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Journal articles on the topic 'Low incomes'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Łukasiewicz, Piotr, Krzysztof Karpio, and Arkadiusz Orłowski. "Two-component structure of household income distributions in Poland." Equilibrium 13, no. 4 (December 31, 2018): 603–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/eq.2018.029.

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Research background: Studies of the structures of the income distributions have been performed for about 15 years. They indicate that there is no model which describes the distributions in their whole range. This effect is explained by the existence of different mechanisms yielding to low-medium and high incomes. While more than 97% of the distributions can be described by exponential or log-normal models, high incomes (about 3% or less) are in agreement with the power law. Purpose of the article: The aim of this paper is an analysis of the structure of the household income distributions in Poland. We verify the hypothesis about two-part structure of those distributions by using log-normal and Pareto models. Methods: The studies are based on the households’ budgets microdata for years 2004–2012. The two-component models are used to describe the income distributions. The major parts of the distributions are described by the two parametric log-normal model. The highest incomes are described by the Pareto model. We also investigate the agreement with data of the more complex models, like Dagum, and Singh-Madalla. Findings & Value added: One has showed that two or three parametric models explain from about 95% to more than 99% of income distributions. The poorest agreement with data is for the log-normal model, while the best agreement has been obtained for the Dagum model. However, two-part model: log-normal for low-middle incomes and Pareto model for the highest incomes describes almost the whole range of income distributions very well.

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2

GARRETT, THOMAS A., and DAVID C. WHEELOCK. "Why Did Income Growth Vary Across States During the Great Depression?" Journal of Economic History 66, no. 2 (June 2006): 456–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050706000192.

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This note investigates the sources of variation in the growth of per capita personal incomes across U.S. states during the Great Depression. States entering the economic contraction with relatively low per capita incomes tended to suffer larger percentage declines in per capita income than did high income states. By contrast, low-income states tended to experience larger percentage gains during the recovery. Hence, state per capita incomes diverged during the contraction phase and converged during the recovery phase.

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3

Глебов, Andrey Glebov, Леонов, and Aleksandr Leonov. "Trends in low income of the population Russia." Clusters. Research and Development 3, no. 1 (April 18, 2017): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_58f5e53cbfd4e6.50541718.

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Analysis of household income shows that the level of real disposable income falls from 2013. The revenue structure reduced the volume of revenues from business activities, increases the amount of income received in the form of various social benefits without increasing the amount of income from property. This indicates the ineffectiveness of government policy in the sphere of incomes.

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4

ROBINSON, DEREK. "LOW PAID WORKERS AND INCOMES POLICY." Bulletin of the Oxford University Institute of Economics & Statistics 29, no. 1 (May 1, 2009): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.1967.mp29001001.x.

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5

Cairns, J. P. "NOTES LOW INCOMES, INEFFICIENCY, AND FAIRNESS." Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue canadienne d'agroeconomie 4, no. 2 (November 13, 2008): 75–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7976.1956.tb01078.x.

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6

Ward, Paul R., Fiona Verity, Patricia Carter, George Tsourtos, John Coveney, and Kwan Chui Wong. "Food Stress in Adelaide: The Relationship between Low Income and the Affordability of Healthy Food." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2013 (2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/968078.

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Healthy food is becoming increasingly expensive, and families on low incomes face a difficult financial struggle to afford healthy food. When food costs are considered, families on low incomes often face circumstances of poverty. Housing, utilities, health care, and transport are somewhat fixed in cost; however food is more flexible in cost and therefore is often compromised with less healthy, cheaper food, presenting an opportunity for families on low incomes to cut costs. Using a “Healthy Food Basket” methodology, this study costed a week’s supply of healthy food for a range of family types. It found that low-income families would have to spend approximately 30% of household income on eating healthily, whereas high-income households needed to spend about 10%. The differential is explained by the cost of the food basket relative to household income (i.e., affordability). It is argued that families that spend more than 30% of household income on food could be experiencing “food stress.” Moreover the high cost of healthy foods leaves low-income households vulnerable to diet-related health problems because they often have to rely on cheaper foods which are high in fat, sugar, and salt.

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7

Vedder, Richard. "TAXES, GROWTH, EQUITY, AND WELFARE." Social Philosophy and Policy 23, no. 2 (May 23, 2006): 53–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026505250606016x.

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The scholarly literature suggests high or increased tax burdens tend to reduce economic growth, lowering incomes. Some argue, however, that low taxes and high economic growth can have adverse income distribution consequences or can lead to utility-reducing under-consumption of needed public goods. Evidence is presented questioning those assertions. People seek happiness by moving, and tend to migrate to low tax areas. Moreover, there is little evidence that governmental expansion leads to truly greater equality. Appropriately measured, income equality is actually far greater than typically claimed. Moreover, income data suggest that the international equalization of incomes and global reduction of poverty largely reflect private sector activity, namely market forces working where the rule of law and strong protection of property rights prevails.

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8

Shaw, R. Paul. "Unemployment and Low Family Incomes in Canada." Canadian Public Policy / Analyse de Politiques 12, no. 2 (June 1986): 368. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3550483.

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9

Gardner, Bruce L. "Economic Growth and Low Incomes in Agriculture." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 82, no. 5 (December 2000): 1059–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0002-9092.00104.

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10

Leese, B., and N. Bosanquet. "High and low incomes in general practice." BMJ 298, no. 6678 (April 8, 1989): 932–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.298.6678.932.

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11

Buchhorn, Des. "Food consumption of parents on low incomes." Australian Journal of Public Health 19, no. 4 (February 12, 2010): 427–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-6405.1995.tb00400.x.

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12

Anderson, Will, Vicki White, and Andrea Finney. "Coping with low incomes and cold homes." Energy Policy 49 (October 2012): 40–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.01.002.

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13

Dunga, Steven Henry. "A Gender and Marital Status Analysis of Household Income in a Low-Income Township." Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai Oeconomica 62, no. 1 (April 25, 2017): 20–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/subboec-2017-0002.

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Abstract The analysis of income at household level is highly important for understanding the poverty and for supporting the efforts to deal with poverty. Poverty measures can be calculated from a multitude of approaches. A common approach is to use household income and draw a minimum level of income required for a household to be considered above or below poverty. This paper looked at income at household level from a gender perspective and a marital status perspective in order to draw conclusions of the nature of household’s characteristics that are associated with higher or lower income as a proxy for poverty. Based on data collected in a low income township in South Africa, the regression analysis was applied to investigate the differences between different marital statuses and gender and how they are associated with different levels of income. The regression results reveal that female headed households have, on average, lower incomes compared to male headed households, and also, that married heads of households have higher incomes compared to the single, divorced, and widowed. The widowed had the lowest average income.

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14

Galster, George, and Lena Magnusson Turner. "Status Aversion, Attraction and Discrepancy as Drivers of Neighborhood Selection." City & Community 18, no. 3 (September 2019): 937–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cico.12435.

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Neighborhood income segregation is a widespread phenomenon. We explore its origins by modeling neighborhood selection by native Norwegian households making inter–neighborhood moves, distinguishing influences of shares of three income groups and the discrepancy between the individual household's income and neighborhood median. We conduct a conditional logit analysis employing 2013–2014 population register data from the Oslo, Norway, metropolitan area. We find that status composition (shares of low– and high–income households) and status discrepancy (difference between individual household's and neighborhood median disposable incomes) critically shapes neighborhood selection, though heterogeneously across income groups. All income groups sort into neighborhoods that have more of their own status group in residence. Middle– or high–income households avoid neighborhoods with above–average shares of low–status households and median incomes that are higher than their own. High–income households are more attracted to a place the greater the superiority of their incomes compared to the neighborhood median. Our findings suggest that although the drivers of residential income segregation are powerful, public policies aimed at neighborhood diversification have potential efficacy nevertheless.

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15

COOKE, STEPHEN C. "Wage and Industry Effects in U.S. Regional Incomes, 1840 to 1987: A CES Wage Index Method." Journal of Economic History 63, no. 4 (December 2003): 1131–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050703002559.

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The Solow growth and the Heckscher-Ohlin trade models describe two competing processes through which regional incomes converge over time. Solow's model attributes rising productivity of labor to additional regional capital investments. Heckscher-Ohlin's trade model ascribes the relocation of high value industries to regions with low wage rates. On the other hand Paul Krugman expects incomes to diverge over time as regions with an initial advantage maintain it through ever increasing external economies of scale. The Solow and Heckscher-Ohlin models imply that incomes converge through the movement of high quality labor and capital and high value goods and services into low income regions respectively.

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16

Yarema, Yaroslav. "The mechanism of personal income taxation and its prospects in Ukraine." Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Bankowej w Poznaniu 92, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.9158.

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The article analyses the current mechanism of personal income taxation in Ukraine, examining the impact of its individual elements on total revenues from personal income tax. The analysis of revenue contributions from personal income taxation to the consolidated state budget and local budgets indicates that the personal income tax remains the most important sources of revenue. In the structure of personal income tax revenues, wages are the main source of taxable income. The author analyses the mechanism of taxation for natural persons (businessmen) and tax receipts flowing to local budgets from incomes from business activity and highlights its shortcomings. In this context, he proposes introducing progressive tax rates, which will make it possible to shift the tax burden from individuals with low incomes to those who earn higher incomes.

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17

BERTHOUD, RICHARD, and MARK BRYAN. "Income, Deprivation and Poverty: A Longitudinal Analysis." Journal of Social Policy 40, no. 1 (July 12, 2010): 135–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279410000504.

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AbstractIndices of material deprivation are of increasing interest in Britain and the EU as potential markers of poverty, as an alternative, or complement, to measures of low income. This is the first panel regression analysis of the relationship between households' incomes and deprivation scores over time. We show a close underlying link (people with long-term low incomes report long-term deprivation), but only a weak dynamic link (people whose income increases do not always report a commensurate fall in deprivation). The implications for poverty measurement are important both to academic analysts and to policy-makers.

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18

Buch, Claudia M. "Has Labor Income Become More Volatile? Evidence from International Industry-Level Data." German Economic Review 14, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 399–431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0475.2012.00575.x.

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Abstract Changes in labor market institutions and the increasing integration of the world economy may affect the volatility of capital and labor incomes. This article documents and analyzes changes in income volatility using data for 11 industrialized countries, 22 industries and 35 years (1970-2004). The article has four main findings. First, the unconditional volatility of labor income has declined in parallel to the decline in macroeconomic volatility. Second, the industry-specific, idiosyncratic component of labor income volatility has hardly changed. Third, cross-sectional heterogeneity is substantial. If anything, the labor incomes of high- and low-skilled workers have become more volatile relative to the volatility of capital incomes. Fourth, the volatility of labor income relative to the volatility of capital income declines in the labor share. Trade openness has no clear-cut impact.

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19

Cantillon, Bea, Zachary Parolin, and Diego Collado. "A glass ceiling on poverty reduction? An empirical investigation into the structural constraints on minimum income protections." Journal of European Social Policy 30, no. 2 (November 25, 2019): 129–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958928719880500.

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This article investigates whether declining or sluggish growth in earnings for low-wage workers contributes to declining levels of minimum income protections. Starting from the observation of lacklustre growth in minimum income protections, this article introduces a framework to conceptualize the tensions facing modern welfare states in their attempt to (1) provide poverty-alleviating minimum incomes, (2) achieve employment growth and (3) keep spending levels in check. We argue that, due to downward pressure on low gross wages compared to median household incomes, it has become more difficult to balance each of those three objectives. Estimation results from country-year panel data suggest that declines in minimum wages (or low gross wages) are associated with declines in minimum income protections for the jobless. When growth in minimum income protections does exceed growth in low gross wages, we find that welfare states also increase gross-to-net effort to subsidize the net income of low-wage earners. We argue that these findings point towards a ‘structural inadequacy’ around minimum income protections for the jobless.

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20

Lee, Young-Shin, and Susan S. Levy. "Gender and Income Associations in Physical Activity and Blood Pressure Among Older Adults." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 8, no. 1 (January 2011): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.8.1.1.

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Objectives:To examine physical activity (PA) in multiple contexts (household, walking, and leisure-time PA) and blood pressure (BP) across gender and income among older adults living independently.Methods:A convenience sample of 372 older adults completed 2 BP measurements and PA questionnaires.Results:Older adults with high incomes (≥$30,000) engaged in less household activity, more leisure time PA and better controlled their BP than those with low incomes (<$30,000). Men walked more than women. Older women in the low-income group had less controlled BP than those women in the high-income group. Participants with normal or controlled BP were engaged in more household and walking activities than those with uncontrolled BP.Conclusion:Findings suggest that older men and women at high or low-income levels have different mode of PA and BP management that should be considered for intervention strategies.

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21

Groves, T. "Long term carers have low incomes, says study." BMJ 310, no. 6972 (January 14, 1995): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.310.6972.81.

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22

Thompson, Jeffrey P., and Elias Leight. "Do Rising Top Income Shares Affect the Incomes Or Earnings of Low and Middle-Income Families?" Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2012, no. 76 (2012): 1–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17016/feds.2012.76.

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23

Andrews, Fiona, Natasha Griffiths, Lorinda Harrison, and Karen Stagnitti. "Expectations of parents on low incomes and therapists who work with parents on low incomes of the first therapy session." Australian Occupational Therapy Journal 60, no. 6 (June 18, 2013): 436–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1440-1630.12044.

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24

MURPHY, RYAN H. "Economic freedom of North America at state borders." Journal of Institutional Economics 12, no. 4 (June 15, 2016): 885–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744137416000114.

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AbstractI use matched county pairs on either side of US state borders to investigate the causal effects of the Economic Freedom of North America index (EFNA) on local outcomes. This method is similar to Dube et al. (2010). I construct a panel of county pairs running from 1981–2012 and four measures of outcomes, logged real incomes, logged real per capita incomes, employment, and logged real wages, employing single year and five year differences-in-differences. I find small, but precisely estimated, effects on incomes but mixed effects on wages and employment. All regressions show low R2. This supports the hypothesis that state-level economic freedom improves capital income or that it attracts capital income across state borders.

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25

Taylor, Sarah, and Chris Warburton Brown. "The Contribution of Gifts to the Household Economy of Low-Income Families." Social Policy and Society 10, no. 2 (February 24, 2011): 163–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746410000515.

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Measurements of income at the household level have traditionally only recorded income received by household members. This has generally been reflected in qualitative research. However, using interview data from two studies of British mothers and children on low incomes, we find that for some, cash and in-kind transfers from family and friends outside the household form a significant proportion of household income. In some cases, income is doubled once gifts are included. Thus, gifts make a substantial contribution to living standards, both quantitatively and qualitatively. The implications of this finding for income measurement are discussed, and further research is recommended.

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26

Alla, Leonidova. "The effect of inflation on welfare of the population and Russian market capacity." SHS Web of Conferences 69 (2019): 00071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20196900071.

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The material basis of welfare of the population is its income. However, the inflation negatively affects current incomes of the population and market capacity determined by the value of current incomes. Given the variable dynamics of inflation, it is necessary to evaluate its impact on household incomes and market capacity using the accumulated inflation rate with a scientifically based reference point. This calculation option will allow us to determine the dynamics of real average per capita incomes and market capacity calculated in constant prices of the reference point, assess the problem and its impact on the economic development. The low level of real per capita incomes and their negative dynamics are aggravated by loans of the population which reduce the market capacity and make the domestic market less attractive for manufacturers.

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27

HASHMI, AAMIR RAFIQUE, and WEN JIE MOK. "DETERMINANTS OF LOW FERTILITY IN SINGAPORE: EVIDENCE FROM A HOUSEHOLD SURVEY." Singapore Economic Review 58, no. 04 (December 2013): 1350023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590813500239.

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Below-replacement fertility is a common problem among the rich countries with far-reaching economic and social implications. The problem is more acute in some economically fast-growing Asian countries where the fertility decline has been more rapid and the current fertility rates have reached levels that are unprecedented in recent history. In this paper, data from a unique household survey have been used to understand the determinants of low fertility in one such country: Singapore. The total fertility rate in Singapore has dropped from 4.7 children per woman in 1965 to 1.2 in 2011. This is well below the replacement level of 2.1 and one of the lowest in the world. The authors identify three key determinants of fertility in Singapore: (1) age at marriage; (2) household income; and (3) number of siblings' children. They find that fertility is negatively related to age at marriage and positively related to the number of siblings' children. The relationship between fertility and household income is U-shaped: the relationship is negative for household incomes of up to S$21 000 (in 2010 Singapore dollars) and positive for higher incomes.

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28

Leenaars, Antoon A., and David Lester. "Predicting Suicide Rate among Elderly Persons in Canadian Provinces." Psychological Reports 82, no. 3_suppl (June 1998): 1202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1998.82.3c.1202.

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29

Andersen, Robert, Anthony Heath, and David Weakliem. "By Popular Demand: The Effect of Public Opinion on Income Inequality." Comparative Sociology 4, no. 3-4 (2005): 261–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156913305775010124.

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AbstractThis paper examines the relationship between public support for wage differentials and actual income inequality using data from the World Values Surveys. The distribution of income is more equal in nations where public opinion is more egalitarian. There is some evidence that the opinions of people with higher incomes are more influential than those of people with low incomes. Although the estimated relationship is stronger in democracies, it is present even under non-democratic governments, and the hypothesis that effects are equal cannot be rejected. We consider the possibility of reciprocal causation by means of an instrumental variables analysis, which yields no evidence that income distribution affects opinion.

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30

Phillips, V. L. "Community care for severely disabled people on low incomes." BMJ 311, no. 7013 (October 28, 1995): 1121–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.311.7013.1121.

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31

van Dam, Christiaan Johannes, Joy Noel Baumgartner, and Timothy D. Mastro. "Managing Depression in Countries With Low and Middle Incomes." Psychosomatic Medicine 74, no. 9 (2012): 880–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/psy.0b013e318278eeef.

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32

Schächtele, Simeon. "Tax Responses at Low Taxable Incomes: Evidence from Germany*." Fiscal Studies 41, no. 2 (June 2020): 411–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1475-5890.12220.

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33

Ales, Laurence, Musab Kurnaz, and Christopher Sleet. "Technical Change, Wage Inequality, and Taxes." American Economic Review 105, no. 10 (October 1, 2015): 3061–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20140466.

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This paper considers the normative implications of technical change for tax policy design. A task-to-talent assignment model of the labor market is embedded into an optimal tax problem. Technical change modifies equilibrium wage growth across talents and the substitutability of talents across tasks. The overall optimal policy response is to reduce marginal income taxes on low to middle incomes, while raising those on middle to high incomes. The reform favors those in the middle of the income distribution, reducing their average taxes while lowering transfers to those at the bottom. (JEL D31, H21, H23, H24, J31, O33)

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34

Mikheev, Andrej Vyacheslavovich. "PROBABILITY MODEL OF POVERTY CALCULATION SUBJECT TO DIFFERENT FORMS OF INCOME TAXATION." Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University. Series: Management, computer science and informatics 2020, no. 4 (October 31, 2020): 101–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/2072-9502-2020-4-101-111.

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The article highlights a probabilistic model constructed for calculating the number of poor and the total income tax levied on all taxpayers under different income tax systems. There is considered the proportional income tax system adopted in the Russian Federation, as well as single-stage systems with both fixed and variable tax rates, in which individuals with low incomes are exempted from income tax. For these tax systems there have been found the dependences of the expected value of the number of the poor and the total income tax on the tax rate, tax-free minimum, and also on the laws of probabilities distribution of total income and the living wage of an individual. A numerical simulation of the found dependences was carried out. The conditions under which the abolition of income tax for individuals with low incomes reduces the number of poor were determined. Mathematical criteria are formulated with the help of which it is possible to assess the feasibility of moving from a proportional system to single-stage income tax systems.

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35

Torregrosa-Hetland, Sara. "Inequality in tax evasion: the case of the Spanish income tax." Applied Economic Analysis 28, no. 83 (July 15, 2020): 89–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aea-01-2020-0007.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to estimate tax evasion and its impact on progressivity, redistribution and the measurement of inequality, using microdata from the Spanish income tax for 2001-2004. Design/methodology/approach The approach follows Feldman and Slemrod (2007) by exploiting the relation of charitable donations with the composition of income but introduces two methodological innovations, which could be useful for further studies: correction for sample selection with a Heckman two-step setting and the calculation of different evasion rates for top incomes with an interaction term. Findings Evasion in capital incomes was significant throughout these years. Financial incomes were reported at around 50-70 per cent of their real value, with the lowest estimates corresponding to the top decile. Revenues from fixed capital display similarly low compliance rates for the top 10 per cent. Tax evasion in self-employment incomes (direct assessment) is estimated at 20 per cent for 2001. Mostly because of a composition effect, this means that fraud was higher at the top of the income distribution, thus having a regressive impact. Inequality statistics and top income concentration estimates should, therefore, be revised upwards. Originality/value This is the first paper to estimate the distributive impacts of tax evasion in Spain, and one of very few internationally.

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36

HANCOCK, RUTH. "Housing wealth, income and financial wealth of older people in Britain." Ageing and Society 18, no. 1 (January 1998): 5–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x97006685.

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This paper explores the housing wealth of older people in Britain in relation to their incomes and financial wealth. Family Expenditure Survey data for 1992/3 to 1993/4 are used to assess the extent to which housing wealth could alleviate income poverty in old age. A range of poverty and housing wealth thresholds are used. Although housing wealth increases with both income and financial wealth, the analysis suggests that there are non-negligible proportions of low income older people who could generate small supplements to their incomes by converting the wealth tied up in their homes into an income stream, but in few cases would this be sufficient to pay for long-term residential care for any length of time.

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37

Egoryshev, S. V., R. M. Sadykov, and Yu V. Migunova. "Social food practices of children in the low-income Russian families." RUDN Journal of Sociology 19, no. 3 (December 15, 2019): 432–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2272-2019-19-3-432-442.

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The article is based on the results of the study of social practices of nutrition of children in low-income Russian families. The authors consider approaches to the study of food practices as a historically and culturally determined phenomenon, which is in many respects connected with social-economic characteristics and problems of the contemporary society. The quality of nutrition is defined as the main indicator of the social-economic development of the country determining public health and social potential. Today the Russian society is characterized by the deterioration of the children and adolescents’ health, including due to the decrease in the nutritional value of the family food consumption. The current situation proves the social significance of the problem of nutrition for children and other groups of population, which is manifested in the close relationship between the dietary practices and the content of the national projects implemented in Russia. The article presents the data of official statistics and the results of the survey conducted in the Republic of Bashkortostan, which characterize the existing and emerging food practices in Russian families as depending on their incomes and number of children. According to the results of the survey, for 35% of families the food expenses make up to 30-40% of their income, for 26% - 40-50%, while the share of 20-25% is considered the global threshold of poverty. With an increase in the level of income, the share of food expenses decreases, and vice versa; and the nutrition in small families is much better and diverse than in large families, i.e. the social nutrition practices of the Russian families depend on their incomes and living standards.

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38

Scheicher, Christoph. "Does Work Always Pay in Germany?" German Economic Review 11, no. 3 (August 1, 2010): 266–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0475.2009.00481.x.

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Abstract Income redistribution in Germany is the result of a combination of several redistribution instruments: there is a complex income tax law, different obligatory social insurances and supplementary benefits. This paper estimates income redistribution by quantile regression, using German EVS data. Two results are obtained: income after redistribution does not always increase in line with income before redistribution, i.e. for people with a low income before redistribution, it does not make sense to increase their efforts, since more work means less earnings. Further, an increasing redistribution rate for higher incomes is not always observable from the data.

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39

WILLIAMS, SAMANTHA. "Earnings, Poor Relief and the Economy of Makeshifts: Bedfordshire in the Early Years of the New Poor Law." Rural History 16, no. 1 (March 29, 2005): 21–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793304001293.

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It is increasingly recognised by those engaged in the debate concerning the standard of living of workers during industrialisation that all forms of household income need to be assessed, not just male waged work. A more holistic approach also considers women and children's earnings, poor relief, and the wide range of self-provisioning activities and resources available through the ‘economy of makeshifts’. Over one hundred household budgets of agricultural labourers and their families have been analysed from the Ampthill Union, Bedfordshire, just before and during the implementation of the new poor law in order to further explore and quantify all components to the household income of labouring families in this key transition decade. The article finds that poor relief to families was cut in the wake of the Poor Law Amendment Act. It also finds that the low incomes of families necessitated supplementation through making shift. When the makeshift economy is quantified, it becomes clear that such activities could significantly supplement incomes.

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Zarkovic-Rakic, Jelena, and Marko Vladisavljevic. "Tax reforms and income inequality in former Yugoslav countries: Escaping the avant-garde neoliberalism in the income tax policy." Panoeconomicus 68, no. 2 (2021): 231–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan2102231z.

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After the breakup of former Yugoslavia Croatia, Serbia and Slovenia followed different income tax reform trajectories that could explain currently different levels of income inequality in these countries. Our paper analyzes redistributive effects of introducing progressive tax systems, like the ones currently implemented in Slovenia and Croatia, in the Serbian context. Using microsimulation modeling and Survey on Income and Living Conditions data for 2017 our results suggest that implementation of both Croatian and Slovenian tax system would yield lower levels of income inequality and poverty if applied in Serbia. Slovenian system achieves larger decrease in inequality due to higher tax burden on the top incomes and brings significant increase in tax revenues. Croatian tax schedule achieves stronger decrease in poverty as more generous personal allowance exempt higher portions of low incomes from labour taxes.

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DEPAULA, GUILHERME, and ROBERT MENDELSOHN. "DEVELOPMENT AND THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON ENERGY DEMAND: EVIDENCE FROM BRAZIL." Climate Change Economics 01, no. 03 (December 2010): 187–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010007810000157.

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This paper investigates the effects of climate on residential electricity use for households from different income classes in Brazil. Using cross-sectional data, the study finds that the temperature elasticity of electricity consumption varies significantly across income classes. The temperature elasticity of low income households is not significantly different from zero but middle and high income families have a long run temperature elasticity of 0.8 and 1.6 respectively. As emerging low latitude countries develop and incomes rise, the welfare damages of warming in the energy sector will become substantial.

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Nakada, Minoru. "Distance to hazard: an environmental policy with income heterogeneity." Environment and Development Economics 22, no. 1 (September 26, 2016): 51–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x16000231.

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AbstractThis study examines whether voting by individuals of different income levels affects the stringency of environmental policy if their residential proximity to a pollution source is considered. A location model with heterogeneous agents is extended to include a single environmentally hazardous site at the edge of a linear city and the degree of damage from pollution is assumed to depend on the distance from this emissions site. The analysis demonstrates through majority voting that the equilibrium emissions tax rate is higher when the income level of the median voter is lower, because residents with low incomes reside near the hazardous site and thus benefit more from pollution abatement than residents with higher incomes.

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Ramsey-Musolf, Darrel. "Accessory Dwelling Units as Low-Income Housing: California’s Faustian Bargain." Urban Science 2, no. 3 (September 18, 2018): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/urbansci2030089.

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In 2003, California allowed cities to count accessory dwelling units (ADU) towards low-income housing needs. Unless a city’s zoning code regulates the ADU’s maximum rent, occupancy income, and/or effective period, then the city may be unable to enforce low-income occupancy. After examining a stratified random sample of 57 low-, moderate-, and high-income cities, the high-income cities must proportionately accommodate more low-income needs than low-income cities. By contrast, low-income cities must quantitatively accommodate three times the low-income needs of high-income cities. The sample counted 750 potential ADUs as low-income housing. Even though 759 were constructed, no units were identified as available low-income housing. In addition, none of the cities’ zoning codes enforced low-income occupancy. Inferential tests determined that cities with colleges and high incomes were more probable to count ADUs towards overall and low-income housing needs. Furthermore, a city’s count of potential ADUs and cities with high proportions of renters maintained positive associations with ADU production, whereas a city’s density and prior compliance with state housing laws maintained negative associations. In summary, ADUs did increase local housing inventory and potential ADUs were positively associated with ADU production, but ADUs as low-income housing remained a paper calculation.

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Martens, Andre, Roy Culpeper, and Andrew Clark. "High Stakes and Low Incomes: Canada and the Development Banks." Canadian Public Policy / Analyse de Politiques 23, no. 1 (March 1997): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3552143.

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TARASOV, Vladimir T. "A NEW APPROACH TO THE ANALYSIS OF INEQUALITY IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF CASH INCOMES OF THE POPULATION OF THE URAL FEDERAL DISTRICT." Tyumen State University Herald. Social, Economic, and Law Research 7, no. 1 (2021): 6–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21684/2411-7897-2021-7-1-6-24.

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The article analyzes income inequality in the regions of the Ural Federal District using methodological innovations proposed by scientists from the Study Center of Sociocultural Changes at the Institute of Philosophy of the RAS and the Vologda Scientific Center of the RAS who introduced a family of income inequality centile coefficients into scientific circulation. These indicators characterize the ratio of incomes of the population various groups in the context of its depersonalized representative macrostrates.In the context of deepening economic inequality, the relevance of these innovations increases significantly, since in the current practice of identifying and analyzing the differentiation of the population incomes, a limited list of indicators is used, while the proposed new indicators make it possible to significantly expand the analytical possibilities of substantiating social policy. However, the complexity of the innovations application lies in the fact that the published statistical information does not allow directly calculating new characteristics. In this regard, the goal of the article is to substantiate and experimentally test a new toolkit that allows, on the basis of limited factual data, to determine the decile distribution of the regions population by the level of monetary income and to form the possibility of further calculating income weights and centile indicators of inequality. Experimental calculations were performed using the example of the Ural Federal District regions for 2000-2018. As a result of calculations and subsequent analysis, macrostrains of the supposed middle class with a stable share of monetary incomes in their total volume are identified that are stable over a long time. At the same time, the growth of inequality was mainly due to the redistribution of incomes from the low-income group in favor of the population part with the highest incomes.

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Whitfield, Grahame, and Chris Dearden. "Low Income Households: Casualties of the Boom, Casualties of the Bust?" Social Policy and Society 11, no. 1 (December 6, 2011): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746411000431.

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This article reflects on research undertaken with low income households over a 12 month period following the ‘credit crunch’, a period characterised by rapid change to the financial landscape in the UK. It argues that people living on persistent low incomes were casualties of the economic ‘boom’ as they did not benefit from economic growth and of the ‘bust’ in that they most keenly felt the impact of the recession and the reaction of financial institutions to the new financial landscape. It concludes by arguing that, reflecting on the complexity of people's lives, addressing indebtedness requires a multi-faceted approach.

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Lee, Kyunghee. "Effects of Maternal Employment and Receiving Welfare on Family Outcomes among Low-Income Families." Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 91, no. 2 (April 2010): 178–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1606/1044-3894.3972.

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This study investigated how maternal employment and welfare-receipt were associated with family outcomes, using data from the Infant Health and Development Program (IHDP). This study looked at mothers and children among low-income families who received welfare and/or were employed during the first 3 years of the child's life. Mothers whose incomes were from welfare only had lower outcomes than mothers who earned some or all their income from employment. Those in the intervention groups receiving enrichment services had more positive outcomes than those of the group with only follow-up. The findings suggest that maternal employment for low-income families should be encouraged when mothers are ready to participate in employment and when support systems such as quality child care are provided.

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Bivens, Josh, and Lawrence Mishel. "The Pay of Corporate Executives and Financial Professionals as Evidence of Rents in Top 1 Percent Incomes." Journal of Economic Perspectives 27, no. 3 (August 1, 2013): 57–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.27.3.57.

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The debate over the extent and causes of rising inequality of American incomes and wages has now raged for at least two decades. In this paper, we will make four arguments. First, the increase in the incomes and wages of the top 1 percent over the last three decades should be interpreted as driven largely by the creation and/or redistribution of economic rents, and not simply as the outcome of well-functioning competitive markets rewarding skills or productivity based on marginal differences. This rise in rents accruing to the top 1 percent could be the result of increased opportunities for rentshifting, increased incentives for rent-shifting, or a combination of both. Second, this rise in incomes at the very top has been the primary impediment to having growth in living standards for low- and moderate-income households approach the growth rate of economy-wide productivity. Third, because this rise in top incomes is largely driven by rents, there is the potential for checking (or even reversing) this rise through policy measures with little to no adverse impact on overall economic growth. Lastly, this analysis suggests two complementary approaches for policymakers wishing to reverse the rise in the top 1 percent's share of income: dismantling the institutional sources of their increased ability to channel rents their way and/or reducing the return to this rent-seeking by significantly increasing marginal rates of taxation on high incomes.

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Gwartney, James D., and Robert A. Lawson. "THE IMPACT OF TAX POLICY ON ECONOMIC GROWTH, INCOME DISTRIBUTION, AND ALLOCATION OF TAXES." Social Philosophy and Policy 23, no. 2 (May 23, 2006): 28–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052506060158.

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Using a sample of seventy-seven countries, this paper focuses on marginal tax rates and the income thresholds at which they apply to examine how the tax changes of the 1980s and 1990s have influenced economic growth, the distribution of income, and the share of taxes paid by various income groups. Many countries substantially reduced their highest marginal rates during the 1985-1995 period. The findings indicate that countries that reduced their highest marginal rates grew more rapidly than those that maintained high marginal rates. At the same time, the income distribution in several of the tax cutting countries became more unequal while there was little change or even a reduction in income inequality in most countries that maintained high marginal rates. Finally, the evidence suggests that there was a shift in the payment of the personal income tax away from those with low and middle incomes and toward those with the highest incomes.

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Abu, Nurudeen, Mohd Zaini Abd Karim, and Mukhriz Izraf Azman Aziz. "Low Savings Rates in the Economic Community of West African States (Ecowas): The Role of the Political Instability-Income Interaction." South East European Journal of Economics and Business 8, no. 2 (November 1, 2014): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jeb-2013-0010.

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Abstract This paper employs PCSE, OLS and TSLS with random effects to investigate the impact of the political instabilityincome interaction on savings in ECOWAS countries during the period 1996-2012. The empirical evidence illustrates that higher political stability is associated with higher savings and income levels moderate the adverse effect of political instability on savings, indicating that the impact of political instability on savings is higher in low income ECOWAS countries, but lesser at higher levels of income. The paper recommends the promotion of political stability via increases in incomes to raise savings in the ECOWAS region.

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