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Aussant, V. Jill. "The breastfeeding experience for women with low incomes, a phenomenological exploration." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ60408.pdf.
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Bigdeli, Maryam. "Access to medicines in low- and middle-incomes countries: a health systems approach :conceptual framework and practical applications." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209036.
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Arsyad, Lincolin, and arsy0002@flinders edu au. "AN ASSESSMENT OF PERFORMANCE AND SUSTAINABILITY OF MICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONS: A Case Study of Village Credit Institutions in Gianyar, Bali, Indonesia." Flinders University. Development Studies, 2006. http://catalogue.flinders.edu.au./local/adt/public/adt-SFU20060621.142512.
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Microfinance institutions have evolved as an economic development tool intended to benefit low-income people. The benefit, however, can only be achieved if the institutions have a good financial and outreach performance. This study has three objectives. The first objective is to assess the influences of informal and formal institutions and their interrelationships on the practical operational arrangement of Village Credit Institutions of Bali (Lembaga Perkreditan Desa or LPD). Second, to evaluate the financial performance and outreach indicators of the institutions and to assess the influence of informal and formal institution on the sustainability of the institutions, which has received little attention from previous studies. Finally, to outline some elements of a strategic business plan for two selected village credit institutions (LPDs) in Gianyar district, LPD Mas and LPD Kerta.
By using a case study approach, this study finds that the informal institutions (such as social values, norms, and sanctions) have significant influences on the practical arrangements of the LPDs, including the organisation, recruitment procedure, delivery mechanism, and remuneration system. Along with the influence of informal institutions, the formal institutions have also had some direct influences on the practical operational arrangements of the LPDs that are reflected in the supervision and guidance system of LPDs, an obligation to apply prudential principles of banking, and the remuneration system. The findings also show that the local government regulations (formal institutions) concerning the LPDs have accommodated the informal institutions of the Balinese in the background of their establishment, status and ownership, and organisation of the LPDs.
Based on the performance indicators - portfolio quality, leverage, capital adequacy ratio (CAR), productivity, efficiency, profitability, self-sufficiency, and outreach � the LPDs in Gianyar district could be considered as success microfinance institutions. The success is influenced by some important factors. First, the use of local people in managing the LPDs and the application of character-based lending system in screening the clients. This has resulted in a high clients� sense of belonging and moral obligation to support the development of the LPD Second, the use of social (custom) sanctions in the contractual enforcement has forced the borrowers to comply with their credit contract in a timely fashion. Third, the use of local community personnel whose remuneration is based on performance and low transaction costs has resulted in the high efficiency of LPDs. Fourth, a growing economy and supporting government policy at all levels through provision of a legal basis for the LPDs and the Central Bank regulation (formal institutions) have also contributed to the success of the LPDs. Thus, based on the necessary conditions of sustainable microfinance institution proposed by some scholars(Yaron 1994; Christen 1998), it can be concluded that the Gianyar district LPDs have been sustainable, and by that implication they have positive net social benefits for their clients.
Any attempt, however, to replicate the achievements of the LPDs by imitating its mode of operations should be conducted with great caution. A mechanism that works well in one socioeconomic environment (in this instance, in Bali) will not necessarily work in another, where the social system including social norms and values are different. But, the experience of the LPDs is a valuable thing since it has highlighted some critical issues that should be considered when handling the complex issue providing financial services to rural people.
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Howe, Peter E. Rosenthal Stuart S. "Low-income rural homeownership." Related electronic resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.
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Franceys, Richard W. A. "Infrastructure for low-income communities : an investigation into the provision of sustainable physical infrastructure for low-income communities in low-income countries." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1991. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/28052.
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Physical infrastructure is required for health and security. Physical infrastructure also plays a significant role in development and economic growth. It may be seen as the foundation on which the expansion of agricultural production and subsequently industrial production takes place. Both of these are required to generate sustainable economic growth to support social welfare. This thesis examines methods of enabling low-income households and communities in low-income ('developing') countries to benefit from physical infrastructure.
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MATTOS, MARINA PINTO DE ABREU ZORNOFF DE. "THE LOW INCOME CONSUMER AND THE LOW INCOME CONSUMER AND DRINK AND POWDERED SOAP." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2007. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=10556@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROAs alterações no cenário econômico dos países emergentes causaram reflexos positivos na base da pirâmide através do aumento de seu poder aquisitivo. No Brasil, esta realidade é percebida pelo ritmo acelerado de mudanças na última década que impactaram o setor varejista, trazendo uma grande quantidade de marcas para os diferentes setores da economia. Estas novas ofertas para o consumidor de baixa renda foram fundamentadas, muitas vezes, em preços mais acessíveis a sua capacidade de consumo. Este movimento de fortalecimento de marcas populares suscitou a reação das marcas premium. Para direcionar a estratégia das grandes empresas, nesta busca por se re- conectarem aos consumidores pobres, é importante entender mais profundamente a relação deles com as marcas. A presente dissertação teve então como objetivo obter um melhor entendimento do papel e do significado da marca no processo de decisão de compra de produtos, dos segmentos de refrigerante e sabão em pó, para consumidores da classe baixa. Para tanto foram realizadas dez (10) entrevistas em profundidade com mulheres pertencentes às classes C e D, residentes no estado do Rio de Janeiro e responsáveis pela compra de supermercado de suas famílias. Apesar da pesquisa não se propor a explorar o peso das variáveis utilizadas por estas mulheres na decisão de compra, pôde-se observar que existe certa hierarquização. No caso de refrigerante, as mulheres entrevistadas avaliam, em geral, (1) os refrigerantes não reprovados pela família, (2) o preço, (3) o orçamento disponível e (4) as marcas preferidas (premium). No caso de sabão em pó, a escolha parece ser feita levando-se em consideração (1) a marca (verbalizada como sendo a opção pela qualidade), (2) o preço e (3) o orçamento disponível. Avaliando os elementos subjetivos da compra e indo além do discurso das mulheres entrevistadas, a compra do refrigerante (das marcas aprovadas pela família) traz a recompensa pelo elogio dos filhos e marido; enquanto a compra do sabão em pó das marcas premium (percebida por elas como as marcas de melhor qualidade) traz um sentimento de realização do cuidado com a família, a certeza de ter feito a compra certa, mais inteligente, de melhor custo/benefício. Percebe-se então que a equação de valor que rege a decisão de compra destas mulheres de baixa renda não é simples e não é única. Parecem existir modelos diferentes para a tomada de decisão de compra de produtos distintos (refrigerante e sabão em pó).
Changes in the economic scene of emerging countries had caused positive consequences in the base of the pyramid through the increase of its purchasing power. In Brazil, this scenario is perceived by the sped up rhythm of changes in the last decade that impacted the retail business, bringing a great number of brands for different sectors of the economy. These new offers for the low income consumer had been often based in more affordable prices for the consumption capacity of this tier. This movement of popular brands empowerment awaked the reaction of premium brands. To guide the strategy of great companies, in this pursue for reconnecting with poor consumers, is important to deeply understand their relation with brands. The present dissertation had then the objective to get a better understanding of the role and meaning of brands in the purchase decision process of products, within the segments of soft drink and powdered soap, for low income consumers. To reach that goal, ten (10) in depth interviews with women pertaining to C and D tiers, residents in the state of Rio de Janeiro and responsible for the supermarket purchase of their families, had been carried through. Despite the research does not consider to explore the utility of the variables used for these women in the purchase decision, it could be observed that a hierarchy exists. In soft drink purchase, the interviewed women mostly evaluate (1) soft drinks not disapproved by their family, (2) price, (3) available budget and (4) preferred brands (premium brands). In the powdered soap purchase, the choice seems to be made taking in consideration (1) brand (expressed as being the option for quality), (2) price and (3) available budget. Evaluating the subjective elements of the purchase and going beyond the speech of the interviewed women, the purchase of soft drink (of brands approved by their family) brings rewards through compliment of kids and husband; while the purchase of powdered soap of premium brand (perceived for them as better quality brands) brings a feeling of accomplishment in taking care of their families, the certainty to have done the precise purchase, more intelligent, of better cost/benefit. Is perceived then that the value equation that drives the purchase decision of these low income women is not simple and is not unique. They seem to exist different models in purchase decision taking of distinct products (soft drink and powdered soap).
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Warburton, Rachel L. "Wasteland to Wonderland:Sustainable Brownfield Redevelopment Projects in Low-Income Areas of Los Angeles." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pitzer_theses/31.
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The conversion of industrial waste sites, also known as brownfields, into sustainable green space can impact the surrounding community in a number of ways. This thesis is a compilation of three case studies in low-income areas of Los Angeles which have all experienced a brownfield to green space conversion. All three projects are dictated by various stakeholders and are located at the intersection of economic and environmental issues. I examine how the stakeholders of these projects affect the process and design and in turn how the process and design affects the community surrounding the site. Additionally this thesis sheds light on how the social, environment and economic implications of these projects change depending on the structural paradigms behind them.
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Beach, Karen. "Staying put are low-income homeowners better positioned than low-income renters to withstand gentrification pressures? /." CONNECT TO ELECTRONIC THESIS, 2008. http://dspace.wrlc.org/handle/1961/4416.
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Feitosa, Lewis Vania Cinuciusky. "Low-Income Housing Development in Brazil." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/559273.
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Karachiwalla, Naureen Iqbal. "Managing teachers in low-income countries." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:2fc937db-1a24-4442-842e-352c15459014.
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Apart from the introduction (Chapter 1) and conclusion (Chapter 7), this thesis comprises five chapters organized into two parts: Part I studies promotion incentives in the public sector, and focuses on the case of teachers in rural China. All teachers in China compete with their colleagues for rank promotions. I aim to answer two questions: first, whether the promotion system for teachers in China elicits effort from teachers, and second, how the design features of the promotion system affect effort incentives. Part I includes four chapters. Chapter 2 introduces the topic and provides a background on promotions for teachers in China. It also discusses related work in this area, and introduces the data that will be used in Part I. Chapter 3 presents and tests a theoretical model of promotions as an incentive device. The model treats all teachers as identical in terms of their ability, and as such, focuses on average levels of teacher effort. It predicts that effort is exerted in response to potential promotions. In addition, the model also predicts that average effort incentives are higher in promotion contests in which the wage gap is higher, the promotion rate is closer to one half, the number of teachers competing for a promotion is higher (for promotion rates between 1/3 and 2/3), and the average age of teachers in the contest is lower, or the proportion of female teachers is lower. The model is used to derive an estimating equation by which to test predictions on average levels of teacher effort. An equation is estimated for the probability of promotion as a function of teacher effort, which is proxied by the teachers' annual performance evaluation scores. There is simultaneity present as effort increases the probability of promotion, but it is also the promise of promotion that motivates effort. As a result, effort is instrumented using wage changes, which are both informative (higher wage gaps are associated with higher effort) and valid (wages only affect promotions through effort). The second stage of the regression demonstrates that effort is indeed exerted by teachers in order to win promotions. The first stage confirms the predictions of the model with regards to wage gaps, the promotion rate, and the size and composition of the pool of competitors. Chapter 4 extends the model of Chapter 3 in two ways: teachers are now treated as heterogeneous in ability, and a multi-period model of teacher effort over time is also added. This chapter focuses on individual levels of teacher effort, and on how the parameters of the promotion system interact with teacher characteristics to affect teacher effort. The predictions include that teachers in the extremes of the skill distribution will have lower incentives, and as the contest size increases these teachers will have effort incentives that are lower still, that teachers who are five or more years from promotion eligibility will have zero effort, as will teachers in the highest rank, that teacher effort will increase in the five years leading up to promotion eligibility, and that teacher effort will decrease after a teacher is eligible for promotion but has been passed over several times. An effort equation is estimated that captures all of these components, and the predictions are largely affirmed by the data. Tests are conducted in order to alleviate concerns about selection, as well as measurement error in the performance evaluation scores. Chapter 5 concludes Part I. Part II of this thesis looks at teacher labour markets, social distance, and learning outcomes in Punjab, Pakistan. Chapter 6 explores the link between the distribution of teachers in the labour market, caste differences between teachers and students, and child learning outcomes. Using rich longitudinal data from Pakistan that allows me to convincingly identify the causal effects of caste on learning outcomes, I show how the distribution of teachers across public schools induces particular matches of high and low caste teachers and students, and that these matches are highly predictive of test score outcomes. Specifically, low caste male children perform significantly better when taught by high caste teachers than when they are taught by low caste teachers. Several possible channels are explored, including discrimination in the classroom, role model effects, teacher quality, patronage, peer effects, and returns to education. Although the channel cannot be proven, the data points to high caste teachers being able to raise the already high returns to education for low caste children because they are able to assist these children in getting educational benefits and employment later on using their patronage networks. Low caste children therefore work harder to impress high caste teachers, and this results in higher learning outcomes.
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Rizzo, Joseph Christopher. "Agency within Low/Moderate Income Community." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/28403.
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The objective of the study is to focus on two key areas; (1) to measure qualify of life based on the type project and whether the tenant receives rental assistance based on affordable rents, stress level, affordability and safety, location, financial ability, and project management; and (2) to measure Creating Community based on the type of project and whether the tenant receives rental assistance based on communication with neighbors, comfort level, family relationship, stress level, and the project building?s resources. The use of a questionnaire, secondary data, tenant stories, and community impact study were used to measure those key areas. The use of social capital by the nonprofit developer to leverage political and financial capitals creates built capital, and in turn creates strong social capital and community. It is these bonding and bridging principals that help reshape the field and redefine agents? habitus.
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Bangara, Bertha Chipo. "Macroeconomic dynamics in low income economies." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20712.
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This thesis investigates the dynamic effects of two interrelated characteristics of low income economies: Commodity concentration of exports, and foreign exchange constraints on the behaviour of key macroeconomic variables. The literature defines the problem of export fluctuations with reference to commodity concentration of exports, the ability to forecast the fluctuations, and the availability of foreign reserves to meet the effects of fluctuations. When a country's exports are concentrated in a single commodity or a few commodities, price fluctuations may lead to low export earnings and low reserves. This has implications for the macroeconomic environment, since low levels of reserves may not adequately mitigate the effects of price fluctuations. Therefore, we first explore the macroeconomic effects of price fluctuations in low income economies with a high commodity concentration of exports. Specifically, we examine the dynamic response of selected macroeconomic variables to tobacco price shocks in Malawi, using quarterly time series data from 1980 to 2012. Using innovation accounting in a structural vector auto regressive (SVAR) model with short-run restrictions, we find that a positive tobacco price shock increases gross domestic product (GDP), reduces consumer prices, and induces an appreciation of the real exchange rate. These results are also robust to SVAR in differenced data and co-integrating vector autoregressive (CVAR) models. The CVAR confirms the existence of a long run-relationship among the variables, with causality running from tobacco prices to the three variables. Second, we provide an empirical analysis of the effect of shortage of foreign exchange in an import dependent, low income economy. It has become clear from the existing literature that low income economies tend to suffer from foreign exchange shortages exacerbated by their exports. Because of the concentration of their exports, these countries are susceptible to international price fluctuations which affect the level of foreign exchange. In addition, these countries tend to overvalue and fix their exchange rate, which worsens their terms of trade and leads to low levels of reserves. This causes foreign exchange shortages and leads to excess demand for foreign exchange by importers. We therefore investigate the implications of foreign exchange constraints on the dynamic behaviour of key macroeconomic variables in low income, import dependent economies.
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Harrison, Rebecca. "Understanding innovation in low-income markets." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/23745.
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As western markets stagnate, companies are looking to the emerging world for growth, and have begun to experiment with offerings that target the four billion microconsumers at the base of the pyramid. To successfully engage these emerging consumers, firms must innovate around their product offerings and business models. This report sought to better understand innovation in a low-income market context. It explored what drives companies to enter low-income markets, the triggers for innovation in these markets, and the characteristics of that innovation, drawing particularly on Clayton Christensen’s theory of disruptive innovation. Nineteen interviews with executives at 11 companies operating in South Africa were interviewed in order to test propositions derived from the literature. The findings showed that companies enter low-income markets largely in pursuit of growth, but that a variety of secondary factors also play a role. The data indicated that innovation in low-income markets is often triggered by negative factors such as lack of infrastructure or limited buying power, rather than the positive factors cited in much of the existing innovation literature. Finally, it illustrated that companies often exhibit the elements of disruptive innovation when they engage with emerging consumers. The report then offered two models -- Innovation in low-income contexts: a descriptive model, and the Emerging Consumer Innovation Web -- to help companies frame the innovation process in a low-income context. It concluded that companies need to adopt a new philosophy of innovation when engaging emerging consumers, one which embraces the challenge of low-income markets as a springboard for innovation and a catalyst for creativity. CopyrightDissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2011.
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
MBA
Unrestricted
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O'Bryant, Richard Louis 1964. "Low-income communities : technological strategies for nurturing community, empowerment and self-sufficiency at a low-income housing development." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/26910.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, February 2004.Includes bibliographical references (p. 214-230).
There are a number of historically familiar and unfamiliar forces at work in low-income communities in the United States. Recurrent forces include rapidly changing economic and demographic trends, Welfare Reform, and the increasing demand for affordable housing and a living wage. This thesis, through research-based exploration and observations of a particular information technology transfer project, considers a relatively contemporary concern known as the Digital Divide (U.S. Department of Commerce, 1995, 1997, 1999 & 2000) and examines the impacts that IT may have on low-income residents' ability to address their own challenges. This thesis uses data collected from a two-year longitudinal study, which we called the Camfield Estates-MIT Creating Community Connections Project, in order to address the following question(s): Can personal computing and high-speed Internet access support community building efforts; and can this access to technology empower low-income community residents to do more themselves? We gain insight into the likelihood that residents who have a personal computer and Internet access in their homes will feel a sense of community, will experience an increase in their social contact with others, and will strengthen their social ties. This research also explores whether outcomes gained through in-home computing can promote an increased sense of empowerment and the capacity to independently access relevant information related to a resident's needs, wants or purposes. Camfield Estates is a small, low- to moderate-income, housing development in Roxbury, Massachusetts with significant historical ties to its surrounding community.
(cont.) Camfield's residents and its leaders' developmental successes and difficulties provided a unique opportunity to observe the effects of in-home computing on project participants' ability to communicate with other participants, fellow residents and family and friends outside of the Camfield community. Thirty-seven participating households received a free computer and training with 20 completing follow-up interviews. The majority of participating households were single parent, African-American and Hispanic female-headed households with related children under 18 years of age. Results indicated significant computer and Internet use and some positive correlation between frequency of in-home computing/internet use and participants feeling a part of the Camfield community. There was no evidence that in-home computer use led to family and/or social isolation. In-home computing complemented by the local neighborhood technology center (NTC) was frequently used for activities consistent with a sense of empowerment and self- sufficiency goals. Despite the initiative's overall costs (hardware, software, training, Internet service and technical support), in-home computing appears to add a valuable dimension beyond the local NTC. Taking advantage of changing technology, improved web services, and opportunities for integration with other social services are likely to increase the potential value of in-home computing and reduce the cost and technical expertise required for future projects of this kind.
by Richard Louis O'Bryant.
Ph.D.
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Beattie, Larry J. "Meeting the Needs of Low Income Students." Thesis, Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3572654.
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Public education practitioners are currently experiencing difficult and trying times in Illinois. Schools are asked to meet high standards established by political forces and to accomplish these tasks with less money. Schools located in affluent school districts are capable of meeting these standards while schools from poorer districts are falling behind. This study was conceived to find out why Blair High School, which has more than 50% of its student body living in poverty, is capable of meeting high standards.
The results of this study yielded four main themes: 1) Students attributed their success to teachers that cared about them. 2) Students were motivated by a desire to have a better future than their parents. 3) Focusing on student learning rather than state test scores contribute to the success of the school. 4) The school environment contributes to student success.
The implications for schools located in high poverty school districts are clear. Students living in poverty need caring relationships with their teachers as well as positive human interaction. In addition, students living in poverty may be the most motivated students in the building by their desire to have a better future and not live in poverty any more. Therefore, schools should provide people, places and programs that deliver an education that helps them succeed. This can be accomplished by implementing strategies found in Invitational Theory. Also, schools would be wise to implement tutoring and mentoring programs in order to provide strong foundational skills for students living in poverty, as this develops confidence in the student and confidence leads to success.
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Hamilton, K. L. "Low-income families : coping with consumer disadvantage." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.426732.
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Thomas, Amy N. "Pregnancy intendedness among a low income population." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2000. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1311.
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GONCALVES, THAIS RODRIGUES. "COMPENSATORY CONSUMPTION OF PEOPLE WITH LOW INCOME." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2012. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=20817@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROFamílias de baixa renda representam aproximadamente 53 por cento da população brasileira e vivenciam situações econômicas e sociais distintas às vivenciadas por classes mais abastadas. Seu comportamento de consumo vem ganhando mais atenção da academia e do meio empresarial. Para examinar como pessoas de diferentes extratos sociais percebem a atividade de compra, atribuindo-lhe maior ou menor valor hedônico, conduziu-se um survey a uma amostra não probabilística, composta por consumidores de baixa e de alta renda. Os resultados encontrados sugerem que há diferença, entre consumidores de baixa e alta renda, quanto ao valor hedônico atribuído à atividade de compra.
Low income families represent approximately 53 per cent of the Brazilian population and experience different social and economic situations compared with higher social classes. The consumption behavior of this segment is gaining more attention from academia and in the business environment. In order to examine how different income people assign more or less hedonic value to the shopping activity, a survey was conducted on a non-probabilistic sample of low and high income consumers. Results suggest that there are differences in relation to the hedonic value attributed to shopping activity by low-and high-income consumers.
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LEVRINI, GABRIEL ROBERTO DELLACASA. "LOW INCOME CONSUMERS STIGMA IN SERVICE ENCOUNTERS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2012. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=22375@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROCONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO
Na prestação de serviços, há evidência do estigma e de ações discriminantes que envolvam ações automáticas de preconceito. Diferentes tratamentos aos consumidores podem produzir e experiências problemáticas, com consequências e respostas imediatas nos negócios. Objetivamente, este estudo busca focar mais profundamente o estigma do ponto de vista do consumidor de baixa renda. Analisa os componentes racionais e emocionais das reações desses consumidores perante as interpretações da sociedade. Em parte, busca suprir a lacuna existente na literatura do marketing. A estigmatização de consumidores de baixa renda pode ter forte influência em suas ações e respostas durante o processo de decisão de escolha e compra de serviços. Isso implica num significativo impacto no desempenho dos negócios, ações de anticonsumo contra as marcas. Neste sentido, o encontro de serviços serve como palco para os atores estigmatizador e estigmatizado, sendo que o consumidor de baixa renda é o protagonista. O estudo foi dividido em três fases: a primeira levantou a preocupação destes consumidores com a estigmatização no encontro de serviços, através de entrevistas experimentais para alinhamento do roteiro. A segunda fase compreendeu uma pesquisa de campo, em que foram utilizadas 210 entrevistas. Para tanto, utilizouse a Técnica do Incidente Crítico. Os dados foram analisados, codificados através do software OpenLogos. Na terceira fase, realizou-se uma análise do conteúdo das narrativas dos entrevistados, chegando a mais de 1200 palavras, códigos e expressões que identificam as emoções, e mostrou-se como ocorre o perfil do estigma e as reações comportamentais. Os resultados indicaram uma predominância das emoções primárias (medo, vergonha e ofensa, etc) no momento imediato a percepção do estigma pelo consumidor de baixa renda. Posteriormente, inicia-se o processo decorrente (emoções secundárias e terciárias) e suas estratégias de respostas destes consumidores. Dessa forma, ratifico- se a influência e importância do estudo do estigma com suas respectivas implicações as situações de consumo.
This article focuses on low-income consumers facing social stigma in service encounters with contact employees. Stigma is a pervasive aspect of our culture and has been rarely considered in services marketing for low-income consumer. In the past, research didn’t pay attention on the low-income consumer’s perspective for marketing actions. Recently, attention has turned to examining how people who are targets of negative stereotypes understand and interpret their experience as members of socially devalued groups. The method used in this article comprised three phases. The first phase explored the awareness of stigmatized service encounters by informal interviews with low-income consumers. The second phase consisted in field interviews, the collection data from 210 individuals with confirmation of discriminatory behaviors. The method utilized was the Critical Incident Technique (CIT) using Open Logos Content Analysis software for coding the emotions. The third phase consisted of detail data analysis, searching for words or concepts within texts or sets of texts, and then coded into manageable categories. In this phase, we found more than 1200 words or emotional expressions. Results showed primal emotions (fear, shame, offense) dominance in the stigma perception moment, often followed by secondary and thirdly emotions. In the last step of the process, the coping responses were important in order to understand the consumer attitudes and behaviors as part of this stigma process. The findings assure the importance of studying the stigma process to understand low-income consumer’s behaviors.
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DUPRAT, SUZANA SOARES. "CELL PHONE ENTERTAINMENT FOR LOW-INCOME CONSUMERS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2009. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=31578@1.
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Este trabalho investiga o problema das restrições ao entretenimento da população de baixa renda brasileira. Parte de um modelo conceitual de restrições ao lazer e verifica como o celular atuaria como ferramenta de entretenimento diante dessas restrições. Especificamente, o trabalho: (i) identifica as principais restrições ao lazer para a população de baixa renda com base no modelo de Crawford et al (ii) analisa de que maneira o celular, como ferramenta de entretenimento, pode influenciar no comportamento face às restrições. Através de entrevistas em profundidade, o estudo classifica as principais restrições ao lazer da população de baixa renda e identifica de que a forma o celular pode beneficiar esta parcela da população, quando utilizado como ferramenta de entretenimento. Os resultados mostram uma adaptação do modelo de Crawford de restrições ao lazer e como este modelo auxilia na identificação de oportunidades de mercado, para criação de produtos e serviços que permitam vencer as restrições encontradas no estudo.This study investigates the problem of the constraints to leisure of the low income population. It begins from a conceptual model of leisure constraints and verifies how the mobile phone can act as an entertainment tool due to these constraints. Therefore, the study: (i) identifies the main leisure constraints of the low income population based on the Crawford et al model; (ii) analyzes how the mobile phone, as an entertainment tool, can influence in these leisure constraints. Based on several interviews, the study classifies the main leisure constraints of the low income population and identifies how the mobile phone can benefit this population when used as an entertainment tool. The results show an adaptation of the Crawford model and how this model can help in the recognition of new market opportunities and the development of new products and services that can help the low income population to overcome the constraints observed in this study.
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Hanono, Alejandro V. "Cost model for low income detached houses." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/38731.
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Young, Grace 1956. "The survival strategies of rural low income mothers." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=40471.
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Recent research suggests that rural people develop a rich array of informal support and exchange among their kin, neighbors and friends. These informal exchanges are argued to develop in response to the weak penetration of formal state structures and capitalist market relations in peripheral regions. This case study of the survival strategies of low income rural mothers who live in Quebec village demonstrates that these mothers' avenues for economic and social integration are restricted by the formal and informal sectors which constitute and reinforce one another. First, an extensive data and document analysis of the Quebec pronatalist and welfare policies reveals that they fail to provide low income rural women access to appropriate training and education, to transportation and adequately subsidized child care, or to secure jobs. This restricts these women's integration into formal or informal systems of support and exchange. The second section draws on interviews with 20 community leaders and on two years of participant observation. Contrary to the literature which suggests that extensive informal ties promote socially and economically inclusive rural communities, this case study reveals that centralized state development policies limit local community initiative and independence. Hence, community effort to aid low income families are limited to charity which does not fundamentally alter these families' marginal position. The third section draws on semi-structured interviews with 20 low income single and married (or common-law) mothers. Comparing the single and married mothers' strategies reveals that studies of the rural informal sector have narrowly defined the sector, by excluding unpaid domestic and child care work. It is shown that the married mother's strategy to stay in the home is a viable one because she alone performs the unpaid work of the home. This results in her isolation in the domestic sphere. For the single mothers who seek paid work, the gende
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Fefchak, Laura Yvonne. "Feminist informed structural therapy with low income couples." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/mq23299.pdf.
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Hurst, Carol Grace. "Constraints on Breastfeeding Choices for Low Income Mothers." VCU Scholars Compass, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10156/1396.
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Rossman, Helen C. P. "Self-efficacy in low income insulin dependent diabetics." Virtual Press, 1997. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1061878.
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A recent study, the Diabetes Complications and Control Trial (DCCT), demonstrated intensive therapy to manage blood glucose levels significantly reduced the incidence of some debilitating complications (DCCT, 1993). Self-care management is an integral part of any diabetic's care. Yet, research has demonstrated as many as 80% of known diabetics are noncompliant to a prescribed regimen.The purpose of this study was to examine self-efficacy in low-income insulin dependent diabetics. The framework for the study was the concept of self-efficacy as developed by Bandura (1977). The instruments used was the Insulin Management Diabetes Self-Efficacy Scale (IMDSES), (Hurley, 1990) and a researcher developed Demographics and Diabetes History Questionnaire. Data analysis included correlations between self-efficacy and ethnicity, educational level, years since diagnosis and years of experience with diabetes complications.Permission was received from the clinic administration to conduct this study at Matthew 25 Health and Dental Clinic in Northeast Indiana. This clinic serves the uninsured and the underinsured of the area. Procedures for the protection of human subjects were followed.A convenience sample of 82 ethnically mixed, low income individuals was surveyed. Relationships between total self-efficacy, diet self-efficacy, insulin self-efficacy and self-efficacy and the general ability to care for self were examined. These self-efficacy scales were also examined in relation to ethnicity, education, years of diagnosis and complication experiences. Result indicated Hispanics were significantly lower in insulin self-efficacy than African Americans.Correlations performed demonstrated that education correlated positively with insulin selfefficacy and the number of complications correlated negatively with insulin self-efficacy. Hispanics have a lower mean level of education and a greater number of complications. This could possibly explain why Hispanics have lower insulin self-efficacy than African Americans.The findings of this study evidenced a relationship between insulin self-efficacy, education, and experiences with complications.School of Nursing
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Wacharasin, Chintana. "Predicting child cognitive development in low-income families /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7252.
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Taylor, Sarah J. "Poverty dynamics : childhood experience on a low income." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:91c299e1-3dd5-4049-9341-ac3d0ba0c79b.
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The UK government has pledged to end child poverty by 2020. It is not known how far the measure of child poverty used by the government corresponds to differences in children’s experiences. Qualitative research on poverty has not generally been informed by the insights of dynamic research, which investigates duration, timing and transitions, among other temporal topics. Qualitative and quantitative methods have not generally been combined in social policy research on poverty, which limits the explanatory power of both. The thesis presents an analysis of the correspondence or lack of correspondence between qualitative and quantitative research on child poverty as a temporal experience. Semi-structured life history interviews were conducted with 15-21 year olds in Britain with experience of child poverty in the period 1997-2001. These were analysed alongside secondary analysis of the British Household Panel Survey (1991-2005). The qualitative respondents lived in households which took part in the survey, so there is a direct link between the two methods. The assumptions, methods and findings of dynamic poverty research are in general found to be a simplified and decontexualised version, rather than a misrepresentation of, the qualitative findings. Time formed an important part of the experience of poverty for children. It was not possible to fully match together exits from poverty with perceived improvements in circumstances, and entries into poverty with perceived deteriorations in circumstances, though this was partly due to limited recall and lack of contemporaneous knowledge. Nor were these changes clearly placed in time by respondents, in terms of duration and timing. Although most respondents did not explicitly engage with the idea of poverty as a personal experience, poverty-like accounts of disadvantage and difference were found in the accounts of all respondents. Thus, there is evidence for and against the way child poverty is currently measured.
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Grimes, Caris Elizabeth. "The economics of surgery in low income countries." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2018. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-economics-of-surgery-in-low-income-countries(6a22bfc3-cd12-4cbf-ab8d-6c20c28a7925).html.
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Global surgery is a slowly emerging field in global health. In 2006, the World Bank published a chapter on Surgery in the second edition of Disease Control Priorities for Developing Countries (DCP2)1 which used a survey of 18 surgeons to estimate the disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) attributable to surgically treatable conditions. The rudimentary methodology used in this study attracted widespread attention. Since then, efforts have been made to better quantify the burden of surgical disease that is currently untreated, and to gain political traction and raise the profile of surgery within global health. The publication of the Lancet Commission on Global Surgery2 (LCoGS) and the Essential Surgery volume of the third edition of Disease Control Priorities for Developing Countries (DCP3)3, together with the passing of the World Health Assembly Resolution on Essential and Emergency Surgical Care4 led to 2015 being described as a ‘banner year’ for global surgery5. Further progress was achieved in 2016 with the incorporation of the first of the LCoGS indicators into the World Bank Development Indicators6, and then, this year, with Zambia producing the first national surgical plan, with other countries like Ethiopia creating strong national programs to improve the quantity and quality of surgical care. The optimism within the global surgery community has not yet translated into any health gains for the poor and marginalised in LMIC settings, partly because only a few countries have begun to develop policies for surgical care, but crucially also because the funding commitments from the international community and national health budgets are not forthcoming. This inertia is unlikely to be overcome without better evidence to inform policy makers and without political prioritization for surgery within the donor community and by Ministers of Finance. At present, the evidence for the enormous burden of death and disability which could be prevented by access to essential surgical care in low and middle income countries (LMICs), is largely based on modelled data, with almost no primary national population level data on surgical conditions. The same applies for the economic data – it is largely based on modelling of the macroeconomic impact of untreated disease7 and modelling of the financial investments required to scale up care8. The motivation behind these different but related publications was the conviction that in order to realize the vision of universal access to surgical and anaesthesia care globally, there is a need to move from modelled data to primary and country specific data. This thesis brings together five papers all centred around the question: ‘is there any financial incentive for investing in the provision of surgical care in low income countries?’
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Pillay, Ashika. "The organisational requirements for exploring low-income markets." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/22818.
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There are commercial imperatives for companies to consider low-income markets for expansion. This research study investigated how firms, who traditionally focused on the upper- and middle-income markets, were adapting to operating in dual markets, an ability termed ‘ambidexterity’. While there is abundant research available on ambidexterity, this construct has not been studied in the context of the low-income market.The primary aim of this study was to explore the tensions that existed for firms exploring the low-income market and how firms went about resolving these tensions. A deductive research approach was followed and 23 managers, representing 14 companies across eight commercial sectors, were interviewed using semi-structured interviews and qualitative research methodology. The data was analysed using content, thematic and narrative analysis techniques.A central finding of this research study was that companies needed committed leaders to help resolve tensions for the firm and create the balance between exploring low-income markets and exploiting the traditional markets. Change management was found to be a critical integration technique to help resolve tensions between the “explore” and “exploit” business units.The outcome of this research adds to the theory base of both low-income markets and ambidexterity. It also provides a decision-making framework for firms who are considering the organisational requirements for the exploration of low-income markets.Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
unrestricted
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Fogelman, Catherine S. 1969. "The syndication of low-income housing tax credits." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/66387.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 1998.Includes bibliographical references (leaf 47).
The low-income housing tax credit is the primary governmental incentive for the development of affordable housing. This public policy initiative has become attractive to investors because in exchange for an equity investment, they receive tax credits, which serve to reduce their federal income tax liability. Widely held C corporations, due to specifications of the tax code, can utilize tax credits better than any other investor class. Serving as financial intermediaries, syndicators complete the low-income housing tax credit market by bringing together developers, who sell tax credits, and corporations, who purchase these credits. This thesis addresses the role of the for-profit syndicator as the financial intermediary in this market. Syndicators add value by filling informational gaps, providing diversification, and managing risk for investors. In exchange for these and other services, investors pay syndicators a load, which covers fees and expenses. Boston Financial, one of the nation's largest syndicators, has provided information and data for this study. As a means of addressing the value of the syndicator, a performance analysis of Boston Financial's first ten tax credit funds has been performed. This analysis shows that these funds are returning impressive yields. Stated objectives are being met both in terms of yield and tax credit delivery. As this market has matured, pressure on syndicator loads has increased due to competition and falling yields. In such an environment, a syndicator's track record and reputation for delivering yield and managing risk gain importance. As the market continues to evolve, downward pressure on fees is expected to continue.
by Catherine S. Fogelman.
S.M.
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Chang, Ying-Chen. "Asset accumulation among low-income households in Taiwan." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 1993. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1060182477.
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Estrada, Jessica. "Home Retrofit Education Programs for Low-Income Communities." The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/608304.
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Sustainable Built Environments Senior Capstone ProjectEnergy efficient homes are key for a sustainable future in any city. However, the lack of knowledge about the subject restricts many households to do their part in the movement. This research focuses on programs available to low-income households, to perform home weatherization retrofits and to learn about the subject as well. Implementing and focusing on the learning portion of home weatherization and energy efficiency to homeowners increases social equity and reduces energy usage in a home over time. Three programs are analyzed to extract the benefits and drawbacks of each. Each program’s goal varies but are all aimed to help low-income communities. Homeownership education, hands-on home weatherization, and home construction are the focuses of each program. The final recommendation for each program is to increase advertisement and focus their outreach on specific sections of the city of Tucson which can benefit the most from their services.
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Whitehead, Timothy. "Enhancing new product development in low income economies." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2015. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/17477.
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In an attempt to increase opportunity and quality of life for people living in poverty,governments and non-government organisations (NGOs) sell and donate products to developing countries. Typically, these are essential household items such as cook stoves, water filters and solar lighting. However, to date there has been limited research into the uptake and long term effectiveness of these products and few methods or tools are available to guide the product development process. This has resulted in a number of well documented product failures as a result of poor design choices. To overcome this problem and provide guidance to future or existing designers and NGOs this research investigated the factors required for long lasting and effective product design. This was carried out through the use of a literature review, the analysis of 64 products, a survey, interviews with product designers, and a case study with a Social Enterprise in Myanmar (Burma). The information gathered was analysed and used to create a framework consisting of various tools to guide designers and NGOs. Specifically, the research focused on the creation of a taxonomy of products designed for developing countries and an assessment method consisting of eight critical indicators for product success. These were presented as a website, set of cards and book which guides and assists designers during the process to ensure that future products are appropriate and to prevent current unacceptable levels of waste. Following the creation of the framework it was evaluated by students, practitioners and existing product users in Myanmar. The findings revealed that participants felt the assessment method and indicator cards were beneficial during the design process and assisted them in the development of more suitable and appropriate products.
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Johnson, Monique. "Poverty Deconcentration Priorities in Low-Income Housing Policy: A Content Analysis of Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) Qualified Allocation Plans." VCU Scholars Compass, 2014. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3400.
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Structural inequalities within the social and economic environment have wide reaching impacts on the housing conditions of the poor. These households are marginalized by swelling housing cost burdens, shelter insufficiency, and sociospatial restriction to the lowest income communities. Housing research has examined the correlation between policy and the social location of low-income individuals. However, very little research analyzes the intersection of low-income housing tax credit (LIHTC) policy design and sociospatial trends among low-income households. Using content analysis, the purpose of this dissertation is to determine whether the policy documents that guide allocation of the LIHTC encourage poverty deconcentration. The research questions are (a) How have states represented sociospatial themes in their low-income housing tax credit allocation plans and do these sociospatial themes emphasize poverty deconcentration? (b) How have these priorities changed over time? and (c) Are there correlations between changes in poverty concentration and emphasis of poverty deconcentration within state low-income housing qualified allocation plan designs? The findings of this study suggest that: (1) The social constructs embedded into the QAP policy instrument design confines understanding of the LIHTC program to advantaged and contender social groups; (2) Sociospatial themes have evolved between 2000 and 2010. There was a significant shift from 2000 to 2010 with the inclusion of priorities related to the accessibility of transportation and the quality of services within targeted communities; (3) Poverty deconcentration themes represented approximately 27 percent of the sociospatial themes in 2000 and 2010. There was a marginal change in the weight of these themes over time. (4) There were correlations between changes in MSA poverty concentration and poverty deconcentration priorities within QAP. The direction and the degree of these changes were correlated with region and political ideology. This study shows that opportunities exist to enhance outcomes within the documents that guide allocation of LIHTC. Doing so could serve as an important step toward improving the well-being of low-income households.
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Amador, Edgar Allan. "Can Anyone with Low Income Be Food Secure?: Mitigating Food Insecurity among Low Income Households with Children in the Tampa Bay Area." Scholar Commons, 2014. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5170.
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In the US over the last few years, approximately 14.5% of households experience food insecurity at some point throughout the year. While studies on food insecurity in the US have determined that household income and specifically income available to spend on food is of critical importance to food security, it is still unclear why some households with low income are able to maintain food security while others experience food insecurity in a pattern characterized as not constant but recurrent. This dissertation compares households with children at different levels of food security and insecurity using the USDA Core Food Security Module (CFSM) and an ethnographically informed analysis of coping in order to understand the differences between at-risk households in order to determine why some fall into more severe food insecurity while other manage to avoid it. Data on food security, demographics, use of food assistance programs, shared cultural models for food, food shopping behavior, food consumption, and measures of depression and anxiety were collected from 207 households. Households at or below 185% of poverty line (n=106) were grouped by food security status--food secure (FS), low food security (LFS), and very low food security (VLFS)--into three groups. The remaining households (n=101) were used as an out-group for comparison. The results revealed that for low income households (below 185% of poverty line) income was not a significant factor for many of the comparisons between FS and LFS or VLFS households. Instead, other variables such as higher stress index score (PSS), younger age of respondent or food procurer, and the presence of a spouse or partner were more important predictors of food insecurity. Households used safety net resources to cope with food insecurity, though as predicted by the literature these resources where used to mitigate food insecurity as opposed to buffer against it. Finally, there were large and significant differences between the three groups in the amount of stress (PSS) and depression (HSCL-10) symptoms measured in the respondents, affirming the relationship between food insecurity and stress that has been documented in the literature. The study concludes by recommending that future research explore the way in which food insecurity and stress affect household relationships because (1) living with a spouse or partner predicted food insecurity in this sample of at-risk low income households and (2) there was some evidence that male food procurers experience more stress than female food procurers.
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Doyle, Wendy. "Maternal nutrition and low birthweight." Thesis, Brunel University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.267895.
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Scott, Wendy M. Stone. "Understanding The Needs of Rural Women With low Income." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2005. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=ucin1122557535.
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Thesis (Dr. of Education)--University of Cincinnati, 2005.Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed Jul. 11, 2006). Includes abstract. Keywords: Rural Women; Ecological Counseling. Includes bibliographical references.
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Elnasri, Amani Economics Australian School of Business UNSW. "The impact of debt relief in low-income countries." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Economics, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/26779.
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The perceived lack of conclusive quantitative evidence on the macroeconomic effects of debt relief in low-income countries has generally blurred the image of debt relief efforts and left the issues of its effectiveness and efficiency open to debate and dispute. This thesis seeks to shed more light on the subject by providing some further empirical evidence. This objective is achieved by performing an empirical investigation of two effects of debt relief. First, the study examines the debt relief-new borrowing relationship in a multivariable regression framework. The results that emerge suggest that, on average, debt relief can be beneficial in reducing the future new borrowing of Highly Indebted Poor Countries (HIPCs). This conclusion, to some extent, is in line with the goals of HIPCs debt relief initiatives in reducing external debt burdens of those countries to sustainable levels. However, it presents a challenge to the views of William Easterly on the ???perverse incentive effects??? of ???continuing waves??? of debt relief that are said to lead to further debt accumulation of a similar magnitude to replace old cancelled debt. Second, the analysis explores the influence of debt relief on domestic investment behaviour in developing countries. Debt relief is found to have a positive effect on domestic investment in countries with good policy environments. This result suggests that debt relief would be more effective in promoting domestic investment if it were more cautiously conditioned on sound policy frameworks.
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Gregory, Patricia. "Self-care activities of low-income women in midlife." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0013/MQ41708.pdf.
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Tyree, Deianna L. "Understanding low income urban black families' perceptions of education." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 172 p, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1338865611&sid=16&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Alvi, Mohammad Imtiaz Akhtar. "The low-income housing production process in Lahore, Pakistan." Thesis, Birmingham City University, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.254769.
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This thesis examines low-income housing policies adopted by Developing Countries in the last forty years and compares them with the economic development models implemented in these countries. The study argues that the changes in the housing policies adopted are a part of the general debate about the dualistic nature of underdeveloped economies. An attempt is made to place the issue of housing within the formal/informal and petty commodity sector polemic. The potential and limitations of Self-Help Principal of Housing as a concept and its practicalities are discussed. The centrepiece of the concept, that the users (in this case, the urban poor) are the best judges of dwelling requirements and that they strike a balance between their resources and their housing priorities, is seen as portraying only a partial view of the argument. Low-income earners are not only consumers but also producers of housing and most of the problems they face while housing themselves in the city are related with the production process of housing. Within this general context, attention is focused on the production process of low-income housing, and its relationship with the construction sector, the real estate market and the construction labour market. This study investigates the low-income housing production process in Lahore, Pakistan. A historical-structural approach is used to review the state of the local economy, the role of the urban poor and the low-income housing policies of the state. It is seen that the homelessness of the poor has become a major political issue and that Pakistani politicians try to gain popular support by offering token concessions to squatter households. The investigation into the house and land exchange process, type of building materials, and kind of construction labour used by the low-income households shows that the low-income housing production process, found to be existing in Lahore, is highly dependent on the formal sector of economy. The prospects of resolving the issue of housing the poor in Developing Nations, like Pakistan, by pursuing the housing policies based on the Self-HelpConcept, are limited. The ability of the urban poor to build their own dwellings rests on the access which they have to income-earning opportunities. Policies, therefore, should be framed to increase their employment opportunities in various sectors of the economy
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Coates, Erica Elizabeth. "Overcoming Adversity: Resilience of Low-income, Nonresidential, Black Fathers." Scholar Commons, 2012. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4014.
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Objective. This study examined the factors associated with higher levels of paternal involvement among low-income, nonresidential, Black fathers. Method. Participants were 110 fathers of children up to the age of 10. Participants completed psychometrically sound measures of social support, spirituality, family of origin relationships, coparenting relationship quality, psychological well-being, motivation, conviction history, resilience, and father involvement. Results. A simultaneous multiple regression indicated that better psychological well-being and coparenting relationship quality and lower conviction rates since the birth of the child were significant predictors of higher levels of paternal involvement. Mediational analysis revealed that coparenting relationship quality partially mediated the relationship between psychological well-being and paternal involvement. Moderation analysis showed that social support moderated the relationship between psychological well-being and paternal involvement. Conclusions. This study provided evidence that several factors are related to higher levels of paternal involvement, specifically higher quality coparenting relationships and psychological well-being, more parenting-specific support from influential individuals, lower conviction rates since the birth of the child, and higher levels of resilience. The present study also illustrated the importance of examining disadvantaged fathers' strengths as targets for future interventions. Implications. Clinicians, social workers, program directors, and other individuals working with low-income, nonresidential, Black fathers should educate their clients on the factors associated with higher levels of paternal involvement as well as provide necessary resources to aid fathers to become more involved with their children.
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CHAHIN, OSCAR. "BIOCLIMATIC ARCHITECTURE FOR LOW INCOME HOUSING IN CENTRAL FLORIDA." The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/555249.
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Bezerra, Ricardo Figueiredo. "Residential displacement among low-income groups in Fortaleza, Brazil." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.311661.
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Hoodfar, H. "Survival strategies in low income neighbourhoods of Cairo, Egypt." Thesis, University of Kent, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.383877.
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Ibrahim, Siti Halipah. "Thermal comfort in modern low-income housing in Malaysia." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.400947.
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Taiwo, Olumide Olusola. "Family networks and economic behavior in low income areas." View abstract/electronic edition; access limited to Brown University users, 2008. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3318362.
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Spears, Julia Marie. "Experiences of low-income students' transition to graduate school /." Available to subscribers only, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1456290061&sid=9&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Southern Illinois University Carbondale, 2007."Department of Educational Administration and Higher Education." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 193-203). Also available online.
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Reavis, Dena L. "Natural resources, investment, and growth in low income countries /." View online, 2009. http://repository.eiu.edu/theses/docs/32211131590402.pdf.
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Austin, Erin. "Self-Management of Diabetes in Low-Income Appalachian Women." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/honors/165.
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Diabetes mellitus is a major health concern and the number of Americans diagnosed with the disease is quickly increasing, affecting all aspects of an individual’s life and requiring significant self-involvement. Little is known about how low-income Appalachian women with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) manage their diabetes from day-to-day. This population struggles to effectively manage the illness as they desire for many reasons. The purpose of this study is to better understand the experiences of Appalachian women in self-managing diabetes so that health care providers can better meet the social and cultural needs of this unique population.
This study used a qualitative descriptive design. Data were collected by means of in-depth, semi structured interviews. The sample consisted of 5 low-income Appalachian women with T2DM who seek care at the Johnson City Community Health Center. The data analysis was completed by generating a set of themes from the narrative data.
Three themes emerged from the interview data: Achieving Care with Limited Resources; Consistent and Involved Health Care Providers; and Family Support.
Life situations unique to this population can influence the self-management of T2DM. Financial difficulties hinder the overall care that they need and desire, but through consistent and involved care givers and family support, successful self-management can occur in spite of significant barriers.