Journal articles on the topic 'Low counting experiment'
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1
Ranucci, G., and E. Meroni. "Counting test facility for the Borexino experiment." International Journal of Modern Physics A 29, no. 16 (June 17, 2014): 1442001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x14420019.
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A fundamental breakthrough which opened the way to the realization of the Borexino detector was the demonstration of exceptionally low, unprecedented radioactive contaminations in the liquid scintillator, obtained with its pilot prototype Counting Test Facility. Though of limited dimension, with its 4.8 m3 of active liquid core, CTF has however been a key milestone not only for Borexino, but also for the entire field of the ultra-low background searches. Here, we succinctly remind the motivations, which concurred to lay down the project, as well as the specific radiopurity challenge, which guided the design. After the description of the technical elements of the detector, the main outcomes are summarized, both regarding optical and purity scintillator properties, with special emphasis on the exceptional achievements in term of ultra-low traces of radioactive contaminants. The discussion is completed with the description of how CTF was employed for the pre-qualification of the entire inventory of the Borexino scintillator, confirming also in the final phase of its life its essential role for the success of the overall Borexino solar neutrino program.
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Cerulli, R. "Low background techniques toward a ZnWO4 directionality experiment." International Journal of Modern Physics A 32, no. 30 (October 30, 2017): 1743009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x17430096.
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The ZnWO4 crystal is a very promising scintillator to investigate Dark Matter candidates able to induce just nuclear recoils by exploiting the directionality technique. In particular, the anisotropy of the light output for heavy particles in this scintillator can be considered to point out the presence — in the diurnal counting rate — of a signal produced by such Dark Matter candidates. In this paper the status of art of the performances of recently realized ZnWO4 crystal scintillator is summarized and possible future improvements are discussed. Finally, the directionality approach to pursue this kind of Dark Matter investigation with the anisotropic crystal scintillator is addressed and reachable sensitivities — under given assumptions — in future experiments are discussed.
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Cianciolo, V., Yu V. Efremenko, L. Fabris, S. K. Imam, S. I. Penttila, J. C. Ramsey, and R. Santos Estrada. "A novel silicon photomultiplier readout architecture for low-light applications." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 09 (September 1, 2022): P09020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/09/p09020.
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Abstract In this article we describe the photon detection readout electronics for the nEDM@SNS experiment. The chosen “photon counting” architecture, which utilizes high-efficiency silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) and is appropriate for low-light applications, allows the use of a relatively high SiPM operating voltage. This maximizes photon detection efficiency and minimizes gain/efficiency voltage-dependence while eliminating direct optical cross-talk.
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Knight, Matthew James, and Michael Tlauka. "Map learning and working memory: Multimodal learning strategies." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 71, no. 6 (January 1, 2018): 1405–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2017.1326954.
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The current research investigated whether learning spatial information from a map involves different modalities, which are managed by discrete components in working memory. In four experiments, participants studied a map either while performing a simultaneous interference task (high cognitive load) or without interference (low cognitive load). The modality of interference varied between experiments. Experiment 1 used a tapping task (visuospatial), Experiment 2 a backward counting task (verbal), Experiment 3 an articulatory suppression task (verbal) and Experiment 4 an n-back task (central executive). Spatial recall was assessed in two tests: directional judgements and map drawing. Cognitive load was found to affect spatial recall detrimentally regardless of interference modality. The findings suggest that when learning maps, people use a multimodal learning strategy, utilising resources from all components of working memory.
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Araujo, Gabriela R., Laura Baudis, Yanina Biondi, Alexander Bismark, and Michelle Galloway. "The upgraded low-background germanium counting facility Gator for high-sensitivity γ-ray spectrometry." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 08 (August 1, 2022): P08010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/08/p08010.
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Abstract We describe the upgrade and performance of the high-purity germanium counting facility Gator, which is dedicated to low-background γ-ray spectrometry. Gator is operated at the Gran Sasso Underground Laboratory in Italy, at an average depth of 3600 meter water equivalent, and employed for material screening and selection in ultra-low background, rare-event search experiments in astroparticle physics. The detector is equipped with a passive shield made of layers of copper, lead and polyethylene, and the sample cavity is purged with gaseous nitrogen maintained at positive pressure for radon suppression. After upgrading its enclosure, the background rate is (82.0 ± 0.7) counts/(kg·day) in the energy region 100 keV to 2700 keV, a 20% reduction compared to the previously reported rate. We show the stability of various operation parameters as a function of time. We also summarize the sample analysis procedure, and demonstrate Gator's sensitivity by examining one material sample, a candidate photosensor for the DARWIN experiment.
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Madsen, I. C., and R. J. Hill. "Variable Step-Counting Times for Rietveld Analysis, or, Getting the Most Out of Your Experiment Time." Advances in X-ray Analysis 35, A (1991): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800008648.
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AbstractThe magnitudes of the peak intensities in a powder diffraction pattern are not uniformly distributed as a function of diffraction angle. The Lorentz-polarization factor, X-ray form-factor and the thermal vibration parameters all conspire to progressively decrease the intensities of the peaks as sinθ/λ increases. In spite of this, diffraction data for Rietveld analysis is universally collected using the same counting time for each step in the pattern. As a result, peaks at high angles are collected with lower counting precision than those at low angles, despite the fact that the high-angle region has a higher density of peaks and therefore contains more information than the low-angle part of the pattern. Indeed, the intensity, position and profile of reflections at medium and high sinθ/λ are often more easily modelled since they are subject to less interference from systematic effects such as extinction, specimen transparency and α1/α2 overlap errors. In the present work a novel variable step-counting-time regime has been devised that increases the counting times with diffraction angle in a manner inversely proportional to the intensity fall-off calculated from the Lorentz-polarization, form-factor and thermal parameters. The effect of this new data collection regime on the results of Rietveld refinement of a number of materials of varying structural complexity is discussed.
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Umar, Lazuardi, Yanuar Hamzah, and Rahmondia N. Setiadi. "MULTI-CHANNEL FRY COUNTER DESIGN USING OPTOCOUPLER SENSOR." Spektra: Jurnal Fisika dan Aplikasinya 4, no. 2 (August 31, 2019): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/spektra.042.06.
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This paper describes a design of a fry counter intended to be used by consuming fish farmer. Along this time, almost all the fry counting process is counted by manual, which is done by a human. It is requiring much energy and needs high concentration; thus, can cause a high level of exhaustion for the fry counting worker. Besides that, the human capability and capacity of counting are limited to a low level. A fry counter design in this study utilizes a multi-channel optocoupler sensor to increase the counting capacity. The multi-channel fry counter counting system is developed as a solution to a limited capacity of available fry counter. This design uses an input signal extender system on controller including the interrupt system. From the experiment, high accuracy level is obtained on the counting and channel detection, therefore, this design can be implemented and could help farmers to increase the production capacity of consuming fish.
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Kozhekin, Mikhail, Mikhail Genaev, Vasily Koval, Andrey Slobodchikov, and Dmitry Afonnikov. "Wheat yield estimation based on analysis of UAV images at low altitude." BIO Web of Conferences 47 (2022): 05006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20224705006.
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Information about the yield of wheat crops makes it possible to correctly assess their productivity and choose apropriate agronomic procedures to maximize yield. However, determining yields based on manual ear counts is labor intensive. Recently UAVs demonstrated high efficiency for rapid yield estimation. This paper presents a software package WDS (Wheat Detection System) for ears counting in wheat crops based on RGB images obtained from UAVs. WDS creates the flight plan, for the acquired images carries out automatic georeferencing to the appropriate fragment of the field, counts ears using the neural network models, reconstructs the density of ears in the crop and visualizes it as a heat map in the interactive web application. Based on the field experiment the accuracy of ears counting in plots was assessed: Spearman and Pearson correlation coefficients between the ears density counted manually and using WDS were 0.618 and 0.541, respectively (p-value < 0.05). WDS avaliable at https://github.com/Sl07h/wheat_detection.
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Park, Byung Kwon, Yong-Su Kim, Young-Wook Cho, Sung Moon, and Sang-Wook Han. "Arbitrary Configurable 20-Channel Coincidence Counting Unit for Multi-Qubit Quantum Experiment." Electronics 10, no. 5 (February 28, 2021): 569. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10050569.
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This paper presents a 20-channel coincidence counting unit (CCU) using a low-end field-programmable gate array (FPGA). The architecture of the CCU can be configured arbitrarily to measure from twofold to twentyfold coincidence counts thanks to a multifold controllable architecture, which can be easily manipulated by a graphical user interface (GUI) program. In addition, it provides up to 20 of each input signal count simultaneously. The experimental results show twentyfold coincidence counts with the resolution occurring in a less than 0.5 ns coincidence window. This CCU has appropriate characteristics for various quantum optics experiments using multi-photon qubits.
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Brandimonte, Maria A., and M. Chiara Passolunghi. "The Effect of Cue-Familiarity, Cue-Distinctiveness, and Retention Interval on Prospective Remembering." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 47, no. 3 (August 1994): 565–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14640749408401128.
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Five experiments investigated the effects of cue familiarity, cue distinctiveness, and retention interval on prospective remembering. Results showed that (1) performance in a prospective memory task is facilitated when the cue is unfamiliar and/or distinctive; and (2) it is impaired by 3-minutes’ delay between the instructions and the task (Experiment 1). A beneficial effect of distinctiveness was also found when perceptual rather than semantic distinctiveness was tested (Experiment 2). Experiments 3 and 4 ruled out the hypotheses that “unfulfilled expectancy” of an event (i.e. non-appearance of the cue during training) (Experiment 3), or some sort of “habituation” in the target context (Experiment 4), may have caused the low performance observed in the delayed conditions. Finally, results from Experiment 5 showed that delay negatively affected prospective remembering when it was filled with either a demanding interpolated activity (practice in a STM task) or an undemanding motoric activity (repetitive hands movements). Unfilled delay and an undemanding verbal activity (counting) were found not to affect prospective memory. Implications for the mechanisms underlying prospective remembering are discussed.
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Sitanayah, Lanny, Apriandy Angdresey, and Jeri Wahyu Utama. "A Low Cost Vehicle Counting System Based On The Internet of Things." EPI International Journal of Engineering 4, no. 1 (September 15, 2021): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.25042/epi-ije.022021.03.
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In urban areas where land for parking is very limited, drivers often waste time, fuel, and emissions circling around without information if unoccupied parking spaces are available or not. In this paper, we design and implement a low-cost wireless system to count the number of cars and motorcycles in a parking lot. The system consists of two sensor devices, which are installed at an entrance gate and an exit gate of a parking lot. Each device has a NodeMCU ESP8266, an HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor, and an MPU-9266 accelerometer. We use REST API as the web service to connect sensor devices and users, who will access the parking information using a web browser. The C4.5 algorithm is utilized to construct a decision tree to classify detected objects as cars, motorcycles, or people. We show by experiment that our sensor devices and the wireless monitoring system work correctly.
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Sitanayah, Lanny, Apriandy Angdresey, and Jeri Wahyu Utama. "A Low Cost Vehicle Counting System Based On The Internet of Things." EPI International Journal of Engineering 4, no. 1 (September 15, 2021): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.25042/epi-ije.022021.03.
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In urban areas where land for parking is very limited, drivers often waste time, fuel, and emissions circling around without information if unoccupied parking spaces are available or not. In this paper, we design and implement a low-cost wireless system to count the number of cars and motorcycles in a parking lot. The system consists of two sensor devices, which are installed at an entrance gate and an exit gate of a parking lot. Each device has a NodeMCU ESP8266, an HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor, and an MPU-9266 accelerometer. We use REST API as the web service to connect sensor devices and users, who will access the parking information using a web browser. The C4.5 algorithm is utilized to construct a decision tree to classify detected objects as cars, motorcycles, or people. We show by experiment that our sensor devices and the wireless monitoring system work correctly.
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Hua, Kangjian, Bo Liu, Zhen Chen, Liang Fang, and Huachuang Wang. "Efficient and Noise Robust Photon-Counting Imaging with First Signal Photon Unit Method." Photonics 8, no. 6 (June 19, 2021): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics8060229.
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Efficient photon-counting imaging in low signal photon level is challenging, especially when noise is intensive. In this paper, we report a first signal photon unit (FSPU) method to rapidly reconstruct depth image from sparse signal photon counts with strong noise robustness. The method consists of acquisition strategy and reconstruction strategy. Different statistic properties of signal and noise are exploited to quickly distinguish signal unit during acquisition. Three steps, including maximum likelihood estimation (MLE), anomaly censorship and total variation (TV) regularization, are implemented to recover high quality images. Simulations demonstrate that the method performs much better than traditional photon-counting methods such as peak and cross-correlation methods, and it also has better performance than the state-of-the-art unmixing method. In addition, it could reconstruct much clearer images than the first photon imaging (FPI) method when noise is severe. An experiment with our photon-counting LIDAR system was conducted, which indicates that our method has advantages in sparse photon-counting imaging application, especially when signal to noise ratio (SNR) is low. Without the knowledge of noise distribution, our method reconstructed the clearest depth image which has the least mean square error (MSE) as 0.011, even when SNR is as low as −10.85 dB.
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Amaral-Baroli, Adriana, and Massanori Takaki. "Phytochrome controls achene germination in Bidens pilosa L. (Asteraceae) by very low fluence response." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 44, no. 2 (June 2001): 121–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132001000200002.
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Achene without ornament of the tegument were light insensitive with germination under all tested light conditions. Achene with verrucose ornament of the tegument presented low germination under darkness and high germination under light conditions. By pre-incubation at 36° C for remotion of pre-existing Pfr and by comparison of results of counting of dark germinating achenes at the end of experiment and daily under dim green safe light (0.001mumol m-2 s-1 nm-1) we concluded that germination was controlled by phytochrome through very low fluence response.
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Currie, L. A., E. M. Eijgenhuijsen, and G. A. Klouda. "On the Validity of the Poisson Hypothesis for Low-Level Counting: Investigation of the Distributional Characteristics of Background Radiation with the Nist Individual Pulse Counting System." Radiocarbon 40, no. 1 (1997): 113–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200017951.
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Does radioactive decay follow the Poisson distribution?—a fundamental question, to which the theoretical answer seems to be, Yes. On the practical side, the answer to this question impacts the best achievable precision in well-controlled counting experiments. There have been some noteworthy experimental tests of the Poisson assumption, using systems carefully designed for the analysis of individual pulses from stable radioactive sources; thus far, experiment supports theory. For low-level counting, the nature of the background distribution can be of profound practical importance, especially for very long counting experiments where validation by an adequate number of full replicates may be impracticable. One is tempted in such cases to assume that the variance is equal to the mean, in order to estimate the measurement uncertainty. Background radiation, however, has multiple components, only some of which are governed by the laws of radioactive decay.A specially designed low-level gas counting system at NIST for interactive, retrospective individual pulse shape and time series analysis makes possible the investigation of the empirical distribution function of the background radiation, in a manner similar to the previous empirical distribution studies of radioactive decay. Benefits of individual pulse analysis are that there is no information loss due to averaging and that two independent tests of the Poisson hypothesis can be performed using data from a single, extended measurement period without the need for replication; namely, tests of the distribution of arrival times, expected to be uniform, and the distribution of inter-arrival times, expected to be exponential. For low-level counting the second test has a very interesting and very informative complement: the distribution of coincidence-anticoincidence inter-arrival times.Key outcomes from the study were that: 1) nonstationarity in the mean background rate over extended periods of time could be compensated by an on-line paired counter technique, which is far preferable to the questionable practice of using an “error-multiplier” that presumes the wandering (nonstationary) background to be random; and 2) individual empirical pulse distributions differed from the ideal GM and Poisson processes by exhibiting giant pulses, a continuum of small pulses, afterpulses, and in certain circumstances bursts of pulses and transient relaxation processes. The afterpulses constituted ca. 8% of the anticoincidence background events, yet they escaped detection by the conventional distributional tests.
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Johnson, Branden B. "“Counting votes” in public responses to scientific disputes." Public Understanding of Science 27, no. 5 (May 1, 2017): 594–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963662517706451.
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Publicized disputes between groups of scientists may force lay choices about groups’ credibility. One possible, little studied, credibility cue is vote-counting (proportions of scientists on either side): for example, “97%” of climate scientists believe in anthropogenic climate change. An online sample of 2600 Americans read a mock article about a scientific dispute, in a 13 (proportions: 100%–0%, 99%–1%, … 50%–50%, … 1%–99%, 0%–100% for Positions A and B, respectively) × 8 (scenarios: for example, dietary salt, dark matter) between-person experiment. Respondents reported reactions to the dispute, attitudes toward the topic, and views on science. Proportional information indirectly affected judged agreement but less so topic or science responses, controlling for scenarios and moderators, whether by actual proportions or differing contrasts of “consensus” versus “near-consensus.” Given little empirical research with conflicting findings, even these low effect sizes warrant further research on how vote-counting might help laypeople deal with scientific disputes.
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Ruskov, Todor, Güner Passage, Abdallah Rastanawi, and Rumen Radev. "Low-temperature system for simultaneous counting of conversion electrons and backscattered γ-rays in Mossbauer effect experiment." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 94, no. 4 (December 1994): 565–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-583x(94)95438-0.
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Casperson, Donald E., William C. Priedhorsky, Miles H. Baron, and Cheng Ho. "Flare Star Observations with a Single-Photon Counting Imaging Detector." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 151 (1995): 125–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100034837.
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AbstractAt Los Alamos National Laboratory we are developing a new imaging sensor which combines high spatial and high temporal resolution over a large area format, while maintaining single-photon counting sensitivity and sustaining a high count rate. The detector is called a microchannel plate with crossed delay line readout, or MCP/CDL. This detector is ideally suited to the observation of weak transient events, such as stellar flares from red dwarf flare stars in our Galaxy. At present we are initiating an experiment with the MCP/CDL detector which will utilize a 30-cm aperture f/7 telescope to characterize U-band, B-band, and V-band emission from such low-luminosity flare stars, and to search for weak optical transients associated with other astrophysical sources.
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Zeynalov, Shakir, and Olga Sidorova. "Low counting rate measurement on thermal neutron induced fission using cross-correlation technique." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 50 (January 2020): 2060014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194520600149.
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The measurement procedure based on the continuous thermal neutron beam modulation with a mechanical chopper was developed for delayed neutron yield measurement of the thermal neutron induced fission of [Formula: see text]Np. The idea of the procedure is similar to that widely used in modern computer communications to prevent unauthorized data access. The data is modulated with a predefined pattern before transmission to the public network, and only the recipient that has the modulation pattern is able to demodulate it upon receipt. For thermal neutron induced reaction applications, the thermal neutron beam modulation pattern was used to demodulate the measured delayed neutron intensity signals on the detector output, resulting in nonzero output only for the detector signals correlated with the beam modulation. The comparison of the method with the conventional measurement procedure was provided, and it was demonstrated that the cross-correlation procedure has special features making it superior to the conventional one, especially when the measured value is extremely small in comparison with the background. Due to the strong sensitivity of the measurement procedure on the modulation pattern of the neutron beam, one can implement the modulation pattern of a specific shape to separate the effect of the thermal part of the beam from the higher energy part in the most confident way in the particular experiment. The remarkable property of our method is related to the unique possibility of separation of the effects caused exclusively by thermal neutrons using the neutron time-of-flight measurement available on the IBR-2 pulsed reactor.
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Xiang, Yu-Yan, Song Li, and Yue Ma. "Effect of pile-up of electron flow pulse from photomultiplier tube on ranging by photon counting." Acta Physica Sinica 71, no. 21 (2022): 214206. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.71.20220537.
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Photomultiplier tube (PMT) features single photon level sensitivity, low dark count, and low afterpulse probability, and are widely used in photon-counting lidar in the visible spectrum. The PMT has no photon detection dead time, for every photon it responds to, it can output an electron flow pulse, these pulses of electron flow are likely to pile up into larger pulses. When using threshold identification method to identify photon-events, the stacked pulse will introduce additional pulse walking error, directly affecting the ranging precision of photon-counting ranging method in the practical application of laser ranging. Considering the influence of pulse pile-up, a new theoretical model of PMT photon detection is established to describe the influence of pulse pile-up on the detection probability of photon-events by analyzing the relationship between the detection time of photon and the identification time of the PMT final output photon-events. Through Monte Carlo simulation, the relationship among the ranging walking error, ranging accuracy, incident laser pulse width, PMT output electron flow pulse width and photon-events identification threshold is obtained. In order to verify the correctness of the theory, a PMT-based photon-counting lidar system is built. The comparative experiment with GM-APD proves that the influence of pulse pile-up on PMT photon-counting ranging method cannot be ignored, and that the experimental results are in good agreement with results from the theoretical model. The PMT photon detection model based on pulse pile-up can guide the design of PMT photon-counting radar and improve the ranging accuracy and precision of the ranging system.
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Cappella, Fabio, and Antonella Incicchitti. "Techniques for Background Identification in the Search for Rare Processes with Crystal Scintillators." Physics 3, no. 2 (April 9, 2021): 187–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/physics3020015.
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In astroparticle, nuclear and subnuclear physics, low-counting experiments play an increasingly important role in the investigation of rare processes such as dark matter, double beta decay, some neutrino processes and low-background spectrometry. Extremely low-background features are more and more required to produce detectors and apparata of suitable sensitivity. Over time, a great deal of interest and attention in developing experimental techniques suitable to improve, verify and maintain the radiopurity of these detectors has arisen. In this paper, the characterization of inorganic crystal scintillators (such as, e.g., NaI(Tl), ZnWO4 and CdWO4) using α, β and γ radioactive sources and the main experimental techniques applied in the field to quantitatively identify the radioactive contaminants are highlighted; in particular, we focus on inorganic crystal scintillators, widely used in rare processes investigation, considering their applications at noncryogenic temperatures in the framework of the DAMA experiment activities at the Gran Sasso National Laboratory of the INFN (National Institute for Nuclear Physics, INFN).
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Balata, M., L. Cadonati, M. Laubenstein, G. Heusser, M. G. Giammarchi, R. Scardaoni, V. Torri, G. Cecchet, A. de Bari, and A. Perotti. "The water purification system for the low background counting test facility of the Borexino experiment at Gran Sasso." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 370, no. 2-3 (February 1996): 605–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(95)00862-4.
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Amaré, J., S. Cebrián, D. Cintas, I. Coarasa, E. García, M. Martínez, M. A. Oliván, et al. "Background model of the ANAIS-112 dark matter experiment." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2156, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2156/1/012175.
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Abstract The ANAIS (Annual modulation with NaI(Tl) Scintillators) experiment aims at the confirmation or refutation of the DAMA/LIBRA positive annual modulation signal in the low energy detection rate. ANAIS-112, consisting of nine 12.5 kg NaI(Tl) modules, is taking data since August, 2017 at the Canfranc Underground Laboratory (LSC) in Spain. Results from the analysis of three years of data are compatible with the absence of modulation. The background model developed for all nine ANAIS-112 detectors was established from commissioning data and non-blinded events in the first year of data taking. Now, background characterization is being improved profiting from the larger accumulated exposure available. Here, the background model is described and comparisons of model and measurements for energy spectra and counting rate time evolution for three-year exposure (considering different analysis conditions) are presented.
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Dinh, Duc-Liem, Hong-Nam Nguyen, Huy-Tan Thai, and Kim-Hung Le. "Towards AI-Based Traffic Counting System with Edge Computing." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2021 (June 27, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5551976.
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The recent years have witnessed a considerable rise in the number of vehicles, which has placed transportation infrastructure and traffic control under tremendous pressure. Yielding timely and accurate traffic flow information is essential in the development of traffic control strategies. Despite the continual advances and the wealth of literature available in intelligent transportation system (ITS), there is a lack of practical traffic counting system, which is readily deployable on edge devices. In this study, we introduce a low-cost and effective edge-based system integrating object detection models to perform vehicle detecting, tracking, and counting. First, a vehicle detection dataset (VDD) representing traffic conditions in Vietnam was created. Several deep learning models for VDD were then examined on two different edge device types. Using this detection, we presented a lightweight counting method seamlessly combining with a traditional tracking method to increase counting accuracy. Finally, the traffic flow information is obtained based on counted vehicle categories and their directions. The experiment results clearly indicate that the proposed system achieves the top inference speed at around 26.8 frames per second (FPS) with 92.1% accuracy on the VDD. This proves that our proposal is capable of producing high-accuracy traffic flow information and can be applicable to ITS in order to reduce labor-intensive tasks in traffic management.
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Degenkolb, Skyler, Peter Fierlinger, and Oliver Zimmer. "Approaches to high-density storage experiments with in-situ production and detection of ultracold neutrons." Journal of Neutron Research 24, no. 2 (January 5, 2023): 123–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jnr-220044.
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Low counting statistics is one of the most important challenges in modern experiments with ultracold neutrons (UCN). UCN densities in superthermal sources based on superfluid helium are normally much higher than those after UCN delivery to ex-situ volumes. Therefore, and due to the vanishing neutron absorption of 4He, storage-based experiments performed in-situ promise significant sensitivity gains. Scalable measurements offer a promising path to simultaneously address the inefficient use of cold neutron beams as precursors for UCN production in 4He, by recuperating the unused beam fraction, and confront the practical challenges of large-scale UCN infrastructure. We suggest strategies for the development of modular cryogenic cells, propose a novel approach for in-situ UCN detection, and discuss the ultimate statistical reach of such a multiplexed experiment for measuring the neutron’s permanent electric dipole moment (EDM). While dedicated research and development are needed to evaluate the feasibility for many requirements, a neutron EDM measurement with sensitivity well beyond 10 − 28 e cm seems possible. Such an experiment could be pursued at any compatible cold neutron beamline, e.g., at the Institut Laue–Langevin, or later using the ANNI facility or large beam port (LBP) at the European Spallation Source.
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Chavez, Claudio R., Fernando Chierchie, Miguel Sofo-Haro, Jose Lipovetzky, Guillermo Fernandez-Moroni, and Juan Estrada. "Multiplexed Readout for an Experiment with a Large Number of Channels Using Single-Electron Sensitivity Skipper-CCDs." Sensors 22, no. 11 (June 6, 2022): 4308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22114308.
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This paper presents the implementation of a multiplexed analog readout electronics system that can achieve single-electron counting using Skipper-CCDs with non-destructive readout. The proposed system allows the best performance of the sensors to be maintained, with sub-electron noise-level operation, while maintaining low-bandwidth data transfer, a minimum number of analog-to-digital converters (ADC) and low disk storage requirement with zero added multiplexing time, even for the simultaneous operation of thousands of channels. These features are possible with a combination of analog charge pile-up, sample and hold circuits and analog multiplexing. The implementation also aims to use the minimum number of components in circuits to keep compatibility with high-channel-density experiments using Skipper-CCDs for low-threshold particle detection applications. Performance details and experimental results using a sensor with 16 output stages are presented along with a review of the circuit design considerations.
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Dallari, Francesco, Fabian Westermeier, Michael Sprung, Alessandro Martinelli, and Giulio Monaco. "Influence of the threshold settings of photon counting detectors on the observed speckle contrast in coherent scattering experiments." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2380, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2380/1/012125.
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Abstract Speckle-based experiments, in particular X-ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy (XPCS), are among the ones that benefit most from the development of next generation light sources. The key quantity that determines whether or not it will be possible to perform an XPCS experiment is the speckle contrast β, which measures the visibility of the speckle pattern. The speckle contrast is influenced by geometrical conditions and light-source properties [1], and recently it has been noticed that artifacts in photon-counting detectors strongly interfere with the determination of the real value of β when the number of detected photons per frame is extremely low [2]. Here we report how the threshold setting of a photon counting detector, an EIGER X 4M, affects the detected contrast even at non extreme illumination conditions (0.01-0.05 photons/pixel/second). We found that by increasing the threshold value, not only leads to the expected drop in detected intensity, but also to a significant increase in the value of β. Additionally we will present an in-operando situation in which the higher threshold helps critically to increase the signal-to-noise ratio of the measured scattering pattern resulting in a five-fold increment of the speckle contrast.
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Lee, Shin-Jye, Pei-Yun Chen, and Jeng-Wei Lin. "Complete Blood Cell Detection and Counting Based on Deep Neural Networks." Applied Sciences 12, no. 16 (August 14, 2022): 8140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12168140.
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Complete blood cell (CBC) counting has played a vital role in general medical examination. Common approaches, such as traditional manual counting and automated analyzers, were heavily influenced by the operation of medical professionals. In recent years, computer-aided object detection using deep learning algorithms has been successfully applied in many different visual tasks. In this paper, we propose a deep neural network-based architecture to accurately detect and count blood cells on blood smear images. A public BCCD (Blood Cell Count and Detection) dataset is used for the performance evaluation of our architecture. It is not uncommon that blood smear images are in low resolution, and blood cells on them are blurry and overlapping. The original images were preprocessed, including image augmentation, enlargement, sharpening, and blurring. With different settings in the proposed architecture, five models are constructed herein. We compare their performance on red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), and platelet detection and deeply investigate the factors related to their performance. The experiment results show that our models can recognize blood cells accurately when blood cells are not heavily overlapping.
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Kirillov, S. S., and A. S. Polishchuk. "EVALUATION OF SUNFLOWER SELF-FERTILITY UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF THE KULUNDA STEPPE." Vestnik Altajskogo gosudarstvennogo agrarnogo universiteta, no. 11 (2021): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.53083/1996-4277-2021-205-11-17-21.
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In the Kulunda steppe, sunflower yields are greatly in-fluenced by empty shells as a result of low self-fertility of plants under unfavorable conditions for pollination. There-fore, the development of sunflower varieties for high self-fertility is a topical issue. To determine self-fertility, it is necessary to take into account the number of tubiform flo-rets in the anthodium, and counting them is a rather labor-intensive task. Therefore,in order to facilitate the determi-nation of self-fertility, the possibility of its evaluation by direct counting of seeds in an anthodium was studied. The experiments were carried out from 2015 through 2018 in the fields of the Plant Breeding and Seed Production La-boratory of the Kulunda Agricultural Experimental Station of the Federal Altai Scientific Center of Agro-Biotechnologies. The research targets were self-pollinated offspring of the 1st-4th inbreeding generations obtained on the basis of large-fruited varieties Baloven, Altai and Kulundinsky 1 under the conditions of the Kulunda steppe of the Altai Region. The results of the experiment show that the self-fertility of the studied varieties is at a low level and averag-es 8.9% with a variation from 4.8% in the Altai variety to 16.4% in the Kulundinsky 1 variety. The study of the rela-tionship of self-fertility and the number of seeds in an an-thodium showed high dependence between these charactionship of self-fertility and the number of seeds in an an-thodium allows conducting primary evaluation of self-fertility on this basis.
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Gyula, Faigel, and Zoltan Jurek. "Particle orientation from distribution of explosion fragments in XFEL experiment." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314097046.
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In many XFEL experiments small objects with unknown orientations are introduced into the x-ray beam. However, understanding the measured quantities it would be desirable to know their orientations. This is the situation in the case of single-molecule imaging one of the main target areas of X-ray free-electron lasers. Here, the solution to the orientation problem is based on the possibility of orienting the large number of low-counting-statistics 2D diffraction patterns taken at random orientations of identical replicas of the sample. This is a difficult process and the low statistics limits the usability of these methods and ultimately it could prevent single-molecule imaging. We suggest a new approach, which avoids the use of the diffraction patterns. We propose to determine the sample orientation through identifying the direction of ejection fragments. The orientation of the sample is measured together with the diffraction pattern by detecting some fragments of the Coulomb explosion. We show by molecular-dynamics simulations that from the angular distribution of the fragments one can obtain the orientation of the samples [1].The figure shows the distribution of heavy atoms coming from different depth of the sample ( upper panel homogeneous, lower panel inhomogeneous model samples, and left to right is heavy atom at the outer boundary, halfway to center and at the center).
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Grabcev, B., and A. Tirziu. "Optimization of resolution–intensity balance in angular-dispersive powder diffractometry at a synchrotron radiation source." Journal of Applied Crystallography 32, no. 4 (August 1, 1999): 641–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889899003441.
Full textAbstract:
A unique resolution function of angular-dispersive synchrotron radiation powder diffractometers, properly parameterized to be valid for any multicrystal variant of this instrument, has been derived paying special attention to the absolute correctness of the formulae by avoiding any unknown proportionality factors. Moreover, the concept of experimental performance criterion has been proposed in an attempt to introduce a kind of `worth-scale' for the results of measurements performed with a certain instrumental configuration. Both entities were used in computer simulations to determine the most convenient configuration of instrumental parameters that, apart from the fulfilment of the experiment goal, ensure an adequate counting rate. Several case studies using different instrumental layouts, different single-crystal monochromators and samples of different low symmetries and unit-cell volumes were considered. The results offer reliable information that may be useful for designing diffractometers as well as for conducting experiments.
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Putra, Ferdinandus Fidel, and Yulius Denny Prabowo. "Low resource deep learning to detect waste intensity in the river flow." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 10, no. 5 (October 1, 2021): 2724–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v10i5.3062.
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Waste has become a significant problem in Indonesia, especially in the capital city of Jakarta due to many disasters caused by it. The one cause of flooding is the blockage of river flow by waste. The monitoring of litter is essential to find out the waste intensity in the river. The research was formed which aims to produce an application that can detect, track, and calculate river waste using YOLO v3 algorithm. This research was done in order to simplify the process of monitoring waste in the river and can calculate waste using video. This research uses 340 images directly from photos and videos, captured by researchers-detection of waste processed frame by frame by changing video into several structures. From the acquired result from the experiment, it's proven that YOLO v3 can be used for detection and counting waste recorded on video. The result of this research is an application that can detect waste and it is able to detect said objects with 98.74% of confidence from case video.
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Langrock, Gert, Norbert Wiehl, Hans-Otto Kling, Matthias Mendel, Andrea Nähler, Udo Tharun, Klaus Eberhardt, et al. "Digital liquid-scintillation counting and effective pulse-shape discrimination with artificial neural networks." Radiochimica Acta 103, no. 1 (January 28, 2015): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ract-2014-2281.
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Abstract A typical problem in low-level liquid scintillation (LS) counting is the identification of α particles in the presence of a high background of β and γ particles. Especially the occurrence of β-β and β-γ pile-ups may prevent the unambiguous identification of an α signal by commonly used analog electronics. In this case, pulse-shape discrimination (PSD) and pile-up rejection (PUR) units show an insufficient performance. This problem was also observed in own earlier experiments on the chemical behaviour of transactinide elements using the liquid-liquid extraction system SISAK in combination with LS counting. α-particle signals from the decay of the transactinides could not be unambiguously assigned. However, the availability of instruments for the digital recording of LS pulses changes the situation and provides possibilities for new approaches in the treatment of LS pulse shapes. In a SISAK experiment performed at PSI, Villigen, a fast transient recorder, a PC card with oscilloscope characteristics and a sampling rate of 1 giga samples s−1 (1 ns per point), was used for the first time to record LS signals. It turned out, that the recorded signals were predominantly α, β-β and β-γ pile up, and fission events. This paper describes the subsequent development and use of artificial neural networks (ANN) based on the method of “back-propagation of errors” to automatically distinguish between different pulse shapes. Such networks can “learn” pulse shapes and classify hitherto unknown pulses correctly after a learning period. The results show that ANN in combination with fast digital recording of pulse shapes can be a powerful tool in LS spectrometry even at high background count rates.
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Phiphattanaphiphop, Chalinee, Komgrit Leksakul, Rungrueang Phatthanakun, and Apirak Suthummapiwat. "Real-Time Single Cell Monitoring: Measurement and Counting of Motile Sperm Using LCR Impedance-Integrated Microfluidic Device." Micromachines 10, no. 10 (September 26, 2019): 647. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi10100647.
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In this research, we aimed to count the ratio of the number of motile to immotile sperm for patients with infertility problems based on a low-sperm-concentration examination. The microfluidic system consists of two series of applications: The conventional separation of motile sperm and the proposed inductance (L), capacitance (C), and resistance (R) or LCR impedance sperm counter. In the experiment, 96% of motile sperm were isolated from nonmotile sperm in the first part and transported to the second part to count and calculate real-time sperm concentration. A pair of microelectrodes composed of thin metal film were integrated between microchannels, resulting in a peak signal for LCR single-cell detection, as well as the estimated total sperm concentration. A minimum of 10 µL of the sperm sample was completely analyzed with an accuracy of 94.8% compared with the standard computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA) method. This method could be applied for low-cost sperm separation and counting in the future.
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Wang, Qi, Yuan-song Sun, Si-qi Zhang, Yan-Wei Ding, and Ming Gao. "Improving effects of low-temperature atmospheric plasma on abdominal surgical site infection induced by ESBL-E. coli in rats." AIP Advances 12, no. 7 (July 1, 2022): 075115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0094975.
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Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common complications of emergency abdominal surgery. With the increase of drug-resistant bacteria, abdominal SSI cannot be effectively controlled by increasing the use of antibiotics. Nonchemical treatment as an alternative to antibiotics for abdominal SSI induced by drug-resistant bacteria is urgently needed. This study is aimed at exploring the effects of low-temperature atmospheric plasma (LTAP) exposure for 30 and 60 s on abdominal SSI in in vitro and in vivo experiments. In the in vitro experiment, the culture dishes with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli ( ESBL-E. coli) were exposed to LTAP and the changes in bacterial concentration and structure were observed by bacterial culture counting and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In in vivo experiments, we established an abdominal SSI rat model induced by ESBL-E. coli and the infected surgical sites were exposed to LTAP. The infiltration of inflammatory cells, the proliferation of fibroblasts, and the regeneration of fibrous tissue were evaluated by histopathological examination. The in vitro bacterial experiment showed that the concentration of bacteria exposed to LTAP for 30 and 60 s was decreased, and the decline in bacterial concentration in the last 30 s was significantly higher than that in the first 30 s. TEM showed that the bactericidal effect of the LTAP exposure worked by damaging the morphology and intracellular structures of bacteria. In addition, our data suggested that reactive oxygen species are the key mediator of the bactericidal effect, and bacteria exposed to LTAP do not develop resistance to repeated exposure. The pathological results from in vivo experiments revealed that the inflammatory cells infiltrating into the infected site were inhibited. The proliferation of fibroblasts and the regeneration of fibers increased after exposure to LTAP for 30 and 60 s in abdominal SSI. In conclusion, our study indicated that LTAP was effective in wound sterilization, anti-inflammatory action, and healing promotion and holds promise as an alternative to antibiotics for treating abdominal SSIs.
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Oetting, Ronald D. "Insecticide Efficacy Against Twospotted Spider Mites, Georgia, 1985." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 11, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 409–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/11.1.409b.
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Abstract Five acaricides were tested against twospotted spider mites on Irish shamrock grown in 4.5 inch square pots in the greenhouse. The plants only had a low to moderate infestation level at the beginning of the experiment. The experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications of single pot treatments. All acaricides were applied with a compressed air sprayer at 30-35 psi until runoff. Pretreatment counts were made the day of pesticide application. Efficacy was determined bv removing 3 leaves from each plant and counting the number of mites and eggs in, a 2 cm2 area on the lower surface of each leaf.
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Mao, Cui Li, Er Hua Wang, and Hong Qi Lin. "Design and Implementation of Ultrasonic Ranging System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 239-240 (December 2012): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.239-240.37.
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A real-time and high precision ultrasonic ranging method is proposed here. Ultrasonic ranging system based on MCU was established, which is composed of MCU, ultrasonic sending and receiving circuit, temperature compensate circuit, alarm, key and display circuit. Counting pulse method was used to measure the ultrasonic transmission time, and then the distance is calculated. In order to improve the ranging accuracy, temperature compensation was used in this system. Preliminary experiment showed that the system meet the requirements. This system has advantages such as low price, small volume, reliable operation, high accuracy, and can be employed in car backing, obstacle avoiding of robots, industrial logging, reservoir level measuring etc.
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Asthana, Vishwaratn, Yuqi Tang, Adam Ferguson, Pallavi Bugga, Anantratn Asthana, Emily R. Evans, Allen L. Chen, Brett S. Stern, and Rebekah A. Drezek. "An inexpensive, customizable microscopy system for the automated quantification and characterization of multiple adherent cell types." PeerJ 6 (June 5, 2018): e4937. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4937.
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Cell quantification assays are essential components of most biological and clinical labs. However, many currently available quantification assays, including flow cytometry and commercial cell counting systems, suffer from unique drawbacks that limit their overall efficacy. In order to address the shortcomings of traditional quantification assays, we have designed a robust, low-cost, automated microscopy-based cytometer that quantifies individual cells in a multiwell plate using tools readily available in most labs. Plating and subsequent quantification of various dilution series using the automated microscopy-based cytometer demonstrates the single-cell sensitivity, near-perfect R2 accuracy, and greater than 5-log dynamic range of our system. Further, the microscopy-based cytometer is capable of obtaining absolute counts of multiple cell types in one well as part of a co-culture setup. To demonstrate this ability, we recreated an experiment that assesses the tumoricidal properties of primed macrophages on co-cultured tumor cells as a proof-of-principle test. The results of the experiment reveal that primed macrophages display enhanced cytotoxicity toward tumor cells while simultaneously losing the ability to proliferate, an example of a dynamic interplay between two cell populations that our microscopy-based cytometer is successfully able to elucidate.
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Hale, Logan T., and Preston A. Long. "How Accurately Can an Observer Assess Participant Self-Reported Workload?" Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 61, no. 1 (September 2017): 1486–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601856.
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Subjective workload assessments are used often in human factors, almost always from the perspective of the one performing the task. How well would an observer or experimenter be able to subjectively rate the mental workload of a task being performed by a subject? In this experiment, participants formed groups of two in which one acted as an experimenter and the other as a subject. The experimenter administered three types of distractor tasks to the subject while the subject held a consonant triad in their working memory. The three tasks were a high difficulty task (counting), a medium difficulty task (writing), and a low difficulty task (drawing). Both experimenter and subject then filled out a NASA-TLX for all three task types. Roles were switched and the process repeated. Significant differences in rating were found for the high difficulty but not the low difficulty task, with the medium difficulty task in between.
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Yu, Chun He, Xiao Feng Tian, and Dan Ping Zhang. "An Improved Device of Detecting True and False Coin." Advanced Materials Research 503-504 (April 2012): 1589–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.503-504.1589.
Full textAbstract:
In order to reduce the loss of an automatic coin machine for using a 1-Yuan false coin, an improved device is designed by applying the eddy current nondestructive testing technology, which uses two distinct frequency signals to detect the information of coin. The device includes four modules: two LC oscillating circuits, signal processing module, microprocessor module and external control circuits. The detection algorithm selects two counting values under two distinct frequency signals. The low frequency circuit detects the information of the coin material, and the high frequency circuit detects the feature of the coin surface. The detection region of true coin is decided by the method of least square. The experiment shows that the device has the characters of stability, reliability and high accuracy.
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Bierbach, David, Ronja Wenchel, Stefan Gehrig, Serafina Wersing, Olivia L. O’Connor, and Jens Krause. "Male Sexual Preference for Female Swimming Activity in the Guppy (Poecilia reticulata)." Biology 10, no. 2 (February 12, 2021): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10020147.
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Mate choice that is based on behavioural traits is a common feature in the animal kingdom. Using the Trinidadian guppy, a species with mutual mate choice, we investigated whether males use female swimming activity—a behavioural trait known to differ consistently among individuals in many species—as a trait relevant for their mate choice. In the first experiment, we assessed male and female activity in an open field test alone (two repeated measures) and afterwards in heterosexual pairs (two repeated measures). In these pairs, we simultaneously assessed males’ mating efforts by counting the number of sexual behaviours (courtship displays and copulations). Male and female guppies showed consistent individual differences in their swimming activity when tested both alone and in a pair, and these differences were maintained across both test situations. When controlling for male swimming behaviour and both male and female body size, males performed more courtship displays towards females with higher swimming activity. In a second experiment, we tested for a directional male preference for swimming activity by presenting males video animations of low- and high-active females in a dichotomous choice test. In congruence with experiment 1, we found males to spend significantly more time in association with the high-active female stimulus. Both experiments thus point towards a directional male preference for higher activity levels in females. We discuss the adaptive significance of this preference as activity patterns might indicate individual female quality, health or reproductive state while, mechanistically, females that are more active might be more detectable to males as well.
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Br Saragih, Eka Juli Tri Saman Tari, and Lisa Utami. "PENGARUH PENERAPAN STRATEGI PEMBELAJARAN PROBLEM BASED INSTRUCTION DENGAN MEDIA VIRTUAL LABORATORY TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR SISWA." Konfigurasi : Jurnal Pendidikan Kimia dan Terapan 3, no. 1 (February 28, 2019): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.24014/konfigurasi.v3i1.6804.
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Abstract This research is motivated by the low level of learning outcomes of the students of science class XI at Bernas Binsus State Senior High School Pelalawan Regency. Therefore the experiment research is conducted by pre-test and post-test scheme to discover the effect of problem based instruction learning model by virtual laboratory media toward learning outcomes of class XI students at Bernas Binsus State Senior High School Pelalawan Regency at the subject of buffer solution. The subjects of the research are the students of class XI science in the year of 2015-2016 with two classes as samples: class XI science 3 (experiment) that consists of 28 students and class XI science 2 (control) that consists of 29 students. The research data is collected by using observation, initial data test which is homogeneitytest and final data test which are pre-test dan post-test, and documentation. To discover the effect of the implementation the learning model toward the learning outcomes, the formula of partial equilibrium (Kp) is employed. The effect differences are analyzed by t test polled varians. Analysis result of initial and final data indicates that t-counting = 2.79 and t-table = 1.67 in the significance rate of 5%. The value of t-counting > t-table that makes Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted. It indicates that there is a correlation of the implementation of Problem Based Instructionlearning model with virtual laboratory media toward learning outcomes of the students of class XI Bernas Binsus State Senior High School Pelalawan Regency at the subject of buffer solution, with the effect of 12.43 %. Keywords: Problem Based Instruction, Virtual Laboratory Media, Learning Outcome.
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Chinnasamy, G. P., S. Sundareswaran, and M. Vetrivel. "Correlation and R2 analysis of radicle emergence test to predict seed vigour and field emergence in blackgram (Vigna mungo L.) seed lots." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 14, SI (July 15, 2022): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v14isi.3561.
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Blackgram (Vigna mungo L.) is one of the major pulse crops grown throughout India. Prediction of seed vigour and field emergence of seed before sowing is important for assured yield. A standard germination test is time-consuming and does not always show the seed lot potential performance, especially if field conditions are not optimal. There is need of advanced technology, which can give a precise result in a short period. The experiment was conducted to correlate the radicle emergence test with seed vigour parameters to predict seed vigour and planting value of 10 varying vigour lots (L1, L2, L3, L4 - high vigour lots; L5, L6, L7 - medium vigour lots; L8, L9, L10 - low vigour lots) of blackgram var. VBN 6. The study showed that all the seed vigour parameters of the blackgram were more highly correlated with the percentage of radicle emergence with 2 mm length than with 1 mm length. The correlation analysis results showed that the radicle emergence test with 2 mm radicle length at 28 hours had a highly significant negative correlation with EC (electrical conductivity) of seed leachate (-0.974**), followed by MJGT (mean just germination time) (-0.967**) and MGT (mean germination time) (-0.933**). However, it was positively correlated with field emergence (0.972**), germination (0.952**) and dehydrogenase enzyme activity (0.928**). The maximum R2 value of 0.923 was recorded in the 28-hour counting of radicle emergence with a length of 2 mm compared with the 26-hour counting of radicle emergence with a length of 1 mm (0.913). The study concluded that counting 2 mm radicle emergence at the 28th hour could be used to quickly evaluate seed vigour in field emergence in blackgram seed lots.
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Mitsi, E., S. Chasapoglou, A. Kalamara, M. Kokkoris, V. Michalopoulou, A. Stamatopoulos, R. Vlastou, A. Lagoyannis, Z. Eleme, and N. Patronis. "Study of the high energy neutron flux (15-20 MeV) using a BC501A liquid scintillator." HNPS Proceedings 26 (April 1, 2019): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/hnps.1827.
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An experiment was conducted in order to characterize the neutron beam between ~15-20 MeV, at the 5.5 MeV tandem T11/25 Accelerator of NCSR ‘‘Demokritos’’. A liquid scintillator, BC501A, was used due to its n-γ discrimination capability and a versatile pulse shape analysis was applied. Offline, the discrimination circuit was tested for tolerance in high counting rates and sensitivity in lowering the limit of the neutron energy monitored through the threshold of the processed signal. The employed circuit proved to be very sensitive to changes in the latter. Neutron spectra at the energies of 14.8, 16.6, 19.2 and 20 MeV were acquired and the unfolding process using the DIFBAS code is currently in progress. Their deconvolution is expected to reveal the extent of the presence of low-energy parasitic neutrons.
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Thurgate, S. M. "Auger Spectroscopy and Surface Analysis." Australian Journal of Physics 50, no. 4 (1997): 745. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/p96075.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract In 1925 Pierre Auger reported on his observations of low energy electrons associated with core-ionised atoms in cloud chamber experiments. He was able to correctly identify the mechanism for their production, and such electrons are now known as Auger electrons. Typically Auger electrons have energies in the range 10 eV to 2 keV. The short distance that such low energy electrons travel in solids ensures that Auger electrons come from the surface layers. The data generated by the AES technique are complex. There are at least three electrons involved in the process, and there are many possible configurations for the atom. These possibilities led to spectra that are not readily interpreted in detail. Theory lags behind experiment in this area. In principle, it should be possible to find information about the chemical environment of atoms from Auger spectra. While there are clear changes in spectral lineshapes, there is no simple way to go from the spectra to an understanding of the chemical bonding of the atom. There are a number of experiments currently underway which aim to improve our understanding of the Auger process. Synchrotron experiments with tunable energy x-rays are providing new insight. Experiments that use positrons to excite Auger emission have also produced further recent understanding. Coincidence experiments between photoelectrons and Auger electrons have also made recent advances. Auger photoelectron coincidence spectroscopy reduces the complexity of Auger spectra by only counting those electrons that occur as a consequence of selected ionisations. The effect is to reduce the complexity of the spectra, and to isolate processes that are often clouded by the simultaneous occurrence of other effects.
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Setiawan, Yudhi, and Lisa Utami. "PENGARUH PENERAPAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN KOOPERATIF TIPE STUDENT TEAMS ACHIEVEMENT DIVISIONS (STAD) DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN HANDOUT TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR SISWA SEKOLAH MENENGAH ATAS NEGERI 1 KAMPAR." Konfigurasi : Jurnal Pendidikan Kimia dan Terapan 1, no. 1 (January 15, 2017): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24014/konfigurasi.v1i1.3941.
Full textAbstract:
This research is based on the low outcomes of class XI students on their chemistry subject. Therefore, the experiment research by pretest and posttest to discover the effect of cooperative learning model of Student Teams Achievement Divisions (STAD) by using Handout toward learning outcomes of State Senior High School 1 Kampar on salt hydrolysis is conducted. The subject of this research is the students of class XI Mia in 2015-2016 year by using 2 classroom samples: XI Mia 1 (exsperiment) dan XI Mia 4 (control). The data was collected by using observation, initial test (homogeneity), final test (pretest and postest), and documentation. To discover the effect of the model on learning outcomes, the formula of Kp is applied. The effect differences are analyzed by t-test sampel related. The analysis result of initial and final data is t-counting = 2.325 and t-table = 1,68 in the significant rate of 5%. The value of t-counting > t-table, therefore, Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted. This shows that there is the effect of cooperative learning model of Student Teams Achievement Divisions (STAD) by using handout toward learning outcomes of State Senior High School 1 Kampar on salt hydrolysis by the effect as much as 7.8%.Key words: Learning outcomes, model learning model of STAD, salt hydrolysis
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Julianti, Feby, and Lisa Utami. "PENGARUH PENERAPAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN KOOPERATIF TIPE STUDENT TEAMS ACHIEVEMENT DIVISIONS (STAD) DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN HANDOUT TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR SISWA SEKOLAH MENENGAH ATAS NEGERI 1 KAMPAR." Konfigurasi : Jurnal Pendidikan Kimia dan Terapan 1, no. 1 (January 15, 2017): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.24014/konfigurasi.v1i1.4060.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThis research is based on the low outcomes of class XI students on their chemistry subject. Therefore, the experiment research by pretest and posttest to discover the effect of cooperative learning model of Student Teams Achievement Divisions (STAD) by using Handout toward learning outcomes of State Senior High School 1 Kampar on salt hydrolysis is conducted. The subject of this research is the students of class XI Mia in 2015-2016 year by using 2 classroom samples: XI Mia 1 (exsperiment) dan XI Mia 4 (control). The data was collected by using observation, initial test (homogeneity), final test (pretest and postest), and documentation. To discover the effect of the model on learning outcomes, the formula of Kp is applied. The effect differences are analyzed by t-test sampel related. The analysis result of initial and final data is t-counting = 2.325 and t-table = 1,68 in the significant rate of 5%. The value of t-counting > t-table, therefore, Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted. This shows that there is the effect of cooperative learning model of Student Teams Achievement Divisions (STAD) by using handout toward learning outcomes of State Senior High School 1 Kampar on salt hydrolysis by the effect as much as 7.8%. Key words: Learning outcomes, model learning model of STAD, salt hydrolysis
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Torrioli, G., M. G. Castellano, R. Leoni, F. V. Greco, R. Buonanno, F. Pedichini, and P. Carelli. "DC-Squid Readout for STJ Astronomical Detectors." International Journal of Modern Physics B 13, no. 09n10 (April 20, 1999): 1339–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979299001405.
Full textAbstract:
The new generation of astronomical detectors based on Superconducting Tunnel Junctions (STJs) is capable of detecting photons in a wide range of wavelengths, and, in some cases, even of counting single photons. Since these detectors operate at very low temperature (down to 100 mK), a natural candidate for the readout electronics is the dc-SQUID, a superconducting device that can work as a current preamplifier, reaching very good noise performance. In this paper we present measurements on a homemade dc-SQUID, showing the response of the device to small current pulses, which simulate the real signals from an STJ. An optimal filtering processing of the data is performed, in order to extract from the noisy data the best estimate for the pulse height, which, in a real experiment with single optical photons, would be the parameter that carries the spectroscopic information.
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van Driel, Tim Brandt, Silke Nelson, Rebecca Armenta, Gabriel Blaj, Stephen Boo, Sébastien Boutet, Dionisio Doering, et al. "The ePix10k 2-megapixel hard X-ray detector at LCLS." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 27, no. 3 (April 17, 2020): 608–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577520004257.
Full textAbstract:
The ePix10ka2M (ePix10k) is a new large area detector specifically developed for X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) applications. The hybrid pixel detector was developed at SLAC to provide a hard X-ray area detector with a high dynamic range, running at the 120 Hz repetition rate of the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS). The ePix10k consists of 16 modules, each with 352 × 384 pixels of 100 µm × 100 µm distributed on four ASICs, resulting in a 2.16 megapixel detector, with a 16.5 cm × 16.5 cm active area and ∼80% coverage. The high dynamic range is achieved with three distinct gain settings (low, medium, high) as well as two auto-ranging modes (high-to-low and medium-to-low). Here the three fixed gain modes are evaluated. The resulting dynamic range (from single photon counting to 10000 photons pixel−1 pulse−1 at 8 keV) makes it suitable for a large number of different XFEL experiments. The ePix10k replaces the large CSPAD in operation since 2011. The dimensions of the two detectors are similar, making the upgrade from CSPAD to ePix10k straightforward for most setups, with the ePix10k improving on experimental performance. The SLAC-developed ePix cameras all utilize a similar platform, are tailored to target different experimental conditions and are designed to provide an upgrade path for future high-repetition-rate XFELs. Here the first measurements on this new ePix10k detector are presented and the performance under typical XFEL conditions evaluated during an LCLS X-ray diffuse scattering experiment measuring the 9.5 keV X-ray photons scattered from a thin liquid jet.
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Geisler, W. S., D. G. Albrecht, R. J. Salvi, and S. S. Saunders. "Discrimination performance of single neurons: rate and temporal-pattern information." Journal of Neurophysiology 66, no. 1 (July 1, 1991): 334–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1991.66.1.334.
Full textAbstract:
1. A new method of measuring the performance of neurons in sensory discrimination tasks was developed and then applied to single-neuron responses recorded in the auditory nerve of chinchilla and in the striate visual cortex of cat. 2. Most previous methods of measuring discrimination performance have employed decision rules that involve comparing the total counts of action potentials (spikes) produced by two different stimuli. Such measures ignore response pattern and hence may not reflect all the information transmitted by a neuron. The proposed method attempts to measure all (or most) of the transmitted information by constructing descriptive models of the neuron's response to each stimulus in the discrimination experiment; these descriptive models consist of measured probability distributions of the spike counts in small time bins. The measured probability distributions are then used to define an optimal decision rule (an ideal observer) for discriminating the two stimuli. Finally, discrimination performance is measured by applying this decision rule to novel presentations of the same two stimuli. 3. Intensity and temporal-phase discrimination were measured for three neurons in the auditory nerve of chinchilla. The discrimination stimuli were low-frequency pure tones of 70-ms duration. Intensity thresholds were found to be 5–20 dB lower at low intensities using the new pattern method compared with the traditional counting method. The pattern method led to better performance because it utilized both rate and temporal pattern information. Phase discrimination performance using the counting method was at chance because the average spike rate did not change with phase. On the other hand, using the pattern method, phase discrimination thresholds were found to decrease with intensity, often reaching values equivalent to 30–40 microseconds of temporal offset. These thresholds are as good as or better than behavioral thresholds in chinchilla. 4. Contrast and temporal-phase discrimination were measured for three neurons in the striate visual cortex of cat. The discrimination stimuli were drifting sine-wave gratings of 100- to 160-ms duration. Contrast discrimination functions measured by the pattern method and the counting method were found to be essentially identical. Phase discrimination using the counting method was at chance. However, using the pattern method, phase thresholds were found to decrease with contrast, reaching values equivalent to 7 ms of temporal offset for the two simple cells. 5. Our results suggest that temporal response pattern carries substantial information for intensity and phase discrimination in the auditory nerve and for phase discrimination in the striate visual cortex.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)