Academic literature on the topic 'Low-income consumers'
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Journal articles on the topic "Low-income consumers"
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Jacobs, G., and E. V. D. M. Smit. "Materialism and indebtedness of low income consumers: Evidence from South Africa’s largest credit granting catalogue retailer." South African Journal of Business Management 41, no. 4 (December 31, 2010): 11–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajbm.v41i4.527.
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In South Africa, studies have found changes in consumption and credit usage over time to be significant amongst low-income consumers. Yet, there has been limited empirical research on consumer behaviour in South Africa and even less on low-income consumerism. This study, which explores the relationship between materialism and indebtedness among a sample of low-income, instalment paying consumers of South Africa's largest catalogue retailer, aims to augment our understanding of these phenomena, whilst making some international comparisons.The study assesses whether (i) consumers display strong characteristics of materialism and (ii) whether materialism is a significant variable in predicting the consumers‟ propensity for incurring debt. It is concluded that low-income consumers are indeed highly materialistic. The study further suggests the presence of statistically significant relationships between consumers' levels of indebtedness and the demographic variables age and gender. However, materialism and monthly income are not significant in determining a consumer‟s level of indebtedness.While the decision to conduct the study on client data from one particular retailer, limits the extent to which the findings can be generalised to the larger South African population, the results do provide a number of important insights, which contribute to the scant body of literature on low-income consumer behaviour in the RSA.
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Shy, Oz. "Low-income consumers and payment choice." Research in Economics 74, no. 4 (December 2020): 292–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rie.2020.09.001.
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Gbadamosi, Ayantunji. "Low‐income consumers' reactions to low‐involvement products." Marketing Intelligence & Planning 27, no. 7 (October 23, 2009): 882–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02634500911000207.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the attitudes and behaviour of low‐income women consumers in respect of low‐involvement grocery products.Design/methodology/approachOne focus group and 30 in‐depth interviews on the subject‐matter are conducted with low‐income women in Salford (Northwest England). Given the nature of the topic and the target respondents involved, the subjects are recruited through the use of purposive and snowballing sampling methods.FindingsThe findings suggest that low‐income women consumers' purchases of low‐involvement grocery products are based on habit. They do not show strong loyalty to brands of these products, and do not perceive price as an indication of their quality. Their key motivation underlying their purchases of these products is value‐for‐money. Also they are very sensitive to sales promotional stimuli, albeit in varying degrees according to the respective attractiveness of these tools. However, while they indicate a positive attitude towards buy‐one‐get‐one‐free (BOGOF), free samples, discount and coupons, BOGOF stands out as their best preference; but they are not positively inclined towards gifts and competition.Originality/valueThe paper explores the motivation, attitudes and behaviour of a special group of consumers (low‐income women) in respect of low‐involvement grocery products. It indicates the directions of their sensitivity in terms of marketing stimuli. Hence, it will be valuable for marketing decision making towards providing this group of consumers with the utmost satisfaction needed in this increasingly complex marketing environment.
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Basan, Romiel John. "Consumer Preference of Table Banana Quality by Income Groups in the Philippines: Hedonic Price Analysis." Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development 13, no. 2 (December 15, 2016): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37801/ajad2016.13.2.2.
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Income has been found to be a strong determinant of consumers’ demand for agricultural commodity such as banana, and has been strongly correlated with consumer preference. However, literature on consumer preferences vis-à-vis fruit quality as segmented by income group is lacking. This study aims to determine the table banana preferred by consumers in low-, middle-, and high-income groups and its effect on price. Descriptive statistics and hedonic regression were used to analyze the data. Results revealed that high-income consumers were more discriminating than low- and middle-income consumers in terms of cluster size and fruit length. This means that high-income consumers are willing to pay premium price for banana quality. Consumer under different income class in the society have their own preferences when making purchase decisions with respect to the embodied attributes of banana. A well-informed clientele can be chosen and proper market segmentation and marketing plan can be prepared. Taking into account quality considerations will enable both farmers and traders to further increase their profit.
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K. Abraham. "Priority of Low-Income Consumer Behaviour in Visiting Market Places." Communications on Applied Nonlinear Analysis 31, no. 5s (July 17, 2024): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.52783/cana.v31.996.
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Need of the study: The competition among the marketers is at cutthroat type so, the marketers have to search for new avenues or the new segments for selling their goods and services. The present study will pave the way to the marketers and producers to reach the markets where the low-income consumers are available to purchase the goods and services at their potentiality. Objectives: To find the market places being visited by the low-income consumers. To know the level of consumption expenditure of low-income consumer in a particular market place. To find the market place where the low-income consumer is spending much. Irrespective of their income level, most of the respondents from low-income consumers preferred ‘public distribution shops’ for food provisions whatever was available there. Secondly, they preferred to visit ‘retail shops’, ‘towns’, and ‘district head quarters’ were cited as the third’, ‘vendors’ as the fourth, and lastly ‘other sources’ as their preferred market places, from where they buy their products and services. (Table no: 3). There is relation between literacy level and visiting market place for purchasing goods and services. To say clearly based on their literacy level the low-income consumers market place priority is changing. Based on post hoc test it is found that there exists some similarity in the consumption expenditure of retail shops and district headquarters. But not in the case of public distribution shops. (Table no: 9). Under the keen competition it is suggested to the marketers to provide the necessary goods at Public Distribution Shops to reach the market which they have never met so far.
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Zanini, Marco Tulio, Fernando Filardi, Fábio Villaça, Carmen Migueles, and Aline Menezes Melo. "Shopping streets vs malls: preferences of low-income consumers." Marketing Intelligence & Planning 37, no. 2 (April 1, 2019): 140–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mip-05-2018-0168.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to identify the attributes of shopping streets and shopping malls that influence the satisfaction and patronage intention of low-income consumers in order to understand the consumers’ preferences when it comes to shopping in these retail agglomerations.Design/methodology/approachThe study is based on quantitative and qualitative research, including in-depth interviews and focus groups with low-income consumers. The research collected data from 396 consumers at 3 retail agglomerations in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and used a structured questionnaire to identify 12 attributes as the factors of the agglomerations’ attractiveness.FindingsThe results show that the items “selection” and “value” affect satisfaction and patronage intention at the same intensity in both shopping streets and shopping malls. However, the item “access” proved to be important for shopping malls, and the item “security” proved to be important for shopping streets. The results indicate that shopping streets have a preference for patronage intentions, despite the greater satisfaction generated by shopping malls. In addition, the study looked at consumers’ opinions on these retail agglomerations.Originality/valueThe research findings help to build a conceptual framework on evolved retail agglomerations in comparison to created retail agglomeration, represented by shopping streets and shopping malls, respectively. The findings allow a broader view of low-income consumption, offering insights so entrepreneurs and companies can direct their efforts to better capture value and improve the supply of products and services. Likewise, these findings will help public policy decision-makers to build and provide infrastructure for the preservation of shopping streets, maintaining this option for the consumer.
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Bizarrias, Flavio Santino, Suzanne Strehlau, and Marcelo Moll Brandão. "The moderating role of brands for low income luxury consumers." Independent Journal of Management & Production 8, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 936. http://dx.doi.org/10.14807/ijmp.v8i3.639.
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The value of luxury is a multidimensional construct that assesses how consumers consider the various dimensions of luxury in their consumption relations. The consumption of luxury is not a trivial activity for most people, but brings a certain fascination and is part of the imaginary of the lower classes in emerging markets. The social identity of these consumers is changing because they aspire a new social position. But luxury consumption hurts the standards of this consumer profile. At the same time the self esteem is observed as an important element of people self-confirmation. For consumers, specifically, self-esteem is an important antecedent of consumption decisions. A sample of low income students was analyzed in this study to describe their relationship with luxury, and its influence on self-esteem when moderated by brand expressiveness. Through structural equation modeling this study found that the expression of the brand moderates the relationship of the value of luxury with self-esteem, allowing consumers of lower classes to observe a significant role of luxury in their lives.
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Jaiswal, Anand Kumar, and Pingali Venugopal. "Cavinkare Private Limited: Serving Low Income Consumers." Asian Case Research Journal 12, no. 01 (June 2008): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218927508001047.
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This case deals with the strategies adopted by CavinKare Private Limited to serve the low income consumers in India. Chik brand of CavinKare established its leadership in rural markets and emerged as the second largest selling shampoo brand. The factors contributing to the success of CavinKare were (a) keen understanding of rural markets, (b) focus on innovation, (c) development of affordable products, (d) low cost operations, and (e) extensive distribution and access. The study of CavinKare highlights the business strategies organizations can use for the successful exploitation of opportunities present in the low income markets.
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Okello, JJ, K. Sindi, and J. Low. "Consumer perceptions and demand for biofortified sweet potato-based biscuit: The case of Akarabo golden power biscuit in Rwanda." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 14, no. 63 (May 28, 2014): 8941–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.63.13495.
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Certain varieties of sweet potato , especially orange -fleshed, are being promoted as part of the strategy to combat vitamin A deficiency in children and pregnant mothers. However , the consumption of sweet potato is more widespread in rural households where it is mainly boiled or eaten raw. The lack of value addition exclude s majority of urban and higher income consumers who consider sweet potato an inferior product . At the same time low income urban households that would be interested in consuming sweet potatoes are not able to receive regular supplies from the rural producing are as due to perishability and bulkiness of the produce. This study examines consumer perception s and demand for value -added biofortified biscuit derived from the vitamin A-rich orange fleshed sweet potato in Rwanda. Specifically, it assesses consumer perceptions and preference for biofortified biscuit, consumer willingness to pay for biofortified biscuit and consumers ’ rating of the biofortified biscuit. It uses data from 1085 consumers stratified by income level s drawn from consumers in several urban market s of Rwanda . The study finds very favorable rating of the taste, color, packaging, looks, and sweetness for the biofortified biscuit . It also finds higher willingness to pay (WTP) for the biofortified biscuit among consumers from low and low/middle income groups. However, the study finds mixed results of WTP for the biofortifed sweet potato among consumers in the high income neigborhoods. Also, contrary to expectations, t he study finds no evidence that knowledge of vitamin A increases consumer rating for the biofortified biscuit, suggesting that the promotion campaigns did not change the way consumers perceive the biofortified sweet potato , perhaps due to the way the campaign was designed . The study concludes t hat the biofortified biscuit is currently more acceptable among the low and low/middle end income categories probably because of greater promotion at these levels . However , it has a high potential for the high and medium income groups as evident from the high rating it received among these groups . The paper discusses the implications of these findings and suggests a need for more detailed studies and indepth quantitative analysis of consumer perceptions and WTP for orange -fleshed sweet potato .
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Chaparro-Africano, Adriana María, and Juan Diego Garzón-Méndez. "Consumer profile and factors determining the purchase of agroecological products. A case study: UNIMINUTO Agroecological Fair and Minuto de Dios Solidarity Market, Colombia." Agronomía Colombiana 39, no. 2 (May 1, 2021): 265–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/agron.colomb.v39n2.89013.
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This research sought to characterize consumers and consumption in the UNIMINUTO Agroecological Fair and the Minuto de Dios Solidarity Market, which both have a low number of consumers and sales. A survey was designed and implemented through a Google form and in person, between September and October 2019. The total sample was 146 consumers (90% reliability, 5% error). The results were analyzed through descriptive statistics and comparison with other studies. The consumer’s profile is mostly university students of natural sciences, young adults of low and low-middle income strata from small households, and women; the age, gender, and educational level are common features with similar studies. The consumer lacks knowledge about the products, the participatory certification, and pricing, which can be remedied through consumer education. The supply and quality of agroecological products must also be improved.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Low-income consumers"
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LEVRINI, GABRIEL ROBERTO DELLACASA. "LOW INCOME CONSUMERS STIGMA IN SERVICE ENCOUNTERS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2012. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=22375@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROCONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO
Na prestação de serviços, há evidência do estigma e de ações discriminantes que envolvam ações automáticas de preconceito. Diferentes tratamentos aos consumidores podem produzir e experiências problemáticas, com consequências e respostas imediatas nos negócios. Objetivamente, este estudo busca focar mais profundamente o estigma do ponto de vista do consumidor de baixa renda. Analisa os componentes racionais e emocionais das reações desses consumidores perante as interpretações da sociedade. Em parte, busca suprir a lacuna existente na literatura do marketing. A estigmatização de consumidores de baixa renda pode ter forte influência em suas ações e respostas durante o processo de decisão de escolha e compra de serviços. Isso implica num significativo impacto no desempenho dos negócios, ações de anticonsumo contra as marcas. Neste sentido, o encontro de serviços serve como palco para os atores estigmatizador e estigmatizado, sendo que o consumidor de baixa renda é o protagonista. O estudo foi dividido em três fases: a primeira levantou a preocupação destes consumidores com a estigmatização no encontro de serviços, através de entrevistas experimentais para alinhamento do roteiro. A segunda fase compreendeu uma pesquisa de campo, em que foram utilizadas 210 entrevistas. Para tanto, utilizouse a Técnica do Incidente Crítico. Os dados foram analisados, codificados através do software OpenLogos. Na terceira fase, realizou-se uma análise do conteúdo das narrativas dos entrevistados, chegando a mais de 1200 palavras, códigos e expressões que identificam as emoções, e mostrou-se como ocorre o perfil do estigma e as reações comportamentais. Os resultados indicaram uma predominância das emoções primárias (medo, vergonha e ofensa, etc) no momento imediato a percepção do estigma pelo consumidor de baixa renda. Posteriormente, inicia-se o processo decorrente (emoções secundárias e terciárias) e suas estratégias de respostas destes consumidores. Dessa forma, ratifico- se a influência e importância do estudo do estigma com suas respectivas implicações as situações de consumo.
This article focuses on low-income consumers facing social stigma in service encounters with contact employees. Stigma is a pervasive aspect of our culture and has been rarely considered in services marketing for low-income consumer. In the past, research didn’t pay attention on the low-income consumer’s perspective for marketing actions. Recently, attention has turned to examining how people who are targets of negative stereotypes understand and interpret their experience as members of socially devalued groups. The method used in this article comprised three phases. The first phase explored the awareness of stigmatized service encounters by informal interviews with low-income consumers. The second phase consisted in field interviews, the collection data from 210 individuals with confirmation of discriminatory behaviors. The method utilized was the Critical Incident Technique (CIT) using Open Logos Content Analysis software for coding the emotions. The third phase consisted of detail data analysis, searching for words or concepts within texts or sets of texts, and then coded into manageable categories. In this phase, we found more than 1200 words or emotional expressions. Results showed primal emotions (fear, shame, offense) dominance in the stigma perception moment, often followed by secondary and thirdly emotions. In the last step of the process, the coping responses were important in order to understand the consumer attitudes and behaviors as part of this stigma process. The findings assure the importance of studying the stigma process to understand low-income consumer’s behaviors.
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DUPRAT, SUZANA SOARES. "CELL PHONE ENTERTAINMENT FOR LOW-INCOME CONSUMERS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2009. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=31578@1.
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Este trabalho investiga o problema das restrições ao entretenimento da população de baixa renda brasileira. Parte de um modelo conceitual de restrições ao lazer e verifica como o celular atuaria como ferramenta de entretenimento diante dessas restrições. Especificamente, o trabalho: (i) identifica as principais restrições ao lazer para a população de baixa renda com base no modelo de Crawford et al (ii) analisa de que maneira o celular, como ferramenta de entretenimento, pode influenciar no comportamento face às restrições. Através de entrevistas em profundidade, o estudo classifica as principais restrições ao lazer da população de baixa renda e identifica de que a forma o celular pode beneficiar esta parcela da população, quando utilizado como ferramenta de entretenimento. Os resultados mostram uma adaptação do modelo de Crawford de restrições ao lazer e como este modelo auxilia na identificação de oportunidades de mercado, para criação de produtos e serviços que permitam vencer as restrições encontradas no estudo.This study investigates the problem of the constraints to leisure of the low income population. It begins from a conceptual model of leisure constraints and verifies how the mobile phone can act as an entertainment tool due to these constraints. Therefore, the study: (i) identifies the main leisure constraints of the low income population based on the Crawford et al model; (ii) analyzes how the mobile phone, as an entertainment tool, can influence in these leisure constraints. Based on several interviews, the study classifies the main leisure constraints of the low income population and identifies how the mobile phone can benefit this population when used as an entertainment tool. The results show an adaptation of the Crawford model and how this model can help in the recognition of new market opportunities and the development of new products and services that can help the low income population to overcome the constraints observed in this study.
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FILHO, MURILO CARRAZEDO M. DA COSTA. "EVOKED SETS AND BRAND CHOICES OF LOW-INCOME CONSUMERS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2014. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=24475@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
PROGRAMA DE SUPORTE À PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DE INSTS. DE ENSINO
O crescente potencial de consumo na baixa renda é um fenômeno que vem ganhando destaque crescente tanto no meio empresarial quanto no acadêmico. À medida que o consumo neste segmento ganha dimensões cada vez mais relevantes, faz-se necessário entender o comportamento desse consumidor, que durante muito tempo foi negligenciado pelo marketing. Em especial, os aspectos relacionados à escolha de marcas e influência da variável preço nas escolhas desses consumidores são de particular interesse às empresas no que tange ao posicionamento de suas ofertas na tentativa de capturar uma fatia desse mercado. A noção de que os consumidores de baixa renda são conscientes de marca ganhou impulso com as ideias lançadas por Prahalad (2005), mas é preciso cautela para se evitar generalizações. Esta dissertação procurou entender como os consumidores de baixa renda formam os seus conjuntos de consideração (grupo seleto de marcas que os consumidores criam para reduzir o universo de opções a um número cognitivamente gerenciável), e que mecanismos utilizam para realizar suas escolhas finais. Baseado em entrevistas em profundidade, investigaram-se aspectos ligados à formação de conjuntos de consideração para categorias de produtos típicos de compras de supermercados e de tomada de decisão habitual. Os resultados apontam para seis fatores que parecem influenciar a consideração e escolha de marcas na baixa renda, que podem atuar de forma distinta para cada categoria e para cada consumidor. O estudo revela que os processos decisórios na baixa renda assumem contornos complexos e específicos, permeados por dois vetores de sentidos opostos: o desejo por qualidade, por um lado, e a restrição orçamentária, por outro. A noção de que os consumidores de baixa renda são conscientes de marca não pode ser generalizada, já que motivações diferentes para tomada de decisão parecem existir para cada categoria e/ou grupamentos de consumidores.
The increasing consumption potential within the low income population is a phenomenon that has been gaining increasing prominence in both the business world and in academia. As consumption in this segment increases steadily, it is necessary to understand the behavior of these consumers, who have long been neglected by marketing. In particular, the aspects related to brand selection and the influence of price in the choice process are of particular interest to companies regarding the positioning of their offerings in an attempt to capture a share of this market. The notion that low-income consumers are brand-conscious gained momentum after the ideas launched by Prahalad (2005), but caution is needed to avoid generalizations. This dissertation sought to understand how low-income consumers form their consideration sets (select group of brands that consumers form to reduce the universe of options to a cognitively manageable number), and the mechanisms they engender to accomplish their final choices. Based on indepth interviews, the study investigated the factors affecting consideration set formation within typical FMCG categories. Findings show that six factors appear to influence the consideration and choice of brands within low-income consumers, and that each may act differently for each category and for each consumer. The study reveals that decision-making within low-income consumers assumes complex and specific contours, permeated by two vectors of opposite directions: the desire for quality, on one hand, and budget constraint, on the other. The notion that low-income consumers are brand-conscious cannot be generalized, since different motivations for decision making seem to exist for each category and / or groups of consumers.
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FERREIRA, RICARDO JOSÉ LODI. "LOW INCOME CONSUMERS AND THEIR EXTENDED SELF IN VEHICLES." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2017. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=30635@1.
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O crescimento do poder aquisitivo da população de baixa renda no Brasil e a consequente alta na demanda por veículos por este estrato da sociedade fizeram crescer o mercado automotivo brasileiro na primeira década dos anos 2000. A próxima relação que esses consumidores passaram a ter com seus veículos tornase, então, o objeto de estudo da presente pesquisa, que tem como principal base teórica a teoria de eu estendido desenvolvida inicialmente por Belk. O autor estipula que objetos de consumo se tornam extensões do Eu de consumidores, devido aos simbolismos que carregam e representam. O objetivo final do estudo, portanto, é entender quais são os significados atribuídos por consumidores de baixa renda a seus carros e como os mesmos são representados como uma extensão do Eu desses indivíduos. Para isso, foram feitas entrevistas emprofundidade com consumidores de baixa renda da cidade do Rio de Janeiro
possuidores de carros de passeio. A partir das entrevistas, foi possível a analisar a relação entre esses indivíduos e seus carros como uma extensão de si e, assim, chegar a algumas conclusões.The growth of the purchasing power of the low-income population in Brazil and the consequent increase on the demand for vehicles by this stratum of society made the Brazilian automotive market grow in the first decade of the 2000 s. The close relationship that these consumers began to have with their vehicles is the object of the present study, which has as its main theoretical base the theory developed initially by Belk. The author stipulates that consumption objects become extensions of one s self because of the symbolism it carries and represents. The main objective of the study, therefore, is to understand what are the meanings attributed by low-income consumers to their cars and how such vehicles are represented as an extension of the Self of these individuals. For this, in-depth interviews were conducted with low-income consumers in the city of Rio de Janeiro who owned cars. Based on the interviews, it was possible to identify the relationship between these individuals and their cars and, thus, come to some conclusions.
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ROCHA, THIAGO PEREIRA MATTOS. "FOOD PURCHASING BY LOW-INCOME CONSUMERS: BEHAVIORS IN THE SUPERMARKET." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2011. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=19268@1.
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Alguns trabalhos já foram realizados sobre a compra de alimentos por consumidores de baixa renda (Grossi, Motta e Hor-Meyll, 2008; Parente, Barki e Kato, 2005). Entretanto, tais trabalhos foram conduzidos com base em relatos feitos a posteriori pelos consumidores. Este estudo, de caráter exploratório, procurou melhor conhecer o comportamento desses consumidores no ponto de venda. Inicialmente, foi feita observação dos trajetos e comportamentos dos consumidores em mercados localizados em quatro bairros de baixa renda per capita na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. O comportamento dos consumidores, incluindo reações durante a compra, comparações entre opções disponíveis, hesitações, demora para escolher e trocas realizadas, foi observado. Em seguida, esses consumidores foram entrevistados, com temas envolvendo a formulação de sua lista de compras e sobre os comportamentos observados durante a compra. O estudo revelou que, apesar da forte influência que a restrição de renda impõe ao processo de compra de alimentos, outros fatores também parecem ajudar a explicar sua tomada de decisão no ponto de venda. Das observações realizadas e do discurso dos informantes sobressaíram influências ligadas ao ambiente do mercado, à relação dos consumidores com as marcas disponíveis e ao risco percebido por esses consumidores.Some studies focused on food purchase by low-income consumers have been published in the last years (Grossi, Motta e Hor-Meyll, 2008; Parente, Barki and Kato, 2005). However, these studies were based in data collected after the purchase and provided by consumers. This exploratory study aimed to increase understanding of low-income consumers behavior at the point of sale. Initially, consumer routes and behaviors in four supermarkets located in low-income areas in Rio de Janeiro were observed and noted. Then, those consumers whose purchase paths had been observed answered questions about shopping list formulation, behavior in store, decisions made in store, hesitation in making some choices. The results show that, beside the fact that income constraint played an important role in food purchasing, other factors help to understand decision making in supermarkets by low-income consumers. From observation and interviews emerged influences related to store environment, to how available brands are perceived and to the risk perceived by consumers at the bottom of the economic pyramid.
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JULIO, LUIZ FELIPE FELTRIM. "SYMBOLISMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE SUPPLEMENTAL HEALTH SERVICE BY LOW INCOME CONSUMERS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2017. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=30625@1.
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O mercado da saúde privada no Brasil vem se transformando nos últimos anos. Ao mesmo tempo que se observou um importante crescimento do número de vidas atendidas por planos de saúde privados, houve também uma concentração de mercado em operadoras e prestadores de serviço de saúde. O crescimento no número de vidas cobertas por planos privados de saúde teve em seu principal motivo uma penetração nas camadas da população de média e baixa renda, motivados tanto pela formalização do emprego, por ser o Plano de Saúde como um dos principais benefícios concedidos pelo empregador, como também pelo aumento real da renda do trabalhador, por meio da qual ele também passa a adquirir um plano de saúde. Considerando a notoriedade de que a saúde pública brasileira carece de um melhor atendimento, não sendo a primeira opção entre os portadores de planos de saúde, esse estudo exploratório teve o intuito de analisar os simbolismos associados ao serviço de saúde suplementar por consumidores de baixa renda. Para isso, foram realizadas 21 entrevistas em profundidade com consumidores de baixa renda que possuem ou possuíram planos de saúde. A análise dos dados discute os sentimentos e simbologias associados à posse de um plano de saúde e seu status social associado ao plano de saúde, a valorização das empresas que oferecem planos de saúde entre seus benefícios corporativos e a comparação entre os planos de saúde e os serviços públicos de saúde. A partir de tal análise, foi possível chegar a algumas conclusões.The private health market in Brazil has been changing in recent years. At the same time as there was a significant increase in the number of lives served by private health insurance, there was also a market concentration in private health plans and providers. The growth in the number of lives covered by private health plans had in its main motive a penetration in the layers of the population of middle and low income, motivated by both the formalization of employment, being the Health Plan as one of the main benefits granted by the employer, but also by the real increase in the worker s income, where he also starts to personally acquire health plan. Considering the notoriety that the Brazilian public health needs a better service, not being the first option among health plan holders, this exploratory study had the purpose of analyzing the symbolisms associated with the supplementary health service by low income consumers. For this, 21 in-depth interviews were conducted with low-income consumers who have or have had health insurance plans. Data analysis discusses the feelings and symbologies associated with the possession of a health plan and its social status associated to the health plan, the appreciation of the companies that offer health plans as one of their corporate benefits and the comparison between the private health plans and the Public health services. From this analysis, it was possible to reach some conclusions.
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MALBURG, LUIZA SICUPIRA. "IMPLICATIONS OF PERSONAL CREDIT USE ON HOUSEHOLD BUDGET OF LOW INCOME CONSUMERS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2010. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=16210@1.
Full textAbstract:
O presente trabalho investiga a utilização do crédito concedido à população
de baixa renda e o comportamento dos membros dessa população diante da
necessidade de gerir endividamentos. O estudo se concentra na dificuldade -
atestada pelo IBGE - desses consumidores chegarem ao final do mês com seus
pagamentos em dia e com recursos para satisfazer as necessidades básicas de
consumo. O estudo se desenvolve por meio de entrevistas qualitativas, com as
quais explora a experiência e vivência do consumidor de baixa renda durante o
processo de empréstimo e gerenciamento das dívidas. As entrevistas - gravadas e
transcritas - produzem dados que são utilizados para identificar tanto os temas
relacionados ao endividamento quanto a problemática associada aos consumidores
tais como negociação de dívidas, acúmulo de dívidas, compulsividade na
utilização de cartões de crédito, controle de gastos e outros mais. O estudo mostra
que, apesar da oferta de crédito para a população de baixa renda vir sofrendo uma
significativa expansão ao longo dos anos, ela causa transtornos para pessoas que
utilizam o crédito sem planejamento rigoroso de seus gastos. Enquanto a maior
oferta pode vir a desempenhar um papel estratégico no alívio da pobreza das
classes menos favorecidas, a utilização do crédito ainda revela dificuldades
decorrentes da manipulação, implícita ou explícita, por parte das instituições que
operam nesse mercado. Além de outros resultados, o estudo salienta a necessidade
de conscientização e esclarecimento em relação à utilização do crédito e a adoção
de valores mais razoáveis tanto com relação aos juros referentes à quitação das
dívidas quanto pelos objetivos para os quais os empréstimos são concedidos.This document is a survey on the use of credit available to low income class in Brazil, and about the behavior of these consumers in managing their debts. The study focus on the difficulty - confirmed by IBGE (the Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics) - this population has to get to the end of the month with their bills duly paid and still have enough resources to provide their basic needs. The study has been developed using qualitative interviews to explore the experience and the way the low income consumer faces the process, from borrowing money to the management of the debt. These interviews, recorded and transcript, produced data used to identify subjects related to indebtedness, accumulation of debt, compulsive use of credit cards, as well as the control of expenses and some others. The research shows that, in spite of the significant expansion on the offer of credit to the low income population along the years, it is a cause of trouble for people that use credit without planning carefully their expenses. While, on one hand, the larger offer of credit may play a strategic role in relieving the poverty effects in the less fortunate classes, on the other, using what could be a benefit remains difficult due to the manipulation practices that, explicit or implicitly, credit institutions operating in this sector commonly use to make business. Besides other outputs, the current study points out the need for the taker to be more conscious and to get clarification on the use of credit, but also on the adoption of more reasonable interest rates related to payment term, as well as on a careful previous analysis by the financial institution on the objectives for which the money is being lent.
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Gbadamosi, A. "An exploratory analysis of low-income women consumers and their consumption of 'low involvement' grocery products." Thesis, University of Salford, 2008. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/26689/.
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In view of the diversity that exists among consumers, this study argues the importance of focusing on just one sub-group of consumers. Therefore, the study aims to explore the attitudes, motivations, and purchase behaviour of low-income women consumers to 'low-involvement' products. More specifically, the adopted methodology comprises of a focus group discussion followed by thirty semi-structured interviews. Findings suggest that low-income women consumers engage in habitual purchasing and are not loyal to brands of grocery products. However, they often buy stores' own value-range brands as they believe that these products are similar to manufacturers' brands. They do not perceive price to be an indication of quality, rather they attribute basic differences between the stores' own value-range and manufacturers' brands as 'expensive packaging' and the popularity of the brand name. Value for money was revealed as a key motivation underlying their purchasing of grocery products. Consequently, they are very sensitive to sales promotions and actively engage in making comparisons between the promotions in different stores within their locality. The implications of the study are twofold. Firstly, this research challenges the common assumptions within the consumer behaviour literature that all grocery products are low-involvement. Hence, generalisation in consumer behaviour without due reference to the contextual factors identified among low-income women consumers provides a limited understanding of their decision making and purchase behaviour. Secondly, from a marketing perspective, the study supports the importance of segmentation/targeting with regard to the design of appropriate sales promotion techniques for targeting low-income consumers.
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BARBOSA, PAULA MARIA BARRETO. "PROFITABILITY IN PREPAID MOBILE PHONE SERVICES IN BRAZIL: OPPORTUNITIES WITH LOW INCOME CONSUMERS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2007. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=11410@1.
Full textAbstract:
A estratégia utilizada pelas operadoras de telefonia móvel
no Brasil nos
últimos anos, levou estas empresas a um grande
crescimento, porém prejudicou a
rentabilidade de sua operação, como acontece regularmente
em novos mercados.
Desta forma, é importante que elas procurem novas
alternativas para reformular
sua trajetória de crescimento, adaptando-se a um ambiente
mais estável.
Historicamente, o relacionamento com o segmento de
clientes pré-pagos foi pouco
explorado por estas empresas, embora ele represente mais
de 70% da base de
todas as operadoras. Assim, é possível verificar um grande
potencial para as
empresas no incremento das ações de relacionamento com os
clientes pré-pagos,
pouco exploradas até hoje. Porém, para estruturar estas
ações, é preciso que as
empresas conheçam melhor o comportamento de consumo dos
clientes deste
segmento. Apesar de recentemente a literatura de marketing
apresentar maior
quantidade de estudos relacionados a este público, é comum
que os profissionais
da área ainda encontrem dificuldades em entender com
clareza os aspectos que
modelam a motivação de consumo destes clientes, dada a
grande disparidade entre
essas realidades no Brasil. (Motta e Muller, 2007). Este
trabalho realiza uma
análise no setor brasileiro de telefonia móvel,
verificando os principais aspectos
no comportamento dos clientes pré-pagos que podem ser
considerados pelas
empresas provedoras deste serviço para a formatação de
ações viáveis de
relacionamento capazes de proporcionar rentabilização em
seus resultados.
Foram realizadas entrevistas com clientes de serviços pré-
pagos das principais
operadoras brasileiras buscando esclarecer aspectos de
motivação de consumo e
expectativas deste público em relação à prestação do
serviço. Os resultados
apontaram para um comportamento bastante diferenciado em
relação a clientes
com menor restrição orçamentária e a adequação de algumas
das ações realizadas de modo ainda incipiente pelas
operadoras, o que pode sustentar a necessidade de
direcionamento de novos investimentos.The strategy adopted by mobile phone operators in Brazil in recent years brought about great growth to these companies. However, it harmed their operation yield levels, and hence it is important that they seek new alternatives to rethink their trajectory of growth, fitting to an already established market. Historically, the relationship with prepaid customers was little explored by these companies, even though the segment represents more than 70% of the client base of all operators. Therefore, it is possible to verify a great potential in relationship building with these customers. However, to structure these actions, it is necessary to have a better knowledge of the consumption behavior of the prepaid segment. Despite the fact that the recent literature in marketing presents a greater amount of studies related to this public, it is still common for professionals in this field to find difficulties in understanding the aspects that shape consumption motivation of prepaid customers, given the great disparity between these realities in Brazil. (Motta and Muller, 2007). The present work intends to perform an analysis of the Brazilian mobile phone sector, verifying the main aspects of prepaid costumer`s behavior which can be considered by the companies operating this service in designing viable relationship actions, capable of generating greater yield. Interviews with customers of prepaid services of the main Brazilian operators have been executed aiming to clarify some aspects of consumption motivation and expectations of this segment. The results point out a differentiated behavior compared to customers with less budgetary restrictions and the adequacy of some of the incipient actions carried out by the operators, which can support the necessity of new investments in this area.
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CUNHA, VINICIUS LOPES DA. "A STUDY ABOUT THE PREFERENCES OF LOW-INCOME CONSUMERS BETWEEN TWO RETAIL ENVIRONMENTS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2015. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=25451@1.
Full textAbstract:
O aumento do poder de compra das populações de mais baixa renda no Brasil fez as empresas perceberem a força consumidora desses indivíduos e a necessidade de se criar estratégias específicas para atender esse novo público-alvo, em vez de apenas adaptar as que eram utilizadas para as classes mais elevadas. Um setor que tem se voltado a esse segmento é o varejista. Historicamente, polos comerciais de rua (também conhecido como calçadões) sempre foram voltados a ele. Mas, de um tempo para cá, shopping centers também têm percebido o potencial de consumo desses indivíduos, oferecendo estrutura e conforto melhores do que os tradicionais calçadões. Apesar dos shoppings terem ofertas mais atrativas, consumidores de baixa renda continuam a frequentar e comprar significativamente nos calçadões. O presente estudo busca desvendar os motivos para esses consumidores ainda fazerem compras nos calçadões, em vista de haver shoppings próximos com mais conforto. Para isso, foram feitas entrevistas em profundidade com consumidores de baixa renda frequentadores de um calçadão do Rio de Janeiro. A partir das entrevistas, foi possível identificar aspectos que levam esses consumidores a preferirem calçadões a shoppings, entre eles a questão do preço das mercadorias, embora nem sempre exista diferença entre produtos no calçadão e nos shoppings.The increase in purchasing power of the lower-income population in Brazil highlighted the consumption strength of this new consumer group and changed the view companies had towards them and stressed the need to create specific strategies instead of simply adapting the existing knowledge focused on upper class consumers. A key sector facing this challenge is the retail business. Historically, street retail (also known in Brazil as calçadões ) has been focused on this segment. Recently, however, shopping centers have also perceived the potential coming from this consumer group and started to offer them improved infrastructure and comfort in comparison to the traditional street retail. In spite of this more attractive consumption environment, low-income consumers continue to shop in street retail stores. This study aims to understand the motivations that lead consumers to prefer shopping in the traditional street stores instead of nearby shopping centers that offer a planned environment, with more structure and with the same stores. To achieve this objective, in depth interviews were conducted with low-income consumers of a street retail area in Rio de Janeiro. From these interviews several aspects, such as price difference, were identified even in situations where this discrepancy does not exist.
Books on the topic "Low-income consumers"
1
Council, Scottish Consumer. A manifesto for low income consumers. Glasgow: Scottish Consumer Council, 1995.
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2
Azevedo, Marcelo da Rocha. O consumidor de baixa renda. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil: Elsevier, 2009.
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3
Krämer, Aline. Low-Income Consumers as a Source of Innovation. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-08930-6.
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4
El consumo en las estrategias de reproducción en hogares pobres de Mexicali, B.C. Mexicali: Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, 2008.
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5
Cecília Lima de Queirós Mattoso. Me empresta seu nome?: Um estudo sobre os consumidores pobres e seus problemas financeiros. Rio de Janeiro, RJ: Mauad X, 2005.
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6
Jones, Paul A. Access to credit on a low income: A study into how people on low incomes in Liverpool access and use consumer credit. Manchester: Co-operative Bank, 2001.
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7
Clark, Paul. A research analysis: "do the poor pay more". [Boston, Mass.]: Northeastern University, 1994.
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8
Massachusetts. Attorney General's Office. Public Protection Bureau. A comparison of the availability of goods and services in the Roxbury, Dorchester and Mattapan regions: Versus Quincy and Newton regions. [Boston, Mass.]: The Bureau, 1994.
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9
author, Stewart Hayden, Jolliffe Dean 1963 author, and United States. Department of Agriculture. Economic Research Service, eds. Low-income households' expenditures on fruits and vegetables. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 2004.
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10
Kenneth, Lieberthal, ed. The end of corporate imperialism. Boston, Mass: Harvard Business Press, 2008.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Low-income consumers"
1
Krämer, Aline. "Introduction." In Low-Income Consumers as a Source of Innovation, 1–14. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-08930-6_1.
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2
Krämer, Aline. "Insights from theory." In Low-Income Consumers as a Source of Innovation, 15–90. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-08930-6_2.
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Krämer, Aline. "Research design." In Low-Income Consumers as a Source of Innovation, 91–131. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-08930-6_3.
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Krämer, Aline. "Insights from the field: Case studies." In Low-Income Consumers as a Source of Innovation, 133–212. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-08930-6_4.
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Krämer, Aline. "Cross-case analysis and discussion." In Low-Income Consumers as a Source of Innovation, 213–98. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-08930-6_5.
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Krämer, Aline. "Summary and outlook." In Low-Income Consumers as a Source of Innovation, 299–312. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-08930-6_6.
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Thomas, Howard, Aurobindo Ghosh, and CW Chan. "iCare Benefits: Assisting low-income retail consumers in Vietnam." In Asia's Social Entrepreneurs, 15–26. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003203582-2.
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Viswanathan, Madhu. "How do you engage low-literate, low-income consumers and entrepreneurs in the marketplace?" In Mapping Out Marketing, 46–48. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2018.: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315112602-14.
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Ghanem, Shereen Mahmoud El-Shennawy, Nadia EL-Aref, and Omneya Mokhtar Yacout. "Consumption-Related Coping Strategies of Low-Income Consumers: A Literature Review." In Marketing at the Confluence between Entertainment and Analytics, 147–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47331-4_26.
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Lutz, Christian, and Lisa Becker. "Effects of Energy Price Shocks on Germany’s Economy and Private Households." In Studies in Energy, Resource and Environmental Economics, 11–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35684-1_2.
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AbstractThe massive rise in energy prices in the wake of the Ukraine crisis and the Western sanctions against Russia is putting a great strain on the economy and consumers. Germany is particularly dependent on Russian energy imports. With the desire to reduce dependence on Russian imports, the pressure for climate neutrality is intensifying. The reports of the IPCC recently show again the high pressure to act. The EU is aiming for climate neutrality by 2050, and Germany would like to reach the target by 2045.This chapter aims to examine the macroeconomic effects of the drastic price increase for energy sources in Germany. For this purpose, a scenario in which energy prices on the world market experience a significant shock is compared with a reference scenario until 2030. The scenarios are implemented in the economy–energy–environment model PANTA RHEI. The scenario comparison shows the different effects of energy price increase on important macroeconomic variables such as price level for consumers, GDP, and employment. Distributional effects across income classes are considered with particular attention to low-income households, which spend higher shares of their income for energy and cannot afford to pay for energy efficiency improvement. A brief comparison with other modelling studies shows that climate mitigation has a positive effect on the economy as a whole and can be an important lever for containing the losses caused by the current high energy prices.
Conference papers on the topic "Low-income consumers"
1
Guedes, Pablo E. A., José A. M. De Rezende, Vinícius B. F. Da Costa, Giancarlo Aquila, and Benedito D. Bonatto. "Supplying Electricity Demand to Low-Income Residential Consumers Through Photovoltaic Generation: A Sustainable Alternative to Electrical Energy Social Tariff." In 2023 15th IEEE International Conference on Industry Applications (INDUSCON). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/induscon58041.2023.10374763.
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Raimi, Lukman, Mirela Panait, and Eglantina Hysa. "Financial Inclusion in ASEAN Countries – A Gender Gap Perspective and Policy Prescriptions." In 2nd International Conference Global Ethics - Key of Sustainability (GEKoS). LUMEN Publishing House, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/lumproc/gekos2021/4.
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Financial inclusion is an increasingly intense issue that is of concern to the credit institutions and the public authorities. It has become topical and gained new value during this period of Covid-19 crisis. Although financial exclusion cuts across demographic categories, but certain categories of financial consumers such as women, young people, people with disabilities and those residing in rural areas have a low presence in the financial services sector. Previous studies attribute the incidence of financial exclusion of some segment of the society to low income, low level of financial education or difficult access to financial products and services generated by poor development of physical infrastructure. Is this true in the case of ASEAN region? A quantitative research approach was adopted in this study, while relying on the secondary data of the World Bank spanning 2011-2017, the UN Women ASEAN Gender Outlook report (2020 -2021), and enriched by scholarly works. The article focuses on the dimensions of the phenomenon of financial inclusion in ASEAN countries, with emphasis on the gender gap financial inclusion. The analysis of the extracted data reveals multiple differences among the countries in the region, a fact that can be explained by the different levels of financial technology development and the governmental interventions implemented to improve financial inclusion. On the strength of the findings, this paper argues that digitalization and financial innovation can also be solutions through which new consumers can be attracted to the financial system, but with these solutions come new challenges related to the protection of personal data and cyber security. For this reason, we believe that increasing financial inclusion must be approached at several levels and must involve joint efforts by public authorities, credit institutions and other categories of stakeholders.
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Melinte, Cristiana, Gina Ionela Butnaru, and Valentin Niță. "The Nexus Between the Travel Trends of the Young Generation and Ecotourism Development in the North East Region of Romania." In 9th BASIQ International Conference on New Trends in Sustainable Business and Consumption. Editura ASE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.24818/basiq/2023/09/010.
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Taking into account that tourism is one of the main contributors to environmental pollution and deterioration, currently it is important to promote forms of travel with low environmental impact. Thus, ecotourism is often promoted as benefitting local destinations through income generation, employment and direct support for the conservation of key tourist attractions. Research supports the fact that this type of tourism influences environmental attitudes and knowledge, and eventually consumers’ behaviour. Therefore, this study is a qualitative research, which aims to study the nexus between the travel trends of the young generation and ecotourism development in the North East Region of Romania. In this sense we applied structured interviews to a sample made of representatives of institutions and organisations in the field of tourism in the North-East Region (NE) of Romania. The results showed that there is an increase of the degree of awareness of local natural and cultural values, through the development of infrastructure and tourism products, through the promotion of the area, through the development of ecotourism and awareness of the importance of protected natural areas. The study represents a contribution to the literature with a growing interest in a subject about younger generation and the development of ecotourism.
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Bankole, Shukurat Omotola, Daniel Donaldson, Dilum Dissanayake, and Emma Ferranti. "Electric Mobility in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Preparedness from the Consumer Point of View." In 2023 IEEE PES/IAS PowerAfrica. IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/powerafrica57932.2023.10363275.
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Noventi, Angelica Fadya, and Dwi Nastiti Danarsari. "Financial Literacy and Consumer Debt: A Survey of Low Income Households in Depok, West Java, Indonesia." In International Conference on Business and Management Research (ICBMR-17). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icbmr-17.2017.17.
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Bissadu, Kossi, Gahangir Hossain, and Leela Pavani Velagala. "A Enhancing Cybersecurity Resilience for Low-Income Farmers in Developing Nations: A Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping Approach." In 2024 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics (ICCE). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icce59016.2024.10444324.
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Nkirigacha, Dr Evayline M. "Nutrition-Sensitive Agriculture: Food Based Approach to All Ages." In 3rd International Nutrition and Dietetics Scientific Conference. KENYA NUTRITIONISTS AND DIETICIANS INSTITUTE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.57039/jnd-conf-knt-2023-003.
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NUTRITION-SENSITIVE agriculture is a food-based approach to agricultural development that puts nutritionally rich foods and dietary diversity at the heart of overcoming undernutrition, overnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies. Agriculture is already the source of most of the food we consume. Yet many people involved in agriculture do not consume enough food or benefit from a healthy diet. Indeed, although 63 per cent of low-income people worldwide work in agriculture – the overwhelming majority of them on small farms – many are at risk of food and nutrition insecurity. Farmers often must make difficult choices between what they consume and what they sell. Though they may grow nutritious crops and raise livestock, many of them sell most of what they produce, with little or nothing left for household consumption. The primary objective of investing in nutrition-sensitive agriculture and food systems is to ensure that acceptable, diverse, nutritious and safe foods, adequate to meet the dietary needs of people of all ages, are available and affordable at all times. This can mean, for example, introducing good practices that enable year-round access to a variety of nutritious food – either by making sure producers have the resources to produce the right foods for a healthy diet, or by equipping markets to sell a variety of nutritious foods at affordable prices. Empowering women and the impact of agriculture on women’s income is considered significant to nutrition security in households. Classical elements of food and nutrition security are income generation, increasing production, reducing post-harvest loses. Health aspects seen as most relevant in the context of nutrition-sensitive agriculture are; food-associated diseases, water pollution, and health hazards due to the use of chemicals. Of the three pillars of the modified UNICEF model, care has been considered by some studies to be significantly less in the context of nutrition-sensitive agriculture than food security or health.
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Lonia, B., N. K. Nayar, S. B. Singh, and P. L. Bali. "Techno Economic Aspects of Power Generation From Agriwaste in India." In 17th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2003-170.
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The agricultural operations in India are suffering from a serious problem of shortage of electrical power on one side and economic and effective disposal of agriwaste stuff on the other. India being agriculture based country, 70% of its main income (share in GDP) comes from agriculture sector. Any enhancement of income from this sector is based upon adequate supply of basic inputs in this sector. Regular and adequate power supply is one such input. But, the position of power supply in our country defies both these characteristics. With a major portion of power produced being sent to the industrial and urban consumers, there is a perennial shortage of power in the agriculture sector. Consequently, there is an emergent need to produce more power in order to fulfil the needs of this sector effectively. One way of accomplishing this is setting up captive, preferably rural based, small power generation plants. In these power plants, instead of water-head, diesel oil or coal, we can use agri-residue to produce electricity. One such power plant (1–2 MW capacity) can satisfy the power need of 25 to 40 nearby villages. The agriwaste like rice straw, sugarcane-trash, coir-pith, peanut shells, wheat stalks & straw, cottonseed, stalks and husk, soyabean stalks, maize stalks & cobs, sorghum. Bagasse, wallnut shells, sunflower seeds, shells, hulls and kernels and coconut husk, wastewood and saw dust can be fruitfully utilized in power generation. This stuff is otherwise a waste and liability and consumes a lot of effort on its disposal; in addition to being a fire and health hazard. Agriwaste stuff which at present is available in abundance and prospects of its utilization in producing energy are enormous. This material can be procured at reasonably low rates from the farmers who will thus be benefited economically, apart from being relieved of the responsibility of its disposal. Agri-residue has traditionally been a major source of heat energy in rural areas in India. It is a valuable fuel even in the sub-urban areas. Inspite of rapid increase in the supply of, access lo and use of fossil fuels, agri-residue is likely to continue to play an important role, in the foreseeable future. Therefore, developing and promoting techno-economically-viable technologies to utilize agri-residue efficiently should be a persuit of high priority. Though there is no authentic data available with regard to the exact quantity of agricultural and agro-industrial residues, its rough estimate has been put at about 350 mt per annum. It is also estimated that the total cattle refuse generated is nearly 250 mt per year. Further, nearly 20% of the total land is under forest cover, which produces approximately 50 mt of fuel wood and with associated forest waste of about 5 mt.(1). Taking into account the utilization of even a portion (say 30%) of this agri-residue & agro-industrial waste as well as energy plantation on one million hectare (mha) of wastelands for power generation through bioenergy technologies, a potential of some 18000 MW of power has been estimated. From the foregoing, it is clear that there is an enormous untapped potential for energy generation from agri-residue. What is required is an immediate and urgent intensification of dedicated efforts in this field, with a view to bringing down the unit energy cost and improving efficiency and reliability of agri-waste production, conversion and utilisation, leading to subsequent saving of fossil fuels for other pressing applications. The new initiatives in national energy policy are most urgently needed to accelerate the social and economic development of the rural areas. It demands a substantial increase in production and consumption of energy for productive purposes. Such initiatives are vital for promoting the goals of sustainability. cleaner production and reduction of long-term risks of environmental pollution and consequent adverse climatic changes in future. A much needed significant social, economic and industrial development has yet to take place in large parts of rural India; be it North, West, East or South. It can be well appreciated that a conscious management of agri-residue, which is otherwise a serious liability of the farmer, through its economic conversion into electric power can offer a reasonably viable solution to our developmental needs. This vision will have to be converted into a reality within a decade or so through dedicated and planned R&D work in this area. There is a shimmering promise that the whole process of harvesting, collection, transport and economic processing and utilisation of agri-waste can be made technically and economically more viable in future. Thus, the foregoing paras amply highlight the value of agri-residue as a prospective source of electric power, particularly for supplementing the main grid during the lean supply periods or peak load hours and also for serving the remote areas in the form of stand-alone units giving a boost to decentralised power supply. This approach and option seems to be positive in view of its potential contribution to our economic and social development. No doubt, this initiative needs to be backed and perused rigorously for removing regional imbalances as well as strengthening National economy. This paper reviews the current situation with regards to generation of agriwaste and its prospects of economic conversion into electrical power, technologies presently available for this purpose, and the problems faced in such efforts. It emphasizes the need for an integrated approach to devise ways and means for generating electrical power from agriwaste; keeping in mind the requirements of cleaner production and environmental protection so that the initiative leads to a total solution.
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Ata, Sezai. "The Macroeconomic Effects of Credit Regulations." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c10.02075.
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In this study, the effects of macro prudential policies on consumer loans in the recent period are examined on the basis of total loan developments and credit type. The findings of the study show that macro prudential policies are quite effective in slowing down the growth rate of total credit and consumer loans for the ultimate purpose. In addition, the overall provisioning and risk weighting regimes provided banks with a modest level of capital adequacy ratios and prevented banks from growing in risky assets. The results of some loan types indicate that credit utilization, determined by changes in interest rates, can also be limited through macro prudential policies. Regulations for credit are not final and invariable. Credit data should be followed up at regular intervals and adjusted to the most appropriate state by tightening or loosening when necessary. In order to balance the large price increases between regions and to prevent speculative movements in the housing market, it is necessary to determine speculative region criteria specific to Turkey and then apply it to prevent speculative price bubbles. It is important to analyze the effect of rapid growth of residential mortgage lending on housing prices and also on the income distribution in the middle and long term. Considering the recent low or negative rate hikes in credit card expenditures, the effects of the flexibility introduced in installment numbers in September 2016 should be monitored in the upcoming period. Restrictions should be somewhat eased if they are not sufficient.
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Amirjani, Rahmatollah. "Labour Housing and the Normalisation of Modernity in 1970s Iran." In The 38th Annual Conference of the Society of Architectural Historians Australia and New Zealand. online: SAHANZ, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55939/a4020p1tmw.
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In the 1970s, rapid modernisation fuelled population displacement and increased the number of workers in the large cities of Iran, in particular Tehran. In response, the Imperial Government initiated several housing programs focusing on the provision of megastructures on a large scale. Consequently, a new opposition formed among some sectors of society, regarding the dissemination of gigantic buildings in the International or Brutalist styles. Critics and clerics argued that the radical government interventions not only polarised the image of Islamic identity in cities, but also affected the behaviour of people towards, and their opinions concerning, the Islamic lifestyle. Additionally, some claimed the state aimed to normalise its project of modernity and rapid westernisation for the mid- and lower classes using housing. In this regard, this article investigates the 1970s imperial government social housing programs to verify these claims. Using an extensive literature review, documentary research, observation, and descriptive data analysis, this article argues that, despite the government politics and modernisation tendencies in the 1970s, consumerism, political competition, the state of Cold War, and the emergence of new construction techniques, all resulted in the emergence of mass-produced megastructures offering a new luxurious lifestyle to residents. While the life and hygiene of the different classes were improved, these instant products inevitably facilitated the normalisation of Western lifestyle among the mid- and low-income groups of the society. Eventually, this visible social transition was utilised by opposition leaders as another excuse to topple the Pahlavi regime under the 1979 Islamic Revolution.
Reports on the topic "Low-income consumers"
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Herzog, Antonia. Climate energy policy and low-income consumers. University of New Hampshire Libraries, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.34051/p/2020.49.
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Eisenberg, Joel F. The impact of forecasted energy price increases on low-income consumers. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1182145.
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Hajdini, Ina, Edward S. Knotek, John Leer, Mathieu O. Pedemonte, Robert W. Rich, and Raphael S. Schoenle. Low passthrough from inflation expectations to income growth expectations: why people dislike inflation. Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.26509/frbc-wp-202221r.
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We implement a novel methodology to disentangle two-way causality in inflation and income expectations in a large, nationally representative survey of US consumers. We find a 20 percent passthrough from expected inflation to expected income growth, but no statistically significant effect in the other direction. Passthrough is higher for higher-income individuals and men. Higher inflation expectations increase consumers’ likelihood to search for higherpaying new jobs. In a calibrated search-and-matching model, dampened responses of wages to demand and supply shocks translate into greater output fluctuations. The survey results and model analysis provide a labor market channel for why people dislike inflation.
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Sylvia, Emily. Incentivizing higher-quality agricultural outputs. J-PAL, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31485/pi.3010.2021.
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Despite making investments in technologies and practices to improve the quality of their products, smallholder farmers in low- and middle-income countries do not often receive higher prices for their higher-quality agricultural goods. Disorganized markets with many intermediaries may make quality certification of goods more difficult, thus causing missed opportunities for consumers to eat better and producers to earn higher profits.
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Sylvia, Emily. Incentivizing higher-quality agricultural outputs. J-PAL, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31485/pi.3010.2021.
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Despite making investments in technologies and practices to improve the quality of their products, smallholder farmers in low- and middle-income countries do not often receive higher prices for their higher-quality agricultural goods. Disorganized markets with many intermediaries may make quality certification of goods more difficult, thus causing missed opportunities for consumers to eat better and producers to earn higher profits.
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Olarreaga, Marcelo, and Andreas Lendle. Can Online Markets Make Trade More Inclusive? Inter-American Development Bank, March 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006985.
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Technology made available by online markets has signifcantly reducedthe cost of entry into international markets for small and medium sized firms, who can now reach far away consumers and create global reputation as a seller at very low costs. Empirical evidence using data from eBay sellers shows that a large share of online firms exports, even though they are on average much smaller than traditional offline firms. We show that in a world where income inequality is driven by an uneven distribution of capital rents, online markets help to reduce income inequality by providing smaller firms access to international markets.
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Eisenberg, Joel Fred. Short and Long-Term Perspectives: The Impact on Low-Income Consumers of Forecasted Energy Price Increases in 2008 and A Cap & Trade Carbon Policy in 2030. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/931114.
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Vélez-Velásquez, Juan Sebastián. Banning Price Discrimination under Imperfect Competition: Evidence from Colombia's Broadband. Banco de la República de Colombia, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1148.
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Economic theory is inconclusive regarding the effects of banning third-degree price discrimination under imperfect competition because they depend on how the competing firms rank their market segments. When, relative to uniform pricing, all competitors want higher prices in the same market segments, a ban on price discrimination will reduce profits and benefit some consumers at the expense of others. If, instead, some firms want to charge higher prices in segments where their competitors want to charge lower prices, price discrimination increases competition driving all prices down. In this case, forcing the firms to charge uniform prices can increase their profits and reduce consumer surplus. We use data on Colombian broadband subscriptions to estimate the demand for internet services. Estimated preferences and assumptions about competition are used to simulate a scenario in which firms lose their ability to price discriminate. Our results show large effects on consumer surplus and large effects on firms’ profits. Aggregate profits increase but the effects for individual firms are heterogeneous. The effects on consumer welfare vary by city. In most cities, a uniform price regime causes large welfare transfers from low-income households towards high-income households and in a few cities, prices in all segments rise. Poorer households respond to the increase in prices by subscribing to internet plans with slower download speed.
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Sokol, José Benjamín. Revisión de los Shocks en la Economía. USMA, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37387/ipc.v11i1.345.
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The Panamanian economy performed spectacularly starting in 1989, growing at an average real rate of 6% per year for thirty years. It was the highest registered in the Latin American Region and one of the highest globally. In addition, important achievements were obtained that were not achieved in other countries inside and outside the region. The middle class expanded and strengthened. The general poverty level fell from 37.9% in 2000 to 21.5% in 2019, and the extreme poverty level from 21.9% to 10.0%, mainly due to transfers from low-income households. Income inequalities improved by reducing the GINI coefficient from 56.6% in 2000 to 49.8% in 2019, although these were high concerning other Latin American countries. As a result, Panama entered the group of countries classified as high-income by the World Bank. Plus, the economy has recently been hit hard by the Covid-19 pandemic—this immobilized economic activity due to the high population. Density and contagion in the metropolitan area caused by overcrowding in low-income neighborhoods extend its destructive impact on the rest of the country. This required reducing and temporarily closing commercial, service, and production activities. These actions caused a sharp drop in GDP and GDP per capita, the largest in the region and one of the largest in percentage terms globally, a sharp contraction of imports, a rapid expansion of unemployment, a collapse in tax revenues, financial difficulties in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), and a loss of income in low-income and informal groups, and in those of the middle class with suspended employment contracts. A post-Covid-19 growth recovery should not be defined as a return to pre-pandemic levels of economic activity likely to external shocks but as a turning point towards more productive, shock-resistant, and inclusive growth patterns. Growth will happen, although it could be slow and gradual initially. A significant part of daily economic activity operates in a consumer economy environment. At this juncture, it will be essential for consumers to secure their income to maintain a standard spending rate in a context in which the pandemic's adverse impact on Panamanians' health is diminishing.
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Cristia, Julian P., and Paulo Bastos. Entry and Quality Choices in Child Care Markets. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011186.
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Many developing countries have adopted the market approach for expanding the supply of child care, but little is known about the economic behavior of independent providers. This paper draws on uniquely rich administrative data on child care centers and their inputs from São Paulo to examine the role of local household income in shaping the entry and quality choices of private suppliers. It documents three main facts: (1) entry rates are considerably higher in high-income districts; (2) the quality of provision as measured by teachers¿ schooling, group size and equipment is highly heterogeneous across space and increases systematically with local household income; and (3) a considerable share of centers operates below recommended (but not regulated) quality standards, especially in low-income districts. These findings accord with a model in which heterogeneous providers optimally adjust the quality of care to the willingness to pay for quality of local consumers. Market-driven heterogeneity in the quality of provision across space is a key consideration for understanding the effect of regulations on the supply of child care.