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Journal articles on the topic 'Low-energy electron beams'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 23 November 2024

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1

Jung, Jiwon, Moo-Young Lee, Jae-Gu Hwang, Moo-Hyun Lee, Min-Seok Kim, Jaewon Lee, and Chin-Wook Chung. "Low-energy electron beam generation in inductively coupled plasma via a DC biased grid." Plasma Sources Science and Technology 31, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 025002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6595/ac43c2.

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Abstract Low-energy electron beam generation using a DC biased grid was investigated in an inductively coupled plasma (ICP). The electron beam was measured in argon gas at various pressures, ICP source powers, and substrate voltages (V sub). At a low ICP source power (50 W), an electron beam was generated even at small values of V sub (10 V), however at a high ICP source power (200 W), an electron beam was only generated when a higher voltage (30 V) was applied due to the short sheath thickness on the grid surface. The sheath on the grid surface is an important factor for generating electron beams because low-energy electrons are blocked. If the sheath thickness to small, a high voltage should be applied to generate an electron beam, as accelerate regions cannot exist without the sheath. At high pressure, since electrons experience numerous neutral collisions, a high substrate voltage is needed to generate an electron beam. However, if the applied substrate voltage becomes too high (40 V) at high pressure, high-energy electrons result in secondary plasma under the grid. Therefore, maintaining a low pressure and low ICP source power is important for generating electron beams.

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2

Maitrallain, A., E. Brunetti, M. J. V. Streeter, B. Kettle, R. Spesyvtsev, G. Vieux, M. Shahzad, et al. "Parametric study of high-energy ring-shaped electron beams from a laser wakefield accelerator." New Journal of Physics 24, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 013017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/ac3efd.

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Abstract Laser wakefield accelerators commonly produce on-axis, low-divergence, high-energy electron beams. However, a high charge, annular shaped beam can be trapped outside the bubble and accelerated to high energies. Here we present a parametric study on the production of low-energy-spread, ultra-relativistic electron ring beams in a two-stage gas cell. Ring-shaped beams with energies higher than 750 MeV are observed simultaneously with on axis, continuously injected electrons. Often multiple ring shaped beams with different energies are produced and parametric studies to control the generation and properties of these structures were conducted. Particle tracking and particle-in-cell simulations are used to determine properties of these beams and investigate how they are formed and trapped outside the bubble by the wake produced by on-axis injected electrons. These unusual femtosecond duration, high-charge, high-energy, ring electron beams may find use in beam driven plasma wakefield accelerators and radiation sources.

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3

DEVYATKOV, V. N., N. N. KOVAL, P. M. SCHANIN, V. P. GRIGORYEV, and T. V. KOVAL. "Generation and propagation of high-current low-energy electron beams." Laser and Particle Beams 21, no. 2 (April 2003): 243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026303460321212x.

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High-current electron beams with a current density of up to 100 A/cm2 generated by a plasma-cathode gas-filled diode at low accelerating voltages are studied. Two types of gas discharges are used to produce plasma in the cathode. With glow and arc discharges, beam currents of up to 150 A and 400 A, respectively, have been obtained at an accelerating voltage of 16 kV and at a pressure of 1–3·10−2 Pa in the acceleration gap. The ions resulting from ionization of gas molecules by electrons of the beam neutralize the beam charge. The charge-neutralized electron beam almost without losses is transported over a distance of 30 cm in a drift channel which is in the axial magnetic field induced by Helmholtz coils. The results of calculations for the motion of electrons of the charge-neutralized beam with and without axial external field are presented and compared with those of experiments.

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4

Lapin, Stephen C. "Modification using low energy electron beams." Filtration + Separation 52, no. 6 (November 2015): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0015-1882(15)30263-9.

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5

Aleksandrov, A. V., R. Calabrese, G. Ciullo, N. S. Dikansky, V. Guidi, N. Cl Kot, V. I. Kudelainen, et al. "Low energy intense electron beams with extra-low energy spread." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 340, no. 1 (February 1994): 114–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(94)91287-4.

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6

OZUR, G. E., D. I. PROSKUROVSKY, V. P. ROTSHTEIN, and A. B. MARKOV. "Production and application of low-energy, high-current electron beams." Laser and Particle Beams 21, no. 2 (April 2003): 157–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034603212040.

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This article reviews experiments on the production of low-energy, high-current electron beams (LEHCEB) and their use for surface modification of materials. It is shown that electron guns with a plasma anode and an explosive emission cathode are most promising for the production of this type of beams. The problems related to the initiation of explosive emission and the production and transportation of LEHCEBs in plasma-filled diodes are considered. It has been shown that if the rise time of the accelerating voltage is comparable to or shorter than the time it takes for an ion to fly through the space charge layer, the electric field strength at the cathode and the electron current density in the layer are increased. Experimentally, it has been established that the current of the beam transported in the plasma channel is 1–2 orders of magnitude greater than the critical Pierce current and several times greater than the chaotic current of the anode plasma electrons. Methods for improving the uniformity of the energy density distribution over the beam cross section are described. The nonstationary temperature and stress fields formed in metal targets have been calculated. The features of the structure-phase transformations in the surface layers of materials irradiated with LEHCEBs have been considered. It has been demonstrated that in the surface layers quenched from the liquid state, nonequilibrium structure-phase states are formed.

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7

Daineche, R., A. Degiovanni, O. Grauby, and R. Morin. "Source of low-energy coherent electron beams." Applied Physics Letters 88, no. 2 (January 9, 2006): 023101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2161942.

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8

Day, Charles. "Low‐Energy Electron Beams Modify Semiconductor Surfaces." Physics Today 52, no. 4 (April 1999): 20–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.882623.

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9

Füllekrug, M., R. Roussel-Dupré, E. M. D. Symbalisty, J. J. Colman, O. Chanrion, S. Soula, O. van der Velde, et al. "Relativistic electron beams above thunderclouds." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11, no. 5 (May 20, 2011): 15551–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-11-15551-2011.

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Abstract. Non-luminous relativistic electron beams above thunderclouds are detected by radio remote sensing with low frequency radio signals from 40–400 kHz. The electron beams occur 2–9 ms after positive cloud-to-ground lightning discharges at heights between 22–72 km above thunderclouds. The positive lightning discharges also cause sprites which occur either above or before the electron beam. One electron beam was detected without any luminous sprite occurrence which suggests that electron beams may also occur independently. Numerical simulations show that the beamed electrons partially discharge the lightning electric field above thunderclouds and thereby gain a mean energy of 7 MeV to transport a total charge of 10 mC upwards. The impulsive current associated with relativistic electron beams above thunderclouds is directed downwards and needs to be considered as a novel element of the global atmospheric electric circuit.

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10

Füllekrug, M., R. Roussel-Dupré, E. M. D. Symbalisty, J. J. Colman, O. Chanrion, S. Soula, O. van der Velde, et al. "Relativistic electron beams above thunderclouds." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11, no. 15 (August 3, 2011): 7747–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-7747-2011.

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Abstract. Non-luminous relativistic electron beams above thunderclouds have been detected by the radio signals of low frequency ∼40–400 kHz which they radiate. The electron beams occur ∼2–9 ms after positive cloud-to-ground lightning discharges at heights between ∼22–72 km above thunderclouds. Intense positive lightning discharges can also cause sprites which occur either above or prior to the electron beam. One electron beam was detected without any luminous sprite which suggests that electron beams may also occur independently of sprites. Numerical simulations show that beams of electrons partially discharge the lightning electric field above thunderclouds and thereby gain a mean energy of ∼7 MeV to transport a total charge of ∼−10 mC upwards. The impulsive current ∼3 × 10−3 Am−2 associated with relativistic electron beams above thunderclouds is directed downwards and needs to be considered as a novel element of the global atmospheric electric circuit.

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11

Sakai, Y., M. Kato, S. Masuda, Y. Harada, and T. Ichinokawa. "Development of a Low Energy Electron Microscope with an Energy Analyzer." Surface Review and Letters 05, no. 06 (December 1998): 1199–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x98001535.

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A low energy electron microscope (LEEM) with an energy analyzer of the Wien filter type was constructed for surface microanalyses and imaging by irradiating the specimen surface with several types of incident beams, e.g. low energy electrons, UV photons or metastable He * atoms. A retarding type Wien filter was used for the formation of electron energy filtered images and energy spectra of selected microareas by employing energy loss electron and Auger electron, photoelectron or Penning ionization spectroscopy. Several new designs and performances have been implemented in this instrument and are presented together with some applications.

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12

Hue, Céline S., Yang Wan, Eitan Y. Levine, and Victor Malka. "Control of electron beam current, charge, and energy spread using density downramp injection in laser wakefield accelerators." Matter and Radiation at Extremes 8, no. 2 (March 1, 2023): 024401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0126293.

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Density downramp injection has been demonstrated to be an elegant and efficient approach for generating high-quality electron beams in laser wakefield accelerators. Recent studies have demonstrated the possibilities of generating electron beams with charges ranging from tens to hundreds of picocoulombs while maintaining good beam quality. However, the plasma and laser parameters in these studies have been limited to specific ranges or attention has been focused on separate physical processes such as beam loading, which affects the uniformity of the accelerating field and thus the energy spread of the trapped electrons, the repulsive force from the rear spike of the bubble, which reduces the transverse momentum p⊥ of the trapped electrons and results in small beam emittance, and the laser evolution when traveling in the plasma. In this work, we present a comprehensive numerical study of downramp injection in the laser wakefield, and we demonstrate that the current profile of the injected electron beam is directly correlated with the density transition parameters, which further affects the beam charge and energy evolution. By fine-tuning the plasma density parameters, electron beams with high charge (up to several hundreds of picocoulombs) and low energy spread (around 1% FWHM) can be obtained. All these results are supported by large-scale quasi-three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations. We anticipate that the electron beams with tunable beam properties generated using this approach will be suitable for a wide range of applications.

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13

Pettinato, Sara, Marco Girolami, Antonella Stravato, Valerio Serpente, Daniela Musio, Maria C. Rossi, Daniele M. Trucchi, Riccardo Olivieri, and Stefano Salvatori. "A Highly Versatile X-ray and Electron Beam Diamond Dosimeter for Radiation Therapy and Protection." Materials 16, no. 2 (January 14, 2023): 824. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16020824.

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Radiotherapy is now recognized as a pillar in the fight against cancer. Two different types are currently used in clinical practice: (1) external beam radiotherapy, using high-energy X-rays or electron beams, both in the MeV-range, and (2) intraoperative radiotherapy, using low-energy X-rays (up to 50 keV) and MeV-range electron beams. Versatile detectors able to measure the radiation dose independently from the radiation nature and energy are therefore extremely appealing to medical physicists. In this work, a dosimeter based on a high-quality single-crystal synthetic diamond sample was designed, fabricated and characterized under low-energy X-rays, as well as under high-energy pulsed X-rays and electron beams, demonstrating excellent linearity with radiation dose and dose-rate. Detector sensitivity was measured to be 0.299 ± 0.002 µC/Gy under 6 MeV X-ray photons, and 0.298 ± 0.004 µC/Gy under 6 MeV electrons, highlighting that the response of the diamond dosimeter is independent of the radiation nature. Moreover, in the case of low-energy X-rays, an extremely low limit of detection (23 nGy/s) was evaluated, pointing out the suitability of the device to radiation protection dosimetry.

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14

Joy, D., Y. Lin, H. Meyers, H. Demers, and D. Newbury. "Secondary Electron Generation by Low Energy Ion Beams." Microscopy and Microanalysis 12, S02 (July 31, 2006): 1446–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927606062751.

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15

Todoriki, Setsuko, and Toru Hayashi. "Sprout inhibition of potatoes with soft-electron (low-energy electron beams)." Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 84, no. 15 (2004): 2010–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.1906.

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16

Mirzayev, Matlab N. "Study thermodynamic assessment of the B-C and B-Si binary systems with swift heavy ions and high intense electron beam irradiation at the low temperature." Modern Physics Letters B 34, no. 34 (August 15, 2020): 2050395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984920503959.

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B4C and B6Si samples have been irradiated by using swift heavy ions and high intense electron beam. Ion irradiation of the samples was carried at the different electron fluences [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] cm[Formula: see text] ion/cm2, and energy of ions flux 167 MeV. Also, the samples were irradiated with high energy electron beams at the linear electronic accelerator at different electron fluencies up to [Formula: see text] cm[Formula: see text] and energy of electron beams 2.5 MeV and current density of electron beams [Formula: see text]s. The unirradiation and irradiation of the thermodynamic kinetics of samples at low-temperature change with a differential mechanism. In the DSC curves, at the low temperature for unirradiation and irradiation, boron carbide and boron silicide samples do not undergo phase transition. But at the [Formula: see text] K temperature range, the thermodynamic mechanism of ions and electron beam irradiation are very difficult and measuring the temperature of conductivity, thermal conductivity, calibration factor, specific heat capacity becomes more complicated.

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17

Oleshko V.I. and Nguyen V. V. "Investigation of the parameters of a self-focused electron beam outputted behind the anode of a vacuum diode." Technical Physics Letters 48, no. 2 (2022): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/tpl.2022.02.53580.19053.

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The parameters of a high-current electron beam extracted from the self-focusing zone through a hole in the anode into a vacuum chamber are investigated. The beam parameters were determined from the measurement of the spatial distribution of destruction and glow arising in polymethyl methacrylate samples installed at different distances from the anode (electron beam autographs). The formation of two electron beams --- a self-focused with a high energy density, propagating along the axis of the cone facing the base to the anode with an apex angle of ~ 7o and a high-energy beam of low density, propagating in a hollow truncated cone and surrounding self-focused, was found. The oscillograms of the current and the energy of the electron beams were measured. Keywords: vacuum diode, electron beam, filamentation, self-focusing, polymethyl methacrylate, destruction, glow, high current pulsed electron beam

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18

Kharlamov, V. A., O. V. Tkhorik, and M. G. Pomyasova. "The possibility of using low-energy (below 300 keV) electron accelerators in the agro-industrial complex (a review)." "Radiation and Risk" Bulletin of the National Radiation and Epidemiological Registry 30, no. 3 (2021): 80–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21870/0131-3878-2021-30-3-80-92.

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An important place in the system of measures to ensure the phytosanitary safety of agricultural produce is traditionally given to chemicals. However, due to negative effects of the chemicals on the environment, new more effective and safe technologies were needed. Feasibility of the use of radiation technologies to improve food safety and agricultural quality has been studied for more than 75 years. Recently radiation-based technologies have become increasingly important in agricultural produce processing to preserve food spoilage during storage. Currently the use of electron beams with energy below 300 keV generated by electron accelerators is increasingly grown in agriculture. The key feature of electron beams is their ability to produce disinfectant ef-fect on irradiated object due to low electrons permeability. It prevents the characteristic radiation-chemical reactions and damage to the structure in the internal volume of the biological specie Such objects are seeds of agricultural plants susceptible to infectious diseases caused by phyto-pathogens. The study aims at the evaluation of the possibility to use low-energy (below 300 keV) electron accelerators in the agro-industrial complex. The paper describes the device and the principle of operation of the state-of-the-art low-energy electron accelerators, as well as their ap-plication in the agricultural sector. The paper considers the effects of low-energy electron irradia-tion of agricultural products on seed phytopathogens and pests. From the analysis of feasibility of use of the low-energy electron accelerators for radiation-induced disinfection and disinsection it becomes evident that irradiation of the crop with low-energy electrons is effective approach to minimize adverse effects of phytopathogens and to prevent destruction of irradiated biological objects. Electron-beam irradiation minimally effects on the nutritional quality of food products.

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19

Ozur, G. E., S. A. Popov, and V. F. Fedushchak. "Formation of narrow low-energy high-intensity electron beams." Technical Physics 53, no. 7 (July 2008): 919–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063784208070165.

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20

Georges, V., J. Bardon, A. Degiovanni, and R. Morin. "Imaging charged objects using low-energy-electron coherent beams." Ultramicroscopy 90, no. 1 (December 2001): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3991(01)00124-3.

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21

Hosokawa, Teruo, and Kouji Yamada. "Ion neutralization factor measurement for low energy electron beams." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 420, no. 1-2 (January 1999): 310–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9002(98)00895-x.

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22

Babusci, D., M. Castellano, A. Ghigo, N. Cavallo, and F. Cevenini. "Laser diagnostics of high-power low-energy electron beams." Il Nuovo Cimento A 105, no. 4 (April 1992): 503–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02730787.

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23

Papanicolas, C. N. "Low energy experiments with continuous electron and photon beams." Nuclear Physics A 446, no. 1-2 (December 1985): 249–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-9474(85)90593-7.

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24

Kulanchikov, Yuriy O., Pavel S. Vergeles, and Eugene B. Yakimov. "Effect of low-energy electron irradiation on voltage-capacity curves of Al/SiO2/Si structure." Modern Electronic Materials 5, no. 4 (December 31, 2019): 175–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/j.moem.5.4.52311.

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Charging of dielectric targets by electron irradiation is a well-known phenomenon which should be taken into account in characterization of dielectric materials and coatings with electron microscopy, in electron beam lithography, in development of dielectric coatings for spacecrafts and other fields of science and engineering. Charging kinetics is strongly affected by spatial distribution of electrons and holes formed by irradiation. At the experimental electron beam energy electron penetration depth is smaller than dielectric thickness and this allows identifying the contribution of excess carrier transport to trap formation at the SiO2/Si interface. Low-energy electron beams have been shown to substantially affect C–V curve slope, i.e., to form traps at the interface. We have studied the effect of bias applied to the test structure before and after electron beam irradiation. The experiment has shown that bias of either polarity applied to the test MOS structure before low-energy electron beam irradiation practically does not affect the C–V curves of the test structure. Positive bias applied to the metallization layer during low-energy electron beam irradiation has a strong effect on the C–V curve pattern while negative bias affects the C–V curves but slightly. Study of the stability of the changes caused by electron beam irradiation has shown that the C–V curves of the test structure restore slowly even at room temperature. Application of negative bias decelerated charge relaxation.

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25

Олешко, В. И., and V. V. Nguyen. "Исследование параметров самосфокусированного электронного пучка, выведенного за анод вакуумного диода." Письма в журнал технической физики 48, no. 4 (2022): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/pjtf.2022.04.52075.19053.

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The parameters of a high-current electron beam extracted from the self-focusing zone through a hole in the anode into a vacuum chamber are investigated. The beam parameters were determined from the measurement of the spatial distribution of destruction and glow arising in polymethyl methacrylate samples installed at different distances from the anode (electron beam autographs). The formation of two electron beams - a self-focused with a high energy density, propagating along the axis of the cone facing the base to the anode with an apex angle of ~ 7º and a high-energy beam of low density, propagating in a hollow truncated cone and surrounding self-focused, was found. The oscillograms of the current and the energy of the electron beams were measured.

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26

Herring, Rodney A. "Reflection diffracted beam interferometry (RDBI) applied to the study of surfaces." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 53 (August 13, 1995): 116–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100136957.

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Diffracted beam interferometry, DBI, (previously referred to as Convergent Beam Electron Diffraction + Electron Biprism Interferometry, CBED+EBI) which uses an electron biprism to deflect diffracted beams (convergent or parallel) can produce an interferogram between any two beams within the information envelope of the microscope such that the beam's amplitude and phase can be measured and studied. As well, the electron source need not be highly coherent. So far, DBI has been applied only to transmission electron diffraction, although there is no reason why it shouldn't be applicable to all electron diffraction methods including reflection high (low) energy electron diffraction, RH(L)EED and, possibly, back-scattered electron diffraction, BSED, in the SEM for the study of surfaces. DBI has already shown that substantial phase information, such as strain at interfaces and dislocations, compositional gradients and small defect clusters which are on the size scale of the unit cell, are retrievable from its holograms.

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27

Roa, Dante, Jeffrey Kuo, Harry Moyses, Peter Taborek, Toshiki Tajima, Gerard Mourou, and Fuyuhiko Tamanoi. "Fiber-Optic Based Laser Wakefield Accelerated Electron Beams and Potential Applications in Radiotherapy Cancer Treatments." Photonics 9, no. 6 (June 8, 2022): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9060403.

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Ultra-compact electron beam technology based on laser wakefield acceleration (LWFA) could have a significant impact on radiotherapy treatments. Recent developments in LWFA high-density regime (HD-LWFA) and low-intensity fiber optically transmitted laser beams could allow for cancer treatments with electron beams from a miniature electronic source. Moreover, an electron beam emitted from a tip of a fiber optic channel could lead to new endoscopy-based radiotherapy, which is not currently available. Low-energy (10 keV–1 MeV) LWFA electron beams can be produced by irradiating high-density nano-materials with a low-intensity laser in the range of ~1014 W/cm2. This energy range could be useful in radiotherapy and, specifically, brachytherapy for treating superficial, interstitial, intravascular, and intracavitary tumors. Furthermore, it could unveil the next generation of high-dose-rate brachytherapy systems that are not dependent on radioactive sources, do not require specially designed radiation-shielded rooms for treatment, could be portable, could provide a selection of treatment energies, and would significantly reduce operating costs to a radiation oncology clinic.

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McRae, EC, and RA Malic. "Applications of Low-energy Electron Diffraction to Ordering at Crystal and Quasicrystal Surfaces." Australian Journal of Physics 43, no. 5 (1990): 499. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ph900499.

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The value of the low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) technique for the evaluation of surface ordering depends on the ability to measure the intensity profiles of diffraction beams with respect to the associated surface component of the electron momentum transfer. Beam profiles, if measured with sufficient accuracy, may be interpreted to characterise the extent of surface order (e.g. distribution of step spacings) and to differentiate between different modes of disordering (e.g. surface melting versus roughening). The ability to measure LEED intensity profiles has been enhanced by use of low-current well-defined primary electron beams in conjunction with position-sensitive detection (PSD) of the diffracted electrons. The following are examples of applications ofLEED-PSD. Compositional Ordering at Ordering Alloy CU3Au (100) and (110) Surfaces: The ordering of the (100) surface is .believed to conform to a conventional picture in which the already-ordered bulk acts as a template, but the profiles measured in the course of ordering of the (110) surface are of the shapes expected if the ordering occurred first at the surface. Disordering of Ce(111) Surface 150 K below the Bulk Melting Temperature: The intensities and profiles are inconsistent with surface .melting or roughening, but a model based on molecular dynamics simulations is not ruled out. Order and Disordering at Decagonal Quasicrystal AI65 CUI 5 C02 0 Surfaces: At room temperature the quasi crystalline order is well developed at both the 'ten-fold' surface (perpendicular to the ten-fold surface (perpendicular to the ten-fold periodic axis) and a 'two-fold' one (parallel to the ten-fold axis) as evidenced by narrow beam profiles. The ten-fold surface undergoes a disordering transition at 700 K, but the temperature dependence of the profiles is unlike that expected for the roughening transition anticipated theoretically.

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29

Curatolo, Camilla, and Luca Serafini. "Electrons and X-rays to Muon Pairs (EXMP)." Applied Sciences 12, no. 6 (March 19, 2022): 3149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12063149.

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One of the challenges of future muon colliders involves the production of muon beams carrying high phase space densities. In particular, the muon beam normalised transverse emittance is a relevant figure of merit used to meet luminosity requests. A typical issue impacting the achieved transverse emittance in muon collider schemes, thus far considered, is the phase space dilution caused by the Coulomb interaction of primary particles propagating into the target where muons were generated. In this study, we present a new scheme(named electrons and X-rays to muon pairs) for muon beam generation occurring in a vacuum via interactions of electron and photon beams. Setting the center of mass energy at about twice the threshold (i.e., around 350 MeV), the normalised emittance of the muon beam generated via muon pair production reaction (e−+γ→e−+μ++μ−) is largely independent on the emittance of the colliding electron beam and is set basically by the excess of transverse momentum in the muon pair creation. In absence of any other mechanism for emittance dilution, the resulting muon beam, with energy in the range of a few tens of GeV, is characterised by an ultra-low normalised transverse RMS emittance of a few nm rad, corresponding to a geometrical emittance below 10 π pm rad. This opens up the way to a new muon collider paradigm based on muon sources conceived with primary colliding beams delivered by 100 GeV-class energy recovery LINACs interacting with hard-X ray free electron lasers. The challenge is to achieve the requested luminosity of the muon collider adopting a strategy of low muon fluxes/currents combined to ultra-low emittances, to largely reduce the levels of muon beam-induced backgrounds.

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30

Kunz, R. R. "Selective area deposition of metals using low-energy electron beams." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures 5, no. 5 (September 1987): 1427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.583629.

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31

Havener, C. C., A. Müller, P. A. Zeijlmans van Emmichoven, and R. A. Phaneuf. "Low-energy electron capture byC3+from hydrogen using merged beams." Physical Review A 51, no. 4 (April 1, 1995): 2982–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreva.51.2982.

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32

Makuuchi, K., F. Yoshii, and J. A. G. S. G. Gunewardena. "Radiation vulcanization of nr latex with low energy electron beams." Radiation Physics and Chemistry 46, no. 4-6 (September 1995): 979–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0969-806x(95)00304-g.

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Ulrich, A., C. Nießl, J. Wieser, H. Tomizawa, D. E. Murnick, and M. Salvermoser. "Lasers in dense gases pumped by low-energy electron beams." Journal of Applied Physics 86, no. 7 (October 1999): 3525–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.371253.

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Sato, K., S. Harisaki, W. Kubo, I. Owada, K. Tsuda, M. Anan, T. Maenaka, and Y. Kato. "Optimized deceleration characteristics of multicharged ion beams from electron cyclotron resonance ion source." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2244, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012098. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2244/1/012098.

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Abstract At present it is necessary the satellite lifetime 10-15 years for operating in space. Xenon is used as fuel for ion engines of satellites. There are problems of accumulated damages at irradiation and sputtering by low energy Xe ion from the engine. It is required to construct database of sputtering yield of ion beams in the low energy region from a hundred eV to 1keV. We are trying to investigate experimentally sputtering yield on satellite component by irradiating the low energy Xe q+ ion beams. We use the electron cyclotron resonance ion source (ECRIS) in the irradiation experiments. We decelerate the beam energy to several hundred eV after extraction at high voltage 10kV. It is found we cannot neglect the contribution of the space potential of the plasma in the ECRIS of several tens eV. We measured the plasma parameters and ion beam deceleration characteristics in operating conditions on ECRIS. As the results, it was found in operating ECRIS condition of low charge state ion being dominant that the space potential of the ECRIS has an effect of 10∼20% at the beam energy at about 100eV in conducting irradiation experiments on satellite component materials.

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35

Bogomyagkov, Anton, Vladimir Druzhinin, Eugene Levichev, Alexander Milstein, and Sergej Sinyatkin. "Low-energy electron-positron collider to search and study (μ+μ−) bound state." EPJ Web of Conferences 181 (2018): 01032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201818101032.

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We discuss a low energy e+e− collider for production of the not yet observed (μ+μ−) bound system (dimuonium). Collider with large crossing angle for e+e− beams intersection produces dimuonium with non-zero momentum; therefore, its decay point is shifted from the beam collision area providing effective suppression of the elastic e+e− scattering background. The experimental constraints define subsequent collider specifications. We show preliminary layout of the accelerator and obtained main parameters. High luminosity in chosen beam energy range allows to study π± and η-mesons.

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Korevaar, Erik W., Remco J. van Vliet, Evert Woudstra, Ben J. M. Heijmen, and Henk Huizenga. "Sharpening the penumbra of high energy electron beams with low weight narrow photon beams." Radiotherapy and Oncology 48, no. 2 (August 1998): 213–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8140(98)00030-9.

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Narhova, Anastasiya, Ruslan Vazirov, and Sergey Sokovnin. "Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Signal in Wheat Seeds Induced by Low-Energy Electron Beams." ANRI, no. 3 (August 22, 2022): 68–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.37414/2075-1338-2022-110-3-68-76.

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The use of radiation processing of food and agricultural products entails the need to control the values of the applied doses. This work shows the possibility of using EPR spectrometry for dosimetry monitoring of wheat samples irradiated at the URT-0.5 (0.5 MeV) electron accelerator. The general view of the spectra of the radiation-induced EPR signal is presented, its time kinetics is studied. The dependences of the EPR signal intensity on the value of the absorbed dose are obtained.

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38

Ozur, G. E., and D. I. Proskurovsky. "Generation of Low-Energy High-Current Electron Beams in Plasma-Anode Electron Guns." Plasma Physics Reports 44, no. 1 (January 2018): 18–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063780x18010130.

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Miyake, W., T. Mukai, and N. Kaya. "A statistical study of field-aligned electron beams associated with ion conics events." Annales Geophysicae 16, no. 8 (August 31, 1998): 940–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-998-0940-x.

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Abstract. A statistical study of field-aligned electron beams associated with upflowing ion conics is presented from Exos-D (Akebono) observations below 10 000 km. The electron beams are narrowly collimated along the field line and generally have energies of several tens of eV. They are divided in the analysis into three types: upflowing, downflowing, and counterstreaming. All the types of electron beams are almost equivalent in their energy and pitch angle characteristics and their association rate with upflowing ion events. About 50% of ion conics are found to be coincident with field-aligned electron beams. There is also a correlation in energy between the field-aligned electrons and ion conics. These show that the association is not a mere coincidence but rather that the field-aligned acceleration of electrons is related to the perpendicular energization of ions. The association rate of upflowing electrons is high on the nightside, while that of downflowing electrons is high on the dayside. The association rate of downflowing electrons is high at low altitudes, and the rates of the three types of electron beams become equivalent at high altitudes. Data indicate that the height of the electron acceleration region is lower on the nightside. It is suggested that the average height of the electron acceleration region is around the satellite apogee (–10000 km), and the average thickness of the region is about thousands km.Key words. Ionosphere-magnetosphere interactions · Particle acceleration · Auroral phenomena

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40

Maurya, Sanjeev Kumar, Abhijeet Bhogale, and Lokesh C. Tribedi. "Electron Capture by Proton Beam in Collisions with Water Vapor." Atoms 11, no. 2 (January 27, 2023): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atoms11020021.

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In low energy ion-molecule collisions, electron capture is one of the most important channels. A new experimental setup was developed to study the electron capture process using low-energy ion beams extracted from an electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma-based ion accelerator. Experiments were carried out with the proton beam colliding with water vapor in the energy range of 70–300 keV. Capture events were detected using a position-sensitive detection system comprising micro channel plates (MCPs) and a delay line detector (DLD). These e-capture events can be a result of pure capture reactions as well as transfer ionization. The capture cross section was found to decrease sharply with the beam energy and agreed well with previous measurements. The setup was also used to detect the events that gave rise to the single and multiple e-capture (integrated over all recoil-ion charge states) of C4+ ions. The capture cross-sections for one, two, three, and four electrons were measured for 100 keV C4+ ions. The ratio of multielectron capture yield to that for single e-capture decreased with the number of captured electrons.

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Agafonov, A. V. "Low-impedance plasma systems for generation of high-current low-energy electron beams." Physics of Particles and Nuclei Letters 3, S1 (December 2006): S7—S11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1547477106070028.

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Alizadeh, Elahe, Dipayan Chakraborty, and Sylwia Ptasińska. "Low-Energy Electron Generation for Biomolecular Damage Inquiry: Instrumentation and Methods." Biophysica 2, no. 4 (November 17, 2022): 475–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biophysica2040041.

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Technological advancement has produced a variety of instruments and methods to generate electron beams that have greatly assisted in the extensive theoretical and experimental efforts devoted to investigating the effect of secondary electrons with energies approximately less than 100 eV, which are referred as low-energy electrons (LEEs). In the past two decades, LEE studies have focused on biomolecular systems, which mainly consist of DNA and proteins and their constituents as primary cellular targets of ionizing radiation. These studies have revealed that compared to other reactive species produced by high-energy radiation, LEEs have distinctive pathways and considerable efficiency in inducing lethal DNA lesions. The present work aims to briefly discuss the current state of LEE production technology and to motivate further studies and improvements of LEE generation techniques in relation to biological electron-driven processes associated with such medical applications as radiation therapy and cancer treatment.

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43

Segal, S. T., R. A. Bark, J. Abraham, H. Anderson, S. Baard, A. Crombie, C. Ellis, et al. "Ion-source development at the off-line LERIB test-facility at iThemba LABS." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2586, no. 1 (September 1, 2023): 012144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2586/1/012144.

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Abstract The Low Energy Radioactive Ion Beam (LERIB) facility [1] will be used to produce low-energy radioactive-ion beams (RIBs) with energies up to 60 keV. Radioactive reaction products will be created by a 66 MeV proton-beam impinging on a target made of carbide disks, such as SiC [2]. These reaction products will then be ionized in a target-ion-source (TIS) and extracted as beam. The TIS design allows three ion-sources: a surface ion-source [3], a forced electron-beam induced arc-discharge (FEBIAD) ion-source [4], and a resonance-ionization laser ion-source, or RILIS. The surface-ionization source was commissioned with stable beams in October 2021. The production of ions from Group-1 elements was accomplished with beams of 39K+, 41K+ and 23Na+ where currents were measured in the μA range. This source may be advantageous for producing stable pilot-beams for future radioactive-beam experiments. The FEBIAD is still in development at present.

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Thoma, K. I., M. Droba, and O. Meusel. "Investigation, simulation and first measurements of a 2 m long electron column trapped in a Gabor-Lens device." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2420, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 012042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2420/1/012042.

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Abstract Various Gabor-Lenses (GL) were investigated at Goethe University. Confinements of sufficient electron densities (ne ∼ 1 · 1015 m3) were reached without any external source of electrons. Focusing of ion beams by low energy was demonstrated, long term stability and reproducibility were approved. Main differences compared to experiments and investigations of the pure non-neutral in Penning-Malmberg traps [1] are higher residual gas pressure and therefore higher collision rates, higher bulk temperatures, self-sustaining electron production process, much higher evaporation cooling rate. GL2000 is a new 2 m long device and was mainly designed for focusing of ion beams in energy ranges up to GeV but also for investigation of non-neutral plasma parameters. The confined electron column is much longer compared to previous constructed Lenses. This makes ion and hadron beam focussing much more efficient, in addition new physical phenomena can be expected and investigated. Simulation results of steady-and thermal equilibrium states with various external parameters and first measurements will be presented. The first operational tests show that it is possible to confine a two-meter long electron column.

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Kataoka, Noriaki. "(7) Development for Food Processing Technology by Low-Energy Electron Beams." RADIOISOTOPES 71, no. 3 (November 15, 2022): 211–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3769/radioisotopes.71.211.

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46

Zhang Tong, Hu An, Wu Qiang, Mao Fu-Ming, Yang Xue-Qian, and Cui Yi-Ping. "Study of gas-solid interface via low-energy pulsed electron beams." Acta Physica Sinica 53, no. 3 (2004): 835. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.53.835.

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KHAN, M. Z., L. K. LIM, S. L. YAP, and C. S. WONG. "Imperative function of electron beams in low-energy plasma focus device." Pramana 85, no. 6 (April 12, 2015): 1207–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12043-015-0951-6.

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Degiovanni, Alain, Jacques Bardon, Vincent Georges, and Roger Morin. "Magnetic fields and fluxes probed by coherent low-energy electron beams." Applied Physics Letters 85, no. 14 (October 4, 2004): 2938–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1797537.

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Kiziridi, P. P., and G. E. Ozur. "A Source of Radially Converging Low-Energy High-Current Electron Beams." Instruments and Experimental Techniques 65, no. 6 (December 2022): 918–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0020441222060124.

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50

FILIPOWICZ, M., V. M. BYSTRITSKY, G. N. DUDKIN, F. M. PENK'OV, and A. V. PHILIPPOV. "MONTE CARLO SIMULATIONS OF dd REACTION PARAMETERS STUDY AT ULTRA-LOW ENERGY RANGE USING PLASMA HALL ACCELERATOR AND DEUTERIZED TARGETS." International Journal of Modern Physics E 21, no. 11 (November 2012): 1250089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301312500899.

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This paper presents results of the application Monte Carlo method to analyze data from the interaction of deuteron beams with metallic targets saturated with deuterium. The SRIM software was used to generate energy spectrum of ions passing the target. These spectra were used to calculate the neutron yields from dd reactions in energy range 7–12 keV of incident deuteron beams. The calculated outputs were compared with the experimental data for the determination of the electron screening potential for dd reactions. The calculations were performed using two different values of the beam energy spread (FWHM) equal 1% and 16%. It was shown that plasma beams with a relatively high spread (16%) were almost as good a tool as the traditional accelerator with mono-energy beam related to the study of the reaction within an ultra-low energy region.

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