governance” entails giving parents and community members greater latitude to determine the kind of education offered in local schools, somewhat analogous to how a board sets a vision and is owed justifications against results for major decisions made by an organization’s management. This would necessitate giving school governing bodies greater responsibility over setting the curriculum and choosing school leadership. Furthermore, since parents do not always or necessarily prioritize student learning from among other competing educational goals, focusing “school governance” on learning would also require strengthening the central state’s capacity to fulfill key responsibilities such as setting and measuring progress against learning standards. “School governance” would therefore face steep political and implementation challenges, and would have to be accompanied by parallel, government-led reform to other parts of the education system. The system conditions for parents and communities to play an effective “school governance” role are exacting. “School support” is a more modest but potentially more workable form of voice in many current systems. Where “school management” and “school governance” ask parents and communities to hold local schools accountable, the “school support” paradigm emphasizes actions that individual parents and community members can take in collaboration with teachers to directly support children’s learning. However, there are many cases where more parent and community involvement is not necessarily better. Parents and community members need specific, structured opportunities that complement good teaching in the classroom for “school support” to translate into improved learning outcomes.
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Megersa, Kelbesa. Tax Transparency for an Effective Tax System. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.070.

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This rapid review examines evidence on the transparency in the tax system and its benefits; e.g. rising revenue, strengthen citizen/state relationship, and rule of law. Improvements in tax transparency can help in strengthening public finances in developing countries that are adversely affected by COVID-19. The current context (i.e. a global pandemic, widespread economic slowdown/recessions, and declining tax revenues) engenders the urgency of improving domestic resource mobilisation (DRM) and the fight against illicit financial flows (IFFs). Even before the advent of COVID-19, developing countries’ tax systems were facing several challenges, including weak tax administrations, low taxpayer morale and “hard-to-tax” sectors. The presence of informational asymmetry (i.e. low tax transparency) between taxpayers and tax authorities generates loopholes for abuse of the tax system. It allows the hiding of wealth abroad with a limited risk of being caught. Cases of such behaviour that are exposed without proper penalty may result in a decline in the morale of citizens and a lower level of voluntary compliance with tax legislation. A number of high-profile tax leaks and scandals have undermined public confidence in the fairness of tax systems and generated a strong demand for effective counteraction and tax transparency. One of the key contributing factors to lower tax revenues in developing countries (that is linked to low tax transparency) is a high level of IFFs. These flows, including international tax evasion and the laundering of corruption proceeds, build a major obstacle to successful DRM efforts. Research has also identified an association between organisational transparency (e.g. transparency by businesses and tax authorities) and stakeholder trust (e.g. between citizens and the state). However, the evidence is mixed as to how transparency in particular influences trust and perceptions of trustworthiness.
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Riter, Karmann, Anthony Clint Clayton, Kelley Rountree, and Prakash Doraiswamy. Solar Station for an Off-the-Grid Air Quality Sensor System. RTI Press, June 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2023.mr.0051.2306.

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Air quality monitoring is a rapidly growing area of citizen science, or community science (CS), thanks to the availability of low-cost sensors. Contributing to a crowdsourced data platform (e.g., http:// purpleair .com/ map) is usually easy in urban areas, where there is access to uninterrupted electricity and wireless internet (Wi-Fi). However, there are sometimes security restrictions on Wi-Fi or a lack of exterior power outlets. Also, rural regions, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, often lack electricity and Wi-Fi continuity. RTI International has designed and distributed a solar power and Wi-Fi station that can adequately power both a small air quality sensor (e.g., PurpleAir PA-II) and a Wi-Fi hotspot to overcome these challenges. The station housing can accommodate a battery, a controller, and a cell phone or another type of Wi-Fi hotspot device. This paper discusses the need for such a station; a design for the current station, including parts list; suggestions for modifications in various use cases; and design factors to consider, including amount of sunlight per day, intended number of operational days under cloudy conditions, season, and total power requirements. This method is intended to be open source and a starting point for citizen scientists and CS projects.
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Hayes, Anne M., Eileen Dombrowski, Allison H. Shefcyk, and Jennae Bult. Learning Disabilities Screening and Evaluation Guide for Low- and Middle-Income Countries. RTI Press, April 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2018.op.0052.1804.

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Learning disabilities are among the most common disabilities experienced in childhood and adulthood. Although identifying learning disabilities in a school setting is a complex process, it is particularly challenging in low- and middle-income countries that lack the appropriate resources, tools, and supports. This guide provides an introduction to learning disabilities and describes the processes and practices that are necessary for the identification process. It also describes a phased approach that countries can use to assess their current screening and evaluation services, as well as determine the steps needed to develop, strengthen, and build systems that support students with learning disabilities. This guide also provides intervention recommendations that teachers and school administrators can implement at each phase of system development. Although this guide primarily addresses learning disabilities, the practices, processes, and systems described may be also used to improve the identification of other disabilities commonly encountered in schools.
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Pforr, Tobias, Fabian Pape, and Steffen Murau. After the Allocation: What Role for the Special Drawing Rights System? Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp180.

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In August 2021, the IMF made a new SDR allocation to help ease pandemic-induced financial strains in the Global South. This paper assesses the potential of the SDR system to address debtrelated problems in global finance. We analyze the SDR system as a web of interlocking balance sheets whose members can use SDR holdings—the system’s tradable assets—for conversion into usable currency as a perpetual low-interest loan or to make payments to each other. Using original IMF data, we study how the system has been practically used since 1990. Though widely perceived as a solution in search of a problem in the post-Bretton Woods era, we find that the SDR system provides three mechanisms through which IMF members borrow and lend usable currency to each other, with different strings attached: first, transactions by agreement; second, the IMF’s core lending facilities for which the SDR system offers additional resources; and third, IMF-sponsored Trusts which seek to harness the SDR system for development purposes and are the basis for the current idea of ‘voluntary channeling’. Overall, given the SDR system’s idiosyncratic accounting rules, the new allocation can improve the liquidity position of a country and offer some limited avenues for sovereign debt restructuring but comes with new interest and exchange rate risks. Voluntary channeling cannot happen without a wealth transfer, neither the SDR allocation nor the use of Trusts can overcome this problem. Still, Trusts can be a useful instrument to help with debt forgiveness and to ensure that borrowed funds are used for their intended purpose.
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