Relevant bibliographies by topics / Low incomes

Academic literature on the topic 'Low incomes'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Low incomes"

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Łukasiewicz, Piotr, Krzysztof Karpio, and Arkadiusz Orłowski. "Two-component structure of household income distributions in Poland." Equilibrium 13, no. 4 (December 31, 2018): 603–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/eq.2018.029.

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Research background: Studies of the structures of the income distributions have been performed for about 15 years. They indicate that there is no model which describes the distributions in their whole range. This effect is explained by the existence of different mechanisms yielding to low-medium and high incomes. While more than 97% of the distributions can be described by exponential or log-normal models, high incomes (about 3% or less) are in agreement with the power law. Purpose of the article: The aim of this paper is an analysis of the structure of the household income distributions in Poland. We verify the hypothesis about two-part structure of those distributions by using log-normal and Pareto models. Methods: The studies are based on the households’ budgets microdata for years 2004–2012. The two-component models are used to describe the income distributions. The major parts of the distributions are described by the two parametric log-normal model. The highest incomes are described by the Pareto model. We also investigate the agreement with data of the more complex models, like Dagum, and Singh-Madalla. Findings & Value added: One has showed that two or three parametric models explain from about 95% to more than 99% of income distributions. The poorest agreement with data is for the log-normal model, while the best agreement has been obtained for the Dagum model. However, two-part model: log-normal for low-middle incomes and Pareto model for the highest incomes describes almost the whole range of income distributions very well.
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GARRETT, THOMAS A., and DAVID C. WHEELOCK. "Why Did Income Growth Vary Across States During the Great Depression?" Journal of Economic History 66, no. 2 (June 2006): 456–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050706000192.

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This note investigates the sources of variation in the growth of per capita personal incomes across U.S. states during the Great Depression. States entering the economic contraction with relatively low per capita incomes tended to suffer larger percentage declines in per capita income than did high income states. By contrast, low-income states tended to experience larger percentage gains during the recovery. Hence, state per capita incomes diverged during the contraction phase and converged during the recovery phase.
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Глебов, Andrey Glebov, Леонов, and Aleksandr Leonov. "Trends in low income of the population Russia." Clusters. Research and Development 3, no. 1 (April 18, 2017): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_58f5e53cbfd4e6.50541718.

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Analysis of household income shows that the level of real disposable income falls from 2013. The revenue structure reduced the volume of revenues from business activities, increases the amount of income received in the form of various social benefits without increasing the amount of income from property. This indicates the ineffectiveness of government policy in the sphere of incomes.
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ROBINSON, DEREK. "LOW PAID WORKERS AND INCOMES POLICY." Bulletin of the Oxford University Institute of Economics & Statistics 29, no. 1 (May 1, 2009): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.1967.mp29001001.x.

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Cairns, J. P. "NOTES LOW INCOMES, INEFFICIENCY, AND FAIRNESS." Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue canadienne d'agroeconomie 4, no. 2 (November 13, 2008): 75–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7976.1956.tb01078.x.

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Ward, Paul R., Fiona Verity, Patricia Carter, George Tsourtos, John Coveney, and Kwan Chui Wong. "Food Stress in Adelaide: The Relationship between Low Income and the Affordability of Healthy Food." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2013 (2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/968078.

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Healthy food is becoming increasingly expensive, and families on low incomes face a difficult financial struggle to afford healthy food. When food costs are considered, families on low incomes often face circumstances of poverty. Housing, utilities, health care, and transport are somewhat fixed in cost; however food is more flexible in cost and therefore is often compromised with less healthy, cheaper food, presenting an opportunity for families on low incomes to cut costs. Using a “Healthy Food Basket” methodology, this study costed a week’s supply of healthy food for a range of family types. It found that low-income families would have to spend approximately 30% of household income on eating healthily, whereas high-income households needed to spend about 10%. The differential is explained by the cost of the food basket relative to household income (i.e., affordability). It is argued that families that spend more than 30% of household income on food could be experiencing “food stress.” Moreover the high cost of healthy foods leaves low-income households vulnerable to diet-related health problems because they often have to rely on cheaper foods which are high in fat, sugar, and salt.
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Vedder, Richard. "TAXES, GROWTH, EQUITY, AND WELFARE." Social Philosophy and Policy 23, no. 2 (May 23, 2006): 53–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026505250606016x.

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The scholarly literature suggests high or increased tax burdens tend to reduce economic growth, lowering incomes. Some argue, however, that low taxes and high economic growth can have adverse income distribution consequences or can lead to utility-reducing under-consumption of needed public goods. Evidence is presented questioning those assertions. People seek happiness by moving, and tend to migrate to low tax areas. Moreover, there is little evidence that governmental expansion leads to truly greater equality. Appropriately measured, income equality is actually far greater than typically claimed. Moreover, income data suggest that the international equalization of incomes and global reduction of poverty largely reflect private sector activity, namely market forces working where the rule of law and strong protection of property rights prevails.
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Shaw, R. Paul. "Unemployment and Low Family Incomes in Canada." Canadian Public Policy / Analyse de Politiques 12, no. 2 (June 1986): 368. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3550483.

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Gardner, Bruce L. "Economic Growth and Low Incomes in Agriculture." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 82, no. 5 (December 2000): 1059–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0002-9092.00104.

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Leese, B., and N. Bosanquet. "High and low incomes in general practice." BMJ 298, no. 6678 (April 8, 1989): 932–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.298.6678.932.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Low incomes"

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Aussant, V. Jill. "The breastfeeding experience for women with low incomes, a phenomenological exploration." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ60408.pdf.

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Bigdeli, Maryam. "Access to medicines in low- and middle-incomes countries: a health systems approach :conceptual framework and practical applications." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209036.

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Arsyad, Lincolin, and arsy0002@flinders edu au. "AN ASSESSMENT OF PERFORMANCE AND SUSTAINABILITY OF MICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONS: A Case Study of Village Credit Institutions in Gianyar, Bali, Indonesia." Flinders University. Development Studies, 2006. http://catalogue.flinders.edu.au./local/adt/public/adt-SFU20060621.142512.

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Microfinance institutions have evolved as an economic development tool intended to benefit low-income people. The benefit, however, can only be achieved if the institutions have a good financial and outreach performance. This study has three objectives. The first objective is to assess the influences of informal and formal institutions and their interrelationships on the practical operational arrangement of Village Credit Institutions of Bali (Lembaga Perkreditan Desa or LPD). Second, to evaluate the financial performance and outreach indicators of the institutions and to assess the influence of informal and formal institution on the sustainability of the institutions, which has received little attention from previous studies. Finally, to outline some elements of a strategic business plan for two selected village credit institutions (LPDs) in Gianyar district, LPD Mas and LPD Kerta. By using a case study approach, this study finds that the informal institutions (such as social values, norms, and sanctions) have significant influences on the practical arrangements of the LPDs, including the organisation, recruitment procedure, delivery mechanism, and remuneration system. Along with the influence of informal institutions, the formal institutions have also had some direct influences on the practical operational arrangements of the LPDs that are reflected in the supervision and guidance system of LPDs, an obligation to apply prudential principles of banking, and the remuneration system. The findings also show that the local government regulations (formal institutions) concerning the LPDs have accommodated the informal institutions of the Balinese in the background of their establishment, status and ownership, and organisation of the LPDs. Based on the performance indicators - portfolio quality, leverage, capital adequacy ratio (CAR), productivity, efficiency, profitability, self-sufficiency, and outreach � the LPDs in Gianyar district could be considered as success microfinance institutions. The success is influenced by some important factors. First, the use of local people in managing the LPDs and the application of character-based lending system in screening the clients. This has resulted in a high clients� sense of belonging and moral obligation to support the development of the LPD Second, the use of social (custom) sanctions in the contractual enforcement has forced the borrowers to comply with their credit contract in a timely fashion. Third, the use of local community personnel whose remuneration is based on performance and low transaction costs has resulted in the high efficiency of LPDs. Fourth, a growing economy and supporting government policy at all levels through provision of a legal basis for the LPDs and the Central Bank regulation (formal institutions) have also contributed to the success of the LPDs. Thus, based on the necessary conditions of sustainable microfinance institution proposed by some scholars(Yaron 1994; Christen 1998), it can be concluded that the Gianyar district LPDs have been sustainable, and by that implication they have positive net social benefits for their clients. Any attempt, however, to replicate the achievements of the LPDs by imitating its mode of operations should be conducted with great caution. A mechanism that works well in one socioeconomic environment (in this instance, in Bali) will not necessarily work in another, where the social system including social norms and values are different. But, the experience of the LPDs is a valuable thing since it has highlighted some critical issues that should be considered when handling the complex issue providing financial services to rural people.
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Howe, Peter E. Rosenthal Stuart S. "Low-income rural homeownership." Related electronic resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.

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Franceys, Richard W. A. "Infrastructure for low-income communities : an investigation into the provision of sustainable physical infrastructure for low-income communities in low-income countries." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1991. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/28052.

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Physical infrastructure is required for health and security. Physical infrastructure also plays a significant role in development and economic growth. It may be seen as the foundation on which the expansion of agricultural production and subsequently industrial production takes place. Both of these are required to generate sustainable economic growth to support social welfare. This thesis examines methods of enabling low-income households and communities in low-income ('developing') countries to benefit from physical infrastructure.
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MATTOS, MARINA PINTO DE ABREU ZORNOFF DE. "THE LOW INCOME CONSUMER AND THE LOW INCOME CONSUMER AND DRINK AND POWDERED SOAP." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2007. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=10556@1.

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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
As alterações no cenário econômico dos países emergentes causaram reflexos positivos na base da pirâmide através do aumento de seu poder aquisitivo. No Brasil, esta realidade é percebida pelo ritmo acelerado de mudanças na última década que impactaram o setor varejista, trazendo uma grande quantidade de marcas para os diferentes setores da economia. Estas novas ofertas para o consumidor de baixa renda foram fundamentadas, muitas vezes, em preços mais acessíveis a sua capacidade de consumo. Este movimento de fortalecimento de marcas populares suscitou a reação das marcas premium. Para direcionar a estratégia das grandes empresas, nesta busca por se re- conectarem aos consumidores pobres, é importante entender mais profundamente a relação deles com as marcas. A presente dissertação teve então como objetivo obter um melhor entendimento do papel e do significado da marca no processo de decisão de compra de produtos, dos segmentos de refrigerante e sabão em pó, para consumidores da classe baixa. Para tanto foram realizadas dez (10) entrevistas em profundidade com mulheres pertencentes às classes C e D, residentes no estado do Rio de Janeiro e responsáveis pela compra de supermercado de suas famílias. Apesar da pesquisa não se propor a explorar o peso das variáveis utilizadas por estas mulheres na decisão de compra, pôde-se observar que existe certa hierarquização. No caso de refrigerante, as mulheres entrevistadas avaliam, em geral, (1) os refrigerantes não reprovados pela família, (2) o preço, (3) o orçamento disponível e (4) as marcas preferidas (premium). No caso de sabão em pó, a escolha parece ser feita levando-se em consideração (1) a marca (verbalizada como sendo a opção pela qualidade), (2) o preço e (3) o orçamento disponível. Avaliando os elementos subjetivos da compra e indo além do discurso das mulheres entrevistadas, a compra do refrigerante (das marcas aprovadas pela família) traz a recompensa pelo elogio dos filhos e marido; enquanto a compra do sabão em pó das marcas premium (percebida por elas como as marcas de melhor qualidade) traz um sentimento de realização do cuidado com a família, a certeza de ter feito a compra certa, mais inteligente, de melhor custo/benefício. Percebe-se então que a equação de valor que rege a decisão de compra destas mulheres de baixa renda não é simples e não é única. Parecem existir modelos diferentes para a tomada de decisão de compra de produtos distintos (refrigerante e sabão em pó).
Changes in the economic scene of emerging countries had caused positive consequences in the base of the pyramid through the increase of its purchasing power. In Brazil, this scenario is perceived by the sped up rhythm of changes in the last decade that impacted the retail business, bringing a great number of brands for different sectors of the economy. These new offers for the low income consumer had been often based in more affordable prices for the consumption capacity of this tier. This movement of popular brands empowerment awaked the reaction of premium brands. To guide the strategy of great companies, in this pursue for reconnecting with poor consumers, is important to deeply understand their relation with brands. The present dissertation had then the objective to get a better understanding of the role and meaning of brands in the purchase decision process of products, within the segments of soft drink and powdered soap, for low income consumers. To reach that goal, ten (10) in depth interviews with women pertaining to C and D tiers, residents in the state of Rio de Janeiro and responsible for the supermarket purchase of their families, had been carried through. Despite the research does not consider to explore the utility of the variables used for these women in the purchase decision, it could be observed that a hierarchy exists. In soft drink purchase, the interviewed women mostly evaluate (1) soft drinks not disapproved by their family, (2) price, (3) available budget and (4) preferred brands (premium brands). In the powdered soap purchase, the choice seems to be made taking in consideration (1) brand (expressed as being the option for quality), (2) price and (3) available budget. Evaluating the subjective elements of the purchase and going beyond the speech of the interviewed women, the purchase of soft drink (of brands approved by their family) brings rewards through compliment of kids and husband; while the purchase of powdered soap of premium brand (perceived for them as better quality brands) brings a feeling of accomplishment in taking care of their families, the certainty to have done the precise purchase, more intelligent, of better cost/benefit. Is perceived then that the value equation that drives the purchase decision of these low income women is not simple and is not unique. They seem to exist different models in purchase decision taking of distinct products (soft drink and powdered soap).
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Warburton, Rachel L. "Wasteland to Wonderland:Sustainable Brownfield Redevelopment Projects in Low-Income Areas of Los Angeles." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pitzer_theses/31.

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The conversion of industrial waste sites, also known as brownfields, into sustainable green space can impact the surrounding community in a number of ways. This thesis is a compilation of three case studies in low-income areas of Los Angeles which have all experienced a brownfield to green space conversion. All three projects are dictated by various stakeholders and are located at the intersection of economic and environmental issues. I examine how the stakeholders of these projects affect the process and design and in turn how the process and design affects the community surrounding the site. Additionally this thesis sheds light on how the social, environment and economic implications of these projects change depending on the structural paradigms behind them.
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Beach, Karen. "Staying put are low-income homeowners better positioned than low-income renters to withstand gentrification pressures? /." CONNECT TO ELECTRONIC THESIS, 2008. http://dspace.wrlc.org/handle/1961/4416.

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Feitosa, Lewis Vania Cinuciusky. "Low-Income Housing Development in Brazil." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/559273.

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Karachiwalla, Naureen Iqbal. "Managing teachers in low-income countries." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:2fc937db-1a24-4442-842e-352c15459014.

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Apart from the introduction (Chapter 1) and conclusion (Chapter 7), this thesis comprises five chapters organized into two parts: Part I studies promotion incentives in the public sector, and focuses on the case of teachers in rural China. All teachers in China compete with their colleagues for rank promotions. I aim to answer two questions: first, whether the promotion system for teachers in China elicits effort from teachers, and second, how the design features of the promotion system affect effort incentives. Part I includes four chapters. Chapter 2 introduces the topic and provides a background on promotions for teachers in China. It also discusses related work in this area, and introduces the data that will be used in Part I. Chapter 3 presents and tests a theoretical model of promotions as an incentive device. The model treats all teachers as identical in terms of their ability, and as such, focuses on average levels of teacher effort. It predicts that effort is exerted in response to potential promotions. In addition, the model also predicts that average effort incentives are higher in promotion contests in which the wage gap is higher, the promotion rate is closer to one half, the number of teachers competing for a promotion is higher (for promotion rates between 1/3 and 2/3), and the average age of teachers in the contest is lower, or the proportion of female teachers is lower. The model is used to derive an estimating equation by which to test predictions on average levels of teacher effort. An equation is estimated for the probability of promotion as a function of teacher effort, which is proxied by the teachers' annual performance evaluation scores. There is simultaneity present as effort increases the probability of promotion, but it is also the promise of promotion that motivates effort. As a result, effort is instrumented using wage changes, which are both informative (higher wage gaps are associated with higher effort) and valid (wages only affect promotions through effort). The second stage of the regression demonstrates that effort is indeed exerted by teachers in order to win promotions. The first stage confirms the predictions of the model with regards to wage gaps, the promotion rate, and the size and composition of the pool of competitors. Chapter 4 extends the model of Chapter 3 in two ways: teachers are now treated as heterogeneous in ability, and a multi-period model of teacher effort over time is also added. This chapter focuses on individual levels of teacher effort, and on how the parameters of the promotion system interact with teacher characteristics to affect teacher effort. The predictions include that teachers in the extremes of the skill distribution will have lower incentives, and as the contest size increases these teachers will have effort incentives that are lower still, that teachers who are five or more years from promotion eligibility will have zero effort, as will teachers in the highest rank, that teacher effort will increase in the five years leading up to promotion eligibility, and that teacher effort will decrease after a teacher is eligible for promotion but has been passed over several times. An effort equation is estimated that captures all of these components, and the predictions are largely affirmed by the data. Tests are conducted in order to alleviate concerns about selection, as well as measurement error in the performance evaluation scores. Chapter 5 concludes Part I. Part II of this thesis looks at teacher labour markets, social distance, and learning outcomes in Punjab, Pakistan. Chapter 6 explores the link between the distribution of teachers in the labour market, caste differences between teachers and students, and child learning outcomes. Using rich longitudinal data from Pakistan that allows me to convincingly identify the causal effects of caste on learning outcomes, I show how the distribution of teachers across public schools induces particular matches of high and low caste teachers and students, and that these matches are highly predictive of test score outcomes. Specifically, low caste male children perform significantly better when taught by high caste teachers than when they are taught by low caste teachers. Several possible channels are explored, including discrimination in the classroom, role model effects, teacher quality, patronage, peer effects, and returns to education. Although the channel cannot be proven, the data points to high caste teachers being able to raise the already high returns to education for low caste children because they are able to assist these children in getting educational benefits and employment later on using their patronage networks. Low caste children therefore work harder to impress high caste teachers, and this results in higher learning outcomes.
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Books on the topic "Low incomes"

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Hodge, Gerald J. F. Incomes, low incomes and welfare in the west, 1980-1990. Saskatoon: Western Institute for Public Policy, 1993.

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Low incomes: Social, health, and educational impacts. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers, 2009.

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Burrows, Roger. Half the poor: home-owners with low incomes. London: Council of Mortgage Lenders, 2000.

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Ford, Janet. Affordable housing, low incomes and the flexible labour market. London: National Federation of Housing Associations, 1994.

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Brookes, John. Making housing rents affordable for people on low incomes. Cardiff: Centre for Housing Management and Development, 1993.

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Culpeper, Roy. High stakes and low incomes: Canada and the development banks. Ottawa: North-South Institute, 1994.

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Rashid, A. The changing profile of Canadian families with low incomes, 1970-1985. Ottawa: Statistics Canada = Statistique Canada, 1990.

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Rashid, A. The changing profile of Canadian families with low incomes, 1970-1985. Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services Canada, 1990.

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Jones, Paul A. Access to credit on a low income: A study into how people on low incomes in Liverpool access and use consumer credit. Manchester: Co-operative Bank, 2001.

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Förster, Michael F. Measurement of low incomes and poverty in a perspective of international comparisons. Paris: OECD, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Low incomes"

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Havrylyshyn, Oleh. "The Outcome: Capitalism for the Few and Low Incomes for the Many." In The Political Economy of Independent Ukraine, 303–20. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-57690-3_14.

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Ogg, Jim, and Michal Myck. "Introduction: Framing Economic Exclusion." In International Perspectives on Aging, 25–30. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51406-8_2.

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AbstractEconomic exclusion is a multidimensional concept that has particular relevance in the context of ageing populations and globalised economies. Sustaining adequate incomes in old age and protecting older citizens from poverty are major challenges for governments and policy makers and they have been amplified in the face of the economic consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. Over the past few decades most countries have made adjustments to their pension systems and other welfare related policies that concern older citizens, and these reforms have already had and will continue to have a differential impact on economic exclusion. For some, extending the working life and pushing back the legal age of retirement can be a safeguard against inadequate incomes in old age, while for others who are excluded from the labour market, or who are working in low paid jobs, economic exclusion remains a reality. The labour market implications of the pandemic are likely to exacerbate this risk for those whose situation was already fragile before the crisis.
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Notten, Geranda. "Low Income." In Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research, 3715–17. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_1709.

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Sato, Tatsuro, and Jun’ichiro Ide. "Sustainability of Micro Hydropower Generation in a Traditional Community of Indonesia." In Decision Science for Future Earth, 105–17. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8632-3_4.

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AbstractOver 3 years, we undertook a micro hydropower (MHP) project in the Ciptagelar village, West Java, to improve the understanding and implementation of sustainable operations and management of MHP generation in remote rural areas, where the primary industry is farming and thus monetary incomes are low. First, we describe in this paper the history of setting up the research agenda to be tackled with the cooperation of governmental and nongovernmental stakeholders. Second, we report the current status of MHP plants and the related issues obtained through fieldwork and model simulations, in the context of culture, traditions, and society in the village. Finally, we propose guidelines to solve the issues and present the lessons learned and things scientists should pay attention to when proceeding with transdisciplinary research projects in remote rural areas. Through fieldwork and model simulations, we revealed issues related to budgeting and techniques for maintaining and operating MHP plants. We found that the village had difficulty in securing funds for repairing broken intake weirs, though it had funds to cover the general maintenance of the MHP plants. We also found that the intake weirs were vulnerable to large floods and that no accomplished technicians were available to operate MHP plants in the village properly. To solve these issues, we need to find ways to reinforce the intake weirs using local materials and increase monetary incomes by creating new industries based on the MHP generation while considering the cultural and traditional backgrounds of the remote rural areas.
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Piper, Brenda. "Low-income groups." In Diet and Nutrition, 273–80. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-7244-6_16.

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Cooper, Richard, and Changlu Wang. "Low-income Housing." In Advances in the Biology and Management of Modern Bed Bugs, 331–39. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119171539.ch33.

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Lawn, Joy E., Hannah Blencowe, Robert Pattinson, Cynthia Stanton, and Simon Cousens. "Low Income Countries." In Stillbirth: Prediction, Prevention and Management, 19–41. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444398038.ch2.

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Taylor, Taryn R. "Low-Income Patient." In Diversity and Inclusion in Quality Patient Care, 161–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92762-6_22.

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Rott, Peter. "The Low-Income Consumer in European Private Law." In Studies in European Economic Law and Regulation, 675–91. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04903-8_33.

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Luque, Jaime. "Low-Income Housing Subsidies." In Urban Land Economics, 139–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15320-9_24.

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Conference papers on the topic "Low incomes"

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Uygur, Ercan. "Savings and Incomes of Households and Inclusive Growth." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01446.

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This paper has three aims. The first is to explore the savings behavior of different income groups of households, with an emphasis on those with low incomes. This is achieved by going through the Household Budget Surveys (HBS) in some developing and developed countries. The HBSs reveal that the majority of poor sections of the societies do not save or have negative savings. The second aim of the paper is to explain the economic and social aspects of the savings behaviour of income groups, particularly those with low incomes. The paper explains that the “no saving/dissaving” behaviour of the low income groups and the resultant factors create economic and social problems. In this context, the paper also dwells on wealth distribution and issues of inclusive growth. The third aim of this paper is to examine policies implemented to encourage savings in general and savings of the low income groups in particular. To this end, policies pursued in some developing and developed countries are evaluated with reference to inclusive growth.
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SHAFIK, SHERINE, FAHD HEMEIDA, and AMR SHARABY. "AFFORDABILITY AS AN OBSTACLE IN THE HOUSING DEVELOPMENT PROCESS IN EGYPT FOR LOW-INCOMES: CASE OF BASHAYER AL-KHAIR." In SDP 2020. Southampton UK: WIT Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/sdp200241.

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Fırat, Emine, Emre Ürün, and Aytaç Aydın. "The Relationship of Development and Education: An Evaluation of Turkey’s Education Level by Human Development Index." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01411.

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The unfair distribution of income in underdeveloped countries causes the capital to be gathered in the hands of a certain party and thus preventing it from spreading to the society and although national income in these countries is high, the level of development being low creates problems. Education directly relates to issues related to the concept of development such as developing individuals’ social points of view, obtaining the individual’s skills and abilities, shaping the socio-cultural structure, environment, healthy life and guaranteeing rights and freedom. The fact that frontiers disappeared together with the globalizing world and sharing the incomes in international markets have brought about some problems. The emergence of human-centered approach in development in 1970 and after has been an important opportunity for all societies. Human development has led the way to investigate concepts such as poverty, income equality, health and education and to take action to remove the deficiencies in the aforementioned area. Education is inevitable for development. In this context, Turkey’s education level will be evaluated in terms of the relationship of human development and education for development. In this study the indicators of Human Development Index (HDI) prepared by UDP annually and Education Index (EI), the sub-index of HDI, for Turkey have been taken into consideration and it has been aimed to determine Turkey’s level of development in education. It was determined in the study that Turkey’s level of human development is not satisfactory and that indicators for education were low.
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Cerro, C. "Low-income sustainable dwelling." In SUSTAINABLE CITY 2015. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/sc150151.

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Wright, J. D., C. A. Perrin, W. F. Hunt, and E. R. McCoy. "Implementation of Low Impact Development Retrofits in a Low Income Neighborhood in Wilmington, NC." In International Low Impact Development Conference 2008. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41009(333)115.

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Pierobon, Leonardo, Fredrik Haglind, Rambabu Kandepu, Alessandro Fermi, and Nicola Rossetti. "Technologies for Waste Heat Recovery in Off-Shore Applications." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-62304.

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In off-shore oil and gas platforms the selection of the gas turbine to support the electrical and mechanical demand on site is often a compromise between reliability, efficiency, compactness, low weight and fuel flexibility. Therefore, recovering the waste heat in off-shore platforms presents both technological and economic challenges that need to be overcome. However, onshore established technologies such as the steam Rankine cycle, the air bottoming cycle and the organic Rankine cycle can be tailored to recover the exhaust heat off-shore. In the present paper, benefits and challenges of these three different technologies are presented, considering the Draugen platform in the North Sea as a base case. The Turboden 65-HRS unit is considered as representative of the organic Rankine cycle technology. Air bottoming cycles are analyzed and optimal design pressure ratios are selected. We also study a one pressure level steam Rankine cycle employing the once-through heat recovery steam generator without bypass stack. We compare the three technologies considering the combined cycle thermal efficiency, the weight, the net present value, the profitability index and payback time. Both incomes related to CO2 taxes and natural gas savings are considered. The results indicate that the Turboden 65-HRS unit is the optimal technology, resulting in a combined cycle thermal efficiency of 41.5% and a net present value of around 15 M$, corresponding to a payback time of approximately 4.5 years. The total weight of the unit is expected to be around 250 ton. The air bottoming cycle without intercooling is also a possible alternative due to its low weight (76 ton) and low investment cost (8.8 M$). However, cycle performance and profitability index are poorer, 12.1% and 0.75. Furthermore, the results suggest that the once-trough single pressure steam cycle has a combined cycle thermal efficiency of 40.8% and net present value of 13.5 M$. The total weight of the steam Rankine cycle is estimated to be around 170 ton.
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Belan, Gary J., and Cheryl Nenn. "LID Education and Installation in Mixed Income and Ethnically Diverse Areas of Milwaukee, Wisconsin." In Low Impact Development International Conference (LID) 2010. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41099(367)53.

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Parubets, S. O. "ASSESSMENT OF INNOVATION GAP BETWEEN HIGH-INCOME AND LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES." In Modern transformations in economics and management. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-064-3-7.

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Tshabeni, Thulisa, and Peter Freere. "Review of Low Income Area Electrification." In 2020 International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Control Technologies (CEECT). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ceect50755.2020.9298637.

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Gruenbaum, Peter, David W. Robison, Chris Airola, Susannah End, and Asfaha Lemlem. "Technological Creativity in Low-Income Neighborhoods." In Proceedings. Frontiers in Education. 36th Annual Conference. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/fie.2006.322376.

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Reports on the topic "Low incomes"

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Sanders, Robert. Iriss ESSS Outline: Covid-19, low incomes, and poverty. Iriss, July 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31583/esss.20200715.

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Sinn, Hans-Werner. Migration, Social Standards and Replacement Incomes: How to Protect Low-income Workers in the Industrialized Countries Against the Forces of Globalization and Market Integration. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w10798.

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McKee, M. Diane, Benjamin Kligler, Belinda Anderson, Elizabeth Chuang, Mariel Connolly, Qi Gao, Eric Gil, Claudia Lechuga, Mimi Kim, and Arya Nielsen. Comparing Group and Individual Acupuncture Therapy for Treating Chronic Pain among Ethnically Diverse Patients with Low Incomes—AADDOPT-2. Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute, June 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.25302/06.2020.ad.140210857.

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Apter, Andrea, Tyra Bryant-Stephens, Knashawn Morales, Xiaoyan Han, Luzmercy Perez, Alyssa Mullen, John Howell, and A. Russell Localio. Testing Whether Home Visits by Community Health Workers Help African-American and Hispanic Patients with Low Incomes Better Manage Asthma. Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute® (PCORI), July 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.25302/06.2020.as.130705218.

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Tandon, S. Darius, Jessica K. Johnson, Alicia Diebold, Melissa Segovia, Aria Degillio, Jackie Gollan, Dana Zakieh, Jesus Solano-Martinez, Chen Yeh, and Jody D. Ciolino. Testing the Effectiveness of Adding Group Therapy to Home Visiting Services on Reducing Postpartum Depression in Women with Low Incomes. Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI), March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25302/03.2021.ad-1507-31473.

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Collinson, Robert, Ingrid Gould Ellen, and Jens Ludwig. Low-Income Housing Policy. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w21071.

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McKinnish, Terra, Randall Walsh, and Kirk White. Who Gentrifies Low-Income Neighborhoods? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w14036.

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Hoynes, Hilary, and Jesse Rothstein. Tax Policy Toward Low-Income Families. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w22080.

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Olsen, Edgar. Housing Programs for Low-Income Households. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w8208.

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Churilla, Allison. Low-Income families in New Hampshire. University of New Hampshire Libraries, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.34051/p/2020.19.

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