Academic literature on the topic 'Low grade heat'

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Journal articles on the topic "Low grade heat"

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Gude, Veera Gnaneswar, and Nagamany Nirmalakhandan. "Desalination Using Low-Grade Heat Sources." Journal of Energy Engineering 134, no. 3 (September 2008): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9402(2008)134:3(95).

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Zhang, Xiantao, Weimin Kan, Haoqing Jiang, Yanming Chen, Ting Cheng, Haifeng Jiang, and Xuejiao Hu. "Capillary-driven low grade heat desalination." Desalination 410 (May 2017): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2017.01.034.

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Anatychuk, L. I., A. V. Prybyla, M. M. Korop, Yu I. Kiziuk, and I. A. Konstantynovych. "Thermoelectric power sources using low-grade heat." Journal of Thermoelectricity, no. 1-2 (June 25, 2024): 90–96. https://doi.org/10.63527/1607-8829-2024-1-2-90-96.

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This work is the first part of a series of studies on thermoelectric power sources using low-grade heat. The results of computer design of a thermoelectric generator with heat exchange by natural convection using waste heat from industrial installations are presented. The generator design was developed and a series of its experimental studies were carried out on a test bench.
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Anatychuk, L. I., A. V. Prybyla, M. M. Korop, Yu I. Kiziuk, and I. A. Konstantynovych. "Thermoelectric power sources using low-grade heat." Journal of Thermoelectricity, no. 4 (December 25, 2024): 61–68. https://doi.org/10.63527/1607-8829-2024-4-61-68.

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This work is the third part of the cycle of research on thermoelectric power sources using low-grade heat. The results of computer-aided design of a thermoelectric generator with heat pipes and forced convection liquid heat exchange that uses thermal waste from industrial installations are presented. The generator design has been developed and a series of its experimental studies have been conducted on a test bench.
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Bradley, Ryan. "Batteries That Capture Low-Grade Waste Heat." Scientific American 311, no. 6 (November 18, 2014): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican1214-53a.

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Christ, Alexander, Xiaolin Wang, Klaus Regenauer-Lieb, and Hui Tong Chua. "Low-grade waste heat driven desalination technology." International Journal for Simulation and Multidisciplinary Design Optimization 5 (2014): A02. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/smdo/2013007.

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Low-grade heat driven multi-effect distillation (MED) desalination is a very promising environmentally friendly, low emission technology. Many countries, such as Australia, are water short and conventional desalination technology is energy intensive. If a primary fossil fuel source is used, then desalination will significantly contribute to carbon dioxide emission. Low-grade waste heat from process plants and power plants generate minimal additional carbon dioxide. This source of energy is typically abundant at a temperature around 65–90 °C, which dovetails with MED technology. In this paper, we report on a new MED technology that couples perfectly with low grade waste heat to give at least a 25% freshwater yield improvement compared with conventional MED design. Typical applications and their expected improvement will also be reported.
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Hu, Run, Dongyan Xu, and Xiaobing Luo. "Liquid Thermocells Enable Low-Grade Heat Harvesting." Matter 3, no. 5 (November 2020): 1400–1402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matt.2020.10.008.

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Mayur savale. "LOW GRADE HEAT RECOVERY FROM COOLING TOWER." international journal of engineering technology and management sciences 7, no. 5 (2023): 495–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.46647/ijetms.2023.v07i05.061.

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Energy and utility are the major heads in industries. Use of energy and utility in industries is huge. There are lots of work done to save utility and conservation of energy previously. Still there is scope to do work for these. Cooling towers are major equipment for utility in various industries like chemical, petroleum, power plant etc. cooling tower absorbs low/high grade energy from process plant and emits it into the environment in the form of low-grade energy. Low-grade energy is difficult to recover and utilize in industries. sometime recovery and utilization are possible but cost of recovery is higher. Here we work to recovery of low-grade energy from cooling tower water and utilize for the evaporation of liquid to gas like chlorine, Sulphur dioxide, ammonia etc. which are store in liquid condition in cylinder and requires in gas form and higher flow rate. This arrangement will give advantage over conventional evaporation utilities like steam, hot water, electrical/thermal tracing etc., also gives advantages in cooling tower performance.
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Anatychuk, L. I., A. V. Prybyla, M. M. Korop, Yu V. Kiziuk, and I. A. Konstantynovych. "Thermoelectric power sources using low-grade heat." Journal of Thermoelectricity, no. 3 (September 25, 2024): 36–43. https://doi.org/10.63527/1607-8829-2024-3-36-43.

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This work is the second part of a series of studies on thermoelectric power sources using low-grade heat. The results of computer-aided design of a thermoelectric generator with forced convection heat exchange that uses thermal waste from industrial installations are presented. The generator design has been developed and a series of experimental studies have been conducted on a test bench. Bibl. 9, Figs. 5.
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Zhao, Yanan, Mingliang Li, Rui Long, Zhichun Liu, and Wei Liu. "Review of osmotic heat engines for low-grade heat harvesting." Desalination 527 (April 2022): 115571. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2022.115571.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Low grade heat"

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Sansom, Robert. "Decarbonising low grade heat for low carbon future." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/25503.

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More energy is consumed in the UK for heat than either transport or electricity and yet until recently little attention has been given to decarbonising heat to meet the UK's 2050 greenhouse gas targets. The challenges are immense as over 80% of households in the UK use gas for space and water heating. To achieve the UK's greenhouse gas targets will necessitate heat to be almost completely decarbonised and will thus require a transition from gas for heating to a low carbon alternative. However, there is a lack of consensus over which low carbon heat technologies householders should be encouraged to adopt as projections of these vary significantly. This thesis commences by reviewing those projections and identifying the possible reasons for the variations. Low carbon heat technologies suitable for large scale deployment are identified and a heat demand model developed from which demand profiles can be constructed. An integrated heat and electricity investment model is then developed which includes electricity generation assets but also district heating assets such as combined heat and power plant, network storage and large network heat pumps. A core input into this model is the heat demand profiles. The investment model enables the interaction between heat and electricity assets to be evaluated and so using scenarios combined with sensitivities examines the economics and carbon emissions of the low carbon residential heating technologies previously identified. Throughout this analysis the equivalent cost for gas heating is used as a comparator. The results suggest that district heating is an attractive option which is robust under most outcomes. However, its economic viability is crucially dependent on a financing regime that is compatible with other network based assets. Also identified is a role for electric storage heaters for buildings with low heat demand.
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Gude, Veera Gnaneswar. "Desalination using low grade heat sources." access full-text online access from Digital Dissertation Consortium, 2007. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/er/db/ddcdiss.pl?3296129.

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Li, Chennan. "Innovative Desalination Systems Using Low-grade Heat." Scholar Commons, 2012. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4126.

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Water and energy crises have forced researchers to seek alternative water and energy sources. Seawater desalination can contribute towards meeting the increasing demand for fresh water using alternative energy sources like low-grade heat. Industrial waste heat, geothermal, solar thermal, could help to ease the energy crisis. Unfortunately, the efficiency of the conventional power cycle becomes uneconomically low with low-grade heat sources, while, at the same time, seawater desalination requires more energy than a conventional water treatment process. However, heat discarded from low-grade heat power cycles could be used as part of desalination energy sources with seawater being used as coolant for the power cycles. Therefore a study of desalination using low-grade heat is of great significance. This research has comprehensively reviewed the current literature and proposes two systems that use low-grade heat for desalination applications or even desalination/power cogeneration. The proposed two cogeneration systems are a supercritical Rankine cycle-type coupled with a reverse osmosis (RO) membrane desalination process, and a power cycle with an ejector coupled with a multi-effect distillation desalination system. The first configuration provides the advantages of making full use of heat sources and is suitable for hybrid systems. The second system has several advantages, such as handling highly concentrated brine without external electricity input as well as the potential of water/power cogeneration when it is not used to treat concentrated brine. Compared to different stand-alone power cycles, the proposed systems could use seawater as coolant to reject low-grade heat from the power cycle to reduce thermal pollution.
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Kishore, Ravi Anant. "Low-grade Thermal Energy Harvesting and Waste Heat Recovery." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/103650.

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Low-grade heat, either in the form of waste heat or natural heat, represents an extremely promising source of renewable energy. A cost-effective method for recovering the low-grade heat will have a transformative impact on the overall energy scenario. Efficiency of heat engines deteriorates with decrease in hot-side temperature, making low-grade heat recovery complex and economically unviable using the current state-of-the-art technologies, such as Organic Rankine cycle, Kalina cycle and Stirling engine. In this thesis, a fundamental breakthrough is achieved in low-grade thermal energy harvesting using thermomagnetic and thermoelectric effects. This thesis systematically investigates two different mechanisms: thermomagnetic effect and thermoelectric effect to generate electricity from the low-grade heat sources available near ambient temperature to 200�[BULLET]C. Using thermomagnetic effect, we demonstrate a novel ultra-low thermal gradient energy recovery mechanism, termed as PoWER (Power from Waste Energy Recovery), with ambient acting as the heat sink. PoWER devices do not require an external heat sink, bulky fins or thermal fluid circulation and generate electricity on the order of 100s μW/cm3 from heat sources at temperatures as low as 24�[BULLET]C (i.e. just 2�[BULLET]C above the ambient) to 50�[BULLET]C. For the high temperature range of 50-200�[BULLET]C, we developed the unique low fill fraction thermoelectric generators that exhibit a much better performance than the commercial modules when operated under realistic conditions such as constant heat flux boundary condition and high thermally resistive environment. These advancements in thermal energy harvesting and waste heat recovery technology will have a transformative impact on renewable energy generation and in reducing global warming.<br>PHD
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Hedström, Sofia. "Thermal energy recovery of low grade waste heat in hydrogenation process." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för hälsa, natur- och teknikvetenskap (from 2013), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-32335.

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The waste heat recovery technologies have become very relevant since many industrial plants continuously reject large amounts of thermal energy during normal operation which contributes to the increase of the production costs and also impacts the environment. The simulation programs used in industrial engineering enable development and optimization of the operational processes in a cost-effective way. The company Chematur Engineering AB, which supplies chemical plants in many different fields of use on a worldwide basis, was interested in the investigation of the possibilities for effective waste heat recovery from the hydrogenation of dinitrotoluene, which is a sub-process in the toluene diisocyanate manufacture plant. The project objective was to implement waste heat recovery by application of the Organic Rankine Cycle and the Absorption Refrigeration Cycle technologies. Modeling and design of the Organic Rankine Cycle and the Absorption Refrigeration Cycle systems was performed by using Aspen Plus® simulation software where the waste heat carrier was represented by hot water, coming from the internal cooling system in the hydrogenation process. Among the working fluids investigated were ammonia, butane, isobutane, propane, R-123, R-134a, R-227ea, R-245fa, and ammonia-water and LiBr-water working pairs. The simulations have been performed for different plant capacities with different temperatures of the hydrogenation process. The results show that the application of the Organic Rankine Cycle technology is the most feasible solution where the use of ammonia, R-123, R-245fa and butane as the working fluids is beneficial with regards to power production and pay-off time, while R-245fa and butane are the most sustainable choices considering the environment.
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Lee, Dongwook Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Low-grade heat conversion into electricity by thermoelectric and electrochemical systems." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/120186.

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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 2018.<br>This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.<br>Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references.<br>Developing cost effective technologies that convert low-grade heat into electricity is essential to meet the increasing demand for renewable energy systems. Thermoelectric and recently emergent electrochemical heat conversion devices are promising candidates for this purpose. However, current performance and cost of these devices limit their widespread application. In this thesis, we investigate design guidelines for heterostructured thermoelectric systems and electrochemical heat energy harvesters to address these challenges. Material cost and scarcity of elements in state-of-the-art thermoelectric materials are current limitations. Conductive polymers has become an attractive alternative to those materials, however they suffer from low Seebeck coefficient. Nanoscale composites of inorganic semiconductors with conductive polymers could improve low Seebeck coefficients and power factors of conductive polymers, however quantitative understandings on the mechanisms lying behind the enhancements were often missing. In our research, thin film heterostructures of a conductive polymer, PEDOT:PSS / undoped Si or undoped Ge were selected as templates for mechanistic investigations on thermoelectric performance enhancements. With the combination of experiments and simulation, it was determined that p-type PEDOT:PSS transferred holes to the interfaces of adjacent Si and Ge, and these holes could take advantage of higher hole mobility of Si and Ge. This phenomenon called modulation doping, was responsible for thermoelectric power factor enhancements in Si / PEDOT:PSS and Ge / PEDOT:PSS heterostructures. Another technology to transform low-grade heat into electricity is electrochemical heat conversion. Traditionally, the electrochemical heat conversion into electricity suffered from low conversion efficiency originating from low ionic conductivity of electrolytes, even though high thermopowers often reaching several mV/K has been an alluring advantage. Recently developed breakthrough on operating such devices under thermodynamic cycles bypassed low ionic conductivity issue, thereby improving the conversion efficiency by multiple orders of magnitude. In this study, we focused on improving efficiency by increasing thermopowers and suppressing heat capacity of the system, while maintaining the autonomy of thermodynamic cycles without need for recharging by external sources of electricity. These detailed interpretations on nanoscale composite thermoelectric systems and electrochemical heat harvester provide insights for the design of next-generation thermoelectric and electrochemical heat energy harnessing solutions.<br>by Dongwook Lee.<br>Ph. D.
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GAROFALO, ERIK. "Energy harvesting of low-grade waste heat with colloid based technology." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/11583/2972876.

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Soleimanikutanaei, Soheil. "Modelling, Design, and Optimization of Membrane based Heat Exchangers for Low-grade Heat and Water Recovery." FIU Digital Commons, 2018. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3921.

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Transport Membrane Condenser (TMC) is an innovative technology based on the property of a nano-scale porous material which can extract both waste heat and water from exhaust gases. This technology tremendously improves the efficiency of boilers and gas/coal combustors by lowering waste heat and increasing water recovery. Contaminants in the flue gases, such as CO2, O2, NOx, and SO2 are inhibited from passing through the membrane by the membrane’s high selectivity. The condensed water through these tubes is highly pure and can be used as the makeup water for many industrial applications. The goal of this research is to investigate the heat transfer, condensation rate, pressure drop and overall performance of crossflow heat exchangers. In this research, a numerical model has been developed to predict condensation of water vapor over and inside of nano-porous layers. Both capillary condensation inside the nanoscale porous structure of the TMC and the surface condensation were considered in the proposed method using a semi-empirical model. The transport of the water vapor and the latent heat of condensation were applied in the numerical model using the pertinent mass, momentum, turbulence and energy equations. By using the proposed model and simulation procedure, the effect of various inlet parameters such as inlet mass flow rate, inlet temperature, and water vapor content of the inlet flow on the performance of the cross-flow TMC heat exchanger was studied to obtain the optimum performance of the heat exchangers at different working conditions. The performance of the TMC heat exchangers for inlet flue gas rate 40 to 120 kg/h, inlet water rate 60 to 140 kg/h, inlet flue gas relative humidity 20 to 90%, and tube pitch ratio 0.25 to 2.25 has been studied. The obtained results show that the water condensation flux continuously increases with the increase of the inlet flue-gas flow rate, water flow rate, and the flue-gas humidity. The total heat flux also follows the same trend due to the pronounced effect of the latent heat transfer from the condensation process. The water condensation flux and the overall heat transfer increase at the beginning for small values of the tube pitches and then decreases as the tube pitch increases furthermore. In addition to the cross-flow TMC heat exchangers, the performance of a shell and tube TMC heat exchanger for high pressure and temperature oxy-combustion applications has been investigated. The performance analysis for a 6-heat exchanger TMC unit shows that heat transfer of the 2-stage TMC unit is higher than the 2-stage with the same number of the heat exchanger in each unit.
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Stürzebecher, Wolfgang. "Absorption cooling from low grade heat sources in the range 10kW - 100kW." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.442471.

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Chen, Huijuan. "The Conversion of Low-Grade Heat into Power Using Supercritical Rankine Cycles." Scholar Commons, 2010. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3447.

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Low-grade heat sources, here defined as below 300 ºC, are abundantly available as industrial waste heat, solar thermal, and geothermal, to name a few. However, they are under-exploited for conversion to power because of the low efficiency of conversion. The utilization of low-grade heat is advantageous for many reasons. Technologies that allow the efficient conversion of low-grade heat into mechanical or electrical power are very important to develop. This work investigates the potential of supercritical Rankine cycles in the conversion of low-grade heat into power. The performance of supercritical Rankine cycles is studied using ChemCAD linked with customized excel macros written in Visual Basic and programs written in C++. The selection of working fluids for a supercritical Rankine cycle is of key importance. A rigorous investigation into the potential working fluids is carried out, and more than 30 substances are screened out from all the available fluid candidates. Zeotropic mixtures are innovatively proposed to be used in supercritical Rankine cycles to improve the system efficiency. Supercritical Rankine cycles and organic Rankine cycles with pure working fluids as well as zeotropic mixtures are studied to optimize the conversion of lowgrade heat into power. The results show that it is theoretically possible to extract and convert more energy from such heat sources using the cycle developed in this research than the conventional organic Rankine cycles. A theory on the selection of appropriate working fluids for different heat source and heat sink profiles is developed to customize and maximize the thermodynamic cycle performance. The outcomes of this research will eventually contribute to the utilization of low-grade waste heat more efficiently.
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Books on the topic "Low grade heat"

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olga, Arsenyeva, Kapustenko Petro, and Tovazhnyanskyy Leonid, eds. Compact heat exchangers for transfer intensification: Low grade heat and fouling mitigation. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis, 2016.

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Penny, Terry. Low Grade Heat Power Cycles. Amer Solar Energy Society, 1985.

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Profiting from low-grade heat: Thermodynamic cycles for low-temperature heat sources. London: Institution of Electrical Engineers, 1994.

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Low-Grade Heat Harvesting: Materials, Devices, and Technologies. Wiley & Sons, Limited, John, 2024.

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Low-Grade Heat Harvesting: Materials, Devices, and Technologies. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2023.

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Low-Grade Heat Harvesting: Materials, Devices, and Technologies. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2023.

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Low-Grade Heat Harvesting: Materials, Devices and Technologies. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2024.

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Chua, Hui Tong, and Bijan Rahimi. Low Grade Heat Driven Multi-Effect Distillation and Desalination. Elsevier, 2017.

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Low Grade Heat Driven Multi-Effect Distillation and Desalination. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2017.

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Klemes, Jirí Jaromír, Olga Arsenyeva, Petro Kapustenko, and Leonid Tovazhnyanskyy. Compact Heat Exchangers for Energy Transfer Intensification: Low Grade Heat and Fouling Mitigation. Taylor & Francis Group, 2017.

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Book chapters on the topic "Low grade heat"

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Raka, Yash D., Robert Bock, Jacob J. Lamb, Bruno G. Pollet, and Odne S. Burheim. "Low-Grade Waste Heat to Hydrogen." In Micro-Optics and Energy, 85–114. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43676-6_8.

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Bronicki, Lucien Y. "Power Generation from Low-Grade Heat Streams." In Power Stations Using Locally Available Energy Sources, 371–84. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7510-5_1026.

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Bronicki, Lucien Yehuda. "Power Generation from Low-Grade Heat Streams." In Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology, 1–15. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2493-6_1026-1.

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Garimella, Srinivas S., Donald P. Ziegler, and James F. Klausner. "Low Grade Waste Heat Driven Desalination and SO2Scrubbing." In Energy Technology 2012, 159–63. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118365038.ch20.

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Taoda, Kiyomichi, Yoshifumi Ito, Seibi Uehara, Fumiaki Sato, and Takeo Kumagaya. "Upgrading of Low-Grade Coals by Heat Treatment." In Drying ’85, 396–402. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-21830-3_53.

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He, Youliang, Afsaneh Edrisy, and Robert W. Triebe. "Fluoropolymer Coated Condensing Heat Exchangers for Low-Grade Waste Heat Recovery." In The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series, 107–15. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52333-0_10.

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Ortega, Eduardo, Isabel Gálvez, and Leticia Martín-Cordero. "Extracellular Hsp70 and Low-Grade Inflammation- and Stress-Related Pathologies." In Heat Shock Proteins and Stress, 13–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90725-3_2.

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Majumder, Prasanta, Abhijit Sinha, and Rajat Gupta. "Futuristic Approaches of Low-Grade Industrial Waste Heat Recovery." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 163–72. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0159-0_15.

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Tikhomirov, Dmitry, Alexey N. Vasilyev, Dmitry Budnikov, and Alexey A. Vasilyev. "Energy-Saving Device for Microclimate Maintenance with Utilization of Low-Grade Heat." In Innovative Computing Trends and Applications, 31–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03898-4_4.

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Kharchenko, V. V., A. O. Sychov, and G. N. Uzakov. "Innovative Instruments for Extraction of Low-Grade Heat from Surface Watercourses for Heating Systems with Heat Pump." In Innovative Computing Trends and Applications, 59–68. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03898-4_7.

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Conference papers on the topic "Low grade heat"

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Perdomo, J. J., I. A. Morales, and John J. Houben. "Effect of Ferrite and Heat Treatment on the Low Temperature Toughness of Austenitic Castings." In CORROSION 2018, 1–14. NACE International, 2018. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2018-10556.

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Abstract The influence of ferrite and heat treatment condition on the toughness of ASTM(1) A 351 Grade CF3M (0.03C-19Cr-9Ni-2Mo) and CF8M (0.08C-19Cr-9Ni-2Mo) castings used in valve bodies in both Cold -200F&amp;lt;T&amp;lt;-50F (-128C&amp;lt;T&amp;lt;-45C) and Cryogenic Services -325F&amp;lt;T&amp;lt;-200F (-198C&amp;lt;T&amp;lt;128C) was studied. The intent was to understand if the low ferrite limits commonly associated with acceptable toughness in austenitic welds can be used on ASTM A 351 Grade CF3M and CF8M castings. The ASME B31.3 Code accepts A 351 CF3M and CF8M material down to -425F (-255C) in low temperature toughness applications, as long as the cited material contains C&amp;lt;0.1%w, and it's the annealed condition. There is no mentioning of ferrite content and influence on toughness. Additionally, no details of the heat treatment condition are provided in the Code for these materials to be acceptable for low-temperature, toughness applications. The results of this study show that ferrite content has little influence on the toughness of those materials at low temperatures. However, heat treatment condition does. Depending on the casting grade and heat treatment, the formation of Chi or a carbide phase in the interdendritic space negatively influences the toughness at low temperatures. Annealing at a minimum of 1,925 F±25F (1050C +/-15C) and 2,000F±25F (1095C +/- 15C), for CF3M and CF8M grades, respectively, followed by a water quench is required to obtain acceptable toughness. Acceptable toughness is correlated to the disappearance of Chi and/or carbide phase in those castings.
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Hanes, Troy, Robert Stephens, John Siefert, and Ian Perrin. "Creep Crack Growth on High and Low Creep Ductility Grade 91 Steel." In AM-EPRI 2024, 316–27. ASM International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.am-epri-2024p0316.

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Abstract This research compares creep crack growth behavior of two heats of creep strength enhanced ferritic (CSEF) steel, grade 91. These heats represent extremes of creep damage susceptibility, one heat exhibiting low creep ductility and the other high creep ductility. Creep crack growth tests were performed with compact tension specimens and were monitored with direct current potential drop and optical surface measurements. Load line displacement was measured throughout the duration of the tests. Specimens were sectioned, mounted, and analyzed using optical and scanning electron microscopy to assess the presence of oxidation, micro-cracking, creep damage, and void density. Tests were performed over a range of initial stress intensities on the low ductility material to investigate the impact of creep ductility. Metallurgical evidence and test data for each crack growth test was assessed to evaluate crack growth behavior linked to creep crack growth parameter (C*) and stress/creep damage distribution in the vicinity of the crack.
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Nabat, Mohammad Hossein, Soheil Khosravi, Hamid Reza Rahbari, Brian Elmegaard, and Ahmad Arabkoohsar. "ASSESSING THE POTENTIAL FOR POWER GENERATION FROM LOW-GRADE WASTE HEAT: INTEGRATION OF AN ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLE WITH AN ABSORPTION HEAT TRANSFORMER." In 37th International Conference on Efficiency, Cost, Optimization, Simulation and Environmental Impact of Energy Systems (ECOS 2024), 581–92. Zografos, Greece: ECOS 2024, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.52202/077185-0050.

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Parker, Jonathan, and Kent Coleman. "Key Life Management Issues with Grade 91 Steel." In AM-EPRI 2010, edited by D. Gandy, J. Shingledecker, and R. Viswanathan, 715–31. ASM International, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.am-epri-2010p0715.

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Abstract Recent evidence suggests that using hardness as the sole acceptance criterion for Grade 91 steels is inadequate for predicting service performance. Components can achieve acceptable initial hardness values through heat treatment despite suboptimal elemental composition, leading to poor tempering resistance and unexpectedly low creep strength during service. Paradoxically, some components with lower initial hardness may perform better due to slower degradation rates. While the relationship between parent material properties and Type IV cracking susceptibility remains under investigation, heat-affected zones (HAZ) in welds are emerging as primary locations for service failures. This complexity emphasizes the need for comprehensive evaluation criteria incorporating stress, temperature, and material properties when assessing component serviceability.
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Li, Zhongjie, Yuliang Xue, Ying Gong, and Yan Peng. "Axial flux permanent magnet generator for effectively harvesting low-grade heat energy driven by the shape memory alloy." In Energy Harvesting and Storage: Materials, Devices, and Applications XV, edited by Peter Bermel, Naresh C. Das, and Zunaid Omair, 12. SPIE, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3053017.

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Ngomo, Valery, Stéphanie Fonlupt, Lionel Coudreuse, Guy Baron, and Emilie Doucet. "New Prehardened Steel Grade for Drill-Through Equipments." In CORROSION 2011, 1–14. NACE International, 2011. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2011-11102.

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Abstract Drill-through equipments such as blow-out preventer (BOP) require high level of reliability and safety. These components are manufactured from big blocks, made typically of AISI 4130 or F22, 75 ksi minimum yield strength with NACE service requirements. These equipments should be in accordance with API 16A1 and NACE MR0175/ISO 15156-2.2 In order to achieve the required properties the forged blocks are generally delivered as raw material in the normalized state. The final heat treatment is then performed after raw machining to obtain the final mechanical properties. A new prehardened steel grade has been especially developed for such applications. The final properties can be reached through the thickness of blocks up to 950 mm (37 inch) thick. This means that no further heat treatment is necessary after raw machining. The chemical analysis of this new grade, which is a combination of low carbon and slight additions of molybdenum, chromium and boron, has been defined in order to ensure a very good hardenability even for big thicknesses. The paper will describe the way used to manufacture big blocks (3000x2000xthickness, in mm), which is a combination of forging and rolling. Full mechanical testing was then performed confirming a good homogeneity of properties whatever the sampling in the block. Comparison is made between properties obtained on the block itself and on Qualification Testing Coupons (QTC). As NACE service requirements can be asked for such applications, tests according to NACE TM0177-2005 were carried out.3 The results will be given and discussed.
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Janikowski, Daniel, and Edward Blessman. "Super-ferritic Stainless Steels – the Cost Effective Answer for Heat Transfer Tubing." In CORROSION 2008, 1–16. NACE International, 2008. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2008-08192.

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Abstract Originally developed back in the late 1970's, the current generation of super-ferritic stainless steels have become a cost-effective choice for heat exchanger tubing. When they were first developed, the goal was to have an alternative to titanium grade 2 in applications such as seawater and other high chloride applications. At that time, titanium was in was high priced and had a long lead time, not unlike today. over the last 10 years, the majority of the seawater capable high-performance stainless steel literature and usage has been focused on super-austenitic (6% and 7% Mo alloys) and super-duplex alloys. While the performance of these alloys is very good, today’s nickel and molybdenum material prices have driven the price of these alloys skyward. The power industry has recognized the effectiveness super-ferritics and over 78,000,000 feet are in usage since beginning in early 1980. The low nickel and moderate molybdenum content for excellent chloride resistance, has driven a substantially increased use of the super-ferritic alloys. This paper traces usage in power plant heat exchanger applications and compares properties such as corrosion resistance, mechanical and physical properties and compares them to the other seawater and MIC resistant grades.
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Razavinia, N., F. Mucciardi, F. Hassani, and M. Al-Khawaja. "Recycling Low Grade Waste Heat to Electricity." In 30th International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction and Mining; Held in conjunction with the 23rd World Mining Congress. International Association for Automation and Robotics in Construction (IAARC), 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.22260/isarc2013/0119.

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Zhen Qin, Swapnil Dubey, Fook Hoong Choo, Hongwu Deng, and Fei Duan. "Low-grade heat collection from a latent heat thermal energy storage unit." In 2016 15th IEEE Intersociety Conference on Thermal and Thermomechanical Phenomena in Electronic Systems (ITherm). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itherm.2016.7517690.

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Yang, Xiaojing, Shijun You, and Huan Zhang. "Simulation of Double-Stage Absorption Heat Pumps for Low Grade Waste Heat Recovery." In 2011 Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/appeec.2011.5748967.

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Reports on the topic "Low grade heat"

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Wang, Dexin. Advanced Energy and Water Recovery Technology from Low Grade Waste Heat. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1031483.

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Wang, Dexin. Advanced Energy and Water Recovery Technology from Low Grade Waste Heat. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1031495.

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Williams and Maxey. NR198709 Evaluation of a Heat-Treated X80 Grade Pipe. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), April 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011140.

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Steel producers have developed in recent years a number of new types of line pipe to meet demand for high strength pipe with superior low temperature toughness and good field weldability. Obtaining independent evaluation of these new products is the objective, so that information on these pipes will be available when construction activities increase. Tests to determine the susceptibility of the pipe to hydrogen-induced stepwise cracking showed it to be susceptible; considerable cracking was observed after exposure to the NACE test solution. The pipe was not produced for use in the transport of sour gas, so a sulfide inclusion shape control addition had not been made. Presumably, resistance to hydrogen-induced stepwise cracking would have been significantly improved if such an addition had been made.
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Mauter, Meagan S., and David A. Dzombak. Evaluating the Techno-Economic Feasibility of Forward Osmosis Process Utilizing Low Grade Heat: Applications in Power Plant Water, Wastewater, and Reclaimed Water Treatment. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1415992.

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Beavers. L52015 Seam Weld Integrity of New High Strength Steels. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), August 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011163.

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There is a concern that there may be areas of low toughness in the seam welds of submerged arc welded linepipe. These are typically associated with the Coarse Grained Heat Affected Zone (CGHAZ), and manifest themselves through low values obtained in Charpy impact and CTOD tests. Although this problem is not new, there has been renewed concern amongst linepipe users and manufacturers with the introduction of higher strength grades (X80 and upwards). A study was carried out using typical parameters for X70 and X100 grade material to investigate the structural performance of low toughness seam welds. Two-dimensional elastic T stress solutions for cracked flat strips can be used for constraint based analyses of long axial pipeline defects. Constraint based analysis has predicted the experimental ring tension results in X70 and X100 material with acceptable accuracy. Analysis of a range of surface breaking and buried defects has shown that low toughness levels in the HAZ are unlikely to adversely affect the integrity of high strength linepipe.
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Noble, Russell, K. Dombrowski, M. Bernau, D. Morett, A. Maxson, and S. Hume. Development of a Field Demonstration for Cost-Effective Low-Grade Heat Recovery and Use Technology Designed to Improve Efficiency and Reduce Water Usage Rates for a Coal-Fired Power Plant. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1332489.

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Boulin, Tiphaine, and Hannah Moody. Weight and breast cancer. Breast Cancer UK, February 2025. https://doi.org/10.71450/37646284.

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Excess weight can influence quality of life and impair health by leading to an increased risk of diseases such as type 2 diabetes, heart disease and certain cancers. With breast cancer, the risk association between excess weight is dependent on menopausal status for women; weight increases the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women but there is no evidence that being overweight when pre-menopausal is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. Being overweight or obese is also a risk factor for breast cancer in men. Three main mechanisms have been proposed to explain the association between weight and breast cancer, including insulin resistance, chronic low-grade inflammation, and sex hormone bioavailability.
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Kanner, Joseph, Edwin Frankel, Stella Harel, and Bruce German. Grapes, Wines and By-products as Potential Sources of Antioxidants. United States Department of Agriculture, January 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7568767.bard.

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Several grape varieties and red wines were found to contain large concentration of phenolic compounds which work as antioxidant in-vitro and in-vivo. Wastes from wine production contain antioxidants in large amounts, between 2-6% on dry material basis. Red wines but also white wines were found to prevent lipid peroxidation of turkey muscle tissues stored at 5oC. The antioxidant reaction of flavonoids found in red wines against lipid peroxidation were found to depend on the structure of the molecule. Red wine flavonoids containing an orthodihydroxy structure around the B ring were found highly active against LDL and membrane lipid peroxidation. The antioxidant activity of red wine polyphenols were also found to be dependent on the catalyzer used. In the presence of H2O2-activated myoglobin, the inhibition efficiency was malvidin 3-glucoside&gt;catechin&gt;malvidin&gt;resveratol. However, in the presence of an iron redox cycle catalyzer, the order of effectiveness was resveratol&gt;malvidin 3-glucoside = malvidin&gt;catechin. Differences in protein binding were found to affect antioxidant activity in inhibiting LDL oxidation. A model protein such as BSA, was investigated on the antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds, grape extracts, and red wines in a lecithin-liposome model system. Ferulic acid followed by malvidin and rutin were the most efficient in inhibiting both lipid and protein oxidation. Catechin, a flavonal found in red-wines in relatively high concentration was found to inhibit myoglobin catalyzed linoleate membrane lipid peroxidation at a relatively very low concentration. This effect was studied by the determination of the by-products generated from linoleate during oxidation. The study showed that hydroperoxides are catalytically broken down, not to an alcohol but most probably to a non-radical adduct. The ability of wine-phenolics to reduce iron and from complexes with metals were also demonstrated. Low concentration of wine phenolics were found to inhibit lipoxygenase type II activity. An attempt to understand the bioavailability in humans of antocyanins from red wine showed that two antocyanins from red wine were found unchanged in human urine. Other antocyanins seems to undergo molecular modification. In hypercholesterolemic hamsters, aortic lipid deposition was significantly less in animals fed diets supplemented with either catechin or vitamin E. The rate of LDL accumulation in the carotid arteries was also significantly lower in the catechin and vitamin E animal groups. These results suggested a novel mechanism by which wine phenolics are associated with decreased risk of coronary heart diseases. This study proves in part our hypothesis that the "French Paradox" could be explained by the action of the antioxidant effects of phenolic compounds found at high concentration in red wines. The results of this study argue that it is in the interest of public health to increase the consumption of dietary plant falvonoids. Our results and these from others, show that the consumption of red wine or plant derived polyphenolics can change the antioxidant tone of animal and human plasma and its isolated components towards oxidative reactions. However, we need more research to better understand bioavailability and the mechanism of how polyphenolics affect health and disease.
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