Academic literature on the topic 'Low counting experiment'

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Journal articles on the topic "Low counting experiment"

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Ranucci, G., and E. Meroni. "Counting test facility for the Borexino experiment." International Journal of Modern Physics A 29, no. 16 (June 17, 2014): 1442001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x14420019.

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A fundamental breakthrough which opened the way to the realization of the Borexino detector was the demonstration of exceptionally low, unprecedented radioactive contaminations in the liquid scintillator, obtained with its pilot prototype Counting Test Facility. Though of limited dimension, with its 4.8 m3 of active liquid core, CTF has however been a key milestone not only for Borexino, but also for the entire field of the ultra-low background searches. Here, we succinctly remind the motivations, which concurred to lay down the project, as well as the specific radiopurity challenge, which guided the design. After the description of the technical elements of the detector, the main outcomes are summarized, both regarding optical and purity scintillator properties, with special emphasis on the exceptional achievements in term of ultra-low traces of radioactive contaminants. The discussion is completed with the description of how CTF was employed for the pre-qualification of the entire inventory of the Borexino scintillator, confirming also in the final phase of its life its essential role for the success of the overall Borexino solar neutrino program.
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Cerulli, R. "Low background techniques toward a ZnWO4 directionality experiment." International Journal of Modern Physics A 32, no. 30 (October 30, 2017): 1743009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x17430096.

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The ZnWO4 crystal is a very promising scintillator to investigate Dark Matter candidates able to induce just nuclear recoils by exploiting the directionality technique. In particular, the anisotropy of the light output for heavy particles in this scintillator can be considered to point out the presence — in the diurnal counting rate — of a signal produced by such Dark Matter candidates. In this paper the status of art of the performances of recently realized ZnWO4 crystal scintillator is summarized and possible future improvements are discussed. Finally, the directionality approach to pursue this kind of Dark Matter investigation with the anisotropic crystal scintillator is addressed and reachable sensitivities — under given assumptions — in future experiments are discussed.
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Cianciolo, V., Yu V. Efremenko, L. Fabris, S. K. Imam, S. I. Penttila, J. C. Ramsey, and R. Santos Estrada. "A novel silicon photomultiplier readout architecture for low-light applications." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 09 (September 1, 2022): P09020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/09/p09020.

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Abstract In this article we describe the photon detection readout electronics for the nEDM@SNS experiment. The chosen “photon counting” architecture, which utilizes high-efficiency silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) and is appropriate for low-light applications, allows the use of a relatively high SiPM operating voltage. This maximizes photon detection efficiency and minimizes gain/efficiency voltage-dependence while eliminating direct optical cross-talk.
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Knight, Matthew James, and Michael Tlauka. "Map learning and working memory: Multimodal learning strategies." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 71, no. 6 (January 1, 2018): 1405–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2017.1326954.

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The current research investigated whether learning spatial information from a map involves different modalities, which are managed by discrete components in working memory. In four experiments, participants studied a map either while performing a simultaneous interference task (high cognitive load) or without interference (low cognitive load). The modality of interference varied between experiments. Experiment 1 used a tapping task (visuospatial), Experiment 2 a backward counting task (verbal), Experiment 3 an articulatory suppression task (verbal) and Experiment 4 an n-back task (central executive). Spatial recall was assessed in two tests: directional judgements and map drawing. Cognitive load was found to affect spatial recall detrimentally regardless of interference modality. The findings suggest that when learning maps, people use a multimodal learning strategy, utilising resources from all components of working memory.
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Araujo, Gabriela R., Laura Baudis, Yanina Biondi, Alexander Bismark, and Michelle Galloway. "The upgraded low-background germanium counting facility Gator for high-sensitivity γ-ray spectrometry." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 08 (August 1, 2022): P08010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/08/p08010.

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Abstract We describe the upgrade and performance of the high-purity germanium counting facility Gator, which is dedicated to low-background γ-ray spectrometry. Gator is operated at the Gran Sasso Underground Laboratory in Italy, at an average depth of 3600 meter water equivalent, and employed for material screening and selection in ultra-low background, rare-event search experiments in astroparticle physics. The detector is equipped with a passive shield made of layers of copper, lead and polyethylene, and the sample cavity is purged with gaseous nitrogen maintained at positive pressure for radon suppression. After upgrading its enclosure, the background rate is (82.0 ± 0.7) counts/(kg·day) in the energy region 100 keV to 2700 keV, a 20% reduction compared to the previously reported rate. We show the stability of various operation parameters as a function of time. We also summarize the sample analysis procedure, and demonstrate Gator's sensitivity by examining one material sample, a candidate photosensor for the DARWIN experiment.
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Madsen, I. C., and R. J. Hill. "Variable Step-Counting Times for Rietveld Analysis, or, Getting the Most Out of Your Experiment Time." Advances in X-ray Analysis 35, A (1991): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800008648.

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AbstractThe magnitudes of the peak intensities in a powder diffraction pattern are not uniformly distributed as a function of diffraction angle. The Lorentz-polarization factor, X-ray form-factor and the thermal vibration parameters all conspire to progressively decrease the intensities of the peaks as sinθ/λ increases. In spite of this, diffraction data for Rietveld analysis is universally collected using the same counting time for each step in the pattern. As a result, peaks at high angles are collected with lower counting precision than those at low angles, despite the fact that the high-angle region has a higher density of peaks and therefore contains more information than the low-angle part of the pattern. Indeed, the intensity, position and profile of reflections at medium and high sinθ/λ are often more easily modelled since they are subject to less interference from systematic effects such as extinction, specimen transparency and α1/α2 overlap errors. In the present work a novel variable step-counting-time regime has been devised that increases the counting times with diffraction angle in a manner inversely proportional to the intensity fall-off calculated from the Lorentz-polarization, form-factor and thermal parameters. The effect of this new data collection regime on the results of Rietveld refinement of a number of materials of varying structural complexity is discussed.
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Umar, Lazuardi, Yanuar Hamzah, and Rahmondia N. Setiadi. "MULTI-CHANNEL FRY COUNTER DESIGN USING OPTOCOUPLER SENSOR." Spektra: Jurnal Fisika dan Aplikasinya 4, no. 2 (August 31, 2019): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/spektra.042.06.

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This paper describes a design of a fry counter intended to be used by consuming fish farmer. Along this time, almost all the fry counting process is counted by manual, which is done by a human. It is requiring much energy and needs high concentration; thus, can cause a high level of exhaustion for the fry counting worker. Besides that, the human capability and capacity of counting are limited to a low level. A fry counter design in this study utilizes a multi-channel optocoupler sensor to increase the counting capacity. The multi-channel fry counter counting system is developed as a solution to a limited capacity of available fry counter. This design uses an input signal extender system on controller including the interrupt system. From the experiment, high accuracy level is obtained on the counting and channel detection, therefore, this design can be implemented and could help farmers to increase the production capacity of consuming fish.
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Kozhekin, Mikhail, Mikhail Genaev, Vasily Koval, Andrey Slobodchikov, and Dmitry Afonnikov. "Wheat yield estimation based on analysis of UAV images at low altitude." BIO Web of Conferences 47 (2022): 05006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20224705006.

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Information about the yield of wheat crops makes it possible to correctly assess their productivity and choose apropriate agronomic procedures to maximize yield. However, determining yields based on manual ear counts is labor intensive. Recently UAVs demonstrated high efficiency for rapid yield estimation. This paper presents a software package WDS (Wheat Detection System) for ears counting in wheat crops based on RGB images obtained from UAVs. WDS creates the flight plan, for the acquired images carries out automatic georeferencing to the appropriate fragment of the field, counts ears using the neural network models, reconstructs the density of ears in the crop and visualizes it as a heat map in the interactive web application. Based on the field experiment the accuracy of ears counting in plots was assessed: Spearman and Pearson correlation coefficients between the ears density counted manually and using WDS were 0.618 and 0.541, respectively (p-value < 0.05). WDS avaliable at https://github.com/Sl07h/wheat_detection.
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Park, Byung Kwon, Yong-Su Kim, Young-Wook Cho, Sung Moon, and Sang-Wook Han. "Arbitrary Configurable 20-Channel Coincidence Counting Unit for Multi-Qubit Quantum Experiment." Electronics 10, no. 5 (February 28, 2021): 569. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10050569.

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This paper presents a 20-channel coincidence counting unit (CCU) using a low-end field-programmable gate array (FPGA). The architecture of the CCU can be configured arbitrarily to measure from twofold to twentyfold coincidence counts thanks to a multifold controllable architecture, which can be easily manipulated by a graphical user interface (GUI) program. In addition, it provides up to 20 of each input signal count simultaneously. The experimental results show twentyfold coincidence counts with the resolution occurring in a less than 0.5 ns coincidence window. This CCU has appropriate characteristics for various quantum optics experiments using multi-photon qubits.
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Brandimonte, Maria A., and M. Chiara Passolunghi. "The Effect of Cue-Familiarity, Cue-Distinctiveness, and Retention Interval on Prospective Remembering." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 47, no. 3 (August 1994): 565–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14640749408401128.

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Five experiments investigated the effects of cue familiarity, cue distinctiveness, and retention interval on prospective remembering. Results showed that (1) performance in a prospective memory task is facilitated when the cue is unfamiliar and/or distinctive; and (2) it is impaired by 3-minutes’ delay between the instructions and the task (Experiment 1). A beneficial effect of distinctiveness was also found when perceptual rather than semantic distinctiveness was tested (Experiment 2). Experiments 3 and 4 ruled out the hypotheses that “unfulfilled expectancy” of an event (i.e. non-appearance of the cue during training) (Experiment 3), or some sort of “habituation” in the target context (Experiment 4), may have caused the low performance observed in the delayed conditions. Finally, results from Experiment 5 showed that delay negatively affected prospective remembering when it was filled with either a demanding interpolated activity (practice in a STM task) or an undemanding motoric activity (repetitive hands movements). Unfilled delay and an undemanding verbal activity (counting) were found not to affect prospective memory. Implications for the mechanisms underlying prospective remembering are discussed.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Low counting experiment"

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BASILICO, DAVIDE. "FIRST INDICATION OF SOLAR NEUTRINOS FROM THE CNO CYCLE REACTIONS WITH THE BOREXINO EXPERIMENT." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/709966.

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Solar neutrinos play a unique and irreplaceable role for the comprehension of the mechanisms powering our star. The study of solar neutrino fluxes allows us to definitely prove that the Sun is powered by thermonuclear reactions occurring in its core. Several questions concerning solar neutrinos are still unsolved. In particular, neutrinos emitted in the CNO cycle of reactions are the only undetected piece of the solar fusion puzzle. This cycle is believed to be the main engine of very massive stars, while it is expected to contribute only ~1% to the solar luminosity. Observing neutrinos from the CNO reactions would have a striking importance in astrophysics, providing the first direct confirmation of the existence of this important energy source in the core of the stars. The Borexino detector is an ultrapure liquid scintillator-based detector located at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso. Throughout a more than ten-year long data taking, Borexino has achieved outstanding results about solar neutrino physics, measuring all the neutrino fluxes emitted from the pp-chain nuclear reactions. This thesis is devoted to the CNO solar neutrino search with Borexino: analyzing the latest three years of data-taking (Phase-III) I provide the first direct experimental indication of a signal of CNO neutrinos. I describe the details of the analysis, the CNO neutrino results and their implications in terms of solar physics.
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Books on the topic "Low counting experiment"

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Wright, A. G. Measurement of low light flux. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199565092.003.0007.

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There are three experimental methods for quantifying the flux of light incident on a photocathode: counting the anode output pulses initiated by photoelectrons—known as photon counting; measuring the DC current flowing at the anode—referred to as analogue detection, or charge integration; and determining the rms noise in the anode current—known as shot noise power detection. The statistical performances of the three methods, based on weighting factors, are compared, revealing the theoretical superiority of the photon-counting method. Optimal time allocation between signal and background measurement is derived for photon counting. An amplifier discriminator is the simplest and preferred instrumentation for photon counting, but setting the optimal counting threshold is ultimately a matter of judgement. This is because the plateau has a different slope for signal, background, and afterpulses. Rudiments of signal recovery instrumentation covering boxcar integrators, lock-in detection, and synchronous signal averaging are given.
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Conference papers on the topic "Low counting experiment"

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Xiaobo, Wu, Peng Dan, Hong Jingyan, Lu Jin, and Hao Qian. "Physical Design on PMNSR With LEU Core." In 2017 25th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone25-67580.

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Prototype Miniature Neutron source Reactor (PMNSR) is a pool-tank type research reactor,applying high enrichment Uranium as fuel, light water as moderator and coolant, beryllium as reflector. Recently, in order to prevent nuclear proliferation, PMNSR carried out low enrichment uranium (LEU) core conversion, and the enrichment of U-235 decreased from 90% to under 20%. Research on PMNSR with LEU core mainly includes theory design, zero power experiment, core replacement. The physical design of PMNSR with LEU is the main part of theory design, which plays a great role in LEU conversion. At the first stage of LEU conversion, it performs preliminary physical calculation and analysis concerning U-235 fuel enrichment, and the number of critical fuel elements, the reactivity worth of control rod, the reactivity worth of top beryllium reflector, the neutron flux of inter-irradiation tube are calculated, which provides important data for the fuel elements design, fabrication, zero power test safety analysis and experiment for LEU conversion. In the second phase, it conducts the result verification on zero power test and preliminary physical design and a preliminary error analysis resulted from it thereof. More over, it modifies input file of LEU conversion, optimizes core element loading deployment, the reactivity worth of central control rod, the neutron flux rate of inner radiation site, offering statistics for the replacement and start-up experiments. In the last period, grounded on the counting abnormal analysis in loading, it explains the reasons with calculation results, completing PMNSR LEU conversion. PMNSR physical design takes the leading position in LEU conversion. It supplies reference data to ensure completion of PMNSR conversion and lays a theoretical foundation for Ghana and Nigeria MNSR LEU core conversion.
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IANNI, ALDO. "LIKELIHOOD ANALYSIS AND GOODNESS-OF-FIT IN LOW COUNTING RATE EXPERIMENTS." In Proceedings of PHYSTAT05. PUBLISHED BY IMPERIAL COLLEGE PRESS AND DISTRIBUTED BY WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHING CO., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9781860948985_0008.

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NIEDERMEIER, L., C. GRIEB, D. D'ANGELO, G. KORSCHINEK, L. OBERAUER, and F. VON FEILITZSCH. "SCINTILLATOR PURIFICATION BY SILICA GEL CHROMATOGRAPHY IN THE CONTEXT OF LOW COUNTING RATE EXPERIMENTS." In Proceedings of the 8th Conference. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812702708_0014.

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Osawa, Naoki, Tetsuya Nakamura, Norio Yamamoto, and Junji Sawamura. "Experimental Study on High Frequency Effect on Fatigue Strength of Welded Joints by Using Plate-Bending-Vibration Type Fatigue Testing Machines." In ASME 2014 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2014-23856.

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Fatigue strength of out-of-plane gusset welded joints subject to springing and whipping superimposed wave loadings is examined by using Plate-Bending-Vibration (PBV) type fatigue testing machines developed in the previous reports [Osawa, N. et al. (2013) Proc. OMAE2013, Paper OMAE2013-11582, Osawa N. et al. (2013) Proc. PRADS2013, pp.550–556]. Springing vibration is superimposed by attaching an additional vibrator to the test specimen, and whipping vibration is superimposed by intermittent hammering. ‘Enlargement counting’ method, in which the stress history is approximated by a waveform with the low frequency component’s period and the enlarged total amplitude, is proposed. Fatigue damages and equivalent stress ranges are calculated by enlargement and rainflow cycle counting methods. It is found that the fatigue life under high frequency superimposed loads can be predicted with acceptable accuracy by the modified Miner rule when enlargement or rainflow stress counting is performed and the S-N curve is modified so that it fits the equivalent stress range’s Ps = 50% curve. Based on test results, a simplified assessment method for high frequency effect on fatigue strength of ship’s welded joints is proposed. The validity of the proposed assessment method should be further examined by carrying out fatigue tests with realistic stress histories which emulate intermittent occurrence of springing and whipping in ship structure.
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Lee, Peter H. Y., Donald E. Casperson, and Gottfried T. Schappert. "Search for X-Rays Generated by Collisionless Multiphoton Processes." In Short Wavelength Coherent Radiation: Generation and Applications. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/swcr.1988.hilim242.

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We have conducted photon counting experiments to search for x rays which may be generated by either collisionless multiphoton induced inner-shell processes or bremsstrahlung at high laser irradiance. Using KrF light at an irradiance ~ 3 x 1017 W/cm2 on low density Xe gas targets, we detect no prompt photons which are characteristic of these processes.
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Harms, Todd M., and Xianfan Xu. "Photon Counting Temperature Measurements During Pulsed Laser Heating of Al2O3-TiC Ceramics." In ASME 1999 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1999-1076.

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Abstract This work investigates photon-counting measurements during pulsed laser heating of an Al2O3-TiC substrate. The excitation source is a Nd:YAG laser operating at a fundamental wavelength of 1064 nm. The laser fluence is varied in the range from 0.272 J/cm2 to 0.839 J/cm2. The emission spectra, captured by single photon counting, are related to temperature by Planck’s distribution. The suitability of this method is discussed. Pulse exposure, the number of pulses that a given surface location receives, is found to be a vitally important parameter. Numerical simulations of transient heat conduction support the results of high pulse exposure measurements. Low pulse exposure experiments exhibit higher temperatures due to chemical reactions at the surface and grain boundary effects.
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Khazhuev, Islam, Adlan Baikhanov, and Curie Idrisov. "Features of the formation of socio-psychological attitudes of personality among terrorists." In East – West: Practical Approaches to Countering Terrorism and Preventing Violent Extremism. Dela Press Publishing House, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56199/dpcshss.nbhw7041.

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The results of an experimental study of the features of the formation of socio-psychological attitudes in the motivational-need-to-required sphere using the example of a sample of respondents detained by law enforcement agencies of the Chechen Republic for committing crimes of a terrorist nature are analyzed in the article. The experiment was conducted on the basis of the Republican Psychoneurological Dispensary, where criminals detained for terrorist activities at different periods of time underwent a forensic psychiatric examination as part of investigative actions, during which their socio-psychological status was also studied. A total of 32 criminals detained for committing crimes of a terrorist nature were examined, the average age was 27 ± 5. Individuals of youthful age (average age 24±6) in the amount of 31 people were selected as a reference group for comparative analysis. An analysis of the results of the experiment showed that terrorists, compared with law-abiding citizens, have lower values for the formation of socio-psychological attitudes of the individual in the motivational-need sphere, which determines the orientation of the individual to the process, result, work, freedom and power. At the same time, in the motivational-required sphere of terrorists, despite their asocial orientation, socio-psychological attitudes towards altruism (possibly of a selective nature) and freedom prevail, while personal attitudes that determine the orientation towards selfishness and money are less formed.
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Hashimoto, R., Y. Arai, N. Igarashi, R. Kumai, I. Kurachi, T. Miyoshi, R. Nishimura, and S. Kishimoto. "Test result of the synchrotron radiation experiments using the counting-type SOI pixel for low-energy x-rays." In PROCEEDINGS OF THE 13TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYNCHROTRON RADIATION INSTRUMENTATION – SRI2018. Author(s), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5084700.

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Campus, Richard A., Malvin C. Teich, and B. E. A. Saleh. "Detecting squeezed light with a photomultiplier tube: the cosmic-ray connection." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1987.mq4.

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A number of experiments have been carried out in which quadrature and photon-number squeezed light have been generated. The signature of both is a sub-Poisson photoelectron number (or equivalently a sub-shot-noise photoelectron current). The photomultiplier tube (PMT), with a large amplification and low excess noise factor, is often a preferred detector in such experiments. The detectability of nonclassical light by a PMT can be reduced by the presence of background noise, the most deleterious of which is caused by Cherenkov photon emissions from clustered cosmic-ray cascade particles as they transverse the faceplate of the PMT. We have empirically determined that cosmic-ray events can be substantially avoided by using experimental durations of less than tens of seconds. However, for experiments that cannot be conducted in such short periods of time, cosmic- ray clusters may pose a significant limitation. The fluctuations of extensive air-shower particles at ground level turn out to be well described by the two-parameter Poisson-driven Yule-Furry or by the negative-binomial counting distribution. Experimental results for various PMTs operated in the dark are presented along with theoretical predictions.
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Erdal, Merve, and Letizia A. Ambrosoni. "Experimental Analysis of Particle Filtration in Resin Transfer Molding of Preceramic Polymer Based Ceramic Composites." In ASME 1999 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1999-1251.

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Abstract The study of particle filtration in resin transfer molding of liquid preceramic polymer (PCP) based ceramic composites with filler particles is the topic of our current research, in order to prevent particle filtering during impregnation and to achieve a uniform particle distribution within the composite. This study targets an experimental analysis of filtration that will be coupled to previously developed filtration models. For reliable filtration data, the properties of the particle-PCP suspension must be known (predictable) and the suspension quality reproducible. This paper presents the initial stage of the experimental work, which consists of standardization of particle-polymer suspension preparation and its characterization. A methodology for optimal (homogeneous suspension with low agglomeration) steric stabilization of polymer / SiC particle suspensions is presented. The results Blackglas™1 preceramic of the characterization of the suspensions through visual inspection (SEM) and rheological measurements are reported. With the achievement of well-dispersed, low viscosity suspensions with reproducible properties, our current work is in the adaptation of electrostatic spraying and laser particle counting technology for the detection of particle size distribution and concentration to be used in subsequent filtration experiments.
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Reports on the topic "Low counting experiment"

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Oldham, Warren, Susan Hanson, Jennifer White, and Joshua Williams. Low-level beta counting: technical foundation and blind validation experiments. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1867157.

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