Journal articles on the topic 'Low-input turfgrass'
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1
Hugie, Kari, Chengyan Yue, and Eric Watkins. "Consumer Preferences for Low-input Turfgrasses: A Conjoint Analysis." HortScience 47, no. 8 (August 2012): 1096–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.47.8.1096.
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Traditional turfgrasses found in residential lawns provide a functional and aesthetically pleasing landscape if provided adequate resource inputs, yet, as available natural resources become more limited and public concerns grow stronger about the ecological effects of urban turfgrass management, it becomes increasingly important to pursue alternative landscape options. There are non-traditional turfgrasses that require fewer resource inputs that could be made available to homeowners. The objective of this study was to estimate consumer preferences and the relative importance of aesthetic and maintenance attributes of turfgrasses as well as identify potential market segments of the residential turfgrass market. Conjoint analysis was conducted on survey responses of 116 Minnesota homeowners. The results indicated that maintenance attributes of turfgrasses, specifically irrigation requirement, significantly affected consumer purchasing behavior. The analysis also identified four potential market segments, the Price Conscious segment, the Shade Adaptation segment, the Mowing Conscious segment, and the Water Conscious segment.
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Koch, Paul L., Kari Hugie, and Eric Watkins. "Resistance of Prairie Junegrass and Tufted Hairgrass Germplasm to Diseases Common in Temperate Low-Input Turfgrass Systems." Plant Health Progress 19, no. 4 (January 1, 2018): 310–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-05-18-0022-rs.
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Prairie junegrass and tufted hairgrass are two turfgrass species that are native to the United States and require less water, fertilizer, and pesticide compared with more commonly used turfgrass species such as Kentucky bluegrass. However, little is known about the resistance of these low-input turfgrasses to common turfgrass diseases. The primary objective of this research was to identify disease-resistant germplasm of both prairie junegrass and tufted hairgrass that can be used in future low-input turfgrass breeding efforts. A total of 41 populations of tufted hairgrass and 23 populations of prairie junegrass were evaluated for resistance to Microdochium patch, dollar spot, and rust development in a controlled environment. Genetic variation in disease resistance was clearly present in the unimproved germplasm of both prairie junegrass and tufted hairgrass, providing important direction for future breeding efforts that will allow wider implementation of low-input turfgrass species.
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Yue, Chengyan, Kari Hugie, and Eric Watkins. "Are Consumers Willing to Pay More for Low-Input Turfgrasses on Residential Lawns? Evidence from Choice Experiments." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 44, no. 4 (November 2012): 549–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s107407080002410x.
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A choice experiment with real products was used to investigate consumer willingness to pay (WTP) for several low-input attributes of turfgrasses. The choice scenarios consisted of turfgrass plots, which varied in aesthetic quality characteristics and were labeled with differing levels of maintenance requirements (irrigation, fertilizer, etc.), shade adaptation, origin, and price. A mixed logit model was used to analyze the choice data and estimate consumer WTP. Our results suggest that low-input maintenance attributes significantly influence consumer choice behavior and identify a strong consumer preference for reduced irrigation and mowing requirements. The introduction of low-input turfgrasses could be a viable strategy for reducing the maintenance inputs and costs for residential lawn care.
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Grossi, Nicola, Marco Fontanelli, Christian Frasconi, Luisa Martelloni, Michele Raffaelli, Andrea Peruzzi, Monica Gaetani, et al. "Effects of close cutting on ground cover and quality of a polystand of Manilagrass and cool season turfgrasses." Italian Journal of Agronomy 14, no. 1 (March 19, 2019): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ija.2019.1378.
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Warm season turfgrasses can be grown successfully in the transition zone, but dormancy occurs to some extent during the winter. Overseeding with cool-season turfgrasses is necessary if winter dormancy of warm season turfgrasses is not tolerated. The increasing availability of zoysiagrass cultivars has enabled this genus to be considered suitable for low-maintenance golf courses, especially for golf tees and golf fairways. On the other hand, zoysiagrasses have the most rigid leaves of all turfgrass species, followed by bermudagrasses and by the other warm season turf species. Thus, to have a high mowing quality, mowers working constantly on zoysiagrasses require more sharpening than mowers working on other grasses. Rotary mowers are not suitable for mowing at low heights and often result in scalping, while reel mowers perform optimal mowing at a short height (below 2.5 cm) but require accurate management and frequent sharpening. Autonomous mowers have proven to produce a superior turf quality compared with traditional walk-behind rotary mowers, but no autonomous mower has ever been tested at a low mowing height on an overseeded warm season turfgrass. Because of this, the trial was carried out to simulate a golf tee overseeded with cool season turfgrasses, with low input fertilisation rates and with one of the most difficult turf species to mow; i.e. Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr. The trial was carried out in San Piero a Grado (Pisa, Italy) from October 2016 to October 2018. After a two-year period the best turf quality was achieved with Festuca rubra L. ssp. cultivars among the overseeded species, especially during fall. In many cases turf quality increased after manila grass green up since the combination of both cool season and warm season species gave a higher quality to the turfgrass, due to the finer leaf texture and higher shoot density of some cool season species. Moreover, recovery of manila grass ground cover was satisficing. In conclusion, a polystand of manila grass and Festuca rubra ssp. could be suitable for golf tees with low-input management.
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Pornaro, Cristina, Alberto Novello, Micheal Fidanza, and Stefano Macolino. "Grasscycling: A Key Practice for Sustainable Turfgrass Management." Grasses 1, no. 1 (December 12, 2022): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/grasses1010005.
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For aesthetic considerations, grass clippings are removed from lawns during mowing. When turfgrass clippings are returned, this practice is called “mulching” or grasscycling. Thus, grasscycling has increasingly become a standard practice for low-input lawns managed under a simpler maintenance system, and grasscycling has many environmental benefits. Primarily, grasscycling facilitates an increase in soil nitrogen content and soil carbon sequestered by the turfgrass ecosystem. Several studies reported that grasscycling positively influences turfgrass colour and quality. When clippings are returned, turfgrass colour and quality can be maintained with a lower amount of fertilisation than turfgrass with clipping removal. Together with these positive effects, grasscycling practices can contribute to an increase of thatch in the turfgrass sward, while its influence on weed invasion is still questionable. This grasscycling practice can result in a maintenance cost-savings and represent a low-input approach to turfgrass management in terms of nutrients returned and utilised by the turfgrass, and with carbon (C) emissions mitigated and C sequestered. The unwelcome appearance linked to grass clipping residues and vegetation on the turfgrass canopy can be easily obviated by the use of machinery that delivers clippings forcefully toward the ground to incorporate them into the verdure or by using mowers that produce clippings small enough to be returned and quickly decomposed.
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Shokoya, Godwin, Charles Fontanier, Dennis L. Martin, and Bruce L. Dunn. "Evaluation of Sedges and Nimblewill as Low-input, Shaded Lawns in Oklahoma, USA." HortTechnology 32, no. 6 (December 2022): 567–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech05107-22.
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Consumers desire low-input turfgrasses that have tolerance to both shade and drought stresses. Several sedges (Carex sp.) and nimblewill (Muhlenbergia schreberi) are native plants prevalent in dry woodland ecosystems in Oklahoma, USA, and may have potential as alternatives to conventional species in dry shaded turfgrass systems. To evaluate selected species for this purpose, a multilocation field trial was conducted in Stillwater and Perkins, OK. Four sedges [gray sedge (Carex amphibola), Leavenworth’s sedge (Carex leavenworthii), ‘Little Midge’ palm sedge (Carex muskingumensis), and Texas sedge (Carex texensis)] and nimblewill were evaluated as alternative turfs for the study. Alternative turfs were compared against two conventional turfgrasses [‘El Toro’ Japanese lawngrass (Zoysia japonica) and ‘Riley’s Super Sport’ bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon)]. The conventional turfgrasses outperformed each sedge and nimblewill in coverage and turf quality. Leavenworth’s sedge, gray sedge, and Texas sedge persisted well but did not spread quickly enough to achieve a dense canopy by the end of the 2-year trial. In contrast, nimblewill established quickly but declined in coverage over time. This study demonstrated some sedges and nimblewill can be established and maintained as a low-input turf in dry shade, but development of unique management practices is still required for acceptable performance.
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Watkins, E., S. Fei, D. Gardner, J. Stier, S. Bughrara, D. Li, C. Bigelow, L. Schleicher, B. Horgan, and K. Diesburg. "Low-Input Turfgrass Species for the North Central United States." Applied Turfgrass Science 8, no. 1 (2011): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/ats-2011-0126-02-rs.
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Zhang, Xumin, and Hayk Khachatryan. "Investigating Monetary Incentives for Environmentally Friendly Residential Landscapes." Water 12, no. 11 (October 28, 2020): 3023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12113023.
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State and local governments develop policies that promote environmentally friendly landscaping practices with the goal to mitigate adverse environmental impacts from heavily maintained residential lawns. One of the mechanisms to achieve low-input landscaping practices in the urban environment is to promote the conversion of monoculture turfgrass lawns into partial turfgrass, low-input landscapes. Rebate incentives are used as an instrument to encourage the adoption of such landscapes. This study investigates the effects of households’ monetary incentive requirement on households’ preferences and willingness to pay for low-input landscapes. The discrete choice experiment method was used to analyze responses from households categorized into low, medium, and high incentive requirement groups. The results show that rebate incentives may have significant positive effects on individuals’ intentions to adopt low-input landscapes. Participants with low incentive requirement were willing to pay more for environmentally friendly attributes, compared with their counterparts in the medium and high incentive requirement groups. Practical implications for relevant stakeholders are discussed.
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Watkins, Eric, Andrew B. Hollman, and Brian P. Horgan. "Evaluation of Alternative Turfgrass Species for Low-input Golf Course Fairways." HortScience 45, no. 1 (January 2010): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.45.1.113.
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As restrictions on water use, fertilization, and pesticide applications continue to increase, golf course superintendents will need to use grass species that require reduced inputs. The objective of this study was to evaluate alternative turfgrass species under low-input fairways conditions. In 2005, 17 species were established on native soil in St. Paul, MN. Each species was evaluated at three levels of traffic (zero, three, or six passes per week using a drum-type traffic simulator) and two mowing heights (1.90 and 2.54 cm). Data collected included turfgrass quality and percent living stand density. In 2006, velvet bentgrass (Agrostis canina L.), colonial bentgrass (Agrostis capillaris L.), and creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) maintained acceptable quality in all treatment combinations. In 2007, Chewings fescue (Festuca rubra L. ssp. fallax) and sheep fescue (Festuca ovina L.) were the top-performing species regardless of treatment. Hard fescue (Festuca brevipila Tracey) performed poorly in Year 1 and well in Year 2. All other species did not perform at an acceptable level during the study. The results of this study indicate that sheep fescue, Chewings fescue, colonial bentgrass, and velvet bentgrass should be studied further for use on low-input golf course fairways in the northern United States.
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Miller, Daniel R., Robert J. Mugaas, Mary H. Meyer, and Eric Watkins. "Performance of Low-maintenance Turfgrass Mixtures and Blends." HortTechnology 23, no. 5 (October 2013): 610–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.23.5.610.
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Several studies have been conducted on low-maintenance turfgrass species; however, relatively few have evaluated mixtures or blends. The objective of this study was to evaluate low-maintenance turfgrass mixtures or blends for turf quality under minimal input conditions. Eight turfgrass mixtures or blends were planted in 2009 at the University of Minnesota Landscape Arboretum (Chaska, MN) on a low-fertility soil to assess their adaptability to low-input conditions (minimal water and fertilizer and no pesticides after establishment). The year after establishment, plots were divided into no-mow and minimal mow treatments. Plots were evaluated for establishment in 2009 and overall quality and percent weed cover in 2009, 2010, and 2011. Native grass mixtures established slowly with greater weed encroachment, but over time resulted in high-quality ratings. Under minimal mowing, the Tall Fescue Blend [tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea)] performed the best for quality, while three fine fescue (Festuca sp.) mixtures and the Tall Fescue/Kentucky Bluegrass Mixture [tall fescue + kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis)] also had acceptable quality ratings. The Kentucky Bluegrass Blend (kentucky bluegrass) was less competitive with weeds and had unacceptable quality ratings. Under no-mow conditions, the native grass mixtures and the Tall Fescue Blend had the highest overall quality ratings.
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Hugie, Kari L., and Eric Watkins. "Performance of Low-input Turfgrass Species as Affected by Mowing and Nitrogen Fertilization in Minnesota." HortScience 51, no. 10 (October 2016): 1278–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci11007-16.
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In Minnesota, most lawns and higher cut turfgrass areas consist primarily of species such as kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) that require significant management inputs such as frequent mowing and nitrogen fertility. Several studies have shown that other species have the potential to be used more widely on home lawns in Minnesota; however, little is known about the management requirements of these species. In this study, we evaluated the performance of several alternative grass species under varying mowing and nitrogen fertility regimes at two sites in Minnesota in 2010 and 2011. Hard fescue [Festuca trachyphylla (Hackel) Krajina] showed the most consistent performance across management regimes, seasons, and locations. Colonial bentgrass (Agrostis tenuis Sibth.) showed good spring and fall turf quality, but suffered from excess thatch development and disease incidence. ‘Barkoel’ prairie junegrass [Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) Schult] maintained acceptable turf cover throughout the trial, whereas unimproved native prairie junegrass populations did poorly regardless of management level. Tufted hairgrass [Deschampsia cespitosa (L.) P. Beauv.] did not perform consistently in the trial due to summer stress. Our results show that hard fescue, colonial bentgrass, and ‘Barkoel’ prairie junegrass performed well regardless of mowing height or fertility treatment and could be used to a greater degree as low-input turfgrasses in Minnesota.
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Watkins, Eric, David S. Gardner, John C. Stier, Douglas J. Soldat, Rodney A. St. John, Nick E. Christians, Aaron D. Hathaway, Kenneth L. Diesburg, Steven R. Poppe, and Roch E. Gaussoin. "Cultivar Performance of Low-Input Turfgrass Species for the North Central United States." Applied Turfgrass Science 11, no. 1 (2014): ATS—2013–0101—RS. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/ats-2013-0101-rs.
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Diesburg, Kenneth Lynn, and Ronald F. Krausz. "Month of Seeding Effect on Low-Input Establishment of Cool- and Warm-Season Turfgrasses in Continental Transition Zone." Atlas Journal of Biology 2, no. 3 (May 25, 2017): 162–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5147/ajb.v2i3.27.
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This research was conducted to determine the degree of success, by month, in seeding establishment of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb., Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon [L.] Pers. var. dactylon), and zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.) at two locations in the moist, Midwest, continental transition zone on a prepared seed bed without irrigation or cover. The four species were planted every month of the year starting in September 2005. Starter fertilizer and siduron were applied the same day as seeding with no subsequent management except mowing. Percent cover of living turfgrass was recorded in each of 24 months after seeding. Tall fescue (80%) and Bermudagrass (73%) provided the best percent cover over all planting dates. Kentucky bluegrass provided 65% and zoysiagrass 24% cover. The cool-season grasses performed best in the July-to-March plantings; tall fescue 88% and Kentucky bluegrass 72%. Bermudagrass (94%) established best in the January-to-April plantings, while Zoysiagrass (32%) established best in the November-to-March plantings. Germination and seedling survival after germination of all species were inhibited by limited moisture during summer. The warm-season grasses were further limited by winter kill in the August, September, and October seedings. These results emphasize the risk in spring-seeding as well as the value in dormant-seeding of both warm- and cool-season turfgrasses for low-input, nonirrigated establishment.
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Wherley, B. G., P. Skulkaew, A. Chandra, A. D. Genovesi, and M. C. Engelke. "Low-input Performance of Zoysiagrass (Zoysia spp.) Cultivars Maintained under Dense Tree Shade." HortScience 46, no. 7 (July 2011): 1033–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.46.7.1033.
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A 3-year study was conducted to evaluate the comparative performance of zoysiagrass (Zoysia spp.) cultivars for shaded environments in which inputs are minimized. Included in the study were commercial cultivars Diamond, Cavalier, Royal, Shadow Turf, Zorro, Zeon, Jamur, Crowne, Palisades, and Meyer. In July 2006, grass plugs were planted in a shade nursery comprised of live oak trees providing 89% shade. From 2007 to 2009, turf plots were periodically evaluated for quality, density, color, vertical canopy height, and extent of lateral spread. Overall turfgrass quality was noticeably reduced by the heavily shaded environment; however, some cultivars attained acceptable levels during midsummer periods. A turf performance index (TPI) was generated for ranking the cultivars that represented the number of times an entry occurred in the top statistical group across all parameters and rating dates. ‘Royal’, ‘Zorro’, and ‘Shadow Turf’ were the cultivars ranking in the top statistical grouping most often throughout the study. The results suggest that Z. matrellas may be better adapted than Z. japonicas for heavily shaded environments where inputs are conserved.
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Braun, Ross C., Aaron J. Patton, Emily T. Braithwaite, and Alexander R. Kowalewski. "Establishment of low‐input turfgrass from seed with patch and repair mixtures: Mulch and starter fertilizer effects." Crop Science 60, no. 6 (September 26, 2020): 3362–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/csc2.20266.
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Carr, Tyler Q., John C. Sorochan, James T. Brosnan, and Brandon J. Horvath. "Impact of Soil Temperature on Prizm Zoysiagrass Establishment from Sprigs." Agronomy 12, no. 10 (September 27, 2022): 2329. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12102329.
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Zoysiagrasses (Zoysia spp. Willd.) are commonly used on golf course fairways and tees in addition to residential and commercial lawns due to lower input requirements relative to bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.). This has led to increased interest in using zoysiagrass for golf course putting greens; however, zoysiagrass establishment from sprigs is prolonged compared to bermudagrass. Research was conducted in Knoxville, TN to determine the effect of soil temperature on ‘Prizm’ zoysiagrass establishment from sprigs. The study was conducted over replicate experimental runs in separate glasshouses in 2022. Prizm zoysiagrass was exposed to high, medium, and low 5 cm soil temperature treatments, which were imposed via water bath. Over the 49-day study period, the high, medium, and low treatments averaged ~36 °C, ~32 °C, and ~28 °C, respectively. The medium and low treatments averaged 92% turfgrass coverage 49 days after planting (DAP) in run A, which was significantly greater than the high-soil-temperature treatment (70%). In run B, the medium soil temperature achieved 92% turfgrass coverage 44 DAP, which was significantly greater than the low (78%) and high (74%) treatments. Independent of other environmental variables, results from this study imply that an average daily 5 cm soil temperature of approximately 32 °C would likely result in the most rapid establishment of Prizm zoysiagrass from sprigs.
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Barnes, Michael R., Kristen C. Nelson, Alec R. Kowalewski, Aaron J. Patton, and Eric Watkins. "Public Land manager discourses on barriers and opportunities for a transition to Low input turfgrass in urban areas." Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 53 (August 2020): 126745. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2020.126745.
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Yu, Jialin, Arnold W. Schumann, Shaun M. Sharpe, Xuehan Li, and Nathan S. Boyd. "Detection of grassy weeds in bermudagrass with deep convolutional neural networks." Weed Science 68, no. 5 (June 8, 2020): 545–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2020.46.
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AbstractSpot spraying POST herbicides is an effective approach to reduce herbicide input and weed control cost. Machine vision detection of grass or grass-like weeds in turfgrass systems is a challenging task due to the similarity in plant morphology. In this work, we explored the feasibility of using image classification with deep convolutional neural networks (DCNN), including AlexNet, GoogLeNet, and VGGNet, for detection of crabgrass species (Digitaria spp.), doveweed [Murdannia nudiflora (L.) Brenan], dallisgrass (Paspalum dilatatum Poir.), and tropical signalgrass [Urochloa distachya (L.) T.Q. Nguyen] in bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.]. VGGNet generally outperformed AlexNet and GoogLeNet in detecting selected grassy weeds. For detection of P. dilatatum, VGGNet achieved high F1 scores (≥0.97) and recall values (≥0.99). A single VGGNet model exhibited high F1 scores (≥0.93) and recall values (1.00) that reliably detected Digitaria spp., M. nudiflora, P. dilatatum, and U. distachya. Low weed density reduced the recall values of AlexNet at detecting all weed species and GoogLeNet at detecting Digitaria spp. In comparison, VGGNet achieved excellent performances (overall accuracy = 1.00) at detecting all weed species in both high and low weed-density scenarios. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using DCNN for detection of grass or grass-like weeds in turfgrass systems.
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Vincelli, P. "Simulations of Fungicide Runoff Following Applications for Turfgrass Disease Control." Plant Disease 88, no. 4 (April 2004): 391–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2004.88.4.391.
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Computer simulations of fungicide loading in surface water runoff were conducted with fungicides commonly used in golf course fairways and lawns in Kentucky. For all fungicides, values for degradation half-life and organic carbon partition coefficient were obtained from published sources; other input parameters were selected to simulate conditions typical in local swards. Spray programs were tested using a 21-year period of weather data for Lexington, KY. Predicted amounts of fungicide in runoff were determined, and predicted fungicide concentrations in runoff (mg/liter) were compared with 50% lethal concentration (LC50) values for rainbow trout and Daphnia magna. All simulated chlorothalonil applications produced runoff with concentrations that greatly exceeded the LC50 values for both indicator species. For some applications, concentrations of azoxystrobin, iprodione, and pentachloronitrobenzene exceeded LC50 values of at least one indicator species. Under the conditions simulated, runoff concentrations of metalaxyl, propiconazole, thiophanate methyl, and triadimefon were well below LC50 values of the indicator species. Although actual amounts of fungicide loaded into runoff were relatively low, these simulations suggest that turfgrass applications of fungicides with high intrinsic toxicity to indicator species could pose a risk to populations of primary and secondary consumers in aquatic ecosystems.
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Kimball, Jennifer A., M. Carolina Zuleta, Matthew C. Martin, Kevin E. Kenworthy, Ambika Chandra, and Susana R. Milla-Lewis. "Assessment of Molecular Variation within ‘Raleigh’ St. Augustinegrass using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Markers." HortScience 47, no. 7 (July 2012): 839–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.47.7.839.
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St. augustinegrass [Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze] is a popular turfgrass in the southern United States as a result of its superior shade tolerance and relatively low input requirements. However, it is the least cold-tolerant of commonly used warm-season turfgrass species. ‘Raleigh’, released in 1980, has superior cold tolerance and is adapted and widely used in U.S. Department of Agriculture hardiness zones 8 to 9. More than 25 years after its release, ‘Raleigh’ is still the industry’s standard in terms of cold tolerance. However, the original foundation and breeder stock fields of the cultivar have been lost, placing the integrity of the cultivar at risk. The objectives of this study were to investigate whether current ‘Raleigh’ production fields across the southern United States are true to the original source. In this study, 15 amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) primer combinations were used to assess levels of genetic variability among three original stocks of ‘Raleigh’ and 46 samples obtained from sod farms and universities in six states. Genetic similarities among the original stocks were Sij = 1, whereas similarities between this group and all other samples ranged from 0.24 to 1.0. Results based on cluster analysis, principal coordinate analysis, and analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed separation between original stocks of ‘Raleigh’ and some commercial samples. Results from this study offer further evidence that molecular markers provide a useful and powerful technique for identity preservation of clonally propagated cultivars and the detection of genetic variants in sod production fields and turfgrass breeding programs.
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Clark, Matthew D., and Eric Watkins. "Broad-sense Heritability Estimates of Turfgrass Performance Characteristics in Native Prairie Junegrass Germplasm." HortScience 47, no. 9 (September 2012): 1228–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.47.9.1228.
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Prairie junegrass [Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) Shultes] is a perennial, short-grass prairie species distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere that is being evaluated for use as a low-input turf. In June 2007, 300 genotypes representing collection locations derived from Colorado, Nebraska, and Minnesota germplasm were grown and evaluated 3 years for turfgrass performance characteristics in a randomized complete block design with five clonal replications at two locations (St. Paul, MN, and Becker, MN). After establishment, plots received no supplemental irrigation or fertility and were mowed weekly to a height of 6.4 cm. Broad-sense heritability estimates were calculated on a clonal mean (Hc) and single-plant (Hsp) basis for turf quality (Hc = 0.62, Hsp = 0.13), crown density (Hc = 0.55, Hsp = 0.09), mowing quality (Hc = 0.59, Hsp = 0.09), and genetic color (Hc = 0.45, Hsp = 0.06). The heritability estimates indicate that selection for these traits should result in significant gains in germplasm improvement. Differences were observed in the means and variances among clones, collection locations, and/or collection regions for many of the traits evaluated including rust severity (Puccinia spp.), spring green-up, plant height, lateral spread, vertical regrowth, and flowering traits. The positive correlations among some of these traits and those with moderate heritability estimates should allow for multi-trait selection in cultivar development.
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Agharkar, Mrinalini, Paula Lomba, Fredy Altpeter, Hangning Zhang, Kevin Kenworthy, and Theo Lange. "Stable expression of AtGA2ox1 in a low-input turfgrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) reduces bioactive gibberellin levels and improves turf quality under field conditions." Plant Biotechnology Journal 5, no. 6 (November 2007): 791–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7652.2007.00284.x.
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Askew, Shawn D., Whitnee B. Askew, and J. Michael Goatley. "Fineleaf Fescue Species and Variety Tolerance to Glyphosate." Weed Technology 33, no. 1 (November 21, 2018): 185–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wet.2018.65.
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AbstractSome fineleaf fescues have demonstrated tolerance to glyphosate, and this broad-spectrum, nonselective herbicide would be a valuable tool for controlling various weeds in low-input turf areas. A study was conducted to evaluate tolerance of 56 fineleaf fescue varieties to glyphosate applied at 0.0, 0.4, 0.6, and 1.0 kg ae ha−1. The defunct 2003 National Turfgrass Evaluation Program fineleaf fescue variety trial at the Turfgrass Research Center in Blacksburg, VA, provided main plots on which glyphosate treatments were randomized independently on May 16, 2011, and June 26, 2013. Hard (HF) and sheep fescues (SF) were the most tolerant to glyphosate, followed by strong creeping red fescues (STC) and slender creeping red fescues (SLC). The most sensitive species was Chewings fescue (CH), most varieties of which were injured 50% to 65% per kilogram of glyphosate at 2 wk after treatment (WAT). At 8 WAT, 12 of 14 CH varieties were injured over 30% per kilogram of glyphosate, but predicted injury and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) of all varieties were acceptable at a more typical 0.5 to 0.7 kg ha−1glyphosate rate. Nontreated seed head density of CH varieties ranged from 87 and 126 seed heads m−2at 8 WAT compared with 2.8 to 42 seed heads m−2from HF varieties. Glyphosate at 0.15 to 0.5 kg ha−1eliminated 90% of seed heads regardless of fineleaf fescue variety. These data suggest that all fineleaf fescue varieties are inherently tolerant of glyphosate at rates at or below approximately 0.7 kg ha−1, but can be generally separated from most to least tolerant in the following order: HF, SF, STC, SLC, and CH.
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DeBels, Brad T., Shane E. Griffith, William C. Kreuser, Eric S. Melby, and Douglas J. Soldat. "Evaluation of Mowing Height and Fertilizer Application Rate on Quality and Weed Abundance of Five Home Lawn Grasses." Weed Technology 26, no. 4 (December 2012): 826–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-d-12-00062.1.
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Evaluation of turfgrass performance at low nitrogen fertility levels is important because many home lawns are fertilized below common recommendations. The objective of this study was to evaluate visible quality and weed susceptibility of common and alternative cool season grasses under multiple management regimes in Wisconsin. A split-split plot completely randomized block design was used to evaluate ‘Kingfisher' Kentucky bluegrass (Kentucky bluegrass), ‘Kenblue' Kentucky bluegrass, ‘Victory II' chewings fescue, ‘Grande II' tall fescue, and ‘Jiffe II' perennial ryegrass. Each species was mowed at 3.5, 6.0, or 8.5 cm, and fertilized with 0, 98, or 196 kg ha−1yr−1of nitrogen. Visible quality and weed cover were evaluated four times annually for 3 yr. Tall fescue had the greatest turf quality across all treatments. Kingfisher Kentucky bluegrass, an improved variety, responded most dramatically to nitrogen fertilization, with quality rating improved from 5.1 to 7.1 when annual nitrogen applications totaled 196 kg ha−1compared to the nonfertilized control. Kenblue Kentucky bluegrass, a common variety, had the greatest weed cover at all mowing heights and fertilizer rates. Assessment of common dandelion flowers by digital image analysis revealed that improved and common Kentucky bluegrass had greater common dandelion cover than fine or tall fescue when herbicides were withheld for 2.5 yr. Background soil fertility was found to have a significant impact on visible quality and weed cover. In an area with eroded, low-fertility soil, improved Kentucky bluegrass required 196 kg N ha−1yr−1to maintain high quality and limit weed invasion. These results suggest that tall fescue is best suited to low and high input conditions, while improved varieties of Kentucky bluegrass performed acceptably only under high inputs.
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Zirkle, Gina, Rattan Lal, and Bruce Augustin. "Modeling Carbon Sequestration in Home Lawns." HortScience 46, no. 5 (May 2011): 808–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.46.5.808.
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Soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration and the impact of carbon (C) cycling in urban soils are themes of increasing interest. A model was developed to investigate the potential of C sequestration in home lawns. The model contrasted gross C sequestered versus the hidden C costs (HCC) associated with typical lawn maintenance practices. The potential of SOC sequestration for U.S. home lawns was determined from SOC sequestration rates of turfgrass and grasslands. Net SOC sequestration in lawn soils was estimated using a simple mass balance model derived from typical homeowner lawn maintenance practices. The average SOC sequestration rate for U.S. lawns was 46.0 to 127.1 g C/m2/year. Additional C sequestration can result from biomass gains attributable to fertilizer and irrigation management. Hidden C costs are the amount of energy expended by typical lawn management practices in grams of carbon equivalents (CE)/m2/year and include practices including mowing, irrigating, fertilizing, and using pesticides. The net SOC sequestration rate was assessed by subtracting the HCC from gross SOC sequestration rate. Lawn maintenance practices ranged from low to high management. Low management with minimal input (MI) included mowing only, a net SOC sequestration rate of 25.4 to 114.2 g C/m2/year. The rate of SOC sequestration for do-it-yourself (DIY) management by homeowners was 80.6 to 183.0 g C/m2/year. High management, based on university and industry-standard best management recommendation practices (BMPs), had a net SOC sequestration rate of 51.7 to 204.3 g C/m2/year. Lawns can be a net sink for atmospheric CO2 under all three evaluated levels of management practices with a national technical potential ranging from 25.4 to 204.3 g C/m2/year.
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Jiang, Yiwei, Eric Watkins, Shuwei Liu, Xiaoqing Yu, and Na Luo. "Antioxidative Responses and Candidate Gene Expression in Prairie Junegrass under Drought Stress." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 135, no. 4 (July 2010): 303–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.135.4.303.
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Prairie junegrass (Koeleria macrantha) is a native cool-season C3 grass that has shown potential as a low-input turfgrass. An increased understanding of the physiological and molecular responses of prairie junegrass to water-deficit conditions is important for developing cultivars with enhanced drought tolerance. The objective of this study was to characterize the antioxidative responses and candidate gene expression in prairie junegrass subjected to drought stress. Two drought-tolerant (TOL-1 and TOL-2) and two drought-susceptible (SUS-1 and SUS-2) genotypes of prairie junegrass were subjected to 7 days of drought stress. Leaf relative water content (RWC) of SUS-1 and SUS-2 was 72.1% and 73.8% and RWC of TOL-1 and TOL-2 was 90.1% and 85.4% in drought-stressed plants, respectively. Drought stress did not affect chlorophyll fluorescence, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidative enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase (APX), or glutathione reductase for tolerant or susceptible genotypes. The TOL-2 and SUS-2 genotypes were further examined for candidate gene expression. Drought stress did not alter expression levels of CAT and chloroplastic copper/zinc SOD (Cu/ZnSOD), but increased levels of APX in either genotype, compared with their relative controls. Expression of P5CS encoding Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase and P5CR encoding Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase for proline biosynthesis were up-regulated under drought stress for both genotypes; however, expression of P5CR was more strongly induced under drought stress for TOL-2, compared with its control. The expression of 1-FFT encoding fructan:fructan 1-fructosyltransferase, which is involved in fructan biosynthesis, was strongly induced under drought stress for TOL-2 but not detected under either control or drought stress conditions for SUS-2. These results indicate that the genes involved in proline and fructan biosynthesis may play an important role in drought tolerance in prairie junegrass.
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Sheikh-Mohamadi, Mohamad-Hossein, Nematollah Etemadi, Ali Nikbakht, Mostafa Farajpour, Mostafa Arab, and Mohammad Mahdi Majidi. "Screening and Selection of Twenty Iranian Wheatgrass Genotypes for Tolerance to Salinity Stress during Seed Germination and Seedling Growth Stage." HortScience 52, no. 8 (August 2017): 1125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci12103-17.
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Desert wheatgrass (Agropyron desertorum L.), tall wheatgrass (Agropyron elongatum L.), and crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum L.) are native cool-season grass species that exhibit potential as a low-input turfgrass. An increased understanding of the biochemical and physiological responses of wheatgrass species and genotypes to salt stress conditions is important for developing genotypes with enhanced tolerance to salinity. The objective of this study was to characterize the physiological and antioxidative properties in 20 Iranian wheatgrass genotypes and to observe their responses to salinity stress during seed germination and seedling growth stage. A completely randomized factorial design was used with two types of factors, four levels of salinity (0, 50, 100, and 150 mm of NaCl), wheatgrass genotypes, and three replicates. In this experiment, the results demonstrated that salinity limits the germination of Iranian wheatgrass genotype seeds. The result of this study showed that among the wheatgrass genotypes, ‘AD1’, ‘AD3,’ ‘AC6’, and ‘FA’ took the shortest average time to germinate. Higher levels of final germination percentage (FGP) were observed in ‘AD2’, ‘AD3’, and ‘AE5’ under salinity stress than other genotypes throughout the experiment. During a prolonged period of study, ‘AD1’ had greater rate of germination (GR) than other genotypes. Out of the 21 genotypes, five genotypes (‘AD1’, ‘AD2’, ‘AD3’, ‘AE5’, and ‘FA’ genotypes) were in the range of “salinity tolerant genotypes” cluster. The ‘AD1’, ‘AD2’, ‘AD3’, ‘AE5’, and ‘FA’ genotypes generally performed better than other genotypes under salinity conditions, mainly through maintaining higher enzymatic activities such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) (EC 1.15.1.1), catalase (CAT) (EC 1.11.1.6), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) (EC 1.11.1.11) and peroxidase (POD) (EC 1.111.1.7), and nonenzymatic antioxidant activities by glutathione (GSH). The ‘AD1’, ‘AD2’, ‘AD3’, ‘AE5’, and ‘FA’ genotypes also had higher proline levels and more of total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) content, lower malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and lower hydrogen peroxide content (H2O2).
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Barnes, Michael R., Kristen C. Nelson, Amanda J. Meyer, Eric Watkins, Stacy A. Bonos, Brian P. Horgan, William A. Meyer, James Murphy, and Chengyan Yue. "Public land managers and sustainable urban vegetation: The case of low-input turfgrasses." Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 29 (January 2018): 284–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2017.12.008.
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Diesburg, Kenneth Lynn, and Ronald F. Krausz. "Month of Seeding Effect on Low-Input Establishment of Cool- and Warm-Season Turfgrasses in Continental Transition Zone." Atlas Journal of Biology 2, no. 3 (December 24, 2013): 162–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5147/ajb.2013.0130.
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Yue, Chengyan, Manlin Cui, Eric Watkins, and Aaron Patton. "Investigating Factors Influencing Consumer Adoption of Low-input Turfgrasses." HortScience, August 25, 2021, 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci15981-21.
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Important financial savings, along with reductions in environmental impact, can be achieved by planting lawns with low-input turfgrass species. Drawing on data from an online survey, this article provides empirical evidence on the factors that influence consumers’ willingness to adopt low-input turfgrasses. We group consumers into two segments: Willing Adopters and Reluctant Homeowners. Regardless of segment, consumers who regard maintenance requirements as more important were more willing to adopt low-input turfgrasses, whereas those who placed a higher value on appearance, were more unlikely to change to a low-input turfgrass, especially for Reluctant Homeowners. We categorized the barriers to adoption as follows: 1) Promotion, 2) Benefits and Accessibility, 3) Peer Effect, 4) Sample, and 5) Information. Our models predict that consumers’ willingness to adopt low-input turfgrass can be significantly increased if the identified barriers are removed. Based on our study, suppliers/retailers should adopt heterogeneous and multiple marketing strategies, such as promoting through multiple channels, informing and advising the public on proper information, providing photos or exhibiting in-store samples, triggering communication between different types of consumers, and providing incentives and improving accessibility, to target different consumer groups.
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Braun, Ross Charles, Eric Watkins, Andrew Hollman, Nicole Mihelich, and Aaron J. Patton. "Management, harvest, and storage characteristics of low‐input cool‐season turfgrass sod mixtures." Agronomy Journal, March 9, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/agj2.21051.
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Chapman, Eric J., Gaston E. Small, and Paliza Shrestha. "Investigating potential hydrological ecosystem services in urban gardens through soil amendment experiments and hydrologic models." Urban Ecosystems, January 1, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11252-021-01191-7.
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AbstractAmong the ecosystem services provided by urban greenspace are the retention and infiltration of stormwater, which decreases urban flooding, and enhanced evapotranspiration, which helps mitigate urban heat island effects. Some types of urban greenspace, such as rain gardens and green roofs, are intentionally designed to enhance these hydrologic functions. Urban gardens, while primarily designed for food production and aesthetic benefits, may have similar hydrologic function, due to high levels of soil organic matter that promote infiltration and water holding capacity. We quantified leachate and soil moisture from experimental urban garden plots receiving various soil amendments (high and low levels of manure and municipal compost, synthetic fertilizer, and no inputs) over three years. Soil moisture varied across treatments, with highest mean levels observed in plots receiving manure compost, and lowest in plots receiving synthetic fertilizer. Soil amendment treatments explained little of the variation in weekly leachate volume, but among treatments, high municipal compost and synthetic fertilizer had lowest leachate volumes, and high and low manure compost had slightly higher mean leachate volumes. We used these data to parameterize a simple mass balance hydrologic model, focusing on high input municipal compost and no compost garden plots, as well as reference turfgrass plots. We ran the model for three growing seasons under ambient precipitation and three elevated precipitation scenarios. Garden plots received 12–16% greater total water inputs compared to turfgrass plots because of irrigation, but leachate totals were 20–30% lower for garden plots across climate scenarios, due to elevated evapotranspiration, which was 50–60% higher in garden plots. Within each climate scenario, difference between garden plots which received high levels of municipal compost and garden plots which received no additional compost were small relative to differences between garden plots and turfgrass. Taken together, these results indicate that garden soil amendments can influence water retention, and the high-water retention, infiltration, and evapotranspiration potential of garden soils relative to turfgrass indicates that hydrologic ecosystem services may be an underappreciated benefit of urban gardens.