Journal articles on the topic 'Low-income housing – Northwest Territories'

Accessible public transport system is an essential indicator that guarantees equal travelling opportunities for all people. Scientific research has revealed that poor accessibility to public transport mostly affects low‐income people and the elderly. People from these groups have fewer opportunities to reach education institutions, working places, or health institutions. Access to public transport routes is among public transport indicators that are important for these social groups of people. An analysis reveals that during the last six years, from 1998 to 2004, access to public transport increased on average by 1,28 % in the district area. The analysed indicators of population density, working density, ratio of built up territories and green areas, accessibility of the public transport, density of routes in the area in question, and the distance to the centre revealed that the accessibility to public transport also has a significant influence on the price of housing, especifically for the above social group.

Introduction: Tuberculosis remains a major health problem worldwide, killing thousand adults and children every year mainly in developing countries as Brazil. The disease is socially determined, caused mainly by inequalities as overcrowding, bad conditions of housing, unemployment, and limited access to health care. The aim of this study was to identify the social inequalities associated with the onset of tuberculosis in disease-prone territories in a city from the Northeast. Methodology: This was an ecological study, which has gathered patients diagnosed with tuberculosis through secondary data source in a city from the northeast of Brazil. The GAMLSS statistical model has been applied considering as response variable the count of Tuberculosis cases and the independent variable, the social conditions. The double Poisson distribution was considered in the analysis. The best model fitted was selected according the Akaike information criterion value. For all tests, the p value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: 460 patients with diagnosis of tuberculosis were identified, which represents an incidence of 36.3 cases/100,000 in males and 20.7 cases/100,000 in females. Regarding social inequality associated with tuberculosis, income (households with per capita income between 1/8 and 3 minimum wages), gender and age (Proportion of males under 15 years of age) were associated with the disease. Conclusions: The findings evidenced the social determinants associated with tuberculosis, with a greater occurrence of the disease in areas with mostly male children and low-income families, these issues must be managed within and beyond the health sector, which is mandatory for the Tuberculosis elimination.

The study is devoted to the research of the quality of life of the population of the Arctic zone of Russia, which is one of the most important priorities of the socio-economic development strategy of the country. Based on the application of economic analysis methods, including correlation and regression modeling based on data for 2008–2017, modern trends and key factors were determined that affect the dynamics of the human development index, which is defined as an effective indicator that most fully and comprehensively reflects the quality of population life. The analysis revealed negative characteristics of the quality of life of the population of the Russian Arctic: income level that does not correspond to the level of needs, the higher unemployment rate in comparison with average data, lack of decent housing conditions, extremely insufficient infrastructure development level and low territory development. Applied correlation and regression modeling demonstrated that the main factors affecting the dynamics of the human development index are the pace of housing construction and crime rate. Given the complexity of these factors and revealed correlation with other factors, the results of analysis prove the need for an integrated approach to the development of the Arctic territories, in which the state plays the most important role through financial and economic mechanisms. Based on the study, an adapted set of financial and economic regulatory mechanisms aimed at the development of the Russian Arctic territories and improving the quality of life of the population of the Arctic zone of Russia was proposed

There is a gap in academic literature that highlights the perspectives of Canadian-Caribbean individuals that navigate both poverty and the stigma of limited access to resources necessary for livelihood in Canada. By employing the intersecting identities of Low-Income and (un)documentation, this poem aims to deconstruct the stereotypical expectations of Canadian-Caribbean immigrants. What does an impoverished Canadian-Caribbean immigrant look like once we’ve disregarded our representativeness heuristic? They now may be the straight-A student in your class or that lady that never seems to wear an uncoordinated outfit – or perhaps your lecturer or community organizer who has an undying passion for 19th-century opera. By mobilizing this idea, this poem seeks to encourage the reader to reconsider our pre-conceived notions of an (un)documented, impoverished Canadian-Caribbean individual. Similarly, this poem challenges the notion that to exist, is contingent on external perceptions. A tree in the Northwest Territories may exist unknowingly to us and still be able to blow gracefully in the wind.

The purpose of this work is a quantitative assessment of the factors affecting the health of the population of the Ural region in the Republic of Bashkortostan based on panel regression modelling. Material and methods. The information base was the official statistical materials (2000-2018). Panel data modelling was used as an analysis tool. Results. The state of health of the population of the Ural region was shown to be similar to the general Russian trends. However, territorial specificity is also visible. The overall mortality and mortality rate from the main causes were demonstrated to be significantly influenced by various factors of the socio-economic development of territories, which necessitates taking this heterogeneity into account when developing socio-economic policy measures. A significant contribution to the overall mortality of the entire population was shown to be made by the proportion of the population older than working age, the level of crime, the number of divorces, low income of the population. A gain in the mortality rate from diseases of the circulatory system ensures an increase in the proportion of the population older than working age and a decline in the level of housing provision for the population. The gain in the mortality rate due to neoplasms is also related to the increase in the number of pensioners per 1000 population and low population density. Also, the number of pensioners and low per capita income have an impact on the mortality from respiratory diseases; unemployment and low per capita income - on mortality from diseases of the digestive system. The gain in mortality from external causes is directly related to the increase in the number of registered crimes. Limitations. The study was conducted on the available aggregated data of official statistics, primary data were not used. Conclusion. The analysis of the obtained results and their comparison with the literature data allow determining the priorities of socio-economic, demographic policy at the regional level.

Abstract Early studies of technology adoption and computer use identified a “digital divide” between older adults and the general population. As that gap has narrowed, other demographic variables have been identified as continuing to foster disparities in access to and use of computers and related technologies. For example, gender, socioeconomic status, education, and ethnicity have been recognized as predictors of computer use among community living older adults. The ORCATECH Collaborative Aging (In Place) Research Using Technology (CART) initiative was designed to develop and validate an infrastructure for research utilizing technologies to facilitate healthy and independent aging. The CART program tests innovative technology applications in four diverse populations: residents in low income, section 202 housing in Portland; isolated, rural veterans in the Pacific Northwest; urban African American seniors in Chicago; and socially isolated, ethnically diverse low income seniors in Miami. As part of their participation in the CART project, older adults complete an annual survey of health and technology use. A total of 214 participants were enrolled and agreed to have their homes instrumented with the CART platform of monitoring technologies. Across all four cohorts 166 answered the technology survey thus far: 82 - 97% of participants own a cell phone; 64 - 78% perform some online banking activities. There were no differences among cohorts in computer use or cell phone ownership, or in other measures of technology use. Inclusion of ethnically and economically diverse populations in future technology research will be critical in the development of effective digital health interventions.

Abstract Poverty is a feature of rural households, and as a result, rural folks usually adopt low-input agriculture to alleviate poverty. Many households in Ngaka Modiri Molema District keep animals, particularly sheep and goats, for a variety of reasons, including as source of income, milk, and meat. However, they lack the management skills that are necessary for their livestock to increase their productivity. Inadequate animal management, including poor feeding and housing standards and poor application of proper animal health procedures are compounded by a lack of agricultural experience and low-input farming methods. In addition, poor animal nutrition, sickness and a high prevalence of parasites, and low animal production output further contribute to low overall productivity. Therefore, support offered by the veterinary services, and the impact these interventions have on sheep and goat farming among rural farmers need to be investigated. The present study will seek to describe the feeding schemes and management practices adopted by sheep and goat owners, as well as the role played by veterinary and extension services in the development of such practices. Health care provided to sheep goat farmers by the veterinary services will also be determined. A survey will be conducted in Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality, a rural area in North West Province of South Africa. The study population will consist of all farmers rearing sheep and goats, both female and male. Animal and farm information level data and general farm management practices will be collected via a questionnaire survey. Using the Statistical Kit for STATA (version 16), data will be examined by computing frequency, percentages, and proportions based on the characteristics of the sample population. This survey will help to provide opportunities for resource-poor farmers in rural areas to develop their flocks.

The article examines the contradiction between the transformation of information technology into an integral part of contemporary educational activities and the threat of reducing the quality of the educational process and dehumanizing the individual, resulting from the implementation of digital educational technologies. The need for distance work and remote communication is particularly evident in the situation of the pandemic, which requires, on the one hand, restricting direct interpersonal contacts to prevent the spread of infection, and on the other hand – continuing labor activity to prevent an economic downturn. The disadvantages of the distance framework in the educational process concern a decrease in discipline among students, a deterioration in the quality of learning of educational material, economic inaccessibility for low-income families, insufficient coverage of territories with cellular communication, as well as housing conditions that do not allow organizing remote work and training. These shortcomings become a threat to increasing social stratification due to the impossibility of general access to even basic education. The essence of the protests against distance learning shows that the problems are seen not only in the lack of organization of the learning process but also in the very fact of abandoning the traditional learning model. One of the factors of such a threat is the absolutization of the role of information technology in the learning process, which leads to a deterioration in the level of education. To resolve this contradiction, the authors propose to consider the role of humanitarian knowledge as a meaningful aspect of the educational process.

IntroductionCoronavirus disease (COVID-19), affects 213 countries or territories globally. We received a request from National Health Systems Resource Centre, a public agency in India, to conduct rapid evidence synthesis (RES) on community health workers (CHWs) for COVID-19 prevention and control in 3 days.MethodsWe searched PubMed, websites of ministries (n=3), public agencies (n=6), multilateral institutions (n=3), COVID-19 resource aggregators (n=5) and preprints (n=1) (without language restrictions) for articles on CHWs in pandemics. Two reviewers screened the records independently with a third reviewer resolving disagreements. One reviewer extracted data with another reviewer cross-checking it. A framework on CHW performance in primary healthcare not specific to pandemic was used to guide data extraction and narrative analysis.ResultsWe retrieved 211 records and finally included 36 articles. Most of the evidence was from low-and middle-income countries with well-established CHW programmes. Evidence from CHW programmes initiated during pandemics and for CHW involvement in pandemic response in high-income countries was scant. CHW roles and tasks change substantially during pandemics. Clear guidance, training for changed roles and definition of what constitutes essential activities (ie, those that must to be sustained) is required. Most common additional activities during pandemics were community awareness, engagement and sensitisation (including for countering stigma) and contact tracing. CHWs were reported to be involved in all aspects of contact tracing - this was reported to affect routine service delivery. CHWs have often been stigmatised or been socially ostracised during pandemics. Providing PPE, housing allowance, equal training opportunities, transportation allowance, improving salaries (paid on time and for a broad range of services) and awards in high-profile public events contributed to better recruitment and retention. We also created inventories of resources with guiding notes on guidelines for health workers (n=24), self-isolation in the community (n=10) and information, education and counselling materials on COVID-19 (n=16).ConclusionsCHWs play a critical role in pandemics. It is important to ensure role clarity, training, supportive supervision, as well as their work satisfaction, health and well-being. More implementation research on CHWs in pandemics is required.

O ensaio busca confrontar o projeto de cidadania, contido no ideário da Reforma Urbana, com os rumos da política urbana brasileira, local e nacional, direcionada para a ampliação dos direitos de acesso à cidade. A análise tem como foco as políticas de regularização e urbanização de assentamentos populares, tendo em vista o lugar central que ocupa, hoje, a ilegalidade da moradia na formulação da questão urbana brasileira e nas ações públicas daí decorrentes. Trata-se de uma avaliação dos princípios das políticas em curso e de seus efeitos no campo valorativo do ideal igualitário. Parte-se da idéia de que os instrumentos legais acionados nos assentamentos, particularmente a Zeis, carregam princípios contraditórios. Questiona-se em que medida as normas e os padrões específicos instituídos nesses territórios institucionalizam duas classes de cidadãos, ou seja, duas referências de bem-estar, de direito social e de direito de propriedade; ambas legais e legítimas. Busca-se contribuir com o debate sobre as possibilidades de “convivência” entre igualdade e diferença, ou mesmo entre igualdade e liberdade, numa sociedade hierarquizada e profundamente desigual, onde a diferença é a expressão da inferioridade dos pobres.Palavras-chave: cidadania; política urbana; habitação. Abstract: The essay searches to confront the project of citizenship, contained in the Urban Reform ideal, with the directions of the Brazilian urban policies, local and national, addressed for the enlargement of the access rights to the city. The analysis has as focus the regularization and urbanization policies in low income areas, based on the central place that occupies, today, the housing illegality in the formulation of the Brazilian urban question and public actions. So, the work is about an evaluation of the principles of the urban policies in course and not of their objective results. The main idea is that the legal instruments used in the poor areas, particularly the Zeis, load contradictory principles. It is questioned in what measure the legal norms and the specific urban patterns instituted in these territories institutionalize two classes of citizens, or two references of welfare, social right and property right; both legal and legitimate ones. One searches to contribute in the debate on the possibilities of “conviviality” between equality and difference, or even, between equality and freedom, in a deeply hierarchical and unequal society, where the difference is the expression of the inferiority of the poor classes.Keywords: citizenship; urban policy; housing.

The goal is to analyze the current options of infrastructure projects financing in Lviv by establishing alternative sources of strengthening their financial support. The study analyses the volume of additional funds for community improvement at the expense of the State Fund of Regional Development and subventions from the State budget to local budgets in order to implement the measures for the socioeconomic development of individual territories. It was found that it is not realistic to finance completely the necessary infrastructure projects at the expense of budget funds. Especially for the needs of territorial communities with the possibility of being used by several communities simultaneously, a new attracting funds tool for the implementation of local investment projects – bonds of local development funds – is proposed. The alternative way to attract additional sources of funds, in particular, is the emission of bonds of local development funds. According to the international classification, bonds of local development funds belong to infrastructure bonds. It is noted that they exist already in the Ukrainian projects of loan capital legislative regulation. The determined bonds, if implemented, should advantageously differ from corporate bonds or local loan bonds due to: determining the direction of the intended use of borrowed funds; specific issuer – the Local Development Fund; relatively low risks for investors due to control of the budget cash flow for bonds repayment and receiving income on bonds. Their advantage is that, unlike local loan bonds, where issuers can only be city councils, the regional, district, settlement and village councils can also make decisions to issue the local development fund bonds. At the same time, attention is focused on the initiation of new businesses in the field of housing and communal services, in particular, through the creation of small enterprises that will provide important services to meet the needs of the territorial community on the basis of subcontract agreements. Local self-governed bodies have the opportunity to stimulate such business initiatives among the unemployed population that are available to work, providing space (premises) to newly created self-employed persons – entrepreneurs, compensating the rent as one-time payment from the Social Insurance Fund of Ukraine for the organization of entrepreneurial activities by unemployed citizens.

The paper provides the analytic research of forming of united territorial communities (UTCs) in the regions of Carpathian region (Transcarpathian, Ivano-Frankivsk, Lviv and Chernivtsi regions). The author reveals the peculiarity of united communities in the region – the composition of UTCs includes the settlements that the Law of Ukraine “On the status of mountain settlements in Ukraine” regards as the mountain ones and border communities. Correspondence of the formed UTCs of the region to the criteria of capable territorial communities (number of population, share of basic subsidy, expenditures on managerial aparatus) defined by the Ministry of Regional Development, housing and construction of Ukraine are analyzed and compared to average rates in Ukrainian UTCs. The relevant conclusions are made. Special attention is paid to the impact of the region’s socio-economic development on the peculiarities of forming of UTCs’ internal capacity. The author finds the dependence of the revenues to UTCs’ budgets on the level of their economic development and availability of entrepreneurship structures on their territories. The absence of dependence between personal income per capita in an UTC and its population number is explained based on conducted ranging. The level of socio-economic development of urban and rural united communities is examined. The research proves the presence of substantially lower rates of rural communities’ budget profitability per capita than in urban UTCs due to comparatively high level of cities’ development and their positioning as economic growth centers. Based on the revealed differences in the levels of financial capacity of UTCs that comprise mountain settlements and other united communities in the region and Ukraine in general as well as urban and rural UTCs the author conducts the analysis of the structure of own revenues across the defined groups. The first case reveals the higher share of individual tax and single tax in own budget revenues and insignificant share of revenues from excise and land taxes. The result can be explained by the specifics of territorial location and geographic peculiarities of such communities. Analysis of the features of forming and development of UTCs in Carpathian region contributed to revealing the smaller average area of an UTC in the region compared to the average rate in Ukraine, lack of UTCs’ correlative land resource that is one of the major community assets and the lower rate of individual tax revenues than average in Ukraine testifying to the low level of communities’ economy development.

The study revealed the relevance of the problem of improving the system of tools that can be effectively used to ensure effective and balanced, problem-oriented local socio-economic development of the territories of Ukraine. The purpose of the research is to carry out analysis and identification of problematic aspects, as well as to justify recommendations in terms of improving the tools of local economic development management on the example of one of the territorial communities of Ukraine. On the example of one of the territorial communities of Ukraine, the economic activity of economic entities operating on its territory is analyzed, in particular, the structure of the types of economic activity of the territorial community is shown, the structure of employment of the population of the territorial community by types of economic activity is reflected, the indicators of employment, wages and income are characterized of the local budget by spheres of management of the territorial community. On this basis, the key obstacles to local economic development were determined, in particular, the high level of subsidies, dependence on higher-level budgets, as well as the functioning of public and communal sector organizations in the community; low level of development of business entities that represent the real sector of the economy or basic types of economic activity; weak business and business activity of the local population; its focus on interregional and intraregional labor migration; insufficient investment attractiveness of the territory for the accumulation of investment resources for the creation of new industries, including branches of processing industry; limited practices of vertical-horizontal integration of business entities, creation of cluster structures, integration with business entities from neighboring communities and the regional center; the underdevelopment of the elements of the system of preservation, formation and expansion of the intellectual and personnel resource for the activation of local economic and social development. It has been proven that in order to overcome these obstacles to local economic development, an arsenal of state management tools such as financial and investment (creation of industrial parks, growth centers, clusters; public-private partnership; financial leasing and outsourcing; crowdfunding; creation of revolving funds) should be formed and gradually implemented ), budgetary (tax incentives; implementation of local social and economic programs; inter-municipal cooperation; use of participatory budgets), credit (attraction of bank and other lending; provision of guarantees; creation of financial support funds; local bond loans), grant (attraction of resources of international technical, including financial, aid; formation and implementation of grant programs and projects) and socio-economic ( stimulation of employment, self-employment, development of entrepreneurship, including social entrepreneurship; provision of social housing; implementation of social inclusion projects).

Introduction. Sustainable development of agricultural production in Ukraine involves taking into account social, economic and environmental aspects, which is implemented in many specific directions and measures. The purpose of the study is to assess the social effectiveness of sustainable development of agricultural production in the conditions of the national economy openness. Results. The dynamic of the share of Ukrainian households expenditures on food, non-alcoholic and alcoholic beverages, and tobacco products in the structure of their total expenditures is analyzed. The expenditure share of Ukrainian households on alcohol and tobacco is considered. The analysis of the expenditure share on alcoholic beverages and tobacco in the structure of total household expenditures by age groups, depending on the size of average cash equivalent total income in 2016-2018 has been done. The results of the consumption analysis of meat and meat products, milk and dairy products, fruits, berries and grapes (without wine processing) for 1 person in the population from 2000 to 2018 are presented. The trends of rising consumption in studied groups of products other than milk and milk products has been identified. The difference between search and regulatory types of forecasts is considered. These forecasts are calculated to consider product groups. The inability to reach the target consumption values within the planned period of time is determined. The dynamics of the Consumer Price Index for food and non-alcoholic beverages in individual EU countries and USA are examined and downward trends are identified. The reasons for the galloping rise in food prices in Ukraine are given. The dynamics of rural and urban population in Ukraine is analyzed. The dynamics of the average monthly wage by types of economic activity is analyzed. The results of the analysis of highways of Ukraine with hard cover by categories are given. The volume of passenger transportation by bus is considered. The analysis results of the housing equipment of rural households by water supply, sewerage and modern sanitary facilities are presented. The analysis results of the receipt lack of certain types of medical aid by rural and urban residents (deprivation) are presented. Conclusions. The dynamics of the expenditure share of Ukrainian households on food, non-alcoholic and alcoholic beverages, tobacco in the structure of their total expenditures confirms the poverty of the Ukrainian population. There is a low consumer culture of the population in Ukraine. The structure of consumption expenditures is explained by the considerable level of differentiation of population different segments incomes. The dynamics of rural and urban populations in Ukraine confirms the steady decline of rural residents. The main reasons for the decrease in rural population are identified. The unsatisfactory level of social component of sustainable development of agricultural production in Ukraine has been proved. Keywords: agricultural production, sustainable development, social infrastructure, rural territories, food security, social component of sustainable development, social efficiency.

Purpose This study aims to investigate whether the correlation between Saudi Arabia’s social and economic reforms, urban megaprojects and sustainable urbanism can lead to an increased quality of life (QoL) in the capital, create a comprehensive lifestyle setup for Riyadh’s residents while also aiming to attract foreign investment. Design/methodology/approach This research examines five government-sponsored mega-destinations and their master plans against the objectives of Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030’s Quality of Life Program. Furthermore, the author analyzed to what extent the proposed projects fulfill global mandates of sustainable urban development and how they might help raise the QoL for Riyadh’s residents. The author’s methodology rests primarily on detailed policy evaluation proposed by Vision 2030, literature research and data collected from proposed urban development plans. In parallel, the author conducted informal conversations with people living in affected areas and architectural offices who are involved in the design of the five megaprojects. After collecting the data for each project, the author compared the QoL Program criteria to the data of the proposed megaprojects to examine to what extent the proposed designs implement the QoL criteria of Vision 2030. In the last step, the author evaluated whether and how the proposed plans adhere to globally established guidelines of sustainable urban revitalization by studying possible overlaps and contingencies on an urban level. Findings The analysis reveals that although each case study project targets one or more specific lifestyle domains, the projects combined fulfill all lifestyle categories specified in Saudi Arabia’s QoL program. In addition, each project contributes measures to improve livability in the categories of urban design and environment, infrastructure and transport, social engagement and safety while also providing a range of economic and educational opportunities for different demographics. In terms of sustainable development criteria, the analysis demonstrates that all case studies provide ample measures to enhance Riyadh’s mobility by providing greenways for pedestrians and cyclists, which connect to public transport. Furthermore, when strategically combined as a series of urban layers, the projects demonstrate potential to form urban synergies among different lifestyle domains that could positively affect existing and proposed neighborhoods, particularly when extended through an inclusive, participatory planning framework, which, in turn, could significantly raise the QoL for a broad socioeconomic demographic. Research limitations/implications This research reveals the complex role of megaprojects as change agents for socioeconomic reforms, as signifiers of livability and as planning frameworks to implement sustainable urbanism in Saudi Arabia’s capital, while also creating a lifestyle infrastructure for Riyadh’s residents. Practical implications With their sensitive approach to climate, ecologically driven landscape projects and regionalist architecture inspired by the traditional Arab city, these case study projects may serve as an example to other countries in hot arid zones on sustainably revitalizing their urban environments. Social implications This study demonstrates how social and economic reforms intertwine with sustainable urban planning and placemaking to create a comprehensive lifestyle setup for Riyadh’s residents that has not previously existed. On the planning side, this includes creating a massive public infrastructure that encourages walkability and residents’ active participation in recreational, cultural, entertainment and sports activities. However, as the analysis has also revealed, while offering a large number of public facilities, the projects do not embrace a mixed-income project model, which would allow low-income families to live within a market-rate environment. In addition, one of the projects entails the displacement of benefit low-income and migrant communities. Although the government has a separate program that specifically aims at providing affordable housing in other areas of the city, these model destinations primarily target luxury tourists and affluent Saudis, potentially cementing existing socio-spatial divides in the city. Consequently, the megaprojects demonstrate Saudi Arabia’s conflicted response to the logic of entrepreneurial neoliberalism: on the one side, progressive attempts to promote an egalitarian approach to urban livability; on the other, strategic efforts to use megaprojects as spectacular showcases in the global marketplace. Originality/value The correlation between Saudi Arabia’s socioeconomic reforms, megaprojects and sustainable urbanism in Riyadh has not been previously explored. Compared to Western countries’ cities, few attempts have been made to investigate the role of livability in the context of emerging countries’ fast-growing urban areas. This paper presents a considerable case study in Saudi Arabia that ties into a more extensive debate on cultural globalization where cities, particularly in the developing world, use megaprojects as change agents to reconstruct their urban territories according to standardized livability indices to elevate their image in the global marketplace.

Abstract Objectives Over 40 million Americans identify as food insecure and lack access to adequate food. The objective of this study was to identify the barriers to consuming dietary protein and to determine how lack of access to dietary protein is associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in food insecure (FI) and homeless adults Methods Participants were recruited during intake at a medical outreach event for homeless and low-income adults living in Northwest Arkansas. A total of 96 adults (62 male and 33 female; 50.3 ±13.3 y) completed the survey. Subjects were asked to verbally respond to questions regarding their current housing and food security status, dietary habits, and general access to medical care. Cardiometabolic risk factors (BMI, glucose, and blood pressure) were also measured. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Science v25. Results A total of 74.8% of participants reported some degree of FI. The majority of FI participants reported high- (32.6%) followed by moderate- (31.5%) and low-severity (16.3%); almost half of the participants (44.8%) reported being homeless. Barriers to protein consumption were positively correlated with FI (r = .36; P < .001). Over 70% of participants reported at least one barrier that prevented them from consuming protein. The majority reported that cost was the most important barrier to accessing protein (58%), followed by convenience (25%) and time available to prepare it (22%). In part, due to these and other barriers, more than one-third of respondents reported consuming protein fewer than 5 times per week. There were no associations between FI and cardiometabolic risk factors. Nevertheless, the majority of participants screened (88%) had blood pressure above 120/80 mm and had elevated blood glucose (39.7%) and 76% were either overweight or obese. Conclusions Barriers to consuming dietary protein exist among homeless and low-income adults. Cost and convenience are the two most important barriers among this population subgroup; persons reporting barriers to protein access also reported higher levels of FI. Additionally, food insecurity and homelessness may increase risk for irregular cardiometabolic biomarkers. Future research will focus on how to overcome these barriers and improve markers of cardio metabolic health in adults experiencing FI. Funding Sources American Egg Board/Egg Nutrition Center.

Abstract Background The concentration of under-5 child morbidity and mortality due to pneumonia in developing countries reflects the social inequities. This study aimed to map and assess the spatial risk for hospitalization due to Community-Acquired Pneumonia in children under 5 years of age and its association with vulnerable areas. Methods Ecological study in the city of Ribeirão Preto, state of São Paulo, Brazil. The study population consisted of hospitalized under-5 children, diagnosed with community-acquired pneumonia, in Ribeirão Preto-São Paulo-Brazil, from 2012 to 2013. Data were collected in different databases, by a trained team, between March 2012 and August 2013 and from the 2010 Demographic Census of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. The 956 urban census tracts were considered as the units of analysis. The incidence of cases per 10,000 inhabitants was calculated by census tracts during the study period. For the identification of the spatial risk clusters, the Kernel density estimator and the Getis-Ord Gi* technique were performed. Generalized additive models were used to verify the association between areas with social vulnerability and the occurrence of childhood pneumonia. Results The study included 265 children under the age of five, hospitalized due to community-acquired pneumonia. A concentration of cases was identified in the regions with greater social vulnerability (low income, poor housing conditions and homelessness), as well as a lower occurrence of cases in the most developed and economically privileged area of the city. The majority of the children lived in territories served by traditional primary healthcare units, in which the health surveillance and family and community focus are limited. It is important to highlight that the tracts with the highest degrees of vulnerability, such as those identified as high vulnerability (urban) and very high vulnerability (subnormal urban clusters). Conclusions The results contribute to the comprehension of the social factors involved in child hospitalization due to pneumonia, based on the analysis of the spatial distribution. This approach revealed a strategic tool for diagnosing the disparities as well presenting evidences for the planning in health and strength health care system in achieving equity, welfare and social protection of children.